RULES OF THUMB

Selecting Enroute Altitude/FL

10% of the leg distance (thousands of feet)
For Example: Leg to 300 NM x 10% = FL30
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Rate of Descent (fpm)
IAS 2 & add a zero to get 3 descent
250 2 = 125
Add Zero = 1,250 fpm descent
or
GS x 5
400 KIAS x 5 = 2,000 fpm
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Top of Descent (TOD)
Multiply the # of feet to lose x 3
Divide by 1,000 (remove 3 zeros)
FL 350 to 5000' = 30,000'
30,000 3 = 90,000
90,000 1,000 = 90 miles

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Performance Formulas
FPM/Ground Speed = Gradient
Feet Per NM/60 = Gradient
(6076')

2nd Segment Visual Conditions = 1.6 Net Climb Gradient (97' per NM)
2nd Segment Requirements for IMC Obstacle Clearance = 3.3% net climb gradient (200
feet per NM)
For second segment and enroute turning climb, up to and including a 15 bank angle, if
the takeoff weight is 19,323 lbs (*19,516) or less, multiply weight by 1.035 to obtain an
adjusted weight. Enter the appropriate second segment or enroute climb table at the
adjusted weight to find the actual climb performance of the aircraft in the bank. If takeoff
weight is greater than 19,323 lbs (*19,516), reduce the climb gradient by 1.2%.
AFM Page 4-37 (10)
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Anti-Skid Inop: Multiply by 1.6
Add 7 Knots/Multiply Distance by 1.3 for Residual Ice on Wings
Flaps Inop: Multiply by 1.4
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VDP
Distance (DME): For 3 Approach:
Divide the MDA HAT by 300. The result will be the distance to the end of the runway for
the VDP.
Example: MDA is 450 ft. HAT
450 300 = 1.5 NM from the end of the runway.
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Timing:
Take the first two digits of the MDA HAT and think of them as seconds:
Example: 450 ft. would be translated as 45 seconds. Subtract this number from the total
timing required to the end of the runway. i.e; Look at your Jepps and see how much
time it would take from the FAF to the end of the runway based on your approach
speed... then subtract 45 seconds from it.
It may look like this: MDA is 450 ft. HAT and if time to runway is 3 minutes... then 3
minutes minus 45 seconds = 2:15.
At the MDA and 2:15 min. from the time you passed the FAF you must have the runway
in sight to begin a stabilized descent from MDA to land at that runway.

* The MAP may not be co-located with the end of the runway... if that's the case...
subtract or add as necessary.
HAT 300 (3 Glideslope) = Distance Out from End of Runway
Temperature Conversion
F - C Temp -32 +10% 2
C - F Temp x 2 -10% + 32
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Power Settings (approximate)
48% 160 KIAS
58% 200 KIAS
65% 250 KIAS
46% Normal ILS
48% Single Engine ILS
52% Circle to Land @ 140 KIAS
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V Speeds
Weight

14k

15k

16k

Vref

102

106

109

Vapp

108

111

115

Weight

17k

18k

18,700

Vref

112

115

117

Vapp

118

122

124

High Altitude Buffet Avoidance

FL410 Max @ Weights 17,500

Normal Fuel Flow:

1st Hour 1700 lbs/hr
2nd Hour 1400 lbs/hr
Add'l

1300 lbs/hr

Weight & Balance

Weight X Arm = Moment
Moment / Weight = C.G.
********************************
Weight Shift:
Weight Shifted GWT
X
C.G. Moved Wt Moved
1. Weight Shifted
2. GWT
3. Distance C.G. Moved
4. Wt Moved
1x42=3
Moved Forward: Subtract
Moved Aft: Add to C.G.
*****************************
% of MAC Formula
% MAC = (C.G. - 306.59) 0.8283
C.G. Ranges Inches (approximate)
Zero Fuel
321.0" - 331.26"
Max Landing 330.74" - 331.0"
20,400
324.29" - 331.0"
C.G. Ranges % Mac (approximate)
15,100
15.0" - 30.0"
20,200
21.5" - 29.5"