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I. METHODS OF ANALYSIS
Following requirements are to be satisfied when analyzing any
indeterminate structures.
(i) Equilibrium
(ii) Load-displacement
(iii) Compatibility
Hence depending on the way to satisfy the above requirements we have
got basically two following methods of analysis.
1. Force method
2. 2. Displacement method
Sign convention:
In the moment distribution table clockwise moments will be treated
+ve and anti clockwise moments will be treated ve.
But for drawing BMD moments causing concavity upwards (sagging)
will be treated +ve and moments causing convexity upwards (hogging)
will be treated ve.
Distribution factors:
Moment distribution
method for frames with
side sway
Sign convention used will be: clockwise moment +ve and anticlockwise
moment ve.
The member AB is regarded as completely fixed.
The fixed end moments for this condition are written as MFAB & MFBA,
at ends A & B respectively.
A by
a moment 2 M 'AB
Rotation factors:
Analysis Method:
To start with the far end rotation moments M 'BA are not known and
hence they may be taken as zero.
By a similar approximation the rotation moments at other joints are
also determined.
Solution:
a)
Fixed end moments:
c) Rotation factors:
Rotation Factor
Relative stiffness
Jt.
Member
(K)
I/4 = 0.25I
BA
- 0.2
0.625I
BC
1.5I
-0.3
= 0. 375I
4
C
d)
CB
1.5I/3 = 0.5I
CD
- 0.5
0.5I
Iteration Process
(f)
Final moments:
FBD of each span along with reaction values which have been calculated
from statics are shown below:
If ends A & B are restrained from rotation FEM corresponding to this displacement are
When translation of joints occurs along with rotations the true end moments are given by
MAB = MFAB + 2M 'AB + M 'BA + M 'AB'
Unit II (A):
Slope Deflection Method
INTRODUCTION:
This method was developed by axel bendexon in Germany
1. Continuous Beams
SIGN CONVENTION
ROTATIONS: Clockwise joint rotations are considered
as
(-ve).
considered as (+ve).
PROCEDURE:
Determine the fixed end moments at the end of each span due
to applied loads acting on span by considering each span as
fixed ended. Assign Signs w.r.t. above sign convention.
Express all end moments in terms of fixed end moments and
the joint rotations by using slope deflection equations.
Establish simultaneous equations with the joint rotations
as the unknowns by applying the condition that sum of the end
moments acting on the ends of the two members meeting at a
joint should be equal to zero.
Solve for unknown joint rotations.
Substitute back the end rotations in slope deflection equations
and compute the end moments.
Determine all reactions and draw S.F. and B.M. diagrams and
also sketch the elastic curve
In all the above equations there are only 3 unknowns and accordingly the boundary conditions are
REACTIONS:
SPAN AB:
SPAN BC:
Column BD:
Temperature effect
Solving for H,
The second term in the denominator may be neglected, as the axial rigidity is quite
high. Neglecting the axial rigidity, the above equation can be written as
Example
A semicircular two hinged arch of constant cross section is subjected to a concentrated
load as shown in Fig
Calculate reactions of the arch and draw bending moment diagram.
Solution:
Taking moment of all forces about hinge B leads to ,
From figure,
Using equations (8) and (9), bending moment at any angle can be
computed.
The bending moment diagram is shown in Fig.
Static indeterminacy
Beam:
Static indeterminacy = Reaction components - number of eqns
available
E=R3
Examples:
Single span beam with both ends hinged withinclined loads
Continuous beam
Propped cantilever
Fixed beam
Compatibility
Compatibility conditions: Conditions of continuity of
displacements throughout the structure
Eg: at a rigid connection between two members, the displacements
(translations and rotations) of both members must be the same
In flexibility method, the basic equations to be solved are the
compatibility conditions
Flexibility Method
In 1864 James Clerk Maxwell published the first consistent treatment of the flexibility
method for indeterminate structures.
His method was based on considering deflections, but the presentation was rather brief and
attraced little attention.
Ten years later Otto Mohr independently extended Maxwells theory to the present day
treatment. The flexibility method will sometimes be referred to in the literature as Maxwell-Mohr
method.
The fundamental concepts that underpin the flexibility method will be illustrated by the
study of a two span beam. The procedure is as follows
UNIT V:
INFLUENCE LINES
FOR
INDETERMINATE
STRUCTURES
Objective
Introduction of influence Line
Influence line for beam
Procedure:
i. Allow a unit load (either 1b,1N) to move
over beam from left to right.
ii. Find the values of shear force or bending
moment, at the point under consideration,
as the unit load moves over the beam from
left to right.
iii. Plot the values of the shear force or
bending moments, over the length of the
beam, computed for the point under
consideration.
3.3
A
C
10 ft
3 ft
MA =0
(RB)(10) (1)(x) = 0
RB = x/10
RA = 1-RB
= 1-x/10
x
A
RA=1-x/10
B
RB = x/10
x
A
RA=1-x/10
C
RB = x/10
Influence
line for RA
1-x/10
Influence line
for RB
10-x
1.0
x/10
x
10-x