1

KBAT (INHERITANCE:)
(objective)
1. Two pure-bred plants with the genotypes BBRR and bbrr respectively are crossed. F1
offspring were allowed to self-pollinate. How many types of phenotypes are produced if
B and R are dominant?
A.

C.

D.

16

2. Diagram 14.2 shows the inheritance of type of eye colour in humans. Gene for blue
recessive.
First generation

P
Second generation

Q
Third generation
Key :
Male brown eyes
Male blue eyes
Female blue eyes
Female brown eyes

DIAGRAM 14.2
Which of the following conditions are true of P and Q?
P
A
B
C
D

heterozygous
heterozygous
Heterozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive

Q
Homozygous dominant
Homozygous recessive
heterozygous
heterozygous

3. Dua orang adik-beradik masing-masing mempunyai kumpulan darah A dan

kumpulan darah AB.
Apakah genotip bagi ibubapa mereka?
Two siblings have blood of group A and group AB respectively.

eyes is

2
What are the genotypes of their parents?
Genotip bapa
Genotype of father
AA
BO
AA
AB

A.
B.
C.
D.

Genotip ibu
Genotype of mother
BB
BO
BO
OO

4. Alel bagi rambut kerinting pada manusia adalah dominan terhadap rambut lurus.
Seorang perempuan yang berambut kerinting adalah heterozigo tmanakala
suaminya rambut lurus. Apakah kebarangkalian untuk mendapat anak yang
berambut kerinting?
The allele for curly hair in human is dominant over straight hair. A woman with
curly hair is heterozygous while her husband has straight hair. What is the
probability of getting a child with curly hair?
A.
B.
C.
D.

25%
50%
75%
100%

3
(STRUCTURE)
1.

Diagram 14.6 shows the pedigree of a family for the haemophillia disease.
Haemophollia is a hereditary sex-linked disease cause by a recessive allele found on
the X chromosome.
Hassan

Anis

Akmal

Adam

Esah

Key :

(a)

Male normal

X HY

Male haemophillia

Xh Y

Female normal

XH XH

Female haemophillia

Xh Xh

(i)

DIAGRAM 14.6
What is Anis genotype?
[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain how her genotype is determined.

[2 marks]
(b)

(i)

What is the genotype of Hassan?

[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain how his genotype is determined.

[2 marks]

(c)

Esah has a heterozygote genotype, while Adam is a haemophillia patient.

Illustrate by using a schematic diagram to show their children genotype and
phenotype probability.

[4

marks]

(d)

What is the probability of their son to get haemophilia?

[1mark]

(e)

What is the meaning of hereditary sex-linked?

[2marks]

5
(ESSAY)
XHXh

XHY

1. Generation I
Generation II
Generation III

Key:
H dominant allel for normal blood clotting
H recessive allel for hemophiliac
Carrier female
Normal male
Hemophiliac male

hemophiliac female

Normal female

Statement 1: Hemophilia is a human g the two given statements, genetic disease that is only
expressed in males but not in female.
Statement 11: Preventive methods can be taken to avoid inheritance of haemophilia in a family.
State your opinion and discuss the given statements, based on figure 1 and your biological
knowledge.
(10 marks)

Satu baka tulen pea yang tinggi dikacukkan dengan satu baka tulen pokok kacang pea yang kerdil.
A pure-bred tall pea plant was crossed with a pure-bred dwarf pea plant.
2

(a) Gunakan rajah genetic untuk menghuraikan kacukan itu berdasarkan hukum Mendel
pertama.
Use a genetic diagram to describe the cross based on Mendels first law.
(10markah/10marks)
(a) Kedudukan bunga dan bentuk biji adalah dua sifat yang dikaji oleh Mendel. Sifat-sifat ini
dikawal oleh penyusunan bebas kromosom dan mempunyai ekspresi dominan dan
resesifseperti yang ditunjukkan dalam Jadual 1.
The position of flowers and the shapes of seeds were two traits that Mendel studied. The
traits are controlled by the independent assortment of chromosomes and have dominant
and recessive expression as shown in Table 1
Sifat/Trait
Kedudukan bunga
Position of the flower
Bentuk biji
Shape of the seed

Dominan/Dominant
Resesif/ Recessive
Aksial (A)
Terminal (a)
Axial (A)
Terminal (a)
Bulat (R)
Berkedut (r)
Round (R)
Wrinkled (r)
JADUAL 1/ TABLE 1

Jika satu tumbuhan yang heterozigot bagi kedua-dua sifat itu didebungkan sendiri,
huraikan kacukan tersebut berdasarkan hukum Mendel kedua.
If a plant that is heterozygous for the two traits is self-pollinated, describe the cross
based on Mendels second law.
(10 markah/10 marks)

( ANSWERS) OBJECTIVE:
1. B

2. D

3. C

4. B

STRUCTURE
1.

Diagram 14.6 shows the pedigree of a family for the haemophillia disease.
Haemophollia is a hereditary sex-linked disease cause by a recessive allele found on
the X chromosome.
Hassan

Anis

Akmal

Adam

Esah

Key
Male normal

X H X H, X HY

Male haemophillia

Xh Xh, Xh Y

Female normal

XH Xh

Female haemophillia

DIAGRAM 14.6
(a)

(i)

What is Anis genotype?

h

X X
(ii)

[1 mark]

Explain how her genotype is determined.

[2 marks]

The allele for haemophillia is recessive. Both alleles must be

recessive to produce the phenotype of haemophillia.
(b)

(i)

What is the genotype of Hassan?

XHY

[1 mark]

(ii)

Explain how his genotype is determined.

[2 marks]

Male have only one X chromosome. To show the normal phenotype,

Hassan must have the dominant allele in the X chromosome.

(c)

Esah has a heterozygote genotype, while Adam is a haemophillia patient.

Illustrate by using a schematic diagram to show their children genotype and

phenotype probability.

[4

marks]
Adam

Esah

XhY

XH Xh
Meiosis

Xh

Xh XH

Xh Xh

XH

Y XH

Xh

Y Xh

Xh

(d)

What is the probability of their son to get haemophilia?

[1mark]

25%
(e)

What is the meaning of hereditary sex-linked?

The genes on the sex chromosomes which are not involve in sex
determination

[2marks]

ESSAY:
1.Statement 1 is not true statement.

( 1 mark)

This is because haemophilia is a sex-linked inheritance that occurs more frequently in

males. However, there is a probability that a female can also be a haemophiliac if she is
homozygous recessive.
(1 mark)

Haemophilia occurs more frequently in males than in females .

Haemophilia shows a pattern of inheritance of genetic disease associated with sexlinkage.

(1 mark)

It is coused by a recessive allele.

(1 mark)

The recessive allele is found on the X- chromosome.

(1 mark)

The X- linkage haemophilia affects males more than females. This is because a female
has two X chromosomes. Only a homozygous recessive females will be a haemophiliac.
(1 mark)

A heterozygous female individual is normal for blood clotting but is a carrier. (1 mark)

A human male has one X chromosome and one Y chromosome. When the recessive
allele for haemophilia is carried in the X chromosome, it will not be marked and the male
will be a haemophiliac.
(1 mark)

Haemophilia can be prevented by carriying out a genetic test to determine the parental
genotypes. The couple can then go for genetic counseling to know the various options
available, for example, methods to prevent pregnancy and laboratory tests to select
normal gametes for fertilization.
(1 mark)

In the future, it may be possible to use genetic engineering techniques to replace the
defective gene with a normal gene for blood clotting.
(1 mark)

(1 mark)

10

2 a) Hukum Mendel pertama menyatakan:

Mendels first law state that:
Setiapciri individu bagi satu organism adalah ditentukan oleh sepasang alel.
(1m)

Each individual characteristic of an organism is determined by a pair of alleles.

Ahli-ahli dalam setiap pasang alel terpisah semasa pembentukan gamet.

The members of each pair of alleles separate during the formation of gametes.
(1 m)
Hanya satu alel dibawa dalam setiap gamet.
Only one allele is carried in each gamete.

( 1 m)

Penerangan kacukan berdasarkan hukum Mendel pertama

Description of a cross based on Mendels first law.
Sifat yang diperhatikan adalah panjang batang bagi pokok kacang pea kebun.
The character concerned is the length of the stem of the garden pea plant.
(1m)
T mewakili alel bagi ketinggian dan t mewakili bagi alel bagi kerendahan.
T represented the allele for the tallness and t represented the allele for the
shortness.
(1m)
Semasa meosis, setiap ale ldalam pasangan terpisahs upaya setiap gamet
hanya menerima satu alel daripada setiap pasangan.
During meiosis, each allele in a pair separates so that each gamete receives
only one allele from each pair.
(1m)
Persenyawaan antara dua induk menghasilkan generasi F dengan gabungan
alel Tt
Fertilisation between two parents results in the F generation with the allele
combination Tt.
(1m)
Semua Fadalah tinggi keran aalel T adalah dominan.
All F are tall because allele T is dominant.
(1m)
tinggi/tall
x
rendah/short
Induk:
TT
tt
Parents:
Gamet:
Gametes:
Generasi F: tinggi
Fgeneration : tall

Tt

(2m)

11
(b) Hukum Mendel kedua:
Mendels second law:
Semasa pembentukan gamet, salah satu daripada sepasang alel mungkin bergabung
dengan rawak dengan salah satu daripada pasangan yang lain.
During gamete formation, either of the pair of allele may combine randomly with either of
another pair.
(1m)
Terdapat dua gen yang terlibat, tiap-tiap dengan dua alel, AaRr
There are two bens involved, each with two alleles, AaRr
(1m)
Selepas segregasi, empat pasang gamet dihasilkan: AR,Ar,aR,ar
After segregation, four pairs of gametes are produced: AR, Ar, aR,ar (1m)
Rajah genetic bagi gamet yang mungkin
Genetic diagram of possible gametes:
Induk: aksial dan bulat aksial dan bulat
Parents
axial and round
Genotip induk:
Parental genotype:
Gamet:
Gametes:

AaRr

A
R

axial and round

x

Ar

AaRr

aR

ar

(1m)
Segiempat Punnet menunjukkan kacukan rawak antara pasangan alel.
Punnent square to show random crossing between pairs of alleles.
Gamet
Gametes
AR
Ar
aR
ar

AR

Ar

aR

Ar

AARR
AARr
AaRR
AaRr

AARr
AArr
AaRr
Aarr

AaRR
AaRr
aaRR
aaRr

AaRr
Aarr
aaRr
aarr

(3m)
Jadual yang menunjukkan fenotip yang berbeza dan nisbahnya.
Table which show the different phenotypes and their ration
Fenotip
Phenotype
Aksial dan bulat
Axial and round
Aksial dan berkedut
Axial and wrinkled
Terminal dan bulat
Terminal and round
Terminal dan berkedut

Genotip
Genotype
AARR, AaRR, AaRr, AARr,
AaRr
Aarr, Aarr

Nisbah
Ratio
9

aaRR, aaRr

aarr

12
Terminal and wrinkled
(3m)