Traffic Signal Design

Dr. Terrance M. Rengarasu

Faculty of Engineering
University of Ruhuna

August 4, 2013

Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

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Solution

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

All red time

ar =

intersetion width + vehicle length

Speed

if we want to make 85% of the vehicles safe use 15th

percentile speed.
P + Lv
ar =
V15

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ar =

P + Lv
V15 1000
3600

ar =

(P + Lv )
0.28 V15
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Amber time
t=

t1 =

V U
a

If U=0 and a is negative t =

U
vehicle break+weight component

t1 =

For small; sin = tan = 0.01G A = t+

A=t+
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U
a

U
a + g sin

0.28 U
2a + 2 9.81 0.01G

0.14U
a+9.810.01G
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Example
Turning Movment Volumes/hr
250
800
175

Intersection Layout

25
500
50

185
700
220

70
610
35

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Data for the example

PHF = 0.92
Target (v/c) ratio=0.90
Driver reaction time = 1s
Pedestrian walking speed = 1.1m/s
Speed limit (all approaches) = 70kmph
Moderate pedestrian volumes
Level grades
Deceleration rate= 3m/s2
Cross walk width= 3m
Default l1 = 2s
Default e = 2s
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 1: Develop a phase plan

Equations 5.29 and 5.30 are used to check weather protection
is needed for the right turning vehicles.
qRT 200veh/h
qLT (qO /NO ) 50, 000
Check for EB:
qRT = 35 < 200veh/h
qRT (qO /NO ) = 35 500/2 = 8750 < 50, 000
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 1: Develop a phase plan

Check for WB:
qRT = 50 < 200veh/h
qRT (qO /NO ) = 50 610/2 = 30500 < 50, 000
Check for NB:
qRT = 220 > 200veh/h test ok
Check for SB:
qRT = 250 > 200veh/htest ok
No need for a separate right turn in EB & WB.
There is a need for a separate right turn in NB & SB.
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 2: Convert volumes to TVE

Check for EB: qo

500

Results is ERT = 4.00

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 2: Convert volumes to TVE

Check for EB: qo

Results is ERT = 1.32

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 2: Convert volumes to TVE

Approach
EB

WB

NB

SB

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Movement
R
T
L
R
T
L
R
T
L
R
T
L

Volume(Veh/h) ERT or ELT

35
4.00
610
1.00
70
1.32
25
5.15
500
1.0
50
1.32
220
1.05
700
1.00
185
1.32
250
1.05
800
1.00
175
1.32
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Volume(tv
140
610
92
129
500
66
231
700
244
263
800
231
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 2: Convert volumes to TVE

Volume(tvu/h)
140
610
92
129
500
66
231
700
244
263
800
231
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Lane group vol (tvu/h) Vol/Lane (tvu/h)

140
140
702
351
129
566

129
283

231
944

231
472

263
1031

263
516
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 3: Determine critical lane volumes

Ring 1
1
231

472
128

351

283

140
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263

516

Ring 2

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 3: Determine critical lane volumes

qc = qc1 + qc2 + qc3

qc = 263 + 516 + 351 = 1130tuv/h

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 4: Determine amber and all red intervals

The equations in the lecture note can rewritten as follows. In
these equations speed is given in KMPH distances in mps and
distances in m.
(P + Lv )
ar =
0.28 V15
V15 = V85 10kmph
V15 = Speed Limit 10kmph
Consider a speed limit of 70kmph, intersection width of 10m
and average vehicle length of 5m.
ar =

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(10 + 5)
= 0.89s ar = 1s
0.28 60
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 4: Determine amber and all red intervals

0.14 U
a + 9.81 0.01G
Assuming a driver reaction time t = 1s, level grades, speed
limit= 70 and vehicle decelaration = 3m/s2
A=t+

A=1+

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0.14 70
= 4.26s A = 4.5s
3 + 9.81 0.01 0

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 5: Determination of lost times

l2 = A + ar e
l2 = 4.5 + 2 2 = 4.5s
tL = l1 + l2
tL = 1 + 4.5 = 5.5s

L=

N
X

tLi = 3 tL = 3 5.5 = 16.5s

i=1

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 6: Calculation of desirable cycle length

Cdes =

L
1

PN

Yi
i=1 P HF (v/c)

Saturation flow rate = 1650veh/hg/ln

Cdes =

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16.5
1

1130
0.920.901650

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= 95.4S 96s

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 7. Allocate effective green to each phase

qci
(Cdes L)
qc
qc1
263
g1 =
(Cdes L) =
(96 16.5) = 18.5s
qc
1130
516
qc2
(Cdes L) =
(96 16.5) = 36.3s
g2 =
qc
1130
qc3
351
(96 16.5) = 24.7s
g3 =
(Cdes L) =
qc
1130
gi =

Check:
g1 + g2 + g3 + L = C
18.5 + 36.3 + 24.7 + 16.5 = 96s = C Check is OK
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs

Actual green time(Gi )
Gi = gi + tLi Ai ar
G1 = 18.5 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 18.5s
G2 = 36.3 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 36.3s
G3 = 24.7 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 24.7s
Pedesrian crossing time:
Moderate pedestrian 200ped/h
Cycles per hour= 3600/96 = 37.5cycles/h
Np = 200/37.5 = 5.3ped/cycle
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs


Gp = 3.2 +


Gp = 3.2 +

Lc
Sp

Lc
Sp


+ (2.7 Np ) for Wc 3.0m


+ 2.7 +

Np
3.048 Wc


for Wc > 3.0m

For Wc 3.0m, Lc = 18m and Sp = 1.1m/s

 
18
GP 2,3 = 3.2 +
+ (2.7 5.3) = 34s
1.1

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs

Check for safety of pedestrian:

Gp < Gi + A + ar
2 36.3 + 4.5 + 1 = 41.8s > Gp = 34s check ok
3 24.7 + 4.5 + 1 = 30.2s < Gp = 34s check not ok
If the above condition is to be satisfied
G3required = 28.5s

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Recalculation of gi and CN ew

G3 = g3 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 28.5s g3 = 28.5s

but we can use following equaton to calculate new cycle length
g3 =

qc3
351
(Cdes L) =
(CN ew 16.5) = 28.5s
qc
1130
CN ew = 108.23s 109s

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 7. Allocate effective green to each phase (2)

qci
(Cdes L)
qc
qc1
263
g1 =
(Cdes L) =
(109 16.5) = 21.5s
qc
1130
516
qc2
(Cdes L) =
(109 16.5) = 42.2s
g2 =
qc
1130
qc3
351
(109 16.5) = 28.8s
g3 =
(Cdes L) =
qc
1130
gi =

Check:
g1 + g2 + g3 + L = C
21.5 + 42.2 + 28.8 + 16.5 = 109s = C Check is OK
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs (2)

Actual green time(Gi )
Gi = gi + tLi Ai ar
G1 = 21.5 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 21.5s
G2 = 42.2 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 42.2s
G3 = 28.8 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 28.8s
Pedesrian crossing time:
Moderate pedestrian 200ped/h
Cycles per hour= 3600/109 = 33cycles/h
Np = 200/33 = 6.0ped/cycle
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs (2)

For Wc 3.0m, Lc = 18m and Sp = 1.1m/s
 
18
GP 2,3 = 3.2 +
+ (2.7 6.0) = 35.8s
1.1
Check for safety of pedestrian:
Gp < Gi + A + ar
42.2 + 4.5 + 1 = 47.7s > Gp check ok
28.8 + 4.5 + 1 = 34.3s < Gp check not ok
G3required = 30.3s
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Recalculation of gi and CN ew (3)

G3 = g3 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 30.3s g3 = 30.3s

but we can use following equaton to calculate new cycle length
g3 =

qc3
351
(Cdes L) =
(CN ew 16.5) = 30.3s
qc
1130
CN ew = 114.2s 120s

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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 7. Allocate effective green to each phase (3)

qci
(Cdes L)
qc
qc1
263
g1 =
(Cdes L) =
(120 16.5) = 24.0s
qc
1130
516
qc2
(Cdes L) =
(120 16.5) = 47.3s
g2 =
qc
1130
qc3
351
(120 16.5) = 32.2s
g3 =
(Cdes L) =
qc
1130
gi =

Check:
g1 + g2 + g3 + L = C
24 + 47.3 + 32.2 + 16.5 = 120s = C Check is OK
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs (3)

Actual green time(Gi )
Gi = gi + tLi Ai ar
G1 = 22.9 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 24.0s
G2 = 45.0 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 47.3s
G3 = 30.6 + 5.5 4.5 1 = 32.2s
Pedesrian crossing time:
Moderate pedestrian 200ped/h
Cycles per hour= 3600/120 = 30cycles/h
Np = 200/30 = 6.67ped/cycle
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

Step 8. Check for pedestrian needs (3)

For Wc 3.0m, Lc = 18m and Sp = 1.1m/s
 
18
GP 2,3 = 3.2 +
+ (2.7 6.67) = 37.6s
1.1
Check for safety of pedestrian:
Gp < Gi + A + ar
47.3 + 4.5 + 1 = 47.7s > Gp check ok
32.2 + 4.5 + 1 = 37.7s > Gp check ok
CycleLength = 120s
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Amber Time and All Red Time

Problem

Solution

114.5
119.0
120.0

76.8
81.3
82.3

24.0
28.5
29.5

0.0

Timing Diagram

1
2
3

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END