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OFFSHORE PLATFORM
Basic Type
Jacket
Gravity
TLP
SPAR
Lingkungan
water depth at location
soil, at seabottom and in-depth
wind speed, air temperature
waves, tide and storm surge, current
ice (fixed, floes, icebergs)
earthquakes (if necessary)
Konstruksi
Code
API-RP2A
DnV
NPD
DoE
AWS
AISC
Sertifikasi dan Survey Garansi
Det norske Veritas (DnV)
Lloyds Register of Shipping (LRS)
American Bureau of Shipping (ABS)
Bureau Veritas (BV)
Germanischer Lloyd (GL)
OFFSHORE DEVELOPMENT OF OIL AND GAS FIELD
As soon as exploitation is decided and approved, there are four main technical
activities, prior to production:
engineering and design
fabrication and installation of the production facility
drilling of production wells, taking 2 - 3 months/well
providing the off loading system (pipelines, tankers, etc.).
Jacket Based Platform for Shallow Water
Jacket and Gravity Based Platform for Deep Water
well control
support for well work-over equipment
separation of gas, oil and non-transportable components in the raw product, e.g.
water, parafines/waxes and sand
support for pumps/compressors required to transport the product ashore
power generation
accommodation for operating and maintenance staff.
Jacket-Based Topsides
stiffened plate walls (so called stressed skin or deck house type).
heavy base frame (with wind bracings in the walls).
CONSTRUCTION
Crane Vessel
Sling-arrangement, Slings and Shackles
Sea Transport and Sea Fastening
Load-out
skidding
platform trailers
shearlegs
Platform Removal
STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS
In-place Phase
Load-out
Sea transport
Upending of jackets
Lifting.
COST ASPECTS
Capital Expenditure (CAPEX)
The lecture starts with the presentation of the importance of offshore hydrocarbon exploitation, the basic steps in the development process (from seismic
exploration to platform removal) and the introduction of the major structural
concepts (jacket-based, GBS-based, TLP, floating).
The major codes are identified.
For the fixed platform concepts (jacket and GBS), the different execution
phases are briefly explained: design, fabrication and installation. Special
attention is given to the principles of topside design.
A basic introduction to cost aspects is presented.
Finally terms are introduced within a glossary.
Wave theories
Wave Statistics
Wave forces on structural members
Current Loads
Earthquake Loads
Ice and Snow Loads
Loads due to Temperature Variations
Marine Growth
Tides
Sea Floor Movements
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
The main environmental loads are due to wind, waves, current, earthquakes, ice
and snow, temperature variations, marine growth, tides and seafloor
movements.
Widely accepted rules of practice, listed as [1] - [13], provide guideline values
for most environmental loads.
For major structures, specification of environmental design loads requires
specific studies.
Some environmental loads can be highly uncertain.
The definition of certain environmental loads depends upon the type of analysis
used in the design.
a. Weight of the structure in air, including the weight of grout and ballast, if necessary.
b. Weights of equipment, attachments or associated structures which are permanently
mounted on the platform.
c. Hydrostatic forces on the various members below the waterline. These forces
include buoyancy and hydrostatic pressures.
OPERATING (LIVE) LOADS
ACCIDENTAL LOADS
a. Dead loads plus operating environmental loads plus maximum live loads,
appropriate to normal operations of the platform.
b. Dead loads plus operating environmental loads plus minimum live loads,
appropriate to normal operations of the platform.
c. Dead loads plus extreme (design) environmental loads plus maximum live loads,
appropriate for combining with extreme conditions.
d. Dead loads plus extreme (design) environmental loads plus minimum live loads,
appropriate for combining with extreme conditions.
According to the DNV and the NPD rules for limit state design, four limit states must
be checked:
1. Ultimate limit state
For this limit state the following two loading combinations must be used:
Ordinary: 1,3 P + 1,3 L + 1,0 D + 0,7 E, and
Extreme : 1,0 P + 1,0 L + 1,0 D + 1,3 E
where P, L, D and E stand for Permanent (dead), Operating (live), Deformation
(e.g., temperature, differential settlement) and Environmental loads
respectively. For well controlled dead and live loads during fabrication and
installation, the load factor 1,3 may be reduced to 1,2. Furthermore, for
structures that are unmanned during storm conditions and which are not used
for storage of oil and gas, the 1,3 load factor for environmental loads - except
earthquakes - may be reduced to 1,15.
2. Fatigue limit state
All load factors are to be taken as 1,0.
3. Progressive Collapse limit state
Joints
Members
Plate Models
ACCEPTANCE CRITERIA
Code Checks
Tubular joints are checked against punching under various load patterns. These
checks may indicate the need for local reinforcement of the chord using
overthickness or internal ring-stiffeners.
Elements should also be verified against fatigue, corrosion, temperature or
durability wherever relevant.
Allowable Stress Method
Condition
Normal
Extreme
Load Categories
ULS (normal)
1,3
1,3
1,0
0,7
0,0
ULS (extreme)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,3
0,0
FLS
0,0
0,0
0,0
1,0
0,0
PLS (accidental)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
PLS (post-damage)
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,0
SLS
1,0
1,0
1,0
1,0
0,0
Main Model
Appurtenances
Foundation Model
Loadings
Gravity Loads
dead weight of structure and equipments.
live loads (equipments, fluids, personnel).
Environmental Loads
Loading Combinations
DYNAMIC ANALYSIS
Dynamic Model
Mass
Damping
Structural Damping
Hydrodinamic Damping
Representation Damping
Stiffness
Free Vibration Mode Shapes and Frequencies
Modal Superposition Method
A fatigue analysis is performed for those structures sensitive to the action of cyclic
loadings such as:
wave (jackets, floating structures).
wind (flare booms, stair towers).
structures under rotating equipments.
Fatigue Model
Structural Model
Hydrodynamic Loading Model
Joint Stress Model
Fatigue Damage Model
Closed Form Expression
Deterministic Analysis
Spectral Analysis
Wind Fatigue
Wind Gusts
Vortex Shedding
ABNORMAL AND ACCIDENTAL CONDITIONS
Earthquake Analysis
Model
Ductility Requirements
Analysis Method
Impact
Skidding
Load-Out by Trailers
Transportation
Model
Design Factors
Skew Load Factor (SKL)
Dynamic Amplification Factor (DAF)
Tilt Effect Factor (TEF)
Yaw Effect Factor (YEF)
Consequence Factors
LOCAL ANALYSES AND DESIGN
Pile/Sleeve Connections
the fatigue damage in the shear plates and the attachment welds to the main
jacket accumulated during pile driving and throughout the life of the
platform.
Conductors
Helidecks
Flare Booms
CONCLUDING SUMMARY
With the trend to ever deeper and more slender offshore structures in yet
harsher environments, more elaborate theories are necessary to analyse
complex situations. There is a risk for the Engineer having increasingly to
rely on the sole results of computer analyses at the expense of sound design
practice.
To retain enough control of the process of analysis, the following
recommendations are given:
check the interfaces between the different analyses and ensure the consistency of
the input/output.
verify the validity of the data resulting from a complex analysis against a
simplified model, which can also be used to assess the influence of a particular
parameter.
make full use of "good engineering judgement" to criticise the unexpected results
of an analysis.