The Relevance of Theory of Forms To Nationalist Propaganda Poems Revised

The Relevance of Platos Theory of Forms to the Philippine Nationalist Propaganda Poems
The Relevance of Platos Theory of Forms to the Philippine Nationalist

Propaganda Poems
Chris Za Bea Enate
BA Political Science III
University of the Philippines Visayas
Mr. Clyde Ben Gacayan

Political Science 192
January 28, 2014
ABSTRACT
There are a lot of existing studies about the significance of Platos Theory of
Forms to the poets. Some of these are works of Aune, B. (1998), Banach, D. (2006),
Lacewing, M. (n.d.), Moss, J, (2007), and Naddaf, G. (2007). However, there are no
books and studies available at all that primarily show the connection between his Theory
of Forms and its relevance to the Philippine Nationalist Propaganda Poems.
In Platos Theory of Forms, it is the superior realm of the intelligible world in
which the forms are the cause of knowledge and existence of all things in this world.
(n.a., 2013) Objects in this world are just imitations or approximations of ideal Forms that
are the true reality. They exist outside time and space because they are transcendent,
abstract property and pure, and therefore unchanging. Plato greatly opposed to poetics
because poetry is a type of imitation and a means of public wisdom in the material world.
There is danger in poetry because it is a repository of public wisdom, based on sense
experience and far from the real justice of the Theory of Forms. As such, poetry becomes
nothing more than a distraction which takes us farther from the ideal form. Some of the
chosen Nationalist Propaganda Poems written by famous Filipino writers such as Ang
Bayan Ko and Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa illustrate a unifying theme of revolution
and rebellion against the ruling government to awaken the Filipino spirits to fight for the
countrys freedom and independence.
The paper in general will try to analyze the relevance of Platos Theory of Forms
to Nationalist Propaganda Poems. This paper will try to answer the following questions:
(1.) Why is Theory of Forms central to Platos philosophy? (2.) What are Platos reasons
why he is against poetry? (3.) Do Nationalist propaganda poets in the Philippines work
the same way as how Plato criticized it?
The result of this study, basing on Platos Theory of Forms, will give as an idea of
how Philippine Nationalist Propaganda poets are similar with the poets criticized by Plato
in his time.
REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

The Relevance of Platos Theory of Forms to the Philippine Nationalist
Propaganda Poems
In the Republic written by Plato, he argued that all things that we experience through
our senses are just particular things and that we cannot ever sense anything that is
abstract. Take for example; when we see a beautiful thing, what we see as a beautiful
thing and not the beauty of it. Beauty is a property that more than one thing can have.
Plato argued that there is something which is beauty in a thing, even though we never
experienced beauty itself through our senses. Beauty is an approximate to the idea of a
Form which is a universal and a property which anyone more can have. (Lacewing, n.d.)
In essence, the Theory of Forms represents Platos attempt to cultivate our capacity for an
abstract thought. The Theory of Forms differentiates the abstract world of thought from
the world of the senses and that the former is superior to the latter. The Theory of Forms
envisions an entire world of such Forms - a world that exists outside time and space where Beauty, Justice, Courage, Temperance, and the like exist unblemished by the
changes and imperfections of the visible world.
Plato splits up the existence of reality into two realms: the material realm or the
visible world where we inhabit, and the transcendent realm or the intelligible world of
forms where stands above the visible world and gives its being. It is in the material world
that we can perceive through senses and that it is changing. On the other hand, the realm
of forms can be perceived through the mind that is absolute and permanent. The forms are
the archetypes or perfect models for all of the properties that are present in the material
world. They are the perfect examples of the properties they instantiate. Even though the
material world is really similar to the real world of forms, it only copies the images and
objects of the intelligible world. In virtue of the fact that all objects in this world are only
copies of the forms, the forms are the causes of all that exists in this world. In addition,
the forms are the origins of all our knowledge about objects. They contribute all order and
intelligibility to objects. Since we can only know something that is said to exist insofar as
it has some order or structure, the forms are the source of the intelligibility of all material
objects. (Banach, 2006)
In the Republic, it was discussed why it is best for poetry not to be admitted into
the ideal city. Through dialectic process wherein one gains knowledge of the forms by
putting together two subjective points of view in order to form a more subjective concept,
Socrates reached two philosophical conclusions on the nature of poetry. According to
Michael OTool (n.d.), Socrates first conclusion is that, poetry is a type of imitation
concerned with something a third from the truth. In Platos Theory of Forms, it is the
craftsman or hero who imitates the ideal form of an object or characteristic. The poet,
who in turn imitates the object of the craftsman or the characteristic of the hero, is thus
making an imitation of an imitation. This argument belittles the worth of poetry and
criticizes the skill of the poet. Poetry becomes nothing more than a distraction, taking us
not closer to the ideal form but one step further from it. The poet as well is disparaged,
for in making himself appear to have knowledge that he does not truly possess, he
misleads those who are easily deceived by persuasive rhetoric. The second conclusion
reached by Socrates is that, poetry awakens certain emotions that are indicative of an
"irritable temper." The person influenced by poetry abandons rational thought and instead
let intense emotions control decisions and actions. In Platos vision of the ideal city, this
would lead to an unstable situation because intellect is replaced by emotion. According to
Plato, it is philosophy, not poetry that should be the educator, for philosophy is the only
activity which contemplates the ideal forms and thus, philosophy is the activity which
comes closest to discovering the true nature of things.
The poem Ang Bayan Ko written by Jose Corazon de Jesus is one of the most
recognizable patriotic songs in the Philippines. This was originally written in Spanish and
was translated into Filipino. This kundiman was generally considered as the unofficial
second national anthem of the Philippines. This had been frequently adopted by various
political groups as a protest song played during political mobilizations because the nature
of the song serves as the representation of their sentiments. The poem was written in
opposition to the American Occupation. The song reflects the yearnings of the people
who were colonized for over 400 years, first as a colony of Spain and then as a colony of
the United States. The writer associated the Motherland to a bird wherein he wants it to
set free, to return it to the rightful people who are the true heirs of the islands. "Foreigners
are intoxicated with your beauty, my country, my nest of tears of poverty. My steadfast
wish is to set you free." (Philippine Study Group of Minnesota, n.d.) Also, the poem
Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Andres Bonifacio, was written during his revolt against
the Spanish conquerors. It is mainly for the purpose of encouraging Filipinos to be
nationalistic in order to join the fight for Philippine Independence. As what he narrated in
the poem, he wholly showed how great and deep he was in love with his own country.
Likewise, we should also do the same. We should love, praise and fight for our own
country. If one loves his country, it means that one should not only think of himself but as
well the people of around.
Since my objective is to answer whether Plato agrees to the Nationalist
Propaganda poems using the Theory of Forms, basing on the online sources that I have
generated, I suppose that Plato would greatly oppose to these poems. The two poems that
I have put as an example above have a unifying theme of revolution and rebellion against
the ruling government. They put an emphasis on the idea that Philippines should free
itself from the colonizers and achieve freedom and independence. These ideas are
reflected on the Theory of Forms that poets arouse our emotions and thus cause us to be
bad - tempered. So, people who are reading the poems are influenced by the idea of the
poets therefore desert rational thinking in making choices and decisions in their life.
Same is true with the Philippine Nationalist Propaganda poems, they encourage people to
be nationalistic and fight against the government which are irrational since they do not
use intellect and they let their emotions drive their actions. Moreover, some of the reasons
why Plato banishes poets from his ideal city are the following; poetry is a repository of
public wisdom which is based only on what the poet experiences in the sensible world,
poetry also produce an incoherent wisdom which leads to injustice and poetry introduces
justice which is far different from the justice of the Theory of Forms.
CONCEPTUAL RAMEWORK
CRITIQUE OF
PLATO TO
POETRY
PHILIPPINE
NATIONALIST
PROPAGANDA
POETS
The critique of Pl
Platos major reasons why he
greatly opposed to poetics are:
poetry is a repository of public
REPOSITORY
OF PUBLIC
WISDOM
REPOSITORY
OF PUBLIC
WISDOM
wisdom because it is sense

experienced
and
it
offers
an
incoherent wisdom which leads to

injustice. These factors laid by
SENSE EXPERIENCED
SENSE EXPERIENCED
Plato will be used by the researcher

to track their similarities and
differences in the case of Philippine
Nationalist Propaganda poems to
find out its relevance to Platos
INCOHERENT
WISDOM
INJUSTICE
INCOHERENT
WISDOM
INJUSTICE
Theory Forms.
FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS

One of the most important and remarkable concept that Plato introduced in his
book, the Republic, is the concept of Theory of Forms in which it represents his attempt
to cultivate a capacity for an abstract thought. It is the basis of his argument in banishing
poets in his ideal society. There are ample reasons why he is greatly opposed to them
because of the following: first, poetry is a repository of public wisdom wherein poets are
the ones who are the only source of ideas and things that are happening. Second, poetry is
sense experienced whereby the poet is basing what he is writing on his experiences in
the material world and it is only in the intelligible world where everything is said to be
ultimately real and unchanging. According to the Theory of Forms, it can be solely
achieved through the mind. Third, poetry is providing people an incoherent wisdom since
they pretend that they have the knowledge but the truth is they do not have any idea at all
and so they are giving the people the wrong information. Lastly, this may lead to injustice
because they are deceiving people that they are capable of encouraging them to fight
against the government because they have the right expertise. They make people believe
that they are knowledgeable where in fact they know nothing at all. Additionally, this
justice introduced by the poetry is not equal to the justice established by the Theory of
Forms. This is due to the fact that the justice in the material world is nothing but an
imitation of justice in the real world of forms.
It is in the Theory of Forms that he envisions an entire world of Forms which
exists outside of space and time, where Beauty, Courage, Justice, Temperance and the
like remain undamaged by the changes and imperfections of the visible world. The
Theory of Forms maintains two existing worlds; the visible world or the material world
10
where we inhabit and can be perceived through senses, and the intelligible or
transcendent world where it is permanent and immutable and in contrast can be perceived
through minds and through reasons. Thus, Plato emphasizes the centrality of the Theory
of Forms as his concept because it stands above the visible world and in fact gives its
being. Plato argued that this abstract thought is superior to the world of senses.
Through Theory of Forms, they can have an access to the unchanging world,
invulnerable to the pains and alterations of the material world. And so, by detaching
themselves from the material world and developing their ability to give importance to the
forms, they will find value which is permanent and absolute. The material world is very
similar to a more real world of forms. However, material objects are just images and
copies of the true forms. In virtue that they are all copies of the more real world, the
forms are the cause of all things that exists in material world. They are the cause of all
knowledge which gives order and intelligibility to all of the material objects. It is
understood that without the form, the material world will not be present. Additionally, the
forms are the archetypes which mean that they are the perfect examples of the property
that they illustrate. They are the models of perfection in which all material objects are
based on. Moreover, the forms are ultimately real entities and not objects. Since material
objects are just copies of the forms, their actuality only comes from the forms. Therefore,
they are the ones that provide an explanation about the source and origin of all objects in
the material world why they are in that way. (Banach, 2006)
Plato believed that using the minds and intellect of the people, they can be able to
grasp the intelligible world where is a home for true knowledge. According to Plato,
philosophy is the only activity which reflects the ideal forms for it is a process of constant
11
questioning. And questioning necessarily takes the form of dialogue which involves
putting together two subjective points of view to form a more objective concept to gain
knowledge of the forms. Thus, philosophy is the activity which comes closest to
discovering the true nature of things (OTool, n.d.).
In Platos vision of his ideal society, education is philosophy based. It appeals to
the intellect which brings harmony and order to the soul while art and mythology appeals
to our desires which excites our emotions, thus detracts our ability for balance reasoning.
This is one of the reasons why Plato greatly opposed poets in his city. According to
Jessica Moss (2007), Plato accused poetry as nothing but an imitation at a third remove
from the truth. Plato illustrated what he means by imitation with a discussion on
painting. The painter is an imitator because he copies what a bed for example, looks as
they appear and not the forms as they really are. The argument here is that there is a
difference between the appearance of the bed and the bed itself. The painter failed to copy
the real form of the bed because that is precisely the visible aspect to which the painter
could grasp. In relation to this, poets are third degrees removed from the truth because
they also imitate the works of the craftsman, thus making their works an imitation of an
imitation. As a result, this premise belittles the worth of poetry and the skill of the poets.
Additionally, according to Michael OTool (n.d.), poets pretend that they know all sorts
of things which in fact they dont have an idea at all. They are considered by many to be
knowledgeable because they write a lot about many things where in reality they really
know nothing about. People are easily deceived by his persuasive rhetoric and thus they
become ignorant and fool enough to believe. Plato is more specific in his charge that
imitative poetry harms us by putting a bad constitution into our souls through
12
strengthening an inferior part of the soul which is ruled by irrational passions, desires and
prejudices. Thereby, overthrowing and weakening the rule of reason. Since poetry
arouses certain emotions that are indicative of irritable disposition, in Platos ideal
society, this would lead to an unstable situation for the reason that a person who was
influenced by poetry abandons the rational thinking and so lets his emotions control
decisions and actions. To the extent that imitative poetry can even corrupt the decent
people.
Ang Bayan Ko written by Jose Corazon de Jesus in 1929 was one of the most
recognizable patriotic songs in the Philippines. This was originally written in Spanish and
was translated into Filipino in opposition to the American Occupation.i Enmeshed in the
song are the yearnings of the people who were colonized for more than 400 years. First as
the colony of the Spain and next as the colony of the United States. The writer associated
our Motherland to a caged bird longing to be free, to return to the rightful people who are
the true heirs of the islands.ii The poem was a repository of public wisdom because it was
used to strengthen peoples efforts and principles for a complete and absolute
independence from the ruling government which in that case was the United States. This
kundiman was generally considered as the unofficial second anthem of the Philippines.
Additionally, Ang Bayan Ko became a repository of public wisdom because it was very
popular during the struggle against the dictatorship of Ferdinand Marcos in the 1980s. It
accompanied almost every struggle of Filipinos especially during the People Power. It
is the only thing during that time which people can relate to in terms of their sentiments
because it seems that the poem itself cries the feelings of each individual. In fact, it really
became the Philippines national anthem during Marcos era. It was the source of strength
13
of people to continue on rallying and protesting against the dictatorial Marcos regime. It
served as an inspiration for them to oust Marcos which is their primary goal.
Moreover, since Ang Bayan Ko was written during American colonization, the
poem was based on the poets sense experience because he was writing the poem based
on his thoughts and emotions that time against the Americans. The stanzas of the poem
imply that Filipinos should fight for Philippine independence. However, the poet itself
really do not know what it is to fight for the country. They seemed to be the source of
knowledge however, the truth is they do not know what they are talking about.
Additionally, in the Marcos era where the poem was widespread, it influenced people to
be irrational since they used their emotions and feelings while rallying on the streets.
Some of them even do not know what they are fighting for. They were just influenced by
the poem to join the cause for it had been frequently adopted by various political groups
as a protest song during political mobilizations because of its nature. They sense that they
can relate to the poem and that it voice out what they cannot say about the Marcos regime
but the truth is, they do not know what it really feels like fighting on the streets. They just
pretend to be one because they were fooled by the poem which weakened the appetitive
part of their soul.
Furthermore, because Ang Bayan Ko was only sense experience, it resulted
people to have an incoherent wisdom. This is true when people assume that they were
really experienced about fighting for the country. They believe that the poem which was
adopted to be the countrys national anthem during Marcos time, can represent their
sentiments. Through that poem, it can show what they really feel and that the government
will hear it. It resulted to a bad decision making since people resort to exert force in the
14
first place. They feel that the dictatorial regime was repressing them and that the only
way to oust it was through force.
Finally, Ang Bayan Ko is a representation of injustice because the poem deceived
people in a way that they were given wrong information and meaning about it. It is due to
the fact that they were carried away by their emotions and feelings and encouraged to
uprise. This is injustice in a way that from the inception that they already believed or
were encouraged by the poem, they were already corrupted. Additionally, as stated in the
poem, the poet wanted to free its nation from the hands of the foreign invaders and in the
case of Marcos regime where this poem became their driving force, it seemed that they
were just protesting for the sake of protesting. They did not take into account that the
poem was mainly written during American colonization which was against the
Americans. It was injustice in the very essence of overthrowing Marcos because Marcos
is a Filipino and not a foreigner. What I mean in this is that people are just crying out
their voices of opposition at the same time not knowing the meaning of what is the
purpose of their actions. It served them injustice in the sense that they were fooled by the
poem wherein they already assume that they were well experienced about what they
were doing.
Also, the poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa by Andres Bonifacio who was
regarded as the Father of the Philippine Revolution, follows the same thought. He
founded the KKK or the Kataas taasan, Kagalang galangang Katipunan ng mga
Anak ng Bayan which was a secret society to counter the colonial government of the new
imperialist foreigners. This was written during his revolt against the Spanish Conquerors
and led Philippine revolutionaries in asserting and defending the Filipinos right to liberty
15
from the Spanish rule.iii The poem was a repository of public wisdom because that piece
of composition by Bonifacio was the only thing that was largely disseminated during the
Spanish rule in the 1890s. It was what the people can only have because it was the first
and last issue of the Kalayaan, which was a Katipunan Publication. This poem was the
peoples sole source of information which denotes that they need to fight for the
countrys independence through strengthening back their nationalism and identity. This
seems to be the growing concern of Bonifacio because he felt that the identity of the
people as Filipinos has been washed and that they had already given up and allowed
Spanish rulers to govern their lives. The primary purpose of the poem was fundamentally
to encourage the Filipino people to strengthen their nationalism and to secure that their
country will not fall on the foreign hands. Bonifacio relayed in the poem that people
should love Philippines because it is inherent in all of us and that it was to awaken the
drive of every people to fight for the independence of the Philippines and the freedom of
its citizens.
Additionally, this particular poem was likely based on his life and his experiences
among fellow Filipinos which makes the poem a sense experienced one. Bonifacio
wrote his sentiments about the Filipinos based on what he had undergone. One of those
sentimentsor the major sentiment, at that timewas the Filipinos lack of nationalism.
He thought that Filipinos had lost their sense of pride of being Filipinos and so, he
provoked the emotions of the Filipino populace to feel inside them, more so, to realize
among them that there is no other country for them but the Philippines (The Global
Source of Summaries and Reviews, 2008). The message was from the heart of one who
was willing to offer his life for the country. It was for the purpose of encouraging
16
Filipinos to be nationalistic in order to join the fight for the Philippine Independence. As
what he narrated in the poem, he wholly showed how great and deep he was in love with
his own country. Likewise, he was encouraging people to be feel the same. Bonifacio,
like his poem Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang Lupas, tells us his unquestionably love for our
country and unselfishly offered his life to build a free Philippine nation. He encourages
values of patriotism, and nationalism. Back then, since it was the only medium that raised
the spirits of the Filipinos, Bonifacio as the poet had only assume that he already
experienced what he wrote which was different from what others have also experienced.
Through his love and patriotism towards the motherland, it initiated the writing of the
poem. However, we cannot say that what he felt was right and accurate because mainly as
argued by Plato, poets assume that what they think and write were right but the reality is
that they really do not have the idea what it is to be a true hero. They just pretend that
they know because people were deceived by their rhetorics and style of writing. In return,
people were vulnerable enough to be misled by what they read.
Moreover, since the poem was sense experienced, it lead the people to have
incoherent wisdom. This is because the poet based his writings on his own experiences
and so, people cannot relate since their experiences and drives in life were also different
from Bonifacio. Since there was no unity back then, Bonifacio decided bridge the gap
through writing the poem which harmonize Filipinos. The poem was mainly their source
of encouragement. This resulted people to have an incoherent wisdom because it was
never their understandings which caused them to fight and overthrow the Spanish
colonial rule but it was Bonifacios. Given the case, they were only joining the
17
bandwagon for the reason that they perceive actions like this as helpful to the pursuance
of the countrys freedom.
Finally, since the spirit of the people to fight is not voluntarily but with intervention,
it serve them injustice. Practically speaking, it is unfair if a person encourages another
person to follow his own belief. It is unjust since the other person has also another set of
principles in life that he believed. For that reason, the poem Pag ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa is unjust because primarily, Bonifacio wrote his sentiments and one of the major
points is that Filipinos lack nationalism. He observed that people had lost their sense of
being Filipinos that is why through his poem, he was strengthening peoples nationalism
wherein he asserted that it is inherent in all of the Filipino people and that no one else
could give genuine love and appreciation to the country but the Filipinos themselves.
Since he truly showed his love and patriotism in the country, he was expecting that
people should do the same too. Therefore, people were obliged to engage in the fight for
it was assumed that it was their responsibility to do so. The poem fueled the emotions of
the people to secretly contest the colonial government. Consequently, it led into a
revolution which resulted to many loss of lives. According to Plato, since people are
deceived by these poetics, emotion replaces their rational thinking which may cause
instability in the city as seen in the case of Bonifacios time.
18
CONCLUSION
The two poems Ang Bayan Ko and Pag ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa - have a
unifying theme of revolution and rebellion against the ruling government. They put an
emphasis on the idea that Philippines should free itself from the colonizers and achieve
freedom and independence through uprising. These poets seem to agree that this is one
way that they could do so that the government will know their sentiments. However, as
for Plato, he will disagree with this because mainly he does not approve poets in his ideal
society. These ideas are reflected on the Theory of Forms that poets arouse our emotions
and thus cause us to be bad - tempered. They strengthen an inferior part of the soul which
is less concerned about the truth. This is the appetitive part of the soul which is ruled not
by reason but by the irrational passions, desires, prejudices and pleasures. (Moss, 2007)
So, people who are reading these poems are influenced by the poets; they desert rational
thinking in making choices and decisions in life. Since they do not use intellect, they let
their emotions drive their actions. Basing on Platos argument, people who read the
poems and were encouraged to join the fight were fools. This can be seen in the clear
dangers of poetry that it is a repository of public wisdom, sense experienced, introduces
incoherent wisdom and promotes injustice. Since poetry arouses the appetitive part of the
soul which is ruled by desires, it encourages an irritable disposition that may cause chaos
in the society and threaten its stability. Plato believed that poets seem to know everything
where in fact they really know nothing about. They act like they are knowledgeable
enough regarding certain things that they write but the truth is, they really dont have an
idea what it is to be like, in this case, to be real nationalist propaganda poets that of the
Theory of Forms. Philippine Nationalist propaganda poems encourage people to fight for
19
freedom and independence against the government and this is apparent in what people do
like for example, rallying, hunger strike, mobilization and insurgency. This is an
illustration of what Plato said that poets fuel drives and emotions of the appetitive part of
the soul that will cause instability in the society because people are not using their
rationality and intellect. Additionally, Michael OTool (n.d.) believes that Platos intent is
to express the inadequacy of poetry or mythology to present a philosophically reasoned
argument. Some of the reasons why Plato banishes poets from his ideal city are the
following; poetry is a repository of public wisdom which is based only on what the poet
experiences in the sensible world, poetry also produce an incoherent wisdom which leads
to injustice and poetry introduces justice which is far different from the justice of the
Theory of Forms.
In the context of the Philippine history, Nationalist Propaganda poems is a
repository of public wisdom because they are the only means of which they can
disseminate information to start a propaganda and encourage people to rebel against the
government. This is clear because Filipinos back then tried to hide books that are against
the colonial government because the latter is controlling the flow of information.
Additionally, these poems are sense experienced. They are written by the poets based
on what they have experienced in the material world. In fact some of them or maybe all
of them are just writing these, pretending to have the knowledge of what it is to be like a
nationalist. Poems also introduce incoherent wisdom in the sense that they pretend and so
they are giving the people the wrong information. And if they do, what is it that they
know is therefore a mere imitation of the Theory of Forms. Lastly, since poems are
pretentious, they promote injustice because they are deceiving people that they are
20
capable of encouraging them to fight against the government because they have the right
expertise. They make people believe that they are knowledgeable where in fact they know
nothing at all.
21
REFERENCES
Aguilar, F. (2011). A case for Bayan Ko as Philippine National Anthem.
Retrieved from http://florante.org/blog/2011/01/17/bayan-ko-national-anthem/ last
January 20, 2014
Aune, B. (1998). Platos Objections to Mimetic Art. Retrieved from
http://www.umass.edu/philosophy/PDF/Aune/PlatoonMimArt.pdf last December 21,
2013
Banach, D. (2006). Platos Theory of Foms. Retrieved from
http://www.anselm.edu/homepage/dbanach/platform.htm last December 14, 2013
Lacewing, M. (n.d.). Platos Theory of Forms. Retrieved from
http://cw.routledge.com/textbooks/alevelphilosophy/data/A2/Plato/PlatoTheoryForms.pdf
last December 14, 2013
Moss, J. (2007). What is Imitative Poetry and Why is it Bad?. Retrieved from
shttp://www.nyu.edu/gsas/dept/philo/faculty/moss/WhatisImitativePoetry.pdf
last
December 21, 2013
Naddaf, G. (2007). The role of the poet in Plato's ideal cities of Callipolis and
Magnesia.
Retrieved
from
http://socialsciences.scielo.org/scielo.php?pid=s0100512x2008000100001&script=sci_art
text last December 21, 2013
Philippine Study Group of Minnesota. (n.d). Bayan Ko (My Dear Country).
Retrieved from http://www.crcworks.org/bayanko.pdf last December 14, 2013
The Global Source for Summaries and Reviews. (2008). Pag-ibig sa Tinubuang
Lupa.
Retrieved
from
http://www.shvoong.com/books/1744986-pag-ibig-sa-tinubuang-lupa/ last January 20,
2014
i
See Song: Bayan Ko (My Country).

http://tagaloglang.com/Filipino-Music/Patriotic-Songs-of-the-Philippines/song-bayan-ko-my-country.html.
Retrieved last February 20, 2014
ii
See Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation.

http://www.flickr.com/photos/leeviraycahili/3715048835/. Retrieved last February 20, 2014
See Pag Ibig sa Tinubuang Lupa.
http://www.shvoong.com/books/1744986-pag-ibig-sa-tinubuang-lupa/. Retrieved last February 20, 2014
iii

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The Relevance of Platos Theory of Forms to the Philippine Nationalist Propaganda Poems

The Relevance of Platos Theory of Forms to the Philippine Nationalist

Mr. Clyde Ben Gacayan

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

wisdom because it is sense

incoherent wisdom which leads to

Plato will be used by the researcher

FINDINGS AND ARGUMENTS

See Song: Bayan Ko (My Country).

See Filipino Heritage: The Making of a Nation.

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