THEORY OF ELASTICITY

ASSIGNMENT # 02
SYED HAIDER MEHDI RIZVI

Question # 01
%%Assignment Question 01
%Matlab Code
%Declaring the symbolic variables
clc
clear all
close all
syms x b1 b2 a11 a12 a21 a22
%Given Data of new polar coordinate
new = [cos(x) sin(x) ; -sin(x) cos(x)];
%first order tensor in x1 system
b = [b1;b2];
%component x1
bi = new *b
%second order tensor in x2 system
a = [a11 a12; a21 a22];
%component in x system
ai = new*a*new'
%%end

Command window

Question # 02

%% Assignment Question # 2
%Matlab Code
clear all
% clear all declared variables
close all
% close all the graph windows
clc
% clear the command screen
% creating a stress tensor
s = [0 1 0; 1 0 0; 0 0 0];
% stress Invariants
I1 = s(1,1) + s(2,2) + s(3,3);
I2 = det([s(1,1) s(1,2) ; s(2,1) s(2,2)]) + det([s(2,2) s(2,3) ; s(3,2)
s(3,3)]) + det([s(1,1) s(1,3) ; s(3,1) s(3,3)]);
I3 = det(s);
% creating characterstic equation
syms x

% declear x as a variable

f = -x^3 + I1*x^2 - I2*x + I3 % characterstic equation

% plotting
ezplot(f);
ylabel('function');
legend('Characterstic equation graph')
%% End

Question # 03
%% Assignment Question # 3
%Matlab Code
clear all
% clear all declared variables
close all
% close all the graph windows
clc
% clear the command screen
% Given Data
ex = 0.002;
ey = -0.004;
exy = 0.001;
%calculating strain values
sum = (ex+ey)/2;
sub = (ex-ey)/2;
%selecting the range of angle
x = 0:0.05:10;
%substituting the values in equation
exx = sum + sub*cos(2*x) + exy*sin(2*x);
eyy = sum - sub*cos(2*x) - exy*sin(2*x);
exyy = -sub * sin(2*x) + exy*cos(2*x);
%plotting the curves
plot(x,exx);
hold on
%holding the figure window to draw further graphs
plot(x,eyy,'--r');
plot(x,exyy,'-g');
legend('ex','ey','exy');
xlabel('Angle');
ylabel('Strain');
hold off
%%end

Question # 04
%%Assignment question 4
%Matlab Code
clc
clear all
close all
%Given data of Strain
s= [1 -2 0 ; -2 -4 0 ; 0 0 5] * 0.001;
ex = s(1,1);
ey = s(2,2);
ez = s(3,3);
exy = s(1,2);
eyz = s(2,3);
ezx = s(3,1);
%selecting the range of anlge
x = 0:0.01:pi/2;
%From the figure the directional cosine will be
l1 = cos(45)*cos(x) ;
m1 = cos(0) * sin(x);
n1 = cos(45)*sin(x);
l2 = cos(135)*sin(x);
m2 = cos(0)*cos(x);
n2 = cos(135)*sin(x);
% The transformed normal and shear strain will be
exx = ex.*l1.^2 + ey.*m1.^2 + ez.*n1.^2 + 2.*(exy.*l1.*m1 + eyz.*m1.*n1 +
ezx.*n1.*l1);
ext = ex.*l1.*l2 + ey.*m1.*m2 + ez.*n1.*n2 + exy.*(l1.*m2 + m1.*l2) + eyz.*(m1.*n2
+ n1.*m2)+ ezx.*(n1.*l2 + l1.*n2);
%Plotting the graph
plot(x,exx);
hold on
plot(x,ext,'--r');
axis = [0,pi/4 -5e-3,3e-3];
legend('Normal Strain','Shear Strain')
xlabel ('Angle');
ylabel ('Strain');
hold off
%% End

Question # 05
%%Assignment Question 5
%Matlab Code
clear all
close all
%The given values of stress tensors are
s = [2 1 -4; 1 4 0; -4 0 1]*0.001;
%To find the principal values and direction, eigenvalues must be known.
%eig is defined function in matlab used to calculate eigenvalue and
%vector
[D,V] = eig(s);
%Diplaying the values
disp('rincipal values are')
disp(diag(V));
disp('The Direction are')
disp(D(1,1:end))
disp(D(2,1:end));
disp(D(3,1:end));
%%End

Command Window

Question # 06
%%Assignment Question 5
%Matlab Code
clear all
close all
clc
%Give Strain is
st = [2 1 -4; 1 4 0; -4 0 1];
%Selecting angle range
x = 0:0.02:pi;
unit = [cos(x); sin(x); zeros(size(x))]';
% traction vector may be given as
traction = st * unit';
%Magnitude of the vector is given as
mag = sqrt(sum(traction.^2,1));
%Plotting
plot(x,mag);
xlabel('Angle theta')
ylabel('Traction')
legend('Traction)
grid on
%%end

Question # 07
1) Octahedral Stress:
It is a normal and shear stress present inside the stressed
body, acting along the octahedral plane
All the planes are symmetric and the normal
vector makes equal angle with respect to the
principal axis.
The octahedral normal stress are equal to the
average of the principal axis and are normal to
the surfaces while octahedral shear stresses
Figure 1: Octahedral plane
present on the octahedral surface.

The octahedral plane and stresses are used in failure

analysis or yield criterion for ductile material.
The octahedral stress theory suggests that the failure occurs
when maximum octahedral shear stress exceeds the
octahedral shear stress at the yielding point in the simple
tensile test.
For example in a simple uniaxial test, failure occurs at
Substituting in the above equation of shear stress, we
get,

The above relation will be

 This equation is called the von-misses stress.

In the case of 2D plane with 3 = 0, the above equation

will be 12 - 12 + 22 von which represents the
principal stress ellipse
Therefore the figure shows
that the material will be safe
if the maximum shear
strength lies within the
ellipse.

2) Principal Stress
The stresses which are acting upon the principal plane
(orthogonal plane where the shear stresses are zero) is
called the principal stress.
Principal stresses are calculated to find the maximum and

minimum normal stress acting on the point of the body.

 In the above diagram x and y are the normal stress acting

perpendicular to the plane, but it is not necessary that these
normal stress are principal stress, because there are infinite
number of plane possible with different angles with respect
to axis (X,Y,Z) and these normal and shear stresses entirely
depend upon the angle of the plane.
Therefore to calculate the principal stress, we have to
determine the suitable direction of a plane at which the
normal stress are maximum and minimum respectively and
shear stress become zero.
The principal stress and principal direction can be
determined
by using eigenvalues of the
stress tensor.

3) Spherical Stress:
It is called the hydrostatic stress is an average of the three normal
stress acting on the surface of a body or simply it equal to the first
stress invariant.

Or in tensor form

 If we subtract deviator stress from the stress tensor, an isotropic

spherical tensor is obtained.
The spherical stress is a negative pressure because of compressive
in nature.

The spherical stress does not affects under coordinate

transformation. Therefore all three stresses are equal in all the
possible direction, and hence no shear stress ever exist on the
plane so every plane is principal plane and every direction is
principal direction.

4) Principal of Superposition:
The superposition principal states that, for a linearly elastic
material, the combined effects of multiple loads acting
simultaneously, is the algebraic sum of the load effects caused by
each load individually.
It simplifies the analysis of structure subjected to multiple type of
loadings acted simultaneously upon the body.
This principle can only be applied if the deformation, caused by
the applied load, undergoes small deformation, and the material
is linearly elastic i.e hookes law must be satisfied in the stressstrain relation
Lets take an example of simply supported beam, with load p
acting on it.

C
A

P1
D

Ax1

By1

Ay1

+
P2
A

Ax2

By2
Ay2

Now applying the principal of superposition

C

P2
A

P1
D

Ax1 + Ax2

Ay1 + Ay2

By1 + By2

5) Direct Method of Elastic Solution:

In the direct method, we determine the properties of a material
by knowing the dependent and independent variable acting on it.
Forces and area of the material must be known before calculating
the stresses or strains.

6) Inverse Method of Elastic Solution:

This is an inverse method in which properties or dependent
variables are given and we need to find the independent
variables. For example calculating the forces or area of the
material from stress is an example of inverse method

7) Stress and Strain Tensor:

Stress and strain tensor is a second order tensor and at the point
requires nine components to be completely specified.
In both the tensor, each component must require not only

direction in which it acts but the orientation of the plane on which

it is acting.
The normal components of stress or strain are arranged
diagonally while the shear stress or strain are present
nondiagonally
The stress or strain tensor is symmetric in nature and need six
independent components to arrange in tensor.
The anti-symmetric tensor has only three independent
component.

Question # 08
1) Isotropic Material
A material is said to be an isotropic if the properties are same in
all the direction or in other words properties of a material do not
depend upon the orientation. Basically isotropy of a material
depends upon the crystalline structure. During the grains
formation, the grains must be orientated informally to become an
isotropic material.
Diamond is an example of optical isotropic material in which
optical properties such as refractive is identical in all the direction.
Rubber is an elastically isotropic material, which shows the same
deformation within the elastic limit if the same load is applied on
any direction.
2) An-Isotropic Material:
If the properties of the material are direction dependent or in
other words the properties of the material differ in changing the
direction of the material. Its polycrystalline material with irregular
growth grains and texture often produced during crystallization or
manufacturing process.
Wood is an example of isotropic material, it property widely differ
when measured with growth grains. Its elastic properties such as
youngs modulus, toughness or hardness are different for the
same piece of wood measured in different directions.
FRC (Fiber Reinforced Composites) is also an anisotropic material

3) Homogeneity:
Homogeneity means the same property for every point in
material is called homogeneity and the material having
homogeneity is called homogenous material. These materials
have uniform composition throughout and therefore behave
equally at every point on the material. For example glass or
ceramics is a homogeneous material.
4) Non-Homogeneity
It means different property for every point in material. The
composition is not uniform and therefore physical properties are
significantly change throughout the material. For example wood,
steel
5) Orthotropic Material:
These are the material whose properties are dependent to three
mutually perpendicular direction, and the properties are unique in
each direction. They must be non-homogenous. Wood is an
example of orthotropic material. Moreover all the structures like
beams, trusses, composites can be an orthotropic material.