BEC 202

STRUCTURAL ANALYSIS 1
by : Ir. Tengku Anita Raja Hussin
HP : 019-3639262
EMAIL : anita@iukl.edu.my
Ext : 597 Level 1

EVALUATION

PROJECT
TEST 1
TEST 2
TUTORIALS/QUIZ/ATTN
FINAL EXAMS

10%
10%
10%
10%
60%

TOPICS

CHAPTER 1 : TYPES OF STRUCTURES & LOADS

Introduction
Classification of Structures
Loads

CHAPTER 2 : ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE STRUCTURES

Idealized Structure
Equations of Equilibrium
Determinacy & Stability
Application of the Equations of Equilibrium

CHAPTER 3 : ANALYSIS OF STATICALLY DETERMINATE TRUSS

Common Types of Trusses
Classification of Coplanar Truss
The method of joints
Zero-Force Members
The Method of Sections

TOPICS
CHAPTER 4 : INTERNAL LOADINGS DEVELOPED IN STRUCTURAL MEMBERS
Internal Loadings at a Specified Points
Shear & Moment Functions
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Beam
Shear & Moment Diagrams for a Frame
CHAPTER 4 : DEFLECTION
Deflection Diagrams and the Elastic Curve
Elastic-Beam Theory
The double Integration Method
Moment-Area Theorems
Conjugate-Beam Method

TOPICS
CHAPTER 6 : DEFLECTION USING ENERGY METHODS

External Work and Strain Energy

Principle of Work & Energy
Principle of Virtual Work
Method of Virtual Work : Trusses

Method of Virtual Work : Beams and Frames

Castiglianos Theorem
Castiglianos Theorem for Trusses
Castiglianos Theorem for Beams and Frames

References :
Main references supporting the course:
1. R.C. Hibbeler, Structural Analysis, Eighth Edition in SI Units,
Prentice Hall,2011.

2. A. Kassimali, Stuctural Analysis, Fourth Edition, SI Edition,

Cengage Learning,2011.
Additional references:
1. Hsieh, Yuan-Yu, Mau,S.T.,(1998). Elementary Theory of
Structures, Prentice-Hall International, 4th. Edition.
2. West, Harry H.,(1993). Fundamentals of Structural Analysis,
John Wiley & Sons, New York.
3. Montague. P. and Taylor R.,(1989). Structural Engineering for
First Year Students, McGraw-Hill, London.

CHAPTER 1

CHAPTER 1

TYPES OF STRUCTURES & LOADS

Introduction

Classification of Structures

Loads

 What do you know about Structure???

Steel Structures

Steel structures

Concrete Structures

Timber Structures

Leornado da Vinci bridge in Norway

Source : News Straits Times

LeMay Americas Car Museum, Tacoma, USA

Source : Western Wood Structure Inc.

Timber structures - GLULAM

Krovajah Zavidovichi, Bosnia Herzegovina

Source : Krovaja Homes

1-1 Introduction
Structures refer to a system of connected parts used to

support a load
Factors to consider
Safety
Esthetics
Serviceability

Economic & environmental constraints

16

1-2 Classification of Structures

Structural elements
Tie rods
Beams
Columns

17

Classification of structures
a) structural elements
Tie Rods

 Beams

 Steel Beams

 Columns

1-2 Classification of Structures

Types of structures
Trusses
Cables & Arches
Surface Structures

22

Classification of structures
B) types of structures
Trusses

 Arches

 Cables

1-3 Loads
Loads
Structural forms
Elements carrying primary loads

Various supporting members

Foundation
26

LOADING

SIMPLY SUPPORTED

1-3 Loads
Design loading for a structure is often specified in codes
General building codes
Design codes

Table 1.1 lists some of the important codes used in practice

29

 Table 1.1

1-3 Loads
30

1-3 Loads
Types of load
Dead loads
Weights of various structural members
Weights of any objects that are permanently attached to the structure
The densities of typical building materials are listed in Table 1.2 & 1.3

31

 Dead Load

1-3 Loads

33

1-3 Loads

34

 Live Load

 Live Load

 Dead Load & Live Load

 Wind Load

Example 1
The floor beam in Fig 1 is used to support the 1.8 m width of a

lightweight plain concrete slab having a thickness of 100mm

The slab serves as a portion of the ceiling for the floor below & its
bottom coated with plaster
A 2.4m high, 300mm thick lightweight solid concrete block wall
is directly over the top flange of the beam
Determine the loading on the beam measured per m length of the
beam

TABLE 1.2 DEAD LOAD

TABLE 1.3 DEAD LOAD

Example 1
300 mm

2.4 m

0.9 m

100 mm
0.9 m

43

Example 1 - Solution
concrete slab : (0.015 kN / m 2 .mm )(100 mm )(1.8m) 2.70 kN / m
plaster ceiling :
block wall :

(0.24 kN / m 2 )(1.8m) 0.43kN / m

(16 .5kN / m3 )(2.4m)(0.3m) 11 .88 kN / m

Total 2.70 0.43 11 .88 15 .01kN / m

EXERCISE 1
The floor of a light storage warehouse is
made of 150-mm-thick cinder concrete. If
the floor is a slab having a length of 3 m and
width of 2.4 m, determine the resultant force
caused by the dead load and that caused by
the live load.

Dead load

45

Table 1.2

Table 1.3

LIVE load

46

Table 1.4

Answer EX 1
From Table 1 3.
Dead Load (DL)
= (150 mm)(0.017 kN/m2/mm)(2.4 m)(3.0 m)
= 18.4 kN
From Table 1 4.
Live Load (LL)
= (6 kN/m2)(2.4 m)(3.0 m)
= 43.2 kN

48

1-3 Loads
Live loads
Varies in magnitude & location
Building loads
Depends on the purpose for which the building is designed
These loadings are generally tabulated in local, state or national code
A sample is shown in Table 1.4

49

1-3 Loads
Table 1.4

50

1-3 Loads
Live loads
Building Loads
Uniform, concentrated loads
For buildings having very large floor areas, many codes allow a reduction in
the uniform live load for a floor as it is unlikely the prescribed live load will
occur simultaneously
ASCE 7-02 allows a reduction of live load on a member having an influence
area (KLL AT) of 37.2 m2 or more

51

1-3 Loads
Live loads
Building Loads

L Lo 0.25

where

4.57
K LL AT

(SI units)

eqn 1.1

L reduced design live load/m 2 of area supported by the member

Lo unreduced design live load/m 2 of area supported by the member
K LL live load element factor. For interior column K LL 4
AT tributary area in m 2

52

1-3 Loads
Live loads
Building Loads
L 0.5Lo for members supporting one floor
L 0.4 Lo for members supporting more than one floor
No reduction is allowed for loads 4.79 kN / m 2
or for structures used for public assembly, garage or roof.

53

Example 2
A 2-storey office building has interior columns that are

spaced 6.6m apart in 2 perpendicular directions.If the (flat)

roof loading is 0.96kN/m2, determine the reduced live load
supported by a typical interior column located at ground
level.

54

Example 2

6.6 m

6.6 m

6.6 m

6.6 m

55

Example 2 - solution
AT (6.6m)(6.6m) 43 .56 m 2
FR (0.96 kN / m 2 )(43 .56 m 2 ) 41 .82 kN
This load cannot be reduced since it is not a floor load.
For second floor,
Lo 2.4kN / m 2 , K LL 4, 4 AT 4(43 .56 m 2 ) 174 .24 m 2 37 .2m 2
The live load can be reduced using eqn 1.1.
4.57

L 2.4 0.25
1.43 kN / m 2
174 .2

56

Example 2 - solution
The load reduction here is (1.43/2.4) 100% 59.6% 50%
FF (1.43kN / m 2 )(43 .56 m 2 ) 62 .3kN
F FR FF 41 .8kN 62 .3kN 104 .1kN

EXAMPLE 3
A building wall consists of 300-mm light aggregate
Clay brick and 50 mm x 100 mm unplastered woodstuds
on both sides. If the wall is 2.4 m, determine the load in
kN per meter length of wall that it exerts on the floor.

2.4 m

58

answer 3
Data Given from Table 1-3 :
Clay Brick = 5.51 kN/m2
Wood Studs
= 2(0.19)
= 0.38 kN/m2
Total = 5.89 kN/m2

Therefore for an 2.4 m high wall

Load = 2.4 m(5.89 kN/m2)
= 14.1 kN/m

60

1-3 Loads
Highway Bridge loads
Primary live loads are those due to traffic
Specifications for truck loadings are reported in

AASHTO
For 2-axle truck, these loads are designated with H
followed by the weight of truck in tons and another
no. gives the year of the specifications that the load
was reported

61

1-3 Loads
Railway Bridge loads
Loadings are specified in AREA
A modern train having a 320kN (72k) loading on the

driving axle of the engine is designated as an E-72

loading
The entire E-72 loading for design is distributed as
shown in Fig 1.11

62

1-3 Loads
Fig 1.11

63

1-3 Loads
Impact loads
Due to moving vehicles
The % increase of the live loads due to impact is

called the impact factor, I

From AASHTO
15 .24
I
0.3
L 38 .1
L length of the span in m that is subjectedto the live load

WIND LOADS

65

1-3 Loads
Wind loads
Kinetic energy of the wind is converted into

potential energy of pressure when structures block

the flow of wind
Effects of wind depends on density & flow of air,
angle of incidence, shape & stiffness of the structure
& roughness of surface
For design, wind loadings can be treated as static or
dynamic approach

66

1-3 Loads
Wind loads
For static approach

qz 0.613K z K zt K V 2 ( N / m2 ) eqn 1.2

d

where
V velocity in m/s of a 3s gust of wind measured10m abovethe groundduring a 50year recurrenceperiod.
Values are obtainedfrom a wind map.
K z the velocity pressureexposure coefficient. A function of height and dependsupon theground terrain.
See Table 1.5.
K zt a factor that accountsfor wind speedincreasesdue to hills % escarpments. For flat ground K zt 1
K d a factor that accountsfor the direction of the wind.
It is used only when the structureis subjectedto combination of loads.
For wind acting alone, K d 1

67

1-3 Loads
Wind loads
Once qz is obtained, the design pressure can be obtained from a list of
relevant eqns

p qGC p qh (GC pi )

eqn 1.3

68

1-3 Loads
Wind loads

q q z for the windward wall at height z above the ground

qh for the leeward wall where z h, mean height of the roof
G a wind - gust effect factor, depending on exposure.
For rigid structure, G 0.85
C p wall or roof pressure coefficien t determine from a table (Fig 1.12).
Negative values indicate pressure acting away from the surface.
GC pi the internal pressure coefficien t which depends upon the
type of openings in the building.
For fully enclosed building, GC pi 0.18

69

1-3 Loads
Wind loads
Applications of eqn 1.3 will involve calculations of wind pressures from
each side of the building with due considerations for the possibility of
either positive or negative pressures acting on the buildings interior
For high-rise building or those having as shape or location that makes

them wind sensitive, it is recommended that a dynamic approach is used

70

Example 4
The enclosed building shown in Fig 1.13(a) is used for storage

purposes and is located outside of Chicago, Illinois on open flat

terrain.
When the wind is directed as shown, determine the design wind
pressure acting on the roof and sides of the building using the
ASCE 7-02 specifications.

Example 4

7.5 m

22.5 m
45 m

22.5 m

72

Example 4 - solution
The velocity pressure will be determined using eqn 1.2
From Fig 1.2, the basic wind speed, V 47m/s,
For flat terra in, K zt 1
Since only wind loading is being considered K d 1
q z 0.613 K z K zt K dV 2
0.613 K z(1)(1)(47 ) 2 1354 K z
From Fig 1.13(a),
h' 22 .5 tan 10 0 3.97 m
h 7.5 3.97 / 2 9.48 m

73

Example 4 - solution
Table 1.5 : Velocity Pressure Exposure Coefficient
h (m)

Kz

0 - 4.6

0.85

6.1

0.90

7.6

0.94

9.1

0.98

12.2

1.04

15.2

1.09

74

Example 4 - solution
Using values of K z in Table 1.5, calculated values
of pressure profile are listed in the table below.
Note the value of K z was determined by linear interpolat ion
for z h
( 1.04 -0.98 )/( 12 .2-9.1 ) ( 1.04 -K z )/( 12 .2-9.48 )
K z 0.987 , qh 1354 ( 0.987 ) 1337 N/m 2
G 0.85, (GC pi ) 0.18
p qGC p qh (GC pi )
q (0.85)C p 1337 (0.18) 0.85 qC p 241

75

Example 4 - solution
z (m)

Kz

Qz (N/m2)

0 4.6

0.85

1151

6.1

0.90

1219

7.6

0.94

1273

h = 9.48

0.987

1337

Table 1.12

77

Example 1.3 - solution

Windward wall
Pressure varies with height z
For all L/B , C p 0.8
p0 4.6 542 N / m 2 or 1024 N / m 2
p6.1 588 N / m 2 or 1070 N / m 2
p7.6 625 N / m 2 or 1107 N / m 2
Leeward wall
L/B 2(22.5)/45 1, C p 0.5
p 809 N / m 2 or 327 N / m 2

78

Example 1.3 - solution

Side walls
For all values of L/B , C p 0.7
p 1037 N / m 2 or 555 N / m 2
Windward roofs
Here h/L 9.48 / 2(22 .5) 0.211 0.25,
so that C p 0.7 and q qh
p 1037 N / m 2 or 555 N / m 2

79

Example 1.3 - solution

Leeward roofs
In this case, C p 0.3 and q qh
p 582 N / m 2 or 100 N / m 2
These 2 sets of loading are shown on
the elevation of the building in Fig 1.13(c).
The main framing structure of the building
must resist the se loadings as well as loadings
calculated from wind blowing on the front
& rear of the building.

80

Example 1.3 - solution

Fig 1.14(c)

1037

625

588

542

555

582

1107
1070
809
1024

1.13

100

327

81

1-3 Loads
Snow loads
Design loadings depend on buildings general shape & roof geometry,
wind exposure, location and its importance
Snow loads are determined from a zone map reporting 50-year
recurrence interval

82

1-3 Loads
Earthquake loads
Earthquake produce loadings through its interaction with the ground & its
response characteristics
Their magnitude depends on amount & type of ground accel, mass &
stiffness of structure

83

1-3 Loads
Earthquake loads
This model may represent a single-story building
The top block is the lumped mass of the roof
The middle block is the lumped stiffness of all the buildings columns
During earthquake, the ground vibrates both horizontally & vertically

84

1-3 Loads
Earthquake loads
Horizontal accel -> shear forces in the column
If the column is stiff & the block has a small mass, the period of vibration
of the block will be short, the block will accel with the same motion as
the ground & undergo slight relative displacements

85

1-3 Loads
Earthquake loads
If the column is very flexible & the block has a large mass, induced
motion will cause small accelerations of the block & large relative
displacement
Fig 1.16

86

1-3 Loads
Hydrostatic & Soil Pressure
The pressure developed by these loadings when the structures are used to
retain water or soil or granular materials
E.g. tanks, dams, ships, bulkheads & retaining walls

87

1-3 Loads
Other natural loads
Effect of blast
Temperature changes
Differential settlement of foundation

88

1-4 Structural Design

Material uncertainties occur due to
variability in material properties
residual stress in materials
intended measurements being different from fabricated sizes
material corrosion or decay

89

1-4 Structural Design

Many types of loads discussed previously can occur

simultaneously on a structure
However, it is unlikely that the max of all these loads will
occur at the same time

90

1-4 Structural Design

In working-stress design, the computed elastic stress in the

material must not exceed the allowable stress along with the
following typical load combinations as specified by the ASCE
7-02 Standard
Dead load
0.6 (dead load) + wind load
0.6 (dead load) + 0.7(earthquake load)

91

1-4 Structural Design

Ultimate strength design is based on designing the ultimate

strength of critical sections

This method uses load factors to the loads or combination of
loads
1.4 (Dead load)
1.2 (dead load) + 1.6 (live load) + 0.5 (snow load)
1.2 (dead load) + 1.5(earthquake load)+ 0.5 (live load)

TUTORIAL 1