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To cite this article: Heinrich Begehr & Ajay Kumar (2006) Boundary value problems for bipolyanalytic functions, Applicable Analysis: An International Journal, 85:9, 1045-1077, DOI:
10.1080/00036810600835110
To link to this article: http://dx.doi.org/10.1080/00036810600835110
Applicable Analysis
Vol. 85, No. 9, September 2006, 10451077
1. Introduction
The theory of bi-analytic functions occurs in treating certain elliptic systems of two
second-order equations in plane domains with constant coefficients [6,10]. In complex
notation the system can be reduced to the complex first-order system
k1
k1
k
k
fz
fz
,
2
2
4
4
z 0
1046
On the left-hand side of the first equation there is a Beltrami operator. This system
is equivalent with the second-order equation
kk 1fzz kk 1fzz kk 1fzz kk 1fzz 0:
As a particular case for k 1, the system
fz
1
1
, z 0
4
4
The leading term is either fzz for fzz depending on the sign of the real constant .
Therefore the bi-analytic functions f, as the solutions to (1) are called, differ from the
bianalytic functions in the sense of Bitsadze [8] as those are satisfying the simpler
second-order elliptic but not strongly elliptic equation
wzz 0:
This Bitsadze equation is attained from (2) by taking 1. In general, a polyanalytic
function is a solution to the equation
@nz 0
n1
X
ak zzk
k0
1
1
, @nz 0
4
4
will be considered and f will be called a bi-polyanalytic function. The constant coefficients are kept in their present form for historical reasons although their special form
and their being real never will matter in the sequal. The system (5) can be rewritten as
n
1 @n1
z f 1 @z @z f 0:
1047
@m
z f
1
1
,
4
4
@nz 0
leading to
1 @mn
f 1 @nz @m
z
z f 0
Tm,n fz
D
if
1 m, n:
n
They provide via w Tm,n f particular solutions to @m
z @z w f. In particular,
T0,n fz
1n
n 1!
zn1
f d d
z
D
and
1m
Tm,0 fz
m 1!
zm1
f d d:
z
D
1048
This new kernel can be attained from some higher-order Green function. In case when
the domain D is the unit disc, this is given in explicit form, see [3], as
2
n 1! Gn z, j zj
2n1
n1
X
1
1 z2
log
z
j zj2n1 1 jj2 1 jzj2 :
n
zn1 1 jj2
f d d
z
1 z
jj<1
1n
2n 1!
2Re zn1
jj<1
z f 1 z f
d d:
z
1 z
Besides providing a particular solution to the equation @nz w f in D it also satisfies the
higher-order homogeneous Schwarz conditions
Re@z Sn f 0 on @D, Im@z Sn 0 0, 0 n 1,
see [2,5].
The main subject in this investigation is boundary value problems for system (5).
The polyanalytic function can be determined by prescribing Schwarz boundary
conditions
Re@z g ,
Im@z 0 c , 0 n 1,
and afterward f can be found also by such a Schwarz condition. Instead, if the analytic
part a0 of , see (4), is left undetermined by not demanding the above Schwarz
condition for 0 then for the function f the Dirichlet condition
f
may be prescribed on the boundary. This condition then fixes f and a0 at once. Also
the Neumann condition
@ f
may be posed on the boundary where @ denotes the directional derivative with respect
to the outward normal vector.
1049
In order to receive explicit formulas for the solutions all problems are studied in the
unit disc D. Here the Schwarz kernel
2
1, jzj < 1 jj,
z
wz
1
2i
d
1
2
z
jj1
10
for a given real continuous function on the unit circle @D, the real part of which has
the boundary values on @D. This result from H. A. Schwarz is a property of the
Poisson kernel
1 jzj2
Re 2
1
11
12
13
satisfying
1
2i
jj1
d 2
Z
f d d
14
jj<1
d 1
N1 z,
jj1
Z
N1 z,f d d:
jj<1
15
1050
Even applicable for complex functions, this representation formula as well as the
Neumann problem (13) itself is real in nature. N1, its normal derivative on @D and
the Laplacian are real-valued or real operators written in complex form. The formulas
and conditions (1315) may all be decomposed in the ones for the real and the
imaginary parts.
An analytic function w, for example, is obviously harmonic. If its normal derivative
on @D is known, say
, then from (15)
1
wz c
4i
Z
N1 z,
jj1
d
16
if and only if
1
2i
jj1
d
0
17
by the above result. Unfortunately the right-hand side of (16) is not analytic in general.
By differentiation
1
wz z
2i
d
1
1
z
2i
jj1
@D
1 d
z
follows. As this has to vanish in order that w is analytic this condition together with
(17) means
1
2i
jj1
d
0:
z
18
Z
log1 z
jj1
d
0
2
19
follows. Hence,
wz c
1
2i
log1 z
jj1
d
:
20
The use of the Neumann function for analytic functions seems not to be proper. As the
solution to the Neumann problem for analytic functions will be used later, only a proof
using complex methods is given.
LEMMA 1: The Neumann problem for analytic functions in D
@ w
on @D, w0 c
1051
for
2 C@D; C, c 2 C is uniquely solvable if and only if (18) is satisfied for any |z|<1.
The solution then is given by (20).
Proof
for
jzj 1:
From the Plemelj-Sokhotzki formulas [2, 9] it is known that the Cauchy integral
1
2i
jj1
d
, jzj 6 1,
z
21
d
0
z
for
1 < jzj,
zd
0
1 z
for
jzj < 1:
jj1
i.e.
1
2i
jj1
On the other hand, (21) can coincide with zw0 (z) only if it vanishes at the origin z 0.
Thus
w0 z
1
2i
jj1
1 d
z
and by integration
wz c
1
log
jj1
z d
1
2i
z
d
z z
jj1
@ w on @D, w0 c
1052
Z
jj1
d
1
1 z
2i
Z
f
jj1
d
1
1 z
Z
f
jj<1
z
d d:
2
1 z
1
2i
jj1
d
T1,1 f f
log1 z
if and only if
1
2i
T1,1 f f
d
0:
1 z
jj1
From
1
2i
T1,1 f log1 z
jj1
Z
Z
d
1
1
log1 z
~
f
d d~ d~
2
jj<1
2i jj1 ~
~
Z
Z
1
1
log1 z
~
f
d d~ d~ 0
2
~
jj<1
2i jj1 1
~
and
1
2i
d
1
T1,1 f
1
z
jj1
1
1
~
f
~
jj<1
Z
~
jj<1
~ @
f
Z
f
jj<1
1
2i
1
d
d~ d~
2 1 z
~
jj1
1
j ~ d~ d~
1 z
z
d d
2
1 z
1053
then
wz c
1
2i
jj1
d 1
f
log1 z
Z
f
jj<1
1
1
d d
z
if and only if
1
2i
f
jj1
d
1
1 z
Z
f
jj<1
z
d d
2
1 z
follows.
fz
1
2i
f
d
@D z
Z
n
X
1
1 n
1 n
1
1
~
@ !@ d
@ !@
d
4
2i @D 4
1
fz
1
2i
2i
Z
Z
f
1
d
@D z
Z
f
D
f
11
d
z
4
@D
d d
z
11
d d
z
4
D
d d:
D z
! T0,n w
1n
n 1!
~ ~
~ n1 dd
:
~
~
z
D
22
1054
2i
@D
Z
n
o
X
1 n n 1
n
@
!@ 1
@
!@
d d
D
1
Z
Z
1
1n
n
@ !d d
!@n d d
D
D
Z
1
d d:
Dz
1
@n
!@ d
d d
D z
1n
n 1!
~
~ 2 n dd
~ n1 1 jj
~
1 ~ ~ z
D
~
is used.
Remark For n 1 the representation (22) coincides with the Cauchy integral formula
for bi-analytic functions, see [10]. This follows from
z
1
z 2i
~ z d~
T0,1 w
@D ~ z ~ z
~
d:
!
@D
1 z
! z
Z
@D
d
0
z
1055
1
n 1!2
~
@n Gn ,
d~ d~
@n !0
~ z
where
!0
1
n 1!2
~
Gn ,
D
d~ d~
1
T0,1 Gn ,z
~ z n 1!2
and
~
~
T ,0 g
@n
!
with
~
g
~2
1 jj
1 ~
n
1
:
~ z
a zz
k1
X
1
0
un k zz gnk z,
z 2 @D,
and
Im unk 0 0
for 1 k n 1 given as
unk z
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
gn k z
z d
:
z
23
1056
Proof It is enough just to verify that the analytic functions satisfy the above
conditions. Obviously unk is real-valued at the origin. Moreover, on @D
Z
k1
k1 k1
X
X
X 1
1
1
z d
gnk
unk zz
z z
!
2i jj1 0 0 ! !
z
0
Z
k1 X
k1
X
1
1
z d
gnk
z z
2i jj1 0 ! !
z
Z
k1
X
1
1
z d
gnk
z z
:
2i jj1 0 !
z
Thus on @D
Re
k1
X
1
gn k zz gnk z:
!
0
2i jj1 1 !
z
1 z
Proof
From (23)
Z
n1 n1
X
X 1
z d
g
z z
z
jj1 1 0 ! !
Z
n1 X
n1
X
1
1
z d
g
z z
2i jj1 1
z
Z
n1
X
X
1
1
z d
g
z z
2i jj1 1 !
z
1
Z
n1
X
1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
2i jj1 1 !
z
1 z
1
2i
1
1
, @nz 0 in D
4
4
1057
with
f , Re@z g on @D, Im@z 0
for 1 n 1 is uniquely solvable. The solution is given as
1
fz
2i
1
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2
1 2i
j zj2
jj1
1
1
d
2
z z
jj1
1
1
1 jzj2
1
d d
1
4
4
z1 z
jj<1
1 1 jzj2
1
24
1
1
1
1
d d
2
4
4
1 z 1 z
jj<1
where
z u0 z 1 z
n1
X
1
uk zzk
k!
k0
with
Z
Z
Z
1 1
1
1
d
d
1 d d
u0 z
1 2i jj1
2i jj1
jj<1
Z
Z
4
1
d
1
1
1
d d
1
1
2
1 2i jj1
4
z2 jj<1 4
1 z
240
and
1 z
Z
n1
X
1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
2i
!
z
jj1
1
2400
1
1
d d
4
4
z
jj<1
in D.
1058
u0
2i jj1 z z
jj<1
z
Z
1
1
d d
:
u0 z u0 0
u0
z
jj<1
z
0 z
zu
1
2i
u^ 0 z
1
2i
Thus
Z
1
1
1
d d
1
1
jj<1 4
4
z
1
1
1
0 z u0 z u0 0
zu
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :
4
z
4
fz z
Denoting
^ fz 1
fz
the analytic function
1
1
d d
1
,
1
4
4
z
jj<1
is determined by
d
^ 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 u^ 0 0
f
4
4
z
jj1
Z
Z
1
d
1 u0 0
d
^
f
2i jj1
z
4 2i jj1 z
1
2i
Z
1 1
d
u^ 0 u^ 0 0
4 2i jj1
1 z
Z
1
d
^
f
2i jj1
z
1059
Z
jj1
d
^ 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 u^ 0 0
0:
f
4
4
z
!
^f d 1 u0 0 1 1 u^ 0 1 u^ 0 0 :
z
4
z
4
z
jj1
^
f
jj1
1
1
z
u0 0z
d
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :
4
4
1 z
25
^
f
jj1
d
1
1
u0 0
u0 z:
2
4
4
1 z
26
In particular,
1
1
1
u0 0
u0 0
4
4
2i
^ d:
f
27
jj1
Thus
u0 0 1
1
2i
1
^
fd
1
2i
jj1
^ d:
f
28
jj1
2i
Having thus defined u0 and
1
fz
2i
^
f
jj1
d
2
1 z
1
^
f
1 d:
2
1 z
jj1
d
1
^
f
z
jj1
Z
jj<1
1
1
dd
1
0 z
1
4
4
z
29
1060
with
0 z
1
1
1
0 z u0 z u0 0
zu
u^ 0 z u^ 0 0 :
4
z
4
1
2i
z
^
f
jj1
Z
1
1
z
^
d
f
1 d
2
2i
1
z
1 z
jj1
follows. Hence
Z
z
1
1 1 jzj2 1
1
^
f 1
d
d
z 1 z
1
2i jj1
z
2
1 z
jj1
Z
1
1
1
d d
1
1
jj<1 4
4
z
1
fz
2i
^
f
Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2
f
f
d
1 2i
1 z
2
1 z
z2
jj1
jj1
Z
1
1
1
dd
1
1
jj<1 4
4
z
Z
Z
z
1
1
1
1
1
1
~
~
1
1
d d~ d~
jj<1
4
4
2i jj1 ~ z 1 z
~
Z
1 1 jzj2
1
1
~
~
1
1
1
4
4
~
jj<1
2i
1
2i
1
d d~ d~
2
1 z
jj1 ~ 1 z
Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2
d
1 2i
1 z
j zj2
2
1 z
jj1
jj1
Z
1
1
1
1
z
1
1
d d
jj<1 4
4
z 1 z
2i
1 1 jzj2
1
1
1
1
1
d d:
4
4
1 z
2
1 z
jj<1
1061
In order to verify that this is a solution it is easily seen that for |z| 1 then f .
By differentiating with respect to z
fz z
Z
d
1 1
z
z
d
1 z
2 1 2i jj1
2
1 z
1 z
jj1
Z
1
1
1
1
1
d d
1 z
1
1 z
1
4
4
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z
1
2i
1
1
z
z
1
1
d d
4
4
1 z
2
1 z
jj<1
Z
1
1
1
d
1 z
1 z
4
4
2i jj1
2
1 z
Z
1
1
1
d d
1
1
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z
Z
1 1
1
1
d
1 2i jj1
2
1 z
Z
11
1
1
1
1
1
1 d d:
2
1 jj<1 4
4
1 z
11
1
1
1
1
1
1 z
u0 0
1 z
u0 z
4
4
4
4
1 1
1
1
1
u0 z
u0 0
u0 0
u0 0
1 4
4
4
4
1
1
z
z:
4
4
That is polyanalytic of order n satisfying the Schwarz boundary condition for |z| 1
and the side conditions follow from Lemma 2 and the fact that u0 can be rewritten as
Z
Z
1
1 1
^ d 1
^ d
u0 z
f
f
4
4
2i jj1
2i jj1
1
2i
^
f
jj1
d
:
2
1 z
This can be seen from (28) and (29). Inserting the definition of f^ and rearranging
the terms the required expression for u0 is attained.
Next a Neumann boundary value problem is considered for bi-polyanalytic
functions.
1062
k1
X
1
unk zz gnk z on @D
!
0
30
are equivalent to
nk1
@ unk zu
k1
X
1
0
!
gnk z
31
for k n 1, where un 0.
Proof
For k 1 condition (30) is just the first condition in (31). For k 2 from (30)
n1 @ un2 z@
un1 zu
n1 gn2 ,
@ un2 zu
i.e.
n1 gn2 zg
n1 :
@ un2 zu
Assuming (31) to hold for some 2 k<n 1 then from (30)
gnk1 @
k
k1
X
X
1
1
z unk1 @ unk1 @
z1 unk
!
1!
0
0
follows. Thus
gnk1 @ unk1
k1
X
0
1
1
z1 @ unk z1 unk
1!
!
k2
X
1
z1
1!
0
"
k1
X
0
#
1
1
nk1 zk gn1
z gnk zu
k!
!
k1
X
1 1
z unk
!
0
X
1
z1
1!
0
0
k1
X
k
X
11
1
!
1
1
nk :
z gnk zu
nk
11 gnk zu
1063
Thus
@ unk1 gnk1
k
X
1
1
k
X
1
0
!
!
nk
z gnk zu
nk :
z gnk zu
k1
X
1
unk zz gnk z on @D
!
0
unk 0 cnk
if and only if for any |z|<1
1
2i
Z
gn1
jj1
d
0,
1 z
Z
k1
X
1 1
d
cnk1 , 2 k n 1:
gn k
1 z
! 2i jj1
0
32
unk z cnk
1
2i
k1
X
2
jj1 0
gn k log1 z
d
"
#
Z
k1
k1
X 2
X
X
1
1
z d
:
gnk log1 z
2i jj1 0 !
!z
1
1
33
Proof 1. For k 1 it follows from Lemma 1 that
un1 z un1 0
1
2i
gn1 log1 z
jj1
if and only if
1
2i
Z
gn1
jj1
d
0:
1 z
d
1064
2. Assuming that (33) holds for some 1 k<n 1 then observing the boundary
conditions in the form (31) for the index n k 1 and applying again Lemma 1
unk1 z unk1 0
2i
1
2i
k
X
1
jj1 0
gn k1 log1 z
d
34
d
nk log1 z
u
jj1
if and only if
1
2i
k
X
1
gnk1
!
jj1 0
d
1
2i
z
Z
unk
jj1
d
:
1 z
nk log1 z
u
jj1
Z
1
X
d
z
d
unk 2
2i
jj1
1
1
X
1
z u1
nk 0:
1!
1
1!
!
jj1 0
1
1
X
Z
k1
k1
X
X 2 1!
1
d
1 gn k
2i
1
!!
jj1
1
0
1
2i
k1
X
z1
1
d
z
gn k log1 z
log1 z
z
!
k1
X
2
jj1 0
1
1
1!
2i
1
1
k1
X
jj1
log1 z
"
2
gn k 1 log1 z
!
1
X
z
1
!#
d
:
35
1065
Hence
unk1 z unk1 0
(
Z
k1
X
1
1 1 1
gn k
gnk1
2i jj1
1!
0
k1
X
2
1
2i
1
2i
1
2i
1
)
k1 k1
X 2
X
d
1
gn k
gn k log1 z
1! !
1 0
k1
X
2
jj1 0
gn k
d
1
z
log1 z
z
"
#
k1 k1
1
X
X 2
X
1
z d
gn k 1 log1 z
z
jj1 1 0 1! !
1
gnk1
jj1
k1
X
1 1
1!
0
1 2 1 1 gn k
)
2
d
1
gn k log1 z
1! !
1
k1 X
X
1
1
2i
1
2i
nk
gnk1 2g
jj1
1
2i
1
2i
"
#
k1 k1
1
X
X 2
X
1
z d
gn k 1 log1 z
z
jj1 0 0 1! !
1
k1
X
2 1
1
k X
k
X
2
jj1 1 0
k
X
2
jj1 0
1!
gn k1
)
1 gn k log1 z
d
"
#
X
1
z d
log1 z
!z
1
gn k1 log1 z
d
"
#
Z
k
k
X
X
X
1
2
1
z d
:
gn k1 log1 z
2i jj1 0 !
!z
1
1
This is (33) with k 1 instead of k.
For evaluating the right-hand side of (35) with k 1 instead of k the analyticity of
unk1 is used to see
1
2i
Z
jj1
nk1
u
d
1
2i
z
Z
unk1
jj1
1 d
nk1 0:
u0nk1 0 zu
2
1 z
1066
From (33)
u0nk1 0
2i
k2
X
2
jj1 0
1 gnvk1
d
Z
k2
X 2
1 d
1
gn k1
2i jj1 0 !
1!
1
Z
k2
X
1
2 1
d
gn k1
2i jj1 0 !
Z
k2 X
X
1
2
d
1 gn k1
2i jj1 1 1 1! !
(
Z
k2
X
1
gnk1
12 1 1 2 1
2i jj1
1
1
d
gn k1
12
1!
Z
k2
1
X
1
1
d
1 2 1 1 gn k1
2i jj1 0 1!
k2
X
nk1 0
zu
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
1
2i
gnvk
k1
X
1
jj1 1
1 d
1 z
1 2 gn k
d
:
Inserting z 0 shows
1
2i
k1
d X
1
gnk
2i
jj1
1
2
d
gn k 0,
!
jj1
i.e.
1
2i
k1
X
2
jj1 0
gn k
d
0:
nk1 0
zu
1
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
gn k
d
1
z
1067
or
1
unk1 0
2i
k1
X
1
jj1 0
gn k
d
1 z
for
1 n 1,
2 C@D; C
and
1
1
, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
f , @ @z g ,
1 n 1, on @D,
@z 0 c , 1 n 1,
is solvable if and only if the conditions (32) are satisfied. The solution is uniquely given as
in (24) where u0 is the same as in (240 ) but instead of (2400 ) 1 is determined as
1 z
n1
X
1
unk zznk
n
k!
k1
1
1
,
4
4
@nz 0 in D,
@ f , @ @z g , 0 n 1, on @D,
f0 c, @z 0 c ,
0 n 1,
is solvable if and only if for |z|<1 besides (32) for 2 k n rather than for 2 k
n 1 also
1
2i
d
1
1 z
jj1
1
1
d d
4
4
1 z
jj<1
z
n1
X
1
u zz
!
0
36
1068
Z
Z
1
d
1
1
1
d
fz c
log1 z
log1 z
2i jj1
2i jj1 4
4
Z
1
1
1
z
d d:
37
jj<1 4
4
z
Remark The integrals in (36) and (37) involving the polyanalytic can be expressed
through the g. This is visible from the formulas
Z
n1 X
dd X
1
u1
0z ,
1
z
!
1!
jj<1
0 0
"
#
Z
1
n1
X
1
dd X
1
1 1
u 0 z z ,
u^ z u^ 0
jj<1 1 z
1!
!
1
1
(
"
#
)
Z
1
n
1
X 1
X
1
z
1
1
1
dd
u zz
u 0z z
u z
,
jj<1
z
1!
!
0
0
(
)
Z
2
n1
X
X
1
z
1
1
1
dd
u^ z u^ 0 z
u
,
0 z
jj<1
z
!
1!
0
0
1
1
2i
1
2i
log1 zd
jj1
log1 zd
jj1
n1 X
1
X
1
u1
0z ,
!
1!
0 1
1
n1 X
X
1
1
u
,
0z
!!
1
1 0
and from
u
0
1
2i
n1
X
jj1
n1
X
1
1
2i
2
d
g 1!
!
n1
X
jj1
2 %
!
d
g%
!
%!
1
2i
n1
X
1
can be seen.
n1
1
X X
jj1
1
2i
2
z1 d
g
!
1
1
n1
X
jj1
%0
1
2% %
1 X
z1 d
g%
! 1 1
%!
Proof
1069
n1
X
1
u zz
!
0
1 z
2i jj1 4
4
1 z
jj1
Z
1
1
1
z
d d 0:
jj<1 4
4
2
1 z
1
2i
From
Z
1
2i
d
1
1
z
jj1
Z
jj<1
1
z
dd 0
1 z
2
1 z
and
1
2i
Z
jj1
d
1
1 z
Z
jj<1
1
z
d d 0
1 z
2
1 z
this condition is
1
2i
Z
jj1
d
1
1 z
1
1
1
d d:
4
4
1
z
jj<1
1
1
, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
Re@z f h
for
0 m 2, @m1
f on @D,
z
Re@ z g
for
1 n 1 on @D,
Im@z f0 0
for
0 m 2,
Im@ z 0
for
1 n 1,
1070
"
#
Z
~
~
f
f
1m1
z
1
z
fz
d d
2Re zm2
z
2m 2! jj<1
1 z
Z
m
2
X
1
1
z d
h z z
2i jj1 0 !
z
38
where
Z
1 jzj2 d 1 1 jzj2
1
1
d
2
2
1 2i
z z
j zj
jj1
jj1
Z
2
1
1
1
1 jzj
1
d d
1
jj<1 4
4
z1 z
Z
1 1 jzj2
1
1
1
1
d d,
2
1
4
4
1 z 1 z
jj<1
~ 1
fz
2i
39
z u0 z 1 z,
Z
Z
Z
1 1
1
1
u0 z
d
d
1 d d
1 2i jj1
2i jj1
jj<1
Z
Z
4
1
d
1
1
1
d d
,
1
1
2
1 2i jj1
4
z2 jj1 4
1 z
Z
n1
X
1
1
z d
z
g
z z
:
1 z
2i jj1 !
z
1
Proof
Denoting
f~ @m1
f
z
"
Z
2Re z
jj<1
m2
#
~
~
z f
1 z f
d d
z
1 z
1071
m
2
X
1
f zz
!
0
~ 0, 0 m 2,
Re@z Sm1 f~ 0 on @D, Im@z Sm1 f0
the f have to satisfy
Re
m2
X
0
1
f zz h on @D,
!
Imf 0 0, 0 m 2:
f z
1
2i
m2
X
jj1
1
z d
h z
,
!
z
i.e.
m
2
X
1
1
f zz
!
2i
0
m
2
X
1
z d
h z z
:
!
z
jj1 0
1 n 1,
and
2 C@D; C.
Then
for
1
1
, @nz 0 in D,
4
4
f , Re@z g on @D, Im@z 0 0, 1 n 1,
@z f
z u~ k z u~ 0 z z
4 k1
40
1072
where u~ 0k z uk z. For 1 k n 1,
uk z
z
1
X
m0
1
X
ukm zm ,
u0 z
1
X
u0m zm ,
m0
bm zm ,
m0
where
ukm
i
nk1
X
jj1 0
m
X
1
mj j d:
g k
1 mj
mj
!
j0
41
For 0 k n 2,
u0nk1
n1 u
X
2nk1
1
2n k 1
1
1
2
um
n
m
1!
mk1,0,m1
#
42
2
"
u00
"
!
!
n1
u n
um
1 X
4 1 n 1
n m 1!
mn,,m1
"
!
Z
m
X
1 2
1
u
2 0
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
#
!
Z
n1
u n
1 X
1 2
it it
e e dt :
4 1 n 1
2 0
1
2Re
4
43
For k n
u0k
n1
X
ukn
4 1
1 2
n
1!
1
2
44
For k 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
1 2
0
bk
ukn1 uk1
eit eirt dt,
4 1
2 0
45
!
"
##
Z
n1
n1
un1
1 X
1 X
1 2 it
u n1
0
u1
fe dt:
b0
4
4 1 n
2 0
n 1!
1
46
"
k m
Proof Using Leibniz rule, it is clear from Lemma 3, that uk z 1
m0 um z ,
k
1 k n 1, where um are given as in (41). Moreover,
"
#
"
#
n1
n1
1 X
1 X
znk1
u0 zz
fz
uk z
znk u~ k z u~ 0 z z,
4 k1
4 k1
n k 1!
where
u0 z
1
X
1073
m0
1
X
bm z m :
m0
On @D
"
#
1 X
n
1
itmnk1
X
1 X
k e
0 im1t
e
u
u e
4 m0 k1 m n k 1! m0 m
it
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1
X
1 X
ukm itm1nk X
eitm1
0
e
um
bm eitm
4 m0 k1 m 1
m
1
m0
m0
"
#
n1 X
nk
n1 X
1 u k
1
itmnk1
X
X
1 X
mnk1 imt
k e
0 it
0
imt
e u0 e
u
um1 e
4 k1 m0 m n k 1! k1 m0 n k 1!
m0
"
n1 nk1
n1 X
1 k
X uk
X
umnk1 imt
1 X
m
eitmnk1
e
4 k1 m0 m 1
mnk
k1 m1
#
1
itm
X
e
u0m1
bm eitm :
m
m1
m0
1
X
Multiplying both sides by eit(nr), 0 r n 2, eit, etc. and integrating, leads for
0 r n 2 to
1
4
"
"
#
#
n1
um
1 X
u k2nkr1
0
u nr1
4 k1 2n k r
n m 1!
mr1,0,m1
X
Z
1 2 it itnr
fe e
dt,
2 0
"
#
"
#
n1
n1 k
uknk1
1 X
1 X
u nk1
0
u1
b0
4 k1 n k 1!
4 k1 n k
1
2
2
feit dt:
For r > n
"
#
Z
n1
u krnk1
1 X
1 2 it irt
0
u r1
fe e dt,
4 k1 n k 1!
2 0
1074
and for r 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
urnk1
1 2 it irt
0
ur1 br
fe e dt
4 k1 n k 1!
2 0
1
1
,
4
4
@f
and
@
Re
1 n 1,
and
2 C@D; C.
Then
for
@nz 0 in D,
@
g on @D,
@z
Im@z 0 0, 1 n 1,
"
#
#
Z
1 2
u m
2it
n m 1
eit e dt
n m 1!
0
mn1,0,m1
X
"
#
Z
n2
1 X
1 2
k
2
eit dt,
u nk1
4
2
0
k1
where uk , k > 0, are as in Theorem 6. The solution is given by
"
#
1 X
n1
1
m nk1
X
1 X
k z z
0 m
fz
u
u z z
4 m0 k1 m n k 1! m0 m
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1
m1
m1
X
X
1 X
z
z
ukm
u0m
bm z m ,
znk
4 m0 k1 m 1
m1
m0
0
47
n1
X
uk2nkr1
k1
1
2
3n 2k r 1
2n k r
1
"
X
mr1,0,m1
u m
#
n m 1
n m 1!
2
48
1075
X
1
um
n m 1
u00 2Re
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
Z
n1
1X
2n k 1
1
u k
4 k1 nk n k 1
2
2
it
it
e e dt
0
49
"
X
1
nm1
um
2iIm
4 mn,,m1 n m 1!
n1
1X
2n k 1
1
u k
4 k1 nk n k 1
2
2
it
it
e e dt :
0
For r n
u0r
n1
X
uknkr
k1
2n k r 1
4 1
nkr1
1 2
2
50
2r
Proof
2
u0 z
1
X
m0
u0m zm ,
1
X
bm zm
m0
in (47), shows
"
#
1 X
n1
1
mnk1
X
1 X
k jzj
imnk1
0
m1 im1
e
u
um jzj e
fz
4 m0 k1 m n k 1!
m0
"
#
1 X
n1
1
1 X
jzjm1nk im1nk
X
jzjm1 im1
k
0
e
e
u
um
4 m0 k1 m m 1
m1
m0
1
X
m0
bm jzjm eim :
51
1076
4 k1 m0
n k 1!
n
k 1!
k1 m0
it
u00 eit
1
X
#
u0m1 m 2eimt
m0
"
n1 nk1
X
1 X
m 1 n k im1nkt
e
u k
4 k1 m0 m
m1
#
1
1
X
X
m
2n
k
eimt
bm meimt :
u km1nk
u 0m1 eimt
mnk
m1
m1
k1 m1
n1 X
1
X
Multiplying both sides by eit(nr), 0 r n 2, eit etc. and integrating leads, for
0 r n 2, to
1
4
"
u m
mr1,0,m1
"
#
#
n1
nm1
1 X
3n 2k r
k
0
u nr1
u
n m 1!
4 k1 2nkr1 2n k r
1
4
"
X
mn,,m1
um
1
2
2
#
"
#
n1
nm1
1 X
2n k 1
0
k
0
u0
u0
u
n m 1!
4 k1 nk n k 1
1
2
2
"
#
"
#
n1 uk
n1
1 X
1 X
2nk1
0
k
2u1
2u
4 k1 n k 1!
4 k1 nk1
1
2
2
eit dt:
For r > n
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
2n k r
1 2
k
0
u r1
eit eirt dt
u nkr1
4 k1
nkr
2 0
and for r 1
"
#
Z
n1
1 X
2n k r
1 2
k
0
ur1 r 2 rbr
urnk1
eit eirt dt:
4 k1
n k 1!
2 0
Solving these equations gives (48)(51) along with the solvability condition.
1077
Remark: Note that if z az b, a, b being arbitrary constants, then f and can
be determined if f are given on @D satisfying
@z f
1
1
:
4
4
In this case
Z 2
4
a
feit e2it dt,
1 0
Z 2
Z 2
1
b Re
feit eit dt i Im
feit eit dt,
0
0
Z
Z
1 2 it
1 1 2 it 2it
b0
fe dt
fe e dt
2 0
1 0
and for m 1
bm
1
2
2
Acknowledgment
The second author was supported by DAAD (German Academic Exchange Service)
reinvitation programme in summer 2003.
References
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(Singapore: World Scientific).
C. Journal fur die Reine und
[3] Begehr, H., 2002, Orthogonal decompositions of the functions space L2 D;
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Applications, 24, 89106.
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Mathematische Nachrichten, 279, 3857.
[8] Bitsadze, A.V., 1948, About the uniqueness of the Dirichlet problem for elliptic partial differential
equations. Uspekhi Mat. Nauk 3, 6(28), 211212 (Russian).
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[11] Vekua, I.N., 1962, Generalized Analytic Functions (Oxford: Pergamon).