Homework

FLOW EQUATIONS
Problem Navier Stokes Equations in Cylindrical Coordinates
Using the results of vector analysis, derive the expressions of the Navier-Stokes equations:

!"
+ u # $" = % " $ # u
!t

"u
+ !u # $u = %$p + $ # & + ! g
"t

"e
+ !u # $e = % p$ # u + & # $u + $ # ( k$T ) + Q!
"t

where:
T
! = " ( # $ u ) 1 + %&#u + ( #u ) '(

in cylindrical coordinates r, , z whose metric factors are:

hr = 1, h! = r and hz = 1

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Solution
Recall:

! = e1"

1 #
1 #
1 #
#
1 #
#
+ e2"
+ e3"
= er
+ e$
+ ez
h1 # x1"
h2 # x 2"
h3 # x 3"
#r
r #$
#z

Hence:
1 $
$(
$ v $
$
% $
u ! " = ( uer + ve# + wez ) ! ' er
+ e#
+ ez * = u +
+w
& $r
r $#
$z )
$ r r $#
$z
1 %#
%# )
%# v %#
%#
& %#
u ! "# = ( uer + ve$ + wez ) ! ( er
+ e$
+ ez + = u
+
+w
' %r
*
r %$
%z
% r r %$
%z
1 #
#(
#u 1 # v # w u
% #
! " u = ' er
+ e$
+ ez * " ( uer + ve$ + wez ) =
+
+
+
& #r
r #$
#z )
# r r #$ # z r

!p = er

"p
1 "p
"p
+ e#
+ ez
"r
r "#
"z

1 $e
$e (
$e v $e
$e
% $e
u ! "e = ( uer + ve# + wez ) ! ' er
+ e#
+ ez * = u +
+w
& $r
r $#
$z )
$ r r $#
$z

k!T = er k

"T
k "T
"T
+ e#
+ ez k
"r
r "#
"z

Next, notice that:

! er 1# d"
=
e" = e"
!"
d"

and

! e"
1# d"
=$
er = $er
!"
d"

while the remaining derivatives of the unit vectors vanish. With these results:

1 #
#( %
#T
k #T
#T (
% #
! " ( k!T ) = ' er
+ e$
+ e z * " ' er k
+ e$
+ ez k * =
& #r
r #$
#z ) &
#r
r #$
#z )
=

! " !T % k !T 1 ! " k !T % ! " !T %

+
$k ' +
$
' + $k '
! r # ! r & r ! r r !( # r !( & ! z # ! z &

#(
% # v #
u ! "u = ( u ! " ) u = ' u +
+ w * ( uer + ve$ + wez ) =
& # r r #$
#z )
= er u
+er

v !u
v !v
v !w
uv
v2
+ e"
+ ez
+ e"
# er
+
r !"
r !"
r !"
r
r

+er w

or, more compactly:

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!u
!v
!w
+ e" u
+ ez u
+
!r
!r
!r

!u
!v
!w
+ e" w
+ ez w
!z
!z
!z

Homework

& #u v #u
#u v2 )
u ! "u = er ( u
+
+w
%
+
# z r +*
' # r r #$

" v uv &
# "v v "v
+e! % u
+
+w
+ (+
$ " r r "!
"z r '

!w &
# !w v !w
+ez % u
+
+w
(
$ ! r r !"
!z '
Also:

1 "
"'
$ "
!u = & er
+ e#
+ ez ) ( uer + ve# + wez ) =
% "r
r "#
"z (
= er er

!u
!v
!w
+ er e"
+ er e z
+
!r
!r
!r

+e! er

1 "u
u
1 "v
v
1 "w
+ e! e! + e! e!
# e! er + e! ez
+
r "!
r
r "!
r
r "!

+ez er

!u
!v
!w
+ ez e"
+ ez ez
!z
!z
!z

or, more compactly:

!u = er er

"u
"v
"w
+ er e#
+ er e z
+
"r
"r
"r
1 "w
$ 1 "u v '
$ 1 "v u'
+e! er &
# ) + e! e! &
+ ) + e! ez
+
% r "! r (
% r "! r (
r "!
+ez er

!u
!v
!w
+ ez e"
+ ez ez
!z
!z
!z

From this result:

!u + ( !u ) = er er 2
T

"u
% " v v 1 "u (
% " w "u (
+ er e# '
$ +
+ er e z '
+
+
*
& " r r r "# )
& " r " z *)
"r

$ 1 "u " v v '

$ 1 "v u'
$ 1 "w " v '
+e! er &
+
# ) + e! e! 2 &
+ ) + e! ez &
+
+
% r "! " r r (
% r "! r (
% r "! " z )(

!w
" !u ! w %
" ! v 1 !w %
+ez er $
+
+ ez e( $
+
+ ez ez 2
'
'
# ! z !r &
# ! z r !( &
!z
and, using the expression of the divergence of u:

(! " u ) 1 = ( er er + e# e# + ez ez )

1 % $ ( ur ) $ v $ ( wr ) (
+
+
r '& $ r
$#
$ z *)

from which the expressions of:

T
! = " ( # $ u ) 1 + %&#u + ( #u ) '(

and:
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T
! " #u = $ ( # " u ) Tr {#u} + %&#u " #u + #u " ( #u ) '(
are readily obtained.
Besides:

T
! " # = ! " %& $ ( ! " u ) 1'( + ! " %&!u + ( !u ) '( =
T
T
= ! $% " ( ! # u ) &' + ( ! ) # $%!u + ( !u ) &' + $%! # ( !u ) + ! # ( !u ) &'

where:
T

! " ( !u )

# $
#u '
# $
#u '
# # ui
= ei
" & e j ek k ) = ei
" & ek e j k ) = e j
= ! (! " u )
# xi %
#xj (
# xi %
#xj (
# x j # xi

Hence:
T
! " # = ! %& $ ( ! " u ) '( + ( ! ) " %&!u + ( !u ) '( + %&! 2u + ! ( ! " u ) '(

where:

! " $% # ( ! " u ) 1&' = er

( $ * (u 1 ( v ( w u - &
#,
+
+
+ / +
( r 0% + ( r r () ( z r . 1'

" * $ "u 1 " v " w u ' * $ "u 1 " v " w u ' , # &% " r + r "! + " z + r )( / + ez " z , # &% " r + r "! + " z + r )( /
+
.
+
.
Also, from the earlier expression of the velocity gradient:
+e!

! 2u = ! " !u =

1 "
r "!

# % #u
#v
#w (
+ e$
+ ez
'& er
*+
#r
#r
#r
#r )

1 !
r !"

1 !w * $ 1 !u v '
$ 1 !v u'
, er &% r !" # r )( + e" &% r !" + r )( + ez r !" / +
+
.

! # !u
!v
!w &
+ e"
+ ez
%$ er
(
!z
!z
!z
!z '

Developing the derivatives:

" 2u
" 2v
" 2w
! u = er 2 + e# 2 + ez 2 +
"r
"r
"r
2

+er

1 ! $ 1 !u v '
1 ! $ 1 !v u'
1 ! $ 1 !w '
# ) + e"
+ ) + ez
&%
&
&
)+
r !" r !" r (
r !" % r !" r (
r !" % r !" (

$ 1 "u v '
$ 1 "v u '
+e! & 2
# 2 ) # er & 2
+
+
% r "! r (
% r "! r 2 )(

! 2u
! 2v
! 2w
+er 2 + e" 2 + ez 2
!z
!z
!z
and, from the expression of the divergence of the velocity u:

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! ( ! " u ) = er

# % #u 1 # v # w u (
+
+
+ *+
'
# r & # r r #$ # z r )

+e!

1 " # "u 1 " v " w u &

" # "u 1 " v " w u &
+
+
+ ( + ez %
+
+
+ (
%$
r "! " r r "! " z r '
" z $ " r r "! " z r '

Substitution in the relevant equations yields the expression of the Navier Stokes equations in
cylindrical coordinates. For instance the continuity equation writes:

!"
!" v !"
!"
" % ! ( ur ) ! v ! ( wr ) (
+u
+
+w
=$ '
+
+
!t
! r r !#
!z
r & !r
!#
! z *)
More lenthy expressions are similarly obtained for the momentum and energy balances.

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