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Harvesting Energy from the Human Body

Moritz Thielen, PhD Student, Micro and Nanosystems


Seminar on Frontiers in Energy Research
2014-04-09

Outlook
Energy autonomous systems
Consumer electronics, biomedical, Body Sensor Networks

Sources of Energy from the human body


Movement, biochemical, heat

Energy harvesters
Electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrochemical, thermoelectric

Body Powered Sense Project


Overview, simulation, prototype, future research

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Some numbers about batteries


Battery consumption and disposal in Germany
All data taken from Stiftung gemeinsames Ruecknahmesystemf fuer Batterien (GRS)

1600
Number of sold and disposed
[Millions]

Average battery weight [g]

30
29
28
27
26
25
24
23
22
21
20
2000

2002

2004

2006 2008
Year

2010

2012

2014

1400
1200
1000
800
600
400
sold via GRS
disposed

200
0
2000

2005

2010

2015

Year

In 2012 the discrepancy between sold and disposed


batteries via GRS was 18.423 tons!

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Battery dependent systems in and on the human body


Consumer

Biopotentials

Implants

Nike

Seiko

Sensatex
29. April 2014

Emotiv

Polar

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Biotronik

wikimedia

Future: Body Sensor Networks (BSN or BAN)

PC
CONSULTING
DIAGNOSIS
MONITORING

EMERGENCY

STORAGE
STATISTICS
LOCAL NETWORK
adapted from: Gyselinckx et al. IEEE Int.Circ.Conf. 2005

Attributes: Continuous use 24/7, portable and unobtrusive, Anytime, Anywhere, Anybody

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Future: Body Sensor Networks (BSN or BAN)

PC
CONSULTING
DIAGNOSIS
MONITORING

EMERGENCY

STORAGE
STATISTICS
LOCAL NETWORK
adapted from: Gyselinckx et al. IEEE Int.Circ.Conf. 2005

Attributes: Continuous use 24/7, portable and unobtrusive, Anytime, Anywhere, Anybody

Would it not be nice to power such a systems without batteries?


29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Outlook
Energy autonomous systems
Consumer electronics, biomedical, Body Sensor Networks

Sources of Energy from the human body


Movement, biochemical, heat

Energy harvesters
Electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrochemical, thermoelectric

Body Powered Sense Project


Overview, simulation, prototype, future research

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Energy provided by the human body

+ Biochemical potential

Starner. "Human-powered wearable


computing." IBM systems Journal
35.3.4 (1996): 618-629.

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Energy provided by the human body

+ Biochemical potential

Starner. "Human-powered wearable


computing." IBM systems Journal
35.3.4 (1996): 618-629.

How can we access this energy?


29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

Outlook
Energy autonomous systems
Consumer electronics, biomedical, Body Sensor Networks

Sources of Energy from the human body


Movement, biochemical, heat

Energy harvesters
Electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrochemical, thermoelectric

Body Powered Sense Project


Overview, simulation, prototype, future research

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

10

Electromagnetic harvesters
Working principle

Rotary brushless generator

Images: wikimedia

=
=

29. April 2014

with: EMF = electromotive force


constant, R = electrical resistance,
= angular velocity and
= efficiency

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

11

Knee mounted energy harvesting device


Li et al. J NeuroEng and Rehab, 6:22,
2009
Power generation: 4.8 0.8 W at 1.5 m/s
Size/Weight: NA/ 1.6 kg
Body location: Knee

Applications: Prosthesis (e.g. C-leg),


Body Sensor Networks
Military

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

12

Piezoelectric harvesters

Piezoelectric coupling coefficient:

with: d = strain coefficient, Y = Youngs modulus,

e = dielectric constant

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

13

Power generation within orthopedic implants


Platt et al. IEEE/ASME Transaction on
Mechatronics 10(4). 2005
Power generation: 4.8 mW (raw), 850 W (regulated)
Size/Weight: 10x10x20 mm / NA
Body location: Knee implant
Applications: In vivo diagnostics ( duty cycle,
forces, wear, etc.), Muscle
stimulation

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

14

Electrochemical harvesters

Rapoport et al. PLoS ONE, 7-6-e38436, 2012

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

15

Implantable glucose fuel cell


Rapoport et al. PLoS ONE, 7-6-e38436, 2012
Power generation:
Size/Weight:
Body location:
Applications:

Notes:

29. April 2014

3.4 - 180 uW/cm2,


scalable up to 40 cm2
Head, chest (possible)
Brain computer interfaces,
pacemaker, drug delivery, hearing
aids
Not implanted in humans yet
encapsulation issues

2 cm

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

16

Thermoelectric harvesters
Seebeck effect (1928): A combination
of different physical phenomena

Thermodiffusion

Diffusion coefficient / mobility

Phonon drag

Charge accumulation E-field

Temperature gradient Electric potential

T2
B

Seebeck coefficient: [V/K]

V = (B A) * (T2-T1) = m TG
B
T1
29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

17

Thermoelectric harvesters
Seebeck effect (1928): A combination
of different physical phenomena

Thermodiffusion

Diffusion coefficient / mobility

Phonon drag

Charge accumulation E-field

Temperature gradient Electric potential

T2
B

Seebeck coefficient: [V/K]

RL

V = (B A) * (T2-T1) = m TG

for an electrically matched load (RG = RL)


29. April 2014

2
= =
4
T1

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

18

Thermoelectric generator (TEG)


Th

VG = m * m TG
Kh

m*

TG

KG

VG

Kc
Attributes: Robust, no moving parts, small and light-weight, cheap

Tc
29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

19

Thermoelectric generator (TEG)


Th

VG = m * m TG
Kh

m*

TG

KG

VG

Kc
Attributes: Robust, no moving parts, small and light-weight, cheap

Tc
29. April 2014

So where is the catch? Efficiency (1-10%), interfacing


Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

20

Thermoelectric harvesting from the human body

Sensor

Characteristics:

Poor thermal coupling

low T (~ 1 K)

Challenges:

Thermal matching with skin and air

Cooling of the skin

Wearability, comfort, usability


www.adrenalin.co.uk

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

21

Blood oxymeter
Torf et al. Sens. Trans. J. 80(6). 2007
Sensor type:
Power consumption:
Body location:
Notes:

Blood oxygen content


89 W for 15 s interval
Wrist, radial artery
Commercial finger sensor
Custom electronics (CMOS)
13 cm2 heat sink

Sensor

29. April 2014

Processing

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

22

Vision: Wireless sensor node in a flexible band aid


Van Hoof. Cohesi Workshop. 2012
Sensor type:

Power consumption:
Energy harvesting by:
Body location:
Desired features:

EEG, ECG, UV, etc.

not stated
TEG, PV + supercapacitor
Any skin surface
Thin / light weight
Flexible / stretchable
Low cost, Disposable /
Biodegradable

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

23

Outlook
Energy autonomous systems
Consumer electronics, biomedical, Body Sensor Networks

Sources of Energy from the human body


Movement, biochemical, heat

Energy harvesters
Electromagnetic, piezoelectric, electrochemical, thermoelectric

Body Powered Sense Project


Overview, simulation, prototype, future research

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

24

Body Powered Sense Project


Project objective: Wearable zero-power IT can
be effectively applied in medical devices

Specific applications
Alzheimers detection in high risk adults

Epilepsy seizure diognosis in children


Long-term (10 d) measurement outside the lab

Project partners

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

25

BPS Project

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

26

BPS Project

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

27

Simulation of expected characteristics


1. Simulation based on numerical solving of heat balance

3. Calculation of output based on TEG


specs and boundary conditions

2. Loading of TEG specifications from database

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

28

Low Rel generator evaluation


Dynamic measurement of single generator

Static simulation (ideal electrical matching)


= size of heat sink

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

29

Low Rel generator evaluation


Dynamic measurement of single generator

Static simulation (ideal electrical matching)


= size of heat sink

80 uW

20 uW

Promising for compact power supply.


25 C

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

30

Low Rel generator evaluation


Dynamic measurement of single generator

Static simulation (ideal electrical matching)


= size of heat sink

Feeling of cold
(Estimation)
Q = dT / Rth

Promising for compact power supply.


Engineering vs human centered design!
29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

31

Prototype for generator headset


Mold

Heat
sink

Hot side

Cold side

TEG

Measurement time:
Average Voltage

29. April 2014

2h
74 mV

Max. Voltage

170 mV

Min. Voltage

40 mV

Average Power

0.55 mW

Max. Power

2.62 mW

Min. Power

0.14 mW

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

32

Prototype for generator headset


Mold

Heat
sink

Hot side

Cold side

TEG

DEMO TIME!
Measurement time:
Average Voltage

29. April 2014

2h
74 mV

Max. Voltage

170 mV

Min. Voltage

40 mV

Average Power

0.55 mW

Max. Power

2.62 mW

Min. Power

0.14 mW

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

33

Current research: Energy autonomous active EEG electrode

Generator: micropelt MPG-651

Heat sink
Heat transfer structure
Shielded
cable

Power conversion

PCB1

Solder

Generator
Signal processing

PCB2
Electrode

10 mm
Isolator

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

34

Conclusions
The human body provides a variety of energy
resources
Movement
Biochemical
Heat

We can tap into these resources with matching


harvesters

Electromagnetic
Piezoelectric
Electrochemical
Thermoelectric

TEG based energy harvesters can be used to


power body sensor networks
29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

35

Thanks for your attention!

top interconnect
p-type

bottom interconnect
n-type

29. April 2014

Questions?
D = 210 m
H = 153 m

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

36

Headset + LTC3108 DCDC converter

- Uin = 20 mV 500 mV
- Rin = 2 10 Ohm
- Efficiency = 40% (1:100,Vin=60mV,Vout=4.5V)
- Stable output of 2.3 V produced with headset

- Can trickle charge capacitor


- Blinking of LED

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

37

Wearable battery-free wireless 2-channel EEG system


Van Bavel et al. Sens. Trans. J. 94(7).
2008
Sensor type: Electroencephalogram (EEG)
Power consumption: 0.8 mW
Body location: Forehead

Notes: Channels: 2
2.4 GHz radio transceiver
CMOS based EEG frontend
40 s to startup
Temperature range: 21-26 C

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

38

Thermoelectric harvesting from the human body


Implanted

Characteristics:
-

Good thermal coupling (fluid, forced


convection)

Small size (typically < 1cm2)

Challenges:
Yang et al. J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys. 40. 2007

Biocompatibility of materials

Packaging

Corrosive environment

Current stage: In-vivo testing


(animals)
Based on: Venkatasubramanian et al. 6th Int. Workshop on Micro and
Nanotechnology for Power Gen. and Energy Conversion Appl. 2006

29. April 2014

Moritz Thielen, ETH Zurich - DMAVT - Micro and Nanosystems

39

Spin-off Company
2009 Foundation of greenTEG
Products:
Heat Flux Sensing

Energy Harvesting

gSKIN

Applications:

Waste Heat Recovery

gTEG

Applications:

Applications:

Heat flux in buildings

Wireless sensor nodes

Automotive industry

Fluid flow measurements

Consumer electronics

Power plants

Solar, infra-red and laser

Ships

power sensing

Flexible Bi2Te3 TEGs


Fabrication process requirements:
Scalable and low-cost fabrication method
Flexibility in design parameters
High thermocouple length (~100-300 m)

Fabrication approach used at MNS:


Electrochemical deposition (ECD)
low temperature, high deposition rate,
large scale batch fabrication
Substrate: polymer mold
geenTEG

cheap, flexible, light

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