ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

All praises to Almighty Allah who bestowed upon us his blessing,

which enabled us to accomplish this scientific assignment objectively
and successfully.
We owe sincere gratitude to our supervisor who extended every
possible cooperation, guidance and advice during the completion of
this work.
Thanks are also to our teachers of department for their encouragement
and co-operation. We shall always keep on record the nice company
provided to us by our friends and the cherished happy moments spent
with them.
We pay our deepest gratitude with deepest sense of respect to our
parents whose support, love and affection kept us steadfast and enabled
us to attain targets and goals of academic life. We are extremely
indebted to our loving brothers and sisters whose constant
encouragement provided us with the impetus that was necessary for
attaining academic initiatives.

AUTHORS:
KHALID YOUSAF
INAYAT
FARAMARZ
SAYED AHMAD

ABSTRACT
A tile is a manufactured piece of hard-wearing material such as ceramic, stone,
metal, or even glass, generally used for covering roofs, floors, walls, showers, or
other objects such as tabletops. Alternatively, tile can sometimes refer to similar
units made from lightweight materials such as perlite, wood, and mineral wool,
typically used for wall and ceiling applications.
From different types of tiles we have chosen to have study overall regarding
ceramic and mosaic tiles. In upcoming chapters we have researched to represent
different types of tiles that Engineers dealing in structural Engineering fields,
their physical properties and further entering to our concerning point ceramic
and mosaic tiles, their manufacturing process, What are the key factors to
consider when specifying / buying ceramic tiles as a flooring option and how to
observe Maintenance factors .

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CONTENT
Acknowledgement..............................................................................................i
Abstract.....ii
Chapter 1..1
Introduction to tiles

.1

1.1) Tiles definition ...1

1.2) Types of tiles .....2
1.2.1) Quarry Tiles..2
1.2.2) Glazed Porcelain Tiles...2
1.2.3) Metal Tiles.3
1.2.4) Vitrified Tiles...3
1.2.5) Digital Tiles...4
1.2.6) Stone Tiles....4
Chapter 2...6
2.1) Physical properties of the tiles......6
2.1.1) resistance to abrasion....6
2.1.2) freeze-resistance ...6
2.1.3) thermal shock resistance ....7
2.1.4) bending strength and breaking force........7
2.1.5) chemical resistance........7
2.1.6) stain resistance .....7
2.1.7) properties related to safety.......7
2.2) Tiles uses in Construction
2.2.1) Halls/Corridors/Entrance Enclosure ...8
2.2.2) Living Room ...8
2.2.3) Kitchen 8
2.2.4) Bathroom 9

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2.2.5) Balconies/Terraces/Elevations 9

Chapter 3 ........10
Ceramic and mosaic tiles......10
3.1)

ceramic tiles ......10

3.2)

mosaic tiles...10

3.3)

classification of mosaic tiles..11

3.3.1)

General Purpose Tiles.......11

3.3.2)

Designer Tiles...11

3.3.3)

Chequered Tiles..12

3.3.4)

Heavy Duty Tiles....12

Chapter 4................................................................................................................................13
Manufacturing of mosaic and ceramic tile.13
4.1) backgrounds ..13
4.2) raw materials....14
4.3) manufacturing process.....................................................................................15
4.3.1) Batching...16
4.3.2) Mixing and grinding.......16
4.3.3) Spray drying.....17
4.3.4) Forming....17
4.3.5) Drying...................................................................................18
4.3.6) Glazing.....18
4.3.7) Firing.....19
Chapter 5.............................................................................................................21
How to choose and maintain ceramic tiles...21
5.1)

important factors in selecting tiles ..22

5.1.1) Safety ....22
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5.1.2) Hygiene....22
5.1.3) Ease of cleaning..22
5.1.4) Cost.....23
5.1.5) Size ..23
5.1.6) Colors..23
5.1.7) Aesthetic ..............................................................................23
5.1.8) Good insulator.......................................................................23
5.2) How are ceramic tiles maintained..........24
5.2.1) Cleaning Products 24
5.2.2) Cleaning Methods 24
5.2.3) Abrasive Dirt 24
5.2.4) Impact .24
5.3) Where are ceramic tiles normally used..25
5.4) Quality Control and Standards....26
5.5) Commercial Point of View...26
5.6) Companies dealing in Mosaic Tiles...31
Chapter 6..32
Tests Performed on Tile...32
6.1) ASTM C370: MOISTURE EXPANSION.32
6.2) ASTM C373: WATER ABSORPTION .32

6.3) ASTM C424: CRAZING RESISTANCE ...32

6.4) ASTM C482: BOND STRENGTH .33
6.5) ASTM C484: THERMAL SHOCK RESISTANCE ...33
6.6) ASTM C485, ASTM C499, ASTM C502 ..33
6.7) ASTM C609 .33
6.8) ASTM C648: BREAKING STRENGTH ..34

6.9) ASTM C650: CHEMICAL RESISTANCE ..34

6.10) ASTM C674: MODULUS OF RUPTURE ..34
6.11) ASTM C1026: FREEZE-THAW ..34
6.12) ASTM C 1027: SURFACE ABRASION 34
6.13) ASTM C 1028: STATIC COEFFICIENT OF FRICTION 34
6.14) ASTM C1243: DEEP ABRASION ..34
6.15) ASTM C1378: STAINING RESISTANCE 35
Chapter 7..36
INSTALLING CERAMIC TILES ON FLOOR....36
7.1) HOW TO INSTALL CERAMIC TILE FLOOR ..36
7.2) IMPORTANT STEPS AND PRECAUTIONRY MEASURES 37
7.3) WHAT YOU NEED FOR INSTALLING CERAMIC TILES..38
7.4) INSTALATION OF CERAMIC TILES IN PAKISTAN ..40
Chapter 8..44
8.1) Sonex Sanitary Fittings and Ceramic Tiles Industry (Pvt) Ltd Gujranwala ..44
References..48

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LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1.2.1 (Quarry Tile)..2
Figure 1.2.2 (Porcelain Tile)......................................................................................................3
Figure 1.2.3 (Metal Tile)

...3

Figure 1.2.4 (Vitrified Tile)...3

Figure 1.2.5 (Digital Tile)..4
Figure 1.2.6 (Stone Tile)....5
Figure 4.3 (Manufacturing)......13
Figure 4.3.2 (Mixing & Grinding Machinery, Sonex Tiles Factory)...14
Figure 4.3.3) Diagram of Spray Dryer)...15
(Figure 4.3.7)...17
Figure 5.1 (Aesthetics of Ceramic tiles)..19
Figure 5.2 (bathroom view).....22
Figure 5.3 (dining hall)....25
Figure 5.4 (mosaic tile).......27
Figure 5.5 (mosaic tile with stone pattern) .....28
Figure 5.6 Mosaic Tiles (Bathroom View) .29
Figure 5.7 (Mosaic Tiles).....30
Figure 7.1 (Installing ceramic tiles on floor) ..36
Figure 7.2 (Preparing subfloor) ...40
Figure 7.3 (Subfloor) ......41
Figure 7.4 (Installation work) .42

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Figure 7.5 (Installation) 43

Figure 8.1 (Getting information from company official) .44
Figure 8.2 (Pressing Section) 45
Figure 8.3 (Glazing work) .45
Figure 8.4 (Packing) ..46
Figure 8.5 (Laboratory: Strength Testing Machine) ..46
Figure 8.6 (Display Centre) 47

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