College of Engineering

Department of Mechanical Engineering

FORMULAE AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA

FOR
HEAT TRANSFER

FOR

INTERNAL

USE ONLY

Prepared by: Dr. Lim Chin Wai

Sources: Fundamentals of Heat & Mass Transfer, Frank
P. Incropera, et. al. 7th Edition, John Wiley & Sons.

1. Radiation
1.1. Stefan-Boltzmann Law:

, = 4

1.2. Net rate of radiation heat transferred from a surface at Ts to a much larger isothermal
surrounding at Tsur:
4 )
= (4
; where = 5.67 108 2 4

2. Conduction
2.1 General Equations:
)
= ( + +
Fouriers Law: " =

Heat equation in Cartesian coordinates:

( ) + ( ) + ( ) + =

Heat equation in Cylindrical coordinates:

1

( ) + 2 ( ) + ( ) + =

Heat equation in Spherical coordinates:
1
2

( 2 ) + 2 sin2 ( ) + 2 sin2 ( sin ) + =

2.2 One-Dimensional Steady-State:

Thermal resistance:

Definition: =

Thermal Resistance for convection: , =

For one-dimensional, constant thermal conductivity, steady-state, with no heat

generation:

For one-dimensional, constant thermal conductivity, steady-state, with heat generation:

2.3 For single fin:

Fin effectiveness: =
Fin resistance: , =
Fin efficiency:

2.4 For an array of fins::

Total heat transfer rate of entire fin arrays: = +
Overall efficiency:

=1

(1 ); where At = NAf + Ab

2.5 Transient Conduction:

2.5.1 The Lumped Capacitance Method:
Temperature reached by the solid at time t:

=
= [ (
) ]

Total energy transfer Q occurring up to time t:

= [1 (

)]

2.5.2 Approximate Solution:

2.5.2.1 For Plane Wall

Dimensionless time:

Dimensionless form of temperature distribution:

=
= 1 (12 ) cos(1 )

Mid-plane temperature:

= 1 (12 )

Total energy transfer Q occurring up to time t:

= (1

sin 1
)
1

2.5.2.2

For Infinite Cylinder

Dimensionless time:

Dimensionless form of temperature distribution:

=
= 1 (12 )(1 )

Centreline temperature:

= 1 (12 )

Total energy transfer Q occurring up to time t:

2
= [1
( )]
1 1 1

2.5.2.3

For Sphere

Dimensionless time:

Dimensionless form of temperature distribution:

= 1 (12 )

1
sin(1 )

Centre point temperature:

= 1 (12 )

Total energy transfer Q occurring up to time t:

3
= {1 3 [sin(1 ) 1 cos(1 )]}
1
5

3. Convection
3.1 General Equations:
Newtons law of cooling:

= ( )

Friction coefficient:

2 2

Reynolds number:

4
=
=

Nusselt number:

Film temperature:

+
2

3.2 External Flow:

Drag coefficient:

2 2)
(

Flow across Banks of Tubes:

+
2

, =

occurs at plane A1:

For aligned arrangement,
=

For staggered arrangement, occurs at plane A2 if:

[2

2
+( ) ]
2

in which case,

12

<

+
2

2( )

Otherwise occurs at plane A1 with:

Heat transfer rate per unit length of tubes:

= ( )

The log-mean temperature difference:

( ) ( )

ln (
)

To determine the outlet temperature:

= (
)

Pressure drop across a tube bank:

2

= (
)
2

Required pump or fan power to overcome pressure drop:

= ()V

10

11

12

13

3.3 Internal Flow:

For laminar flow:

,
0.05
(
)

,
0.05
(
)

For turbulent flow:

,
10 (
60
)

,
= 10
(
)

Rate of heat gain in the flow:

= (, , )
Graetz number:

(/)

3.3.1 Constant Surface Heat Flux (uniform " ):

= " ( )
"
() = , +

3.3.2 Constant Surface Temperature (uniform ):

()

= (
)
,

=
=

( , ) ( , )
,
ln (
, )

14

3.3.3 Constant External Fluid Temperature (uniform ):

()

)
= (

=
=

( , ) ( , )
,
ln (
, )

15

3.3.4 Noncircular Tubes and Concentric Tube Annulus:

Hydraulic diameter:

where Ac = flow cross-sectional area, P = wetted perimeter

16

17

4. Heat Exchanger
General equation for the overall heat transfer coefficient with inclusion of surface
fouling and fin effect:
"
"
,
,
1
1
1
=
+
+ +
+
( ) ( )
( ) ( )

where " = fouling factor, Rw = conduction resistance of wall, and

= 1

(1 )

with Af = entire fin surface area, f = efficiency of a single fin, A = total (fin plus
exposed base) surface area. The overall surface efficiency, o = 1 for unfinned heat
exchanger.

Total rate of heat transfer between the hot and cold fluids:

= , (, , ) = , (, , )
For the use of the Log Mean Temperature Difference:

2 1

ln ( 2 )
1

=
18

For the Effectiveness-NTU Method:

= (, , )

19

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