OSI Refrence Model TCP-IP

OSI Reference Model
TCP/IP
Rev 1.0
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.
www.huawei.com
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Objectives
Data Communication Overview
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 2
Computer Network
SOHO
Intranet
Internet
Server
IP Hotel
Wireless
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Page 3
Network Protocols
5
Hello! Can I speak

TCP/IP?
Source Host A
TCP/IP Protocol Stack
Perfect! I
understand
TCP/IP.
Destination Host B
Network protocols are formal descriptions of equipment
communication rules.
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Page 4
Datacom Equipment
Cable
Modem
Router
Switch
HUB
Access Servers
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Page 5
Transmitting Parameters
Bandwidth: describes the information volume of the
network data transmitted from one node to any other

per time unit
Delay: describe the how much time need for
information transmitting from one node to any other
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Page 6
Characteristic of Data Communication

Low requirement for delay
Accurate transmission
Connectionless
Packet switching
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Page 7
Common Network Topologies

Topology:
Bus, star and tree
Ring and mesh
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Page 8
Standardization Organization
International Organization for Standardization (ISO)
Institute of Electrical & Electronic Engineers (IEEE)
America National Standard Institute (ANSI)
Electronic Industries Association/Telecom Industries
Association (EIA/TIA)
International Telecom Union (ITU)
INTERNET Action Board (IAB)
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Page 9
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 10
What Is TCP/IP
TCP/IP has simple hierarchical design
In clear corresponding relations with OSI reference model.
OSI reference model

7
Application layer
Presentation layer
TCP/IP
Application layer
Conversation layer
Protocol
Transport layer
Transport layer
Network layer
Network layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
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Page 11
Interface
Encapsulation & Decapsulation

Application
Service Information
Data
SI
Application layer
ALH Data
APDU
SI
Transport layer
TLH ALH Data
Segment
SI
Network layer
NLH TLH ALH Data
Packet
Data link layer
DLH NLH TLH ALH Data
Frame
Physical layer
11010101110110101011101011010
Bit Flow
SI
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Page 14
Structure of TCP/IP System

TCP/UDP
ICMP
IP
ARP/RARP
IP is one of the most important protocols in the TCP/IP family.
There are 3 other protocols used together with IP:

Address Resolution Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address Resolution Protocol (RARP)
Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP)
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Page 15
Structure of TCP/IP System

IP provides a globally unified addressing mode, shields the
differences of the physical network addresses and makes

routing possible.
IP provides a globally unified message format, shields the
differences of the network link layers and makes network

interconnection possible.
Upper layer protocols
TCP/IP
Ethernet
Token Ring
X.25
FR
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ATM
Page 16
PPP/SDH
Data Encapsulation
TELNET
23
FTP
20/21
SMTP
25
TFTP
69
TCP/UDP (Port)
6/17
IP PACKETS (Protocol)
0x0800
FRAMES (Type, VPI/VCI, DLCI, )
BITS
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Page 17

Application Layer
HTTP, Telnet, FTP,

TFTP, Ping, etc
Transport Layer
TCP/UDP
Interconnection
Layer
Provide application
program
network interfaces
Establish terminal to
terminal connection
ICMP
Addressing and routing
IP
ARP/RARP
Data link Layer
Physical Layer
Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

HDLC, FR, etc
Interfaces and
wires/cables
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Physical media access
Binary data flow

transmission
Page 18
TCP/IP Conceptual Layers
Application
Application
Transport
Transport
Internet
Internet
Internet
Data link layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Data link layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
Physical layer
LAN switch
End system
End system
Router
Router
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Internet
Page 19
Peer Layer
If two networks are identical in physical layers, they can
be interconnected with repeaters.

If two networks are different in physical layers but identical
in link layers, they can be interconnected with bridges.

If two networks are different in both physical layers and
link layers, but they are identical in network layers, then

they can be interconnected with routers.
If two networks have identical protocols, they can be
interconnected with protocol converters (gateway).
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Page 20
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 21
Physical Layer
Physical layer: defines the voltage, interface, cable
standard and transmission distance etc.

Physical layer cable:
Twisted pair : UTP , STP
Coaxial cable: thin, thick

Fiber
Wireless radio: WLAN
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Page 22
Physical Layer
LAN and Physical Layer
Cable standard:10Base-T, 100Base-T and 1000Base-SX
etc.;
Network equipment: repeater and hub etc.
WAN and Physical Layer

DTE equipment: router and terminal host etc.;
DCE equipment: WAN switch and Modem etc.;
Common interface:RS-232, V.24 and V.35 etc.
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Page 23
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 24
Data Link Layer Overview
Application
Ethernet
Token Ring
FDDI
HDLC
PPP
ATM
Frame Relay
X.25
Transport
Network
Data link
Hardware
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Page 25
Data Link Layer

Data Link Layer divided into two sublayer:
The LLC sublayer
The MAC sublayer
The Function of Data Link Layer:

Physical address definition
Network topology
Link parameter
Error verification
Physical media access
Flow control (optional)

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Page 26
LAN and Data Link Layer

IEEE802 Standard: the most popular LAN standard
nowadays
IEEE802.1 Common LAN Conceptions
IEEE802.2 Definition of LLC Sub-Layer
IEEE802.3 Ethernet Standard

IEEE802.4 Token Bus Network
IEEE802.5 Token Ring Network
Ethernet switch
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Page 27
WAN and Data Link Layer

WAN data link layer standard:
HDLC
PPP
ISDN
Frame Relay
WAN data link layer equipment

Modem and ISDN terminal adaptor
CSU/DSU and WAN switch
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Page 28
MAC Address
24 bits
Unicast
24 bits
Vender Code
Serial Number
00E0FC 012345
Broadcast (All bits equal 1: 0xFFFFFFFFFFFF)

Multicast (8th bit equal 1):
00000001
10111011
00111010
10111010
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10111110
Page 29
10101000
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 30
Network Layer Overview
Internet Protocol (IP)

Application
Transport
Internet
Network
Interface
Hardware
Internet Control Message

Protocol (ICMP)
Address Resolution
Protocol (ARP)
Reverse Address
Resolution Protocol (RARP)
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Page 31
Flat Network
A
B
MAC
PORT
HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.F
2
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Page 32
IP Forwarding (Routing)
N4
N2.H1
N1.H1
N1.H2
N3.H1
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Page 33
IP Addressing
32 Bits
Network
8 Bits
Host
8 Bits
8 Bits
10000000 00000001 11111111
128 .
1.
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8 Bits
11111110
255 .
Page 34
254
IP Forwarding Process
Router
Router
IP
IP
ETH PPP
E1/0 S2/0
LAN 1
encapsulation
decapsulation
Routing
(selecting path)
PPP ETH
S2/1 E0/1
WAN
All rights reserved
LAN 2
Page 37
Address Resolution Protocol

PC B
PC A
Who has 10.1.1.5, tell 10.1.1.2

(00E0-FC01-2345)
LSW
IP:10.1.1.3
MAC: 00E0-FC01-6789
IP:10.1.1.2
MAC: 00E0-FC01-2345
PC C
IP:10.1.1.5
MAC: 00E0-FC01-ABCD
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Page 38
Address Resolution Protocol

PC B
PC A
LSW
IP:10.1.1.3
MAC: 00E0-FC01-6789
IP:10.1.1.2
MAC: 00E0-FC01-2345
PC C
I have 10.1.1.5 (00E0-FC01-ABCD)
IP:10.1.1.5
MAC: 00E0-FC01-ABCD
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Page 39
ICMP
Echo Request
Echo Reply
10.1.1.0/24
.2
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
.1
E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1
.2
GW:10.2.2.1
ping 10.2.2.1
Reply from 10.2.2.1: bytes=32 time<1ms TTL=252
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E1/0
10.2.2.0/24
129.6.1.2
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
E1/1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.2
E1/0
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Page 40
ICMP
Echo Request
Echo Reply
10.1.1.0/24
.2
129.6.1.0/24
.1
E0/0
.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
.2
E1/0
.1
E1/1
GW:10.1.1.1
.2
GW:10.2.2.1
ping 10.2.2.1
Reply from 10.1.1.1: Destination host unreachable
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
Dest./Mask
NextHop
Interface
10.1.1.0/24
10.1.1.1
E0/0
10.1.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E1/0
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.1
E0/1
10.2.2.0/24
10.2.2.1
E1/1
129.6.1.0/24
129.6.1.2
E1/0
All rights reserved
Page 41
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
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Page 42
Transport Layer Overview
Transmission Control
Protocol (TCP)
Application
Transport
User Datagram
Protocol (UDP)
Internet
SCTP (Session Control

Transmission Protocol)
Network Interface
Hardware
Transport layer provides end-to-end data

transfer.
TCP provides a reliable exchange of
information and UDP is not.
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Page 43
TCP and UDP

TCP:
connection-oriented
reliable transmission.
The relevant application layer protocols include TELNET,
FTP and HTTP.
UDP:
connectionless
unreliable transmission.
The relevant application layer protocols include RIP,

SNMP, RADIUS and VOD.
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Page 44
TCP/UDP Header Format

0
24
16
8
16 bits source port
16 bits destination port
16 bits UDP length
16 bits UDP checksum
31
Data
0
UDP header format

16
16 bits source port
24
16 bits destination port
32 bits sequence number

32 bits acknowledge number
FIN
SYN
RST
PSH
ACK
Reserved(6 bits
URG
offset
16 bits TCP checksum
16 bits window size

16 bits urgent pointer
Options
Data
TCP header format
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Page 45
31
End to End Communication
Transport Layer Virtual Circuit
Host
WWW.HUAWEI.COM
FTP.HUAWEI.COM
Application
FTP
Transport
21 1028 Data
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WWW
80 1027 Data
Page 46
TCP Connection
Internet
client
server
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Page 47
Acknowledgement Technology
Transport Layer Virtual Circuit
Source Equipment
Destination Equipment
Host
Host
Send 1,2,3
Send 4,5,6
Send 5,6,7
1
2
3
Acknowledge 4
4
5
6
Acknowledge 5
5
6
7
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Page 48
Flow Control
Three method of flow control:
Buffering: burst data buffered, forward when idle.
Source quench message: send the source quench message
by ICMP
windowing: use to control how many data be sent at one time
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Page 49
Slide Window
To modify the
widows size
The sender
is too fast
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Page 50
Why SCTP TCP defects

TCP---- connection-oriented and
transmission-reliable
UDP---- connectionless, packet-based,

and without transmission-reliable
SCTP-- connection-oriented, packetbased, and transmission-reliable

TCP Defects
Line header block

Poor real-time ability
Difficult multi-homing implementation

Vulnerable to denial of service (DOS)
attacks
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Page 51
Comparison of UDP, TCP and SCTP

Connection-oriented, packet-based, optimized
real-time performance
Use streams to solve line header block
Adopt 4-step startup to avoid DOS attack
Supports the multi-homing function
appropriate congestion avoidance behavior and
resistance to flooding and masquerade attacks

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Page 52
SCTP Terminology
SCTP Endpoint A
SCTP Endpoint B
SCTP
stream
(uni-directional)
Multiple
IP/SCTP-port
Multiple
SCTP connection
Pairs are available
IP/SCTP-port
Pairs are available
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Page 53
SCTP Functions
Sequenced delivery within streams
User data fragmentation

Association
startup
and
takedown
Acknowledgement and congestion avoidance
Chunk bundling
Packet validation
Path management
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Page 54
Association Startup
endpoint A
endpoint Z
INIT(Tag_A)
T1-init
INITACK
COOKIE ECHO+ DATA
T3-rtx
T1-cookie
COOKIE ACK+ DATA+ SACK
established
SACK
established
Avoid attack of DOS and IP address cheating

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Page 55
SCTP Delivery in Streams

Example: There are two streams in the association from A
to B. And there are 4 data package: A,B,C,D to send. The

arrangement is like this: A on stream 1, B on stream 2, C
on stream 1, D on stream 2. D is quite big so its divided
to D1 and D2.
A, B, C, D
TSN=3,SSN=2
TSN=1,SSN=1
Stream1
TSN=5,SSN=2
TSN=4,SSN=2
TSN=2,SSN=1
D2
D1
Stream2
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Page 56

TSN (Transmission Sequence Number)
A 32-bit sequence number assigned by an endpoint, which is based on
an initial TSN, to each data chunk sent by the local end to permit the
receiving SCTP endpoint to acknowledge its receipt.
TSN is maintained on the basis of association.
SSN (Stream Sequence Number)

A 16-bit stream sequence number assigned by SCTP to each data chunk
sent in a stream by the local end, to ensure sequenced transmission in the
stream.
The assignments of TSN and SSN are independent to each other.
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Page 57

Message Structure
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Page 58
SCTP Delivery in StreamsDATA

Message Structure
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 01 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 1
Type = 0
Reserve U B E
Length
TSN
Stream ID
SSN
Payload Protocol Identifier
User Data
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Page 59
SCTP Delivery in StreamsDATA

Message Structure
U bit: The unordered bit, if set to 1, indicates that this is an
unordered DATA chunk, and there is no stream sequence number

assigned to this DATA chunk.
B bit: The beginning fragment bit.
E bit: The ending fragment bit.
B
Meaning
First piece of a fragmented user message
Middle piece of a fragmented user message
Last piece of a fragmented user message
Unfragmented message
Length: from the beginning of the type field to the end of the user
data field
TSN: 0~4294967295
Stream Identifier
Stream sequence number: 0 to 65535
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Page 60
SCTP Acknowledgement
Sender
Receiver
Data (TSN=1)
Data (TSN=2)
Data (TSN=3)
Cumulative TSN Ack: 2
Number of Gap Ack Blocks: 2
Data (TSN=4)
Gap 1: start=4, end=5
Data (TSN=5)
Gap 2: start=7, end=9
Data (TSN=6)
When sender received 4 such
Data (TSN=7)
SACK continually, resend will

start.
Data (TSN=8)
Data (TSN=9)
SACK
Usually, receiver will send a
SACK every two data package

or after 200ms on receiving.
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Page 61
SCTP Acknowledgement SACK Message Structure
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Page 62
SCTP Delivery Mechanism

Sliding window:
Receiver window (RWND)
Congestion window (CWND)
Cumulative and selective acknowledgement

Packet retransmission
Multi-homing function
Actually, except multi-homing function and
selective acknowledgement, SCTP has similar

features as TCP.
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Page 63
SCTP Delivery Real-time

Feature
Package-based feature. Normally message will be delivered
immediately without being bundled. The bundle usually used

in retransmission case.
SCTP can deliver message in sequence or with no sequence.
In no sequence case, the receiver can report the data to

upper layer immediately after receiving.
SCTPs sequence delivery is acted in the stream. If disorder
happened in one stream, the stream will wait till all packages
in order before reporting to next section. And this wont
effect other stream.
So SCTP ensures the real-time feature on sender and
receiver.
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Page 64
SCTP Delivery Sliding Windows

Receiver window (RWND): indicates the size of the receivers inbound buffer in
an association.
The two RWND values will vary with data transmission and
acknowledgement.
If the RWND is equal to 0, the data sender can always have one packet in
flight to the receiver.
Before sending packages, SCTP will check the number of unacknowledged
package to sure its smaller than RWND.
The retransmission data has higher priority than new data.
Congestion window (CWND):
maintained on the basis of each destination address and will be adjusted

according to the network condition.
Once the length of the unacknowledged message sent from the destination
address is greater than the CWND value, the endpoint will stop transmitting
data to this address.
RWND and CWND are maintained on different object.
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Page 65
SCTP Delivery Retransmission

SCTP starts a T3 timer for each destination
address (or each package).

After receiving SACK, if all data are acknowledged, T3 will
be stopped. If only partial acknowledged, then SCTP will
restart T3 timer.
If T3 timeout, SCTP will check the PMTU, then bundle all
unacknowledged data into one package, send it to
destination address and start T3.
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Page 66
SCTP Delivery Multi-homing

An SCTP association might include several
paths but has only one primary path.

CWND, T3 timer are based on transmission address
An endpoint should always transmit SCTP packets
through the primary path from a local transport address
A to the peer endpoint.

The acknowledgement will always choose the original
source address as the destination address first.
Retransmission may choose a different address if
possible.
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Page 67
SCTP Congestion Avoidance

SCTP congestion controlling is similar with TCP:
Slow start-up
Congestion avoidance
Congestion control
Fast retransmission
Actually, except fast retransmission, the other
three methods are describing CWND.

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Page 68
SCTP Path Management

Managing the state of the SCTP association (endpoint)
There is a counter for each endpoint. The counter records the number of
retransmission. If there are multi-address, then all the retransmission times are
included. If the counter exceeds Association.Max.Retrans, then the endpoint
will be regarded as unreachable and SCTP will enter CLOSED state with a
report to upper layer. The counter will be reset when one data is acknowledged
by the receiver.
Managing the state of the path

A counter for each transmission address records the T3-expiring-number and
the number of heartbeat without response. If the counter exceeds
Path.Max.Retrans, then this address will be regarded as unreachable. If the
acknowledgement of data or heartbeat are received on this address, then the
counter will be reset.
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Page 69
SCTP Path Management

Hearbeat
When a path is idle, the local SCTP user requires the
SCTP to generate a heartbeat message and sends the
message through that path to the peer endpoint which
must immediately return a heartbeat acknowledgement
message.
This mechanism serves to precisely measure the roundtrip time (RTT) and helps to monitor the reachability of
the association as well as holding the active state of the
SCTP association.
The interval of heartbeat can be configured.
All rights reserved
Page 70
Objectives
TCP/IP Model
Physical Layer
DataLink Layer
Network Layer
Transport Layer
Application Layer
All rights reserved
Page 71
Application Layer Overview
Application
Transport
Network
Data link
File Transfer
- TFTP
- FTP
E-Mail
- SMTP
Remote Login
- Telnet
Network Management
- SNMP
Name Management
- DNS
Routing
- OSPF
- BGP
Hardware
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Page 72
Thank you
www.huawei.com

OSI Refrence Model TCP-IP

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HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

Hello! Can I speak

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

Network protocols are formal descriptions of equipment

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

network data transmitted from one node to any other

information transmitting from one node to any other

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Characteristic of Data Communication

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Common Network Topologies

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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OSI reference model

Data link layer

Data link layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Encapsulation & Decapsulation

TLH ALH Data

NLH TLH ALH Data

Data link layer

DLH NLH TLH ALH Data

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Structure of TCP/IP System

There are 3 other protocols used together with IP:

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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Structure of TCP/IP System

differences of the physical network addresses and makes

differences of the network link layers and makes network

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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All rights reserved

TCP/IP Protocol Stack

HTTP, Telnet, FTP,

Ethernet, 802.3, PPP,

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

All rights reserved

Physical media access

Binary data flow

TCP/IP Conceptual Layers

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

Data link layer

HUAWEI TECHNOLOGIES CO., LTD.

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