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COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS
Why we are using computers:
To store the data, to perform all type of calculations like scientific and commertial
applications,for entertainment, etc..
Where we are using computers:
In small organisation and big organisations like banks, hotels, petrol bunks, colleges,
institutes, cinema industry etc..
1) Computer
The full form of computer tells us what the exact use of the computers is.
C- Commonly
O- Operated
M- Machine
P- Particularly
U- Used for
T- Trade & Technical
E- Education &
R- Research
2) System:
Computer performs any operation depending upon a principle called IPO cycle. Hence it is
called as System.
3) IPO cycle:
Input
Process
Output
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Charles Babbage was invented this principle and he was also given memory to the
computer. Hence he is considered as father of the computers.
Computer: A computer is an electronic device. That takes the data, process the data and
gives the information.
Data: It is the collection of Facts, graphics, Images, sound and video segments that have
meaning in the user`s environment.
Process: It refers an activity carried on data to get the information.
Information: Processed data is knows as information
Computer functions:
Input: It is process of entering data into the computer.
Output: The information that is received from the computer is an output.
Features of computers:
Speed
Storage
Accuracy
Veracity
Disadvantages of computers:
Block diagram:
CPU
ALU
INPUT DEVICES
CU
OUTPUT DEVICES
MU
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Keyboard
Mouse
Scanner
Webcam
Joy stick
Keyboard:
It is an input device. Used to input the data into the computer. When a key is pressed the
keyboard generate a numeric code known an ASCII (American Standard Code for
Information Interchange)
Key board layout:
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
4) Control keys:
Control keys are used to implement some short cut steps like to close the
applications,
etc.
Eg: Ctrl, alt, shift, caps lock, etc
5) Special keys:
To perform some special operations like to move the cursor position to end of the
sentence or to home of the sentence, etc.
Eg: End, home, delete, backspace, insert, page down, page up, etc
6) Navigation keys:
Navigation keys are used to move the cursor position in all directions
such as left(), right (), up() and down()
7) Numerical pad:
Here the arrangement of keys is same like as calculator. So that we Can enter
numbers easily and we can also perform all arithmetical Operations easily.
2) Mouse:
It is the input device and used to move the cursor position in all directions easily.
Left Key
(To Select the Objects)
Right Key
(To open the properties)
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Eg. Light Pen ,,Track Ball , Digital Pen , Modem, Etc
ALU (Arithmetical & Logical Unit): It performs the all arithmetical & logical calculations.
+
Addition
Subtraction
Multiplication
(By repetition of addition)
Division
(By repetition of subtraction)
CU (Control Unit):
The name itself indicates it controls all the devices of C.P.U. to do their respective jobs only.
Simply it will organize the devices of the C.P.U.
MU (Memory Unit):
The main function of this unit is to store the data and Programs.
Computer memory
Primary memory
Secondary memory
Floppy disk,
RAM
ROM
1)
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Dynamic Ram:
In this type of memory information stored temporarily and the lifetime of this
memory is very short even though there is a power supply.
2)
Types of ROMs:
PROM (Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs.
EPROM (Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs and also erase
previous programs by writing some new programs in the place of existing programs.
EEPROM (Electrically Erasable Programmable read only Memory):
In this type of memory we can write some new programs and also erase previous
programs by applying some electrical signals or high voltage signals like sunlight, etc.
Storage Devices:
There are following two types of storage devices
1) Internal Storage Devices:
Ram, registers, Buffer, etc.
2) External storage devices:
1) Hard disk (Online storage device)
2) C.D (Compact Disk)
3) Floppy (Removable Disk)
4) Re- writeable CDs (Removable Disk)
5) Pen drives (Removable Disks)
6) DVD(Digital versatile disk)
CD ROM:
This device is used to read the information of a CD.
DVD ROM:
This device is used to read the information of both the CD and DVD.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
CD WRITER:
This device is used to read the information of a CD and we can also write the
information on to a CD.
DVD WRITER:
This device is used to read the information of both the CD and DVD and we can
also write the information on to the CD and DVD.
Memory Units (Memory Measurements) :
In Computers information or Data stored in the form of 0s and 1s.
1 letter/character
8 bits 1 byte.
4 bits Nibble
1KB (Kilo Byte)
1024 bytes
1MB (Mega Byte)
1024 KB
1GB (GIGA Byte)
1024 MB
1TB (Tetra Byte)
1024 GB
Eg:
CD (Compact Disk)
Floppy
Re - writable CD
DVD(Digital versatile Disk)
Pen Drives
Hard Disk
700 MB
1.44 MB
700 MB
4.7 GB
1GB,2GB,4GB,8GB
20GB, 40GB, 80GB, 160 GB, 256 GB
I Generation:
The duration starts from 1946 to 1955 and used hard ware component is Vacuum
tubes.
Uses
Problems
In this generation system size is very large and very less speed
II Generation:
The duration starts from 1956 to 1965 and used hard ware component is Transistors
in the place of vacuum tubes.
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
Uses
TYPES OF COMPUTERS:
There are mainly 3 types of computers
1) Analog computers:
These computers are used to just process the information that is continuously
varying like measurement of temperature, voltages, etc. It has no storage capacity. But
it has little bit of memory.
2) Digital computers:
These computers work on discreet numbers and have large amount storage
capacity. These computers are particularly used for data processing, scientific
calculations, commercial applications, etc.
There are following 3 types of digital computers
INFOPATH COMPUTERS
population
calculating, etc.
b) Mini computers:
These computers are used in smaller networks and it has large amount
of
c) Micro computers:
These computers are the general-purpose computers used for smaller
applications like preparing Documents, Data storing, etc.
There are following 3 types of Microcomputers.
I) Personal computers.(PC)
II) PC/XT(Extended Technology)
III) PC/AT(Advanced Technology)
1) Hybrid Computers:
These computers have both the properties of analog computers and digital
computers.
SOFTWARE:
Software is a program or collection of several programs
This Software is further classified into following 2 types
1) System software:
The Software that provides environment between the user and system is called
system software.
(OR)
The software that readies the system to perform any application is called
System software.
Eg:
Operating systems
2) Application software:
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Ms-Dos
Networking:
Network means connectiong All electronic devices to a common link. So that all the
devices can share the data between them.
Three are following 3 Types of Networkings:
1) LAN ( local area network)
2) WAN(Wide area network)
3) MAN(Metropoliton area network)
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VIRUS:
VIRUS stands for Vital information resource under seaze. It is a software which
corrupt the System files. If any VIRUS found on the system then system speed will be slow
Anti VIRUS:
Anti VIRUSes are softwares which finds the VIRUSes occurred in the system ans fix
them.
Booting process:
When switched on the system then the first program performed by the operating
system is Booting process. It Performs following operatins
Post (Power on self test
Check the exesitng operating system
A boot sector will be loaded on to the operating system
Then System is ready to read any instruction if Boot process faled then system
can not be opended.
COMPUTER LANGUAGES:
These are of three types:
1. Machine language (or) Binary language (or) Low level language
2. Assembly language (or) symbolic language (or) Middle level language
3. High level language
I.
Machine language: Computer understands only one language I.e. Machine language.
Machine language is a collection of 0s & 1s it is also called as binary language.In any
programming language if programming instructions are written in 0s & 1s then that
language said to be machine language.
Advantage: Instructions of Machine language programs are immediately executed
because Computer understands these instructions directly.
Disadvantage: It takes mush time to write a program.
Purpose: It is used to write system programs.
II.
Assembly language: To overcome the drawbacks in machine language this has been
implemented. This language uses mnemonic codes for writing instructions. In other
words this language uses English verbs like
JUMP Ax, b
Mov c, d
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Advantage: Better than machine language for reading and writing instructions to the
user.
III.
High level language: In this instructions are written in English like language which
we can understand some of the high level languages are COBOL, C++, Java etc...
Advantage: Easy to write program.
Disadvantages: Instructions of high level language programs are not immediately
executable because they require translators or completion steps because computer
understands only machine language.
Purpose: It is used to write general purpose programs such as engineering, scientific,
business etc
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Operating system
Computer
Operating systems are mediators between software and hardware. And it provides an
interface or environment between user and system to complete his requirements.
There are following 2 types of operating systems
1) Single user operating system:
In this operating system user can provide one and only one command or instruction to the
system at any time. We are unable to implement networking concepts using this type of
Operating System..
Eg:
Ms-Dos
2) Multi user Operating system:
In this operating system user can give multiple commands or instructions to the
system at the same time. For networking concept we need to use any one of Multi user
operating systems.
Eg:
Ms-Windows, LINUX, UNIX, etc
NUMBER SYSTEMS:
There are following 4 types of number systems
1)
2)
3)
4)
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224
28 - 0
3 - 4
E.g.: -
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123
7 -11
.
. . 123=7B(16)
MS DOS
(Microsoft-Disk Operating System)
Fig: MS dos
This product is developed by Microsoft Corporation.
It is Single User operating System that is user can give one and only one
command at a time.
It is CUI (character user interface) based operating system that is user can
o interact with the system through characters.
CUI is also stands for Command user interface that is user can interact with the
o system through commands.
It is also called as command line interface (CLI)
But it does not allow the network
File structure:
A file is a collection of some information.
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File can be stored on disk by giving a unique name for each file is called file name.
File name has 2 parts
1. Primary name
2. Secondary name
Primary name: It is the name given by user. It can be given upper or lower letters.
Secondary (or) Extension: It explains the type of the file that is executable file. It is a
maximum of 3 characters long.
e.g.: Xyz.TXT
Xyz Primary name
TXTSecondary name
List of some file extensions:
.EXE -
Executable file
.COM -
Command file
.TXT -
Text file
.Doc
Document file
.XLS -
Excel file
.PPT
.C
C language file
.CPP -
C++ file
.BMP -
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1) Internal commands
2) External commands
The main difference b/w the internal commands and external commands is internal
commands are stored in RAM after the completion of booting process, where as external
commands are stored in Hard Disk permanently.
Internal commands:
1. Time:
This command is used to set & view the system time.
Syntax: C:\>Time
2. Cls:
This command is used to clear the screen
Syntax: C:\>cls
3. Date:
This command is used to set & view the system date.
Syntax: C:\>Date
Creating a dos file:
I.
Copy con:
This command is used to create a dos file
II.
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III.
Type:
Dir:
This command is used to display all the files and directories in the drive.
Syntax: C:\>Dir
V.
Del:
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C :\>
Ex:To exit from one or more directories at a time
C:\>md a
C:\>cd a
C:\A>md b
C:\A>cd b
C:\A\B>md c
C:\A\B>cd c
C:\A\B\C>md d
C:\A\B\C>cd d
C:\A\B\C\D>cd \
C:\>
Eg:
College(Dir)
Inter(Dir)
M.P.C (file)
Degree(Dir)
Bi.P.C (file)
Bcom (file)
Bsc(file)
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C:\College>CD Degree
C:\College\Degree>copy con Bsc.txt
This is the Bsc Group
Press F6
C:\College\Degree>copy con Bcom.txt
This is the Bcom Group
Press F6
C:\College\Degree>Cd\
C:\>
Wild card characters
There are only 2 wild cord characters in Ms-dos.
1)
*
Group of characters
2)
?
Single Character
Use ful Operations of Wild Cord characters:
These wild cord characters are specially used to find the specified files or
directories easily.
To copy the specified number of files from one location to one location
easily
To delete the specified number of files at a time easily.
Eg:
1) To display the files and directories, which are begins with letter S.
c:\>dir s*
2) To display the files and directories which are ends with letter S
c:\>dir *s
3) To display the files and directories which have the letter S at any position
c:\>dir *s*
4) To display the files whose extension name or secondary name is .txt
c:\>dir *.txt
5) To display the files and directories whose maximum lengths are 5 characters?
c:\>dir ?????
6) To display the files and directories whose maximum length
is 5 characters and second letter is 'S'
C:\>dir ?S???
7) To display the files whose extension name length is 1 character?
c:\>dir *.?
8) To copy all files of the specified directory into the another specified directory:
c:\>copy d:\*.* c:\
9) To delete all the files
C:\>del *.*
10) To delete all the files which are start with letter N
c:\>del n*
11) To display all files and directories
C:\> dir or C:\> dir * or C:\>Dir *.*
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DIR Switches:
i.
ii.
C :\>Dir/ad
C :\>Dir/L
iii.
iv.
v.
c drive
C :\>Dir/O:D -> It will arrange the files in ascending order by date wise
C :\> Dir/O:-D-> It will arrange the files in descending order by date wise
C :\> Tree/F -> It will display the files, sub directories and directories in a tree
vi.
vii.
viii.
manner.
C :\> Tree
-> It will display the all the trees in c drive
C :\>Dir/O:N -> It will arrange the files in ascending order by name wise
C :\>Dir/O:-N -> It will arrange the files in descending order by name wise
External commands:
I.
II.
III.
V.
memory.
Syntax: C:\>mem
Deltree: This command is used to delete a directory
Syntax: C:\>deltree <directory name>
FC(file compare): This command is used to compare any two files and display the
VI.
differences.
Syntax: C:\>Fc <file1> <file2>
Ex: C:\>Fc aa bb
Tree: This command is used to display the all files and sub directories of a
IV.
VII.
VIII. Edit: This command is used to create the new file and we can also extend or
append or modify the Information of a file.
Syntax:
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C:\>edit filename
IX.
Chkdsk: (check disk) This command is used to display the information of the
respective Disk (Secondary Storage Device)
Eg:
C:\>chkdsk
C:\>chkdsk d:
D:\>chkdsk
X.
Sort:
This command is used to Display the information of the specified file in ascending order.
Syntax:
C:\>sort filename
Eg1:
C:\>copy con a1
123456
12345
1234
123
12
1
Press F6
C:\>sort a1
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
Sort / r:
This command is used to Display the information of the specified file in descending order.
Syntax:
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C:\>sort/r filename
Eg2:
c:\>copy con a2
1
12
123
1234
12345
123456
Press F6
c:\>sort/r a2
123456
12345
1234
123
12
1
Eg3:
c:\>copy con demo
Hari
Jagan
Kalyan
Abhi
press F6
C:\>sort demo
Abhi
Hari
Jagan
Kalyan
C:\>sort/r demo
Kalyan
Jagan
Hari
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Abhi
Find:
This option is used to find the specified information in the specified file.
Syntax:
C:\>find information filename
Eg:
C:\>copy con abc
naresh
Kalyan
Kalyan
barath
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Press f6.
C:\>find Kalyan abc
-----------abc
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
Kalyan
FC (File Comparison):
This command is used to compare the specified 2 files and this command returns the
difference information
Syntax:
C:\>fc file1 file2
Eg:
C:\>FC a1 a2
MENU BAR
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File menu:
New: This option is used to open the new file.
Open: This option is used to open an existing file.
Save: To save the current file.
Save as:: To create the duplicate file.
Close: To close the current working file.
Print: To take the print out of the file.
Exit: To exit from ms-editor.
Edit menu:
Cut
Name
Course
Fee
Naresh
Dca
500
Kalyan
Dca
500
Colors: To change the colors of window border, menu bar, status line, etc.,.
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MS WINDOWS
It is Multi user operating system or Multi tasking operating system that is no. of
operations can be implemented at the same time or user can give number of
commands at a time.
It is GUI (Graphical User Interface) based Operating system. That is user can interact
with the system through some graphical steps.
It is User friendly Operating System that is every one can work with the system very
easily.
Networking concepts are possible by using this Operating system.
Ms-windows consists windows, desktop, all possible colors, Pictures, etc.
A desktop contains icons, taskbar, backgrounds (wallpapers), etc.
Windows Versions
Version
Windows 3.1
Windows 95
Windows 98
Windows 2000
Windows
Year
1993
1995
1998
2000
2000
ME(Millennium)
Windows XP
2001
Windows vista
2007
Windows 7
2009
Windows 8
2014
5. Start button
6. My computer
7. My documents
8. Task bar
9. Date & time
10. User account creation
11. Adding & removing the
programs
12. Control panel
13. Log off
14. Shut down
1. Creating
files
2. Creating
folders &
sub
folders
3. Folder
options
4. Display
properties
1) Steps to create a
Folder(Directory)/File
Right click on Desktop
empty area
Click on new
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4) To Delete a Folder/File
Select Folder/File that you want to delete
Right click on that Folder/File
Click on Delete
Click on Yes to delete.
( Or )
Simply use delete key from the keyboard to delete the selected folder or file.
5) To Restore the Deleted Items
Open Recycle Bin
Select the Items Which You want to restore
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Notepad:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Fig: Notepad
To save the text:
1. To press ctrl+ s keys
(OR)
2. Type the file name then click on ok button
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Rename a folder:
1.
2.
3.
4.
(OR)
1.
2.
3.
4.
Delete a folder:
1. Right on selected folder
2. Click on delete option
(OR)
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1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
Start
Control panel
User accounts
Create a new account
Type a new name for the new account
Click on next button
Choose compute administrator
Click on create account button
Start
Control panel
User accounts
Again click on User accounts
Click on selected account
Create a password
Type the password two times
Type the password hint
Click on create password button.
Display properties:
Desktop
Screen saver
Appearance
Settings
Desktop: It will be used to change the desktop background and we can arrange the back
ground position. It also have customize desktop option, by using this option we can change
the icon picture and hide and unhide the icons on desktop.
1. Right click on desktop
2. Click on properties option
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Appearance: It will be used to change the window color schemes, window style and font
size.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
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MS-OFFICE
Ms - office is application software and used for particular purpose like creating documents,
workbooks, etc.
Microsoft
2007
Professional
contains
five
Office
Word is the
processing
that
has
the typewriter.
commonly used
letters,
mass
resumes,
newsletters and
word
software
replaced
It
is
to create
mailings,
Software
programs:
so on.
Excel
is
a
program
used to create
spread
sheets. Spread sheets are commonly used to create payroll, balance a check book or track an
organizations finances.
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PowerPoint is used to create a slideshow that helps address the topics being covered. It is
commonly used to help discuss a topic or provide training.
Access is a database management program. It allows large quantity of information to be
easily searched, referenced, compared, changed or otherwise manipulated without a lot of
work.
Outlook is an e-mail software program that allows users to send and receive e-mail. It also
allows you to keep a personal calendar and/or group schedule, personal contacts, personal
tasks and has the ability to collaborate and schedule with other users.
Applications of Ms-office:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Microsoft word
Microsoft excel
Microsoft power point
Microsoft access
MS-WORD:
Microsoft Works is best described as a less expensive, slimmed down version of
Word/Office. It often comes with the purchase of a home computer that contains a Home
Edition of Windows XP or Windows Vista. Although some commands are similar in Works
and Word, they are different program. Works is not commonly used by professional
organizations and there may be compatibility issues if you try to exchange documents with
Word users. The same is true for other program such as Word Perfect.
This is the application software available in Ms-office package and particularly used to create
the documents like letters, Resumes, to prepare the notes, etc.
This product invented by Microsoft Corporation.
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Structure of a window:
Title bar
Menu bar
Standard tool bar
Text area
Scroll bars
Status bar
Menu bar: It contains the menu tabs. Each tab contains sub menu options. The tabs are
home, insert, page, layout, references, mailings, review, view and add-ins.
Office button:
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1)
2)
3)
USA
India
China
USA
India
China
11. Alignments: It will make align text into left, right, center and justify
Short cut key for left alignment is Ctrl +L.
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Insert:
1)
2)
3)
4)
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Page layout:
1) Columns:
Split text into 2 or more parts
Click on columns ribbon
Choose a split text option for your requirement
2) Size:
Click on size ribbon
Click on paper size
3) Line number:
Add line numbers in the margin along side of each line of the document.
Click on line number ribbon
Click on line numbering option
Choose an option in section start
Click on ok button
4) Water mark
Click on watermark ribbon
Then click on water mark option
Click on text water mark
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5. Two pages:
Click on two pages ribbon
It will zoom the document so that two pages fit in the window.
6. New window:
Click on new window ribbon
Open a new window containing a view of the current document.
7. Macros:
Click on macros ribbon
Then click on record macro option
Type macro name in macro name text box specify store macro in all documents then
click on ok button
Type the text into the document
Click on macros ribbon then click on stop recording to complete the process.
Executing a macro:
Click on macros ribbon
Then click on view macro option
Select the macro name from macros list
Click on run
Editing a macro:
Click on macros ribbon
Then click on view macro option
Select the macro name from macros list
Click on edit command button
Click on view macro soft word icon.
MICROSOFT EXCEL
Micro soft excel is a power full spread sheet package for organizing, analyzing and
presenting the data.
Many items on the Tabs and Ribbons are the same in Excel as they are in Word. Many basic
commands are the same too. Below is a list of commands that are unique to Excel or work
differently from what you have already learned. If you do not see directions for a common
command here, please refer back to the Word section.
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Fig : MS excel
Spread sheet: It is a set of rows and columns, which is mainly used for accounts purpose.
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Cell: A cell is a point where row and column intersect. Each cell has a unique
address and it is referred by of row number and column letter combination.
Fig : Cell
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Save: This option is used for preserve the document for the
future use.
Click on office button
Click on save option
Type the file name in file textbox
Then click on save button.
Short cut key for save is Ctrl +s.
Save as: This option is used for save the document with another name.
Click on office button
Click on save As option
Type the file name in file textbox
Then click on save button
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Home:
1. Wrap text:
Click on complete text invisible cell
Then click on wrap text ribbon
2. Merge& center:
Select the cells
Then click on Merge& center ribbon
3. Orientation:
Select the cell(s)
Choose text direction by click on orientation ribbon
4. Conditional formatting:
Select the cells range
Click on conditional formatting
Then choose greater then or less than or between etc
Type the range
Then click on ok button.
5. Format as table:
Select the range
Insert:
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Fig : Insert Option
1. Chart:
Select the data range
Click on chart type like column, line, pie etc
2. Word art: Word art is allows you to display text in different styles. It display many
ready made text styles.
3. Hyperlink :
Click on Hyperlink ribbon
Type text to display in text box
Click on file name
Then click on ok button
4. Shapes
It is used to insert shapes like rectangle, arrows, circles, symbols etc
Click on shapes ribbon
Click on shape
5. Symbol:
Click on symbol ribbon
Click on more symbols option
Choose which type of symbol to be inserting
Click on insert button
6. Header & footer
It is used to edit the header and footer.
Click on header & footer ribbon
Then type the Text in header and footer text box
Page layout:
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Sum:
Syntax: = (cell address1+cell address2+.) (Or)
= sum (first cell address: last cell address)
Multiplication:
Syntax: = (cell address1*cell address2)
Division:
Syntax: = (cell address1/cell address2)
Subtraction:
Syntax: = (cell address1-cell address2)
Maximum:
Syntax: =max (first cell address: last cell address)
Minimum:
Syntax: =min (first cell address: last cell address)
Date& time:
Syntax: =now ( )
Count:
Syntax: = count (first cell address: last cell address)
Count blank:
Syntax: = countblank (first cell address: last cell address)
Concatenation:
Syntax: = concatenation (first cell address: last cell address) (Or)
= (cell address1 & cell addres2)
Factorial:
Syntax: =fact (cell address)
Proper:
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Data :
1. Get External Data: Used to get data from external sources such as
internet,Access or other.
2. Connections: Used to get connection, Edit the links.
3. Sort & Filter: Used to sort in alphabetical order.
4. Data tools: Used for data validation, to consolidate the data and also for What-If
analysis.
5. Outline: Used to Group the cells or Ungroup.
Review :
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View:
1.
2.
3.
4.
Workbook Views: Used to view the data perview in full screen and adjust them.
Show/Hide: Used to view the Gridlines, formula bar, Headings.
Zoom: Used to zoom the sheet.
Window: Used to open the new window or arrange and freeze panes.. also to save
and switch.
MS POWER POINT
IT is the application software particularly used to create the presentations for
Advertisement, Demo classes, Seminars, etc. The extension name for a power point file is
*.ppt. Executable Name on Run: "Powerpnt".
Many items on the Tabs and Ribbons are the same in PowerPoint as they are in the
other Microsoft programs. Many basic commands are the same too. Below is a list of
commands that are unique to PowerPoint or work differently from what you have already
learned. If you do not see directions for a common command here, please refer back to the
Word section.
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HOME:
New slide:
Click on new slide ribbon
New slide will be added
Layout:
Click on layout
Choose the layout type for your requirement
Delete slide:
Right click on slide
Click on delete slide option
(Or)
Select the slide
Press delete key
Text shadow:
Select the text
Click on text shadow
Character spacing:
It adjust the spacing between characters
Select the text
Choose the character spacing option
Text direction:
Select the text
Click on text direction ribbon
Shapes:
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INSERT:
1.
2.
3.
4.
DESIGN
ANIMATIONS
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Fig : Animation Option
SLIDE SHOW
REVIEW
1. Proofing: Used to See the spelling mistakes and search for word in dictionary.
2. Comments: Used to see the comments and edit them.
3. Protect: This is used to protect the slides.
VIEW
1.
2.
3.
4.
Presentation views: Used to edit the slide sorter and slide master.
Show-Zoom-Color: Used to adjusting the slides and applying colors.
Window: Used to arrange the slides and also to merge or split them.
Macros: Used to automate frequently used tasks by creating macros.
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MS-ACCESS
This is system application program available in ms-office package. It is used to create the
data bases .The Extension name for a data base is .mdb.
Fig: MS access
Data: It is defined as collection of random information. That is there is no relation ship between the
information
E.g.: -
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4) Reports
5) Macros
6) Modules
Table: A table is a data base object that has the information in the form of rows & columns.
Fig: Table
Click on Tables
Select Table view
Change field names(up to required) and enter some no.of records
Close and save the table.
Fig: Create table
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Click on Tables
Click on New
Select Design view
Enter field namesand enter some records
Close and save the table.
Data types: 1) Number: -This data type is used to allow the Numbers into the respective field
2) Text: - This data type is used to allow the Text into the respective field(Max number of
characters 255)
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3) Currency: - This data type allows information into the respective fields in the format of
Currency
4) Auto Number: -This data type automatically generates the numbers in sequence order.
5) Date/time: - This data type allows information into the respective fields in the format of
Date/Time
6) Yes/no: -This data type provides a check box
7) Memo: - This data type is used to allow the Text into the respective field but the size of
this data is maximum than that of Text.
8) OLE Object: -(Object Linking Embedded)
This data type is used to insert the objects
9) Hyper link: - This data type is used to insert hyperlink with anther file.
10) Look up wizard: -This Data type is Used to Create the Drop Down list Box
Data field properties
1) Field size:-This property is used to set field size.
2) Format: -This property changes format of the respective field
3) Decimal places: - This property is used to change no.of Decimal places of the respective
field
4) Input mask: -This property is used provide the restrictions to the user to enter the data
into the respective field.
E.g.: 1)
2)
3)
5)
6)
7)
8)
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Queries: A query is a question that can used to select the records or to update the records or to delete
the Records etc., of the respective table
Select Query
Make table query
Update query
Append query
Delete query
Cross tab query
Select Query: This Query is used to select the Records of the specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select design view and click on ok
Select the required table
Click on Add and click on close
Click on Query menu
Click on select query
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8)
Drag and drop the required fields of the table and specify the conditions at criteria
row (if required)
Close and save the query
9)
Make table Query: This Query is used to make the new table by selecting the required rows and columns of the
specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select design view and click on ok
Select the required table
Click on Add and click on close
Click on Query menu
Click on Make table Query
Type the new table name and click on ok.
Drag and drop the required fields of the table and specify the conditions at criteria row (if
required)
10) Close and save the query
Update Query: This Query is used to update the records of the any table
E.g.:Design a query to calculate the results of the student.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select design view and click on ok
Select the student table
Click on Add and click on close
Click on Query menu
Click on Update Query
Drag and drop the required fields of the table(total, avg, res, grade)
Type the following formulas for total, average, result and grade at update row
Total: [s1]+[s2]+[s3]
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Average: [Total]/3
Result: Iif([s1]>=35 and [s2]>=35 and [s3]>=35, Pass, fail)
Grade: Iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=70,A, iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=50,B,
iif([result]=Pass and [average]>=40,C,D)))
10) Close and save the query
Append Query: This Query is used to append the information of the Source table to a specified a target table.
First design a table with information and design another table with out information.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
10)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Select design view and click on Ok
Select the table that has the information
Click on add and close
Click on Query menu and click on Append Query
Select the target table to append the information(Which has no information)
Drag and drop the required fields of the source table.
Close and save the query
Delete Query: This Query is used to delete the records of the specified table.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
9)
Click on Queries
Click on New
Select design view and click on ok
Select the required table
Click on Add and click on close
Click on Query menu
Click on delete query
Drag and drop the required field and type the condition if required
Close and save the query
Cross Tab Query: This Query is used to calculate the sub totals of the specified Table.
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To create the cross tab query there must be one or more row heading options and one column
heading option and one value option.
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Select design view
Select the required
Click on add and
Click on query
Select cross tab
Drag and drop the
table
9) Select one or more
column heading and
cross tab row
10) Close and save the
and click on ok
table
click on close
menu
query
required fields of the
row headings, one
one value option at
query
Fig: SQL
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1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
8)
Click on Queries
Click on new
Select design view and click on ok
Click on close
Click on view menu
Select sql view
Write sql query
Close and save the sql query
1) write a sql query to select the all the records of the employee
Select * from employee;
2) Write a sql query to select the all the records of the employee whose deptno is 10.
Select * from emp200 where deptno=10;
3) Write a sql query to select the deptno,ename and netsal of the employee table.
Select deptno,ename,netsal from employee;
4) Update the salary of a Employee by 500
UPDATE employee SET netsal = netsal+500;
5) Update the tot and avg of the student table
UPDATE student SET tot= s1+s2+s3, avg = tot/3;
4) Update result of the student
for pass: update student set res=pass where s1>=35 and s2>=35 and s3>=35
for fail:update student set re=fail where s1<35 or s2<35 or s3<35
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FORMS
This data base object is used to create the form for selected table or query and we can
also provide some event actions like on click, on Dbl Click etc., This is used as a front
end tool.
Creating a form
1)
2)
3)
4)
5)
6)
7)
Click on Forms
Click on New
Select design view and select table or query
Click on ok
Click on view menu and select field list
Drag and drop the fields of the Table from the field list tool bar.
Close and save the Form
Fig: FORMS
Eg1:
Create a student table and design a form to calculate student results by using a event "on
click"
Create student table (rno, name, s1, s2, s3, tot, avg, res, grade ).
Click on Forms
Click on New
Select design view and select student
table
Click on ok
Click on view menu and select field
list
Drag and drop the fields of the
Student table on to the form and
design a command button
Right click on the Command Button
Select Properties
Click on Event
Select on click and click on
Click on code builder and click on
ok.
Write the following formulas
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tot = s1 + s2 + s3
avg = tot / 3
If s1 >= 35 And s2 >= 35 And s3 >= 35 Then
res = "pass"
Else
res = "Fail"
End If
If res = "pass" And avg >= 70 Then
grade = "A"
Else
If res = "pass" And avg >= 50 Then
grade = "B"
Else
If res = "pass" And avg >= 40 Then
grade = "C"
Else
grade = "D"
End If
End If
End If
End Sub
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Basicsal
Ta
Da
Hra
45
4.5
3.4
5.6
10
10
15
15
20
Up to 5000
Above 30000
Ded
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3)
Design a For m to
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MACROS:
You can create a
macro (macro:
An
action or
set of actions that you
can use to
automate tasks.) to
perform a
specific
series
of
actions (action:
The
basic
building block of a
macro; a
self-contained
instruction that can be
combined
with other actions to
automate
tasks.
This
is
sometimes called a
command
in
other
macro
languages.), and you can create a macro group (macro group: A collection of related macros
that are stored together under a single macro name. The collection is often referred to simply
as a macro.) to perform related series of actions.
In Microsoft Office Access 2007, macros can be contained in macro objects (sometimes
called standalone macros), or they can be embedded into the event properties of forms,
reports, or controls. Embedded macros become part of the object or control in which they are
embedded. Macro objects are visible in the Navigation Pane, under Macros; embedded
macros are not.
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REPORTS: A report is a database object used to design the detailed report for selected table or query
along with page header and page footer.
Fig: Report
Click on Reports
Click on new
Select design view and select table or query that you want to create a report.
Click on ok
Drag and Drop the fields of the table or query on the detail Report.
Apply the required background colours
and text colors.
And also apply page header and footer.
Close and save the Report.
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INTERNET
The Internet is a global system of interconnected computer networks that use the
standard Internet protocol suite (TCP/IP) to link several billion devices worldwide. It is
a network of networks that consists of millions of private, public, academic, business, and
government networks, of local to global scope, that are linked by a broad array of electronic,
wireless, and optical networking technologies. The Internet carries an extensive range of
information resources and services, such as the inter-linked hypertext documents
and applications of the World Wide Web (WWW), the infrastructure to support email,
and peer-to-peer networks for file sharing and telephony.
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Advantages:
Security, Data accessibility, etc
Uses:
1) Sending Messages
2) Searching for required info. easily
3) Data maintenance
4) Online jobs
5) Online Banking
6) Entertainment
7) Online Counseling, etc
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Many people use the terms Internet and World Wide Web, or just the Web, interchangeably,
but the two terms are not synonymous. The World Wide Web is only one of hundreds of
services used on the Internet. The Web is a global set of documents, images and other
resources, logically interrelated by hyperlinks and referenced with Uniform Resource
Identifiers (URIs). URIs symbolically identify services, servers, and other databases, and the
documents and resources that they can provide. Hypertext Transfer Protocol (HTTP) is the
main access protocol of the World Wide Web. Web services also use HTTP to allow software
systems to communicate in order to share and exchange business logic and data.
SEARCH ENGINES:
This web sites are used to search the required web sites.
Eg:
www.google.com
www.msn.com
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ROUTING
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Internet service providers connect customers, which represent the bottom of the routing
hierarchy, to customers of other ISPs via other higher or same-tier networks. At the top of the
routing hierarchy are the tier 1 networks, large telecommunication companies that exchange
traffic directly with each other via peering agreements. Tier 2 and lower level networks
buy Internet transit from other providers to reach at least some parties on the global Internet,
though they may also engage in peering. An ISP may use a single upstream provider for
connectivity, or implement multihoming to achieve redundancy and load balancing. Internet
exchange points are major traffic exchanges with physical connections to multiple ISPs.
DATA TRANSFER
File sharing is an example of transferring large amounts of data across the Internet.
A computer file can be emailed to customers, colleagues and friends as an attachment. It can
be uploaded to a website or FTP server for easy download by others. It can be put into a
"shared location" or onto a file server for instant use by colleagues. The load of bulk
downloads to many users can be eased by the use of "mirror" servers or peer-topeer networks. In any of these cases, access to the file may be controlled by
user authentication, the transit of the file over the Internet may be obscured by encryption,
and money may change hands for access to the file. The price can be paid by the remote
charging of funds from, for example, a credit card whose details are also passed usually
fully encrypted across the Internet.
The origin and authenticity of the file received may be checked by digital signatures or
by MD5 or other message digests. These simple features of the Internet, over a worldwide
basis, are changing the production, sale, and distribution of anything that can be reduced to a
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computer file for transmission. This includes all manner of print publications, software
products, news, music, film, video, photography, graphics and the other arts. This in turn has
caused seismic shifts in each of the existing industries that previously controlled the
production and distribution of these products.
BROWSERS:
Short for Web browser, a browser is a software application used to locate, retrieve and
display content on the World Wide Web, including Web pages, images, video and other files.
As a client/server model, the browser is the client run on a computer that contacts the
Web server and requests information. The Web server sends the information back to the Web
browser which displays the results on the computer or other Internet-enabled device that
supports a browser.
Browsers
Also, there are a number of browsers that are designed to access the Web using a mobile
device. A mobile browser, also called a micro browser, is optimized to display Web content
on smaller mobile device screens and to perform efficiently on these computing devices,
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which have far less computing power and memory capacity as desktop or laptop. Mobile
browsers are typically "stripped down" versions of Web browsers and offer fewer features in
order to run well on mobile devices.
SHORTCUTS
Windows system key combinations
F1: Help
CTRL+ESC: Open Start menu
ALT+TAB: Switch between open programs
ALT+F4: Quit program
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete item permanently
Windows Logo+L: Lock the computer (without using CTRL+ALT+DELETE)
Windows program key combinations
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+V: Paste
CTRL+Z: Undo
CTRL+B: Bold
CTRL+U: Underline
CTRL+I: Italic
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ALT+F6: Switch between multiple windows in the same program (for example, when the
Notepad Find dialog box is displayed, ALT+F6 switches between the Find dialog box and the
main Notepad window)
Shell objects and general folder/Windows Explorer shortcuts
For a selected object:
F2: Rename object
F3: Find all files
CTRL+X: Cut
CTRL+C: Copy
CTRL+V: Paste
SHIFT+DELETE: Delete selection immediately, without moving the item to the Recycle Bin
ALT+ENTER: Open the properties for the selected object
To copy a file
Press and hold down the CTRL key while you drag the file to another folder.
To create a shortcut
Press and hold down CTRL+SHIFT while you drag a file to the desktop or a folder.
General folder/shortcut control
F4: Selects the Go To A Different Folder box and moves down the entries in the box (if the
toolbar is active in Windows Explorer)
F5: Refreshes the current window.
F6: Moves among panes in Windows Explorer
CTRL+G: Opens the Go To Folder tool (in Windows 95 Windows Explorer only)
CTRL+Z: Undo the last command
CTRL+A: Select all the items in the current window
BACKSPACE: Switch to the parent folder
SHIFT+click+Close button: For folders, close the current folder plus all parent folders
Windows Explorer tree control
Numeric Keypad *: Expands everything under the current selection
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BROWSER SHORTCUTS
Ctrl+1-8 Switch to the specified tab, counting from the left.
Ctrl+9 Switch to the last tab.
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Ctrl+Tab Switch to the next tab in other words, the tab on the right. (Ctrl+Page Up also
works, but not in Internet Explorer.)
Ctrl+Shift+Tab Switch to the previous tab in other words, the tab on the left. (Ctrl+Page
Down also works, but not in Internet Explorer.)
Ctrl+W, Ctrl+F4 Close the current tab.
Ctrl+Shift+T Reopen the last closed tab.
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Zooming
Ctrl and +, Ctrl+Mousewheel Up Zoom in.
Ctrl and -, Ctrl+Mousewheel Down Zoom out.
Ctrl+0 Default zoom level.
F11 Full-
screen mode.
Scrolling
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Address Bar
Ctrl+L, Alt+D, F6 Focus the address bar so you can begin typing.
Ctrl+Enter Prefix www. and append .com to the text in the address bar, and then load the
website. For example, type howtogeek into the address bar and press Ctrl+Enter to open
www.howtogeek.com.
Alt+Enter Open the location in the address bar in a new tab.
Search
Ctrl+K, Ctrl+E Focus the browsers built-in search box or focus the address bar if the
browser doesnt have a dedicated search box. (Ctrl+K doesnt work in IE, Ctrl+E does.)
Alt+Enter Perform a search from the search box in a new tab.
Ctrl+F, F3 Open the in-page search box to search on the current page.
Ctrl+G, F3 Find the next match of the searched text on the page.
Ctrl+Shift+G, Shift+F3 Find the previous match of the searched text on the page.
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Other Functions
Ctrl+P Print the current page.
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ASSIGNMENTS
Microsoft WORD Assignment
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this software to create a grade book. Simply, by adding formulas and functions to cells you
can input percentage grades and keep track of your students grades automatically.
In this short assignment, you will learn how to:
1. Format cells in Microsoft Office Excel
2. Create formula cells to keep track of grades in Excel
3. Create a lookup function cell to automatically track a students letter grade
To complete this assignment, follow the instructions in this handout. When you are
finished, submit this assignment into WebCT. You will be graded on how well you followed
the instructions in this handout.
Step1: Open Microsoft Office Excel. When you open the software, it looks like
Step 2: In column A/Row 1, I want you to try typing in a title or name that will help you to
identify this spreadsheet.
Go ahead and make up your own title and start typing that into the Row 1/Column
A. After you finish, I want you to notice three things about what happened:
1. More than likely, the text of your title went across several cells.
2. But your text is located in row1/Column A. Note: Even though you type information into a
cell and it cuts across the other cells, the information is only stored in the cell where you
began typing. Also, realize that as you type, this information is not only stored in the cell but
it is also stored in the box above the spreadsheet, too. And if you want to edit the text,
sometimes youll
have to edit the text in the box rather than in the cell.
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3. I wanted you to notice that at the bottom of the spreadsheet, there are tabs titled sheet1,
sheet 2, sheet 3, and a fourth tab with an icon. These tabs show you that you can have
more than one spreadsheet in your file. You can
doubleclick on sheet 1 and rename it. You can click on the last tab and create
a new spreadsheet and have 4 instead of 3.
Step 3: Doubleclick
on sheet 1 and rename your spreadsheet that matches the title you gave
your spreadsheet in Row1/Column A.
Step 4: Add another sheet by clicking on the paper icon. You should have 4 sheets in your
file when you turn it into LiveText.
Step 5: Lets go ahead and save your Excel spreadsheet now. You can always save this to
your T drive. Name this assignment BasicExcelGradebook_lastname.
(example: BasicExelGradebook_fraley).
Step 6: Now, lets create a fake grade book. We need to come up with some fake data like:
1. Fake names
2. Fake assignments
3. Fake scores
Can you do something like this below?
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Starting in Row3, Column A, I created text for my first cell and called it Student Name. Then,
by going across the row, I created the headings for the fake assignments and labeled them
accordingly: homework 1, homework 2, homework 3, quiz 1, quiz 2, paper 1, paper 2, HW
avg, QZ avg, PR avg, Total %, Grade. Then, going down column A, I came up with 10 names
to represent my students.
Step 7: Now, to put lines around all the cells I highlighted the cells and went to the borders
option in the font group under the home tab and selected all borders.
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Anytime, you want to change the way a border around a cell looks, just select the cell you
want to effect and select the right border. For instance, I then selected the cells along row 3
and selected the thick bottom border to give the headers of the spreadsheet and thicker edge.
Now, if you look at my example closely, you should notice that I have a problem with a few
of my columns. Look at columns a, b c, d. You see how the text is not showing in the cell
completely? The reason why the text is being cut off is the column width is too narrow for the
length of the text. I can fix this by adjusting the column width, which is one point to this
lesson how to format cells.
Step 8: Go to the Home Tab in Excel and look for the group called cells. From this location
you can insert cells, delete cells, and format cells. Click on the format button and a new
window appears. Notice that under format cells you can adjust row height, column width,
rename sheets,
move, copy, or delete sheets.
Step 9: Choose Column Width and a new window like this one appears.
Step 10: Change 8.43 to 15 and hit ok. (Make sure you are on the Homework 1 cell and the
width of the cell will change to 15.
Step 11: Just repeat the steps on column A, C, and D or you can do it quickly by
highlighting the cells by clicking, holding and dragging over the four cells and then repeat the
step. It will format all 4 at the same time.
All four cells are highlighted, go to format, column width, change the number to 15.
After the cells have widen.
Step 12: Going back to format cell again look for the format cells option in the pull down
window. When you go to format cell it brings up a brand new window where you have many
formatting options to choose from.
Step 13: For experimentation sake, were going to adjust the student
name column. Click on
Row 3, Column A and go to the Home Tab. Look for the text
orientation button. Its located
in the Excel group called alignment.
Step 14: Change the student name text so it rotates up.
Step 15: Then adjust the row 3 height to 80 and the column A width so
all the text of your
students names show.
Step 16: In the student name cell, center the text alignment and the
cell alignment to middle.
If you followed all the steps so far, your spreadsheet should look something like this:
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Step 18: Lets go ahead and add some color to the cells. You can select how you want to
color your spreadsheet. Heres my example.
To color your cells just highlight the cells you want to color, select the bucket, and choose a
color. Those are the basics (formatting row and cell width and height, selecting alignments,
orders, and color) to formatting and customizing the look of spreadsheets in Excel.
Step 19: Now, lets come up with some dummy data (fake scores for the assignments). Youll
have to decide how much each is worth because youll need that information for getting the
averages to your Homework, Quiz, and Paper assignments. Im going to leave the numbers
and data up to you. It can be worth as little and as much as you want. In my example, the
homework will be worth 100 points, quizzes will be worth 20 points, and the papers will be
worth 50 points. The homework will comprise 40% of the grade, quizzes 30% of the grade,
and papers 30% of the grade. Heres my spreadsheet: Now, notice how all the text is right
aligned. I can change that by changing the text alignment by going to the standard alignment
icon that we all use when we work in Word. So, everything is centered aligned and I have my
dummy data in place. Now, lets do the formulas so we can come up with an average of the
homework, quizzes, and papers.
Step 20: Lets start by deciding what kind of average you want. Do you want a sum of all the
homework and what the student made? Or, do you want an average of the sum in relationship
to the worth of the assignments? Depending on your grading method, youll have to choose.
Most often, teachers go the average route rather than the sum route. Ill show you both.
Step 21: To get a sum of Adams homework, click in Column I/Row 4. Now, you always
start the excel formulas the same, which is:
=SUM(column/row:column/row)
For this example, I typed in =SUM and then I highlighted the columns I wanted to add up and
this is what Excel gave me in return, =SUM(B4:D4). The HW AVG is 273. Whats happening
is Excel is coming up with the sum for row 4 column b to d and in the cell where the formula
is located. It is giving me the total sum of the points273. Now, what happens if I wanted an
average based on the total value of the assignments which is 300 points?
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Step 22: In the formula box above the spreadsheet type in divide by 300. It should look like
this: =SUM(B4:D4)/300
See what happened. 273 turned into .91. Thats the average grade for the assignments. Now, I
can repeat this formula for the other students by dragging the formula down onto the other
cells of the I column.
Step 23: To get the quiz and paper averages I would repeat steps 2223 in the J column and
the K column. I would have to change the value of the possible points but thats it. So heres
how it should look when Im finished.
Now if you look, youll notice I have some unusual scores in row 9. It should be 100 and not
the reason why I have unusual percentages is that my columns are not set for the right type of
data information.
Step 24: To fix this, we need to format the cells. First, highlight all the cells that you want to
change and then go to Format in the Home Tab (same place we adjusted row and column
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Step 25: Select percentage with 0 decimal places. Now everything looks a lot better.
Step 26: Now, to get the total % of all the assignments together, remember this is all
weighted on how much each assignment is worth. For instance, the homework was worth
40% of the grade, quizzes are worth 30%, and papers are also worth 30%. In this example,
we do not want a sum but just a formula that tallies the numbers for us. This is how it should
look in my L4 cell.
=(I4*0.4+J4*0.3+K4*0.3)*100
And if I copy this formula down, here are the percentages based on 100% But this isnt right.
We do not need to base our formula on 100% because this is a sum of the averages already.
Remove the /100 from the formula and your calculations will look like this. Ok, this is the
last step of this assignment. Lets create a grading chart and attach a lookup function to the
letter grade cells so that when the points change, the letter grade will automatically be
updated.
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Step 34: Now, copy this formula onto the other cells and the letter grade is automatically
referenced for everyone from the grading chart..
Step 35: If you want to test your grade book, change any of the scores for the students or
change the percentage of the letter grade and see what happens.
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Required Elements:
1. Personal title of grade book at the top of the spreadsheet
2. Four sheets in the spreadsheet, the first spreadsheet named appropriately
3. A minimum of 10 names of students in the grade book
4. A minimum of 3 homework assignments, 2 quizzes, 2 papers (1 extra credit point for
anything you add that is more than the minimum requirement in this category and is used
in the total % score)
5. Customized spreadsheet (color and borders and size)
6. Either a percentage or number score in all the average and total columns
7. A grading chart
8. A Lookup Formula in the Grade cell.
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Steps:
1 Open Microsoft Access 2007, and click Blank Database. You need to name your
database as dbStudent.accdb and save it into a specified folder. Click Create.
2 In the database, you will see Table1, which is the default name created by Access.
The datasheet view of Table1 is on the right hand side of the database. Right click
Table1 on the top of the datasheet view and choose Design View. In the pop up
window, rename the table as tblStudent.
3 Input the field name and choose the data type as shown in Figure 1.
Set the first field StudentID as the primary key by right clicking the very beginning of
the first row. Now, the design of the table tblStudent is completed.
To create other two tables tblCourse and tblStudentCourse, go to the top menu and click
Create and then Table, you will see a new table named Table1. Repeat the procedures
of b) and input the field names and data types as indicated in Figure 2 and 3.
Figure 2. The frame of tblCourse
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4. Create reports
Click Create on the menu and then Report Wizards. Select the query you just generated
and select all the fields. Follow the instructions to create your own report based on the query
you just created: qryStudentCourse.
Notes:
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