prvi moduo stress strain curves odlicno predavanje

The surface density of bonds NS can be computed from the materials density , atomic weight Wa
and Avogadros number NA as NS = (NA/Wa)2/3. Illustrating for the case of iron (Fe):

interesantan zadatak pod 9

sad generalno razmisljaj ovako napon je veci zapravo

jer plastifikovalo se deformacije vise nisu male pa se poprecni presek smanjio, i time se napon
povecao
kod pritiska napon se smanjuje
znaci vrlo bitno pitanje je da li je odgovor elastican, i kada dolazi do dislokacije molekula

Eventually, however, the decrease in area due to flow becomes larger than the increase in true
stress due to strain hardening, and the load begins to fall. This
2The strain hardening rate is the slope of the stress-strain curve, also called the tangent modulus.
3
is a geometrical effect, and if the true stress rather than the engineering stress were plotted no
maximum would be observed in the curve.

znaci stvarni napon je veci, medjutim na napon deformacija tom dijagramu napon bi do kraja
rastao, a onda ne bi mogli uociti maksimalni napon, napon zatezanja,
fizicki smisao nakon napona zatezanja nema smisla

hysteresis

Histerezis (gr.: = zakanjen) je karakteristika sistema ije

izlazne veliine ne zavise samo od ulaznih veliina, ve i od istorije sistema.
Za ovakav sistem se kae da zavisi od puta promene. Termin histerezis je u
nauku uveo Dejms Alfred Juing.
Histerezis se javlja u mnogim prirodnim i tehnikim operacijama, kao i u
procesima upravaljanja, i stoga se njime bavi kibernetika. U nizu naunih
disciplina histerezis ima specifino znaenje.

A wise designer will never fully trust a theoretical result, computer-generated

or not, and will take as much advantage of experience and intuition as
possible.

The material is in a state of plane stress if no stress components act in the

third dimension (the z direction, here). This occurs commonly in thin sheets
loaded in their plane. The z components of stress vanish at the surfaces
because there are no forces acting externally in that direction to balance
them, and these components do not have sufficient specimen distance in the
thin through-thickness dimension to build up to appreciable levels. However,
a state of plane stress is not a state of plane strain. The sheet will experience
a strain in the z direction equal to the Poisson strain contributed by the x and
y stresses:

The Poissons ratio is a dimensionless parameter that provides a good deal of

insight into the nature of the material. The major classes of engineered
structural materials fall neatly into order when ranked by Poissons ratio:
Material Class Ceramics Metals Plastics Rubber
Poissons Ratio 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.5
(The values here are approximate.) It will be noted that the most brittle
materials have the lowest Poissons ratio, and that the materials appear to
become generally more flexible as the Poissons ratio increases. The ability of
a material to contract laterally as it is extended longi- tudinally is related

directly to its molecular mobility, with rubber being liquid-like and ceramics
being very tightly bonded.
The Poissons ratio is also related to the compressibility of the material. The
bulk modulus K, also called the modulus of compressibility, is the ratio of the
hydrostatic pressure p needed for a unit relative decrease in volume V /V :
K= p (10)/( V /V)
where the minus sign indicates that a compressive pressure (traditionally
considered positive) produces a negative volume change. It can be shown
that for isotropic materials the bulk modulus is related to the elastic modulus
and the Poissons ratio as
(11)
K=E/3(1 2)
Further, cannot be larger than 0.5, since that would mean volume would
increase on the application of positive pressure.

Shearing stresses and strains

Not all deformation is elongational or compressive, and we need to extend
our concept of strain to include shearing, or distortional, effects.
The yx subscript indicates the stress is on the y plane in the x direction.

xy = Gxy
3
where G is a material property called the shear modulus. for isotropic
materials (properties same in all directions), there is no Poisson-type effect to
consider in shear, so that the shear strain is not influenced by the presence of
normal stresses. Similarly, application of a shearing stress has no influence
on the normal strains. For plane stress situations (no normal or shearing
stress components in the z direction), the constitutive equations as developed
so far can be written:
(4)
It will be shown later that for isotropic materials, only two of the material
constants here are independent, and that
(5) Hence if any two of the three properties E, G, or , are known, the other is
determined.

x = 1 (x y) E
y = 1 (y x) E1
xy = Gxy

G=E/2(1+v)
The quantity integral rsqr2 dA is the polar moment of inertia J, which for a
hollow circular cross section is calculated as
r sqr2rdr

O TORZIJI JOS MNOGO UCITI

Ultimately, many uncertainties exist even in designs completed using very
modern and elaborate techniques. A wise designer will never fully trust a
theoretical result, computer-generated or not, and will take as much
advantage of experience and intuition as possible.

A sketch of the, piece, showing all forces acting on it, is called a free body
diagram.