Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
CONSTRUCTION
HANDBOOK
ANDREWWATIS
SECOND EDITIO N
~ SpringerWienNewYork
3
INTRODUCTI ON 4 MATERIALS
Introduction to Second Edition 4
10
Digital tectonics
12
Parametric design
16
WALLS
82 ROOFS
84
90
200
202
Metal roofs
Metal
206
( I) Sheet metal
92
2 10
96
214
Tectonics in metal
20
Steel
22
100
(4) Rainscreens
218
Aluminium
26
(4) Rainscreens
104
222
30
108
11 2
Tectonics in glass
32
Glass
34
Glass roofs
( I) Greenhouse glazing
Glass systems
11 6
( I) Stick systems
120
226
Tectonics in concrete
38
124
and roofiights
230
Concrete
40
128
234
132
Tectonics in masonry
46
Masonry
48
140
Concrete
Concrete block
50
144
(8)Timber windows
148
246
250
Stone
52
Brick
54
Concrete
Tectonics in plastics
56
( I) Cast in situ
152
Timber roofs
58
156
160
coverings
Tectonics in timber
62
Timber
64
68
254
164
sheet membranes
258
262
( I) Brick
168
Plastic roofs
In
( I) GRP roofiights
ri
74
Masonry cladding
176
76
Masonry rainscreens
180
266
Fabric systems
( I) ETFE cushions
Floors
78
Plastic
Ceilings
80
( I) Plastic-based cladding
184
188
cone-shaped roof
274
278
Timber
( I) Timber frame
192
196
282
CONTENTS
5
STRUCTURE
Material systems
for structures
288
418 REFERENCES
Glossary of term s
496
500
501
502
envelope
356
construction
420
Authorship
358
( I) Folded glazing
422
Index
362
Photo credits
( I) Braced frames
Reinforced concrete
292
Steel
296
envelopes
Timber
300
and mesh
428
304
( I) Solar radiation
364
(2) Daylight
368
facades
372
(4)Twisted panels with fiat glass
Reinforced concrete
308
Brick
3 12
Passive design
Glass
316
( I) Natural ventilation
(4)Trusses
320
daylight controls
378
380
382
324
440
448
376
geometry
(6) Space grids
328
434
452
Floor structures
( I) Cast in situ /
384
458
386
cast-in-place concrete
332
334
and bamboo
388
336
390
(4) Timber
338
(5) Glass
342
facades
464
of complex geometry
470
cooling systems
392
(2) Steel
346
348
cooling systems
394
(3) Timber
350
400
(4) Glass
352
402
complex geometry
( I) Concrete
404
406
482
Support services
cleaning
476
408
414
furn iture
488
494
than the contemporary approach of juxtaposing systems that are manufactured quite
independently of one another.More than
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mass customisation.
live projects.
est scale.
Qualifying commemts
torical development.
factured.
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MATERIALS
A taxonomy of material systems
Structure and envelope
Parametric design
Tectonics in metal
Steel
Stainless steel
Aluminium
Copper. zinc and lead
Tectonics in glass
Glass
Tectonics in concrete
Concrete
Tectonics in masonry
Masonry
Concrete block
Stone
Brick
Tectonics in plastics
Plastics and composites
Tectonics in timber
Timber
Fabrics and membranes
Internal walls
( I) Fixed and demountable
(2) Plaster systems
(3) Wallboard systems
Floors
Ceilings
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Materials 0 I
A taxonomy of material systems
and services.
a visual collage.
construction-led architecture.
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new projects.
usable.
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Materials 0 I
Structure and envelope
material system.
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10
Sagrada-Familia,Barcelona,Spain.Architect: Antonio
Gaudi
II
Materials 0 I
Structure and envelope 2
Aerial view,Oxford, UK
Parametric modelling
This need for variat ion in more complex
customisat ion.
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12
Hadid.
envelope.
13
Materials 0 I
Structure and envelope 3
..
'
.-
..-
..-
..--
.-
.-
..-
~
II
::I
Paramet ric mode l of a twisted tower
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14
. -
Design methodology
Current architectural design has a prefer-
cal models, either to endorse the construction methods of existing buildings,to mix old
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15
Materials 0 I
Parametric design
drawings.
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16
on the project.
design process.
the process.
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17
Materials 0 I
Parametric design 2
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18
in buildings.
Material systems
possible.
19
Materials 0 I
Tectonics in metal
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20
a rectilinear grid.
21
Materials 0 I
Steel
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22
com pression.
mately
0.2 per
and compression.
of aluminium.
Suscept ible to cont inuous rusting, excluding w eat hering steels.
D esign strength:
A pp rox imat e ran ge 275 N/mm2 to 800
N/mm2
= 12 x 10-6 K-I
Thermal conductivity =
45 W /m
(26 BTU/hr.ft.0F)
Specific he at capacity=
Material selection
Hot ro lled structural mild steels are
480 J/kg
(0.I I
BTU/lbOF)
(1 7.6 x
.....
.....
II ...
23
Coatings
Many factory applied proprietary sys-
touching.
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24
Recycling
Steel can be recycled at reasonable cost,
and requires much less energy than the original production process.
Stainless steel
properties:
Material selection
concern.
Density
500 Ib/ft 3)
Young's Modulus :
In the longitudinal direction
190-200kN/mm 2
impact loading.
25
Materials
0I
Alum inium
( 169 Ib/ft 3)
Design strength
plate
its own,and so it is dissolved in molten cryolite.A high electric current is passed through
109 Ibf/ft2)
Thermal conductivity =
200W/m oC
( I 16 BTU/hr.ft,0F)
BTU/lb OF)
26
( 1.4 x
For comparison with other materials, aluminium alloys have the following general
properties:
Material selection
Pure aluminium and its alloys are in
two broad groups:the non heat-treated
alloys. also called fully softened alloys. whose
steel.
ance.
Poor stiffness.
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27
Materials 0 I
Aluminium
etary coating.
effectiveness.
equivalentfabricated component.
Anodising
Anodising produces a fine translucent
the surface.
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28
Coatings
Aluminium can be coated in a wide
range of colours through the use of pro-
Recycling
Aluminium is one of the easiest and
cheapest materials to recycle. The conversion
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29
Materials aI
Copper, zinc and lead
(65.4 BTU/hr.ft.OF)
Lead: = 35W/mK
Density :
(20.2 BTU/hr.ft.OF)
Specific heat :
Material selection
grain)
( I2.8 x I0-6 to 22.5 x I0-6 0F- I)
Lead 29.5 x 10-6 K- I (across grain)
wiring.
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30
Thermal conductivity :
( 173 BTU/hr.ft.OF)
50 years.
Lead
is an extremely durable,ductile
Electrolytic action
W hen different metals are near each
likely to occur.
ance to creep.
Zinc
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31
Materials 0 I
Tectonics in glass
32
of architectural merit.
MC H
or roof
Metro entrances.
The useof glass in double glazed units
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33
Materials 0 I
Glass
cost.
glass.
34
Compressive strength:
3800--4670 N/mm2
Float glass
( 1.0 x 107 to 1.2 x 107 Ibflft 2)
Young's Modulus:
Thermal conductivity
3/4in)
820-995 J/kg C
and
I) Float glass
235in)
Non-combustible.
3) Laminated glass
Maximum size 3180x4200mm ( 125in x
I 65in) for thicknesses from 4.4mm to
Material selection
Heat soaked glass is made by re-heat-
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35
Materials 0 I
Glass
Laminated glass
is made by bonding
, ""
be solid or hollow.
Wired glass
is made by sandwiching a
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36
cialist equipment.
Recycl ing
ing solar gain.A limited range of tints is available,including shadesof green, grey, bronze
and blue.
Fritted glass is made by printing ceramic
designs onto float glass, which is then toughened.This process involves fusing coloured
frit (powdered glass), through a stencil onto
the surface of the glass, providing a permanent durable finish.This treatment can be
used to help reduce solar gain. Surface printing with a high level of detail can be achieved
by screen-printed dots, lines or meshes.
Sand blasting and acid etching are surface
treatment s which produce a uniform, matt
translucent finish.The microscopically pitted
surface has a tendency to retain dirt and
grease, making it difficult t o clean.
A low-emissivity coating (low-E) is
applied to glass to improve its thermal insulation.The coating is a microscopically thin
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37
Materials 0 I
Tectonics in concrete
Francois Hennebique
of these systems.
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38
champ.
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39
Materials 0 I
Concrete
MC H
40
=12.0 x
= 1.0 W /m C
(0.58 BTU/hr.ft.OF)
0.5 W /m C
0
Specific heat =840 J/kg C
(0.20 BTU/lb OF)
propert ies:
Easily moulded.
lows:
Density:
TWATerminal,JFKAirport, NewYork
Architect: Eero Saarinen
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41
Materials 0 I
Concrete
Material selection
to form complex elements and has a yieldstrength of around 250N/mm2, and high
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42
essential.
tured as proprietary systems for both structural frames and wall cladding panels.There is
appearance.
The technique of manufacturing precast
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43
Materials 0 I
Concrete
Precast floor components,
from timber-based mould
to floor panel, beam and
panels being installed
speed of construction.
construction. It is also used for non-loadbearing components such as precast wall panels.
44
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smooth screed.
The fine aggregate and cement determine the colour of the concrete . Changing
batches.
Fi nishes
Concrete adopts the texture of the
to rougher fin ishes of planks. Boarded formwork produces a pattern of joints across the
concrete face. Othe r finishes include tamping,where a board is moved in a tapping
Recycl ing
Concrete can be recycled by crushing
the mater ial and using it as an aggregate in
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45
Materials 0 I
Tectonics in masonry
StJohn's College,Cambridge,UK,
England,
In cavity wall construction, the loadbear-
46
construction.
for support .
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ing.
structure.
Bristol Cathedral,Bristol, UK
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47
Materials 0 I
Masonry
Market Cross,Chichester, UK
thermal buffer.
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48
Material selection
Trinity College,Cambridge,UK.
adequately sustain the load, because increasing strength can result in t oo much rigidity
which would cause cracking.
The strength is varied by altering the
Recycl ing
Natural stone can be recycled if the
mortar is soft enough to be removed, par-
structural fill.
brickwork to move without cracking. Different mixes of mortar are used depending on
whether the masonry is used as cladding or
as loadbearing masonry. Mortar mixes have
to achieve a balance between strength and
Bristol Cathedral,Bristol,UK
Divinity School.Oxford,UK
ChristCollege,Oxford,UK
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49
Materials 0 I
Concrete block
Masonry block
Masonry blocks are made from concrete in a range of sizes and strengths. Some
types are designed to withstand large compressive forces and are therefore made with
frame.
SIZES
Material Types
Types used are dense aggregate blocks,
Overall dimensions
(Length 400mm x Height 200mm with
brickwork:
50
ties:
Heavy.
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51
Materials 0 I
Stone
Material selection
52
Durable
as reinforced concrete.
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resultof oxidation.
a structural function.
ert ies:
Very durable.
as reinforced concrete.
Density:
( I 37 to I 62 Ib/ft3) wet
Reconstituted stone
53
Materials
Brick
aI
Above and left. Richards Medical Centre,University of Pennsylvania, USA. Architect; Louis
Kahn
ties:
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54
Material selection
The most widely used types are com-
follows:
Density:
( 106 Ib/ft3)
= 5.0 x
BTU/lb OF)
frame. Bricks are made in a vast range of colours from reds to blues. Colour is defined by
the type of clay, combined wit h the way it is
fired and any pigments which may be added.
Calcium silicate bricks are white.
As new brickwork and mortar dries out
after rain,traces of salt deposits are sometimes left on the surface.These appear in the
form of white stains known as efflorescence. It
can be easily removed wit h a brush and water.
W here moisture continuesto penetratethe
brickwork this efflorescence will continue to
manifest itself.
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55
Materials 0 I
Tectonics in plastics
).;- "
,".
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56
garden context.
manufacturing machines.
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57
Materials 0 I
Plastics and composites
vehicles.
in jet engines later in that decade. Carbonand stifferthan GRP but remains extremely
expensive in relation to most metals or
other plastics and has yet to find a significant
use in building construction.
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58
Polycarbonate
Polycarbonate is used in building con-
lows;
Polycarbonate
Acrylic sheet
PVC-U
Material selection
Polycarbonate is a thermoplastic used
Density: 1200-1260kg/m 3
(75 to 78 Iblft))
56N/mm 2 to 75NI
Tensile strength
mm 2 (1.2 x 10 6 to 1.6 x 106 Ibf/ft 2)
Compressive strength
120N/mm 2
= I 00N/mm 2 to
dull wit h time and its greatercombustibility. Polycarbonate also has greaterthermal
expansion than glass.
Twin-walled sheet is an extrusion of two
layers separated by parallel fins, giving the
Thermal conductivity :
o
hr.ft.F)
= 1200 -
I 300 JI
properties;
third.
coatings.
Recyclable.
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59
Materials I
Plastics and composites
Acrylic Sheet
Easily recycled.
Combustible.
rvcu
moulded or cast.
Tensile strength
mm 2
38N/mm 2 to 80NI
80N/mm 2
45N/mm 2 to
the building.
= 1280 -
Ib OF)
Thermal conductivity
erties:
BTU/hr.ft. F)
=O.3W/m C
o
(0.17
= I 300 J/kg C
o
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60
to yellowing.
properties:
Poorscratch resistance.
= I00 - 1400 JI
Recyclable.
kg C
Combustible.
880N/mm 2
61
Materials 0 I
Tectonics In timber
ment in Ahmadabad.
MC H
62
Signal Box
trial Revolution.
frame construction.
Napier University,Edinburgh,UK.
Architect: Building Design Partnership
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63
Materials 0 I
Timber
ground.
essential aspect of digital fabrication techniques in timber istheir ability to bring the
full range of design development backto the
Material selection
Commercial timber is classified as either
stages of development.
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64
movement.
a steam treatment.
(I /4in) thick,
65
Materials 0 I
Timber
panel systems.
that perform well in tension and compression are the bolted metal connector, split
ring connector and the nail-plate connector.
The bolted connector is a thin plate of
galvanised steel with projectingt eeth.The
connector is set between the timber sections being joined, and is embedded into
both sections as the bolt fixing is tightened.
The split ring connector works in a similar
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66
Design strength:
Pine softwood
Young's Modulus
= 10 kN/mm
Thermal conductivity:
x 10-2 BTU/hr:ft.0F)
Mahogany type hardwood = 0.21 W /moC across grain (12.1 x 10-2 BTU/hr:ft.
OF)
Pine softwood
Specific heat
Plywood
1200 x 2400 mm
I200 x 4800mm
Thicknesses 4mm to 25mm (1 /4" to I")
MDF
1220 x 1525mm
2440 x 3050mm
Thicknesses 4mm to 25mm (1 /4" to I")
Materials 0 I
Fabrics and membranes
thick.
fiame is applied.
welded together t o form a continuous membrane without the need for standing seams
ETFE
ETFE (ethylene-tetra-fiouro-ethylene)
MC H
68
30-40 years.
PVC/polyester fabrics
Comparison of types
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69
Materials 0 I
Fabrics and membranes
Thermal insulation
A single layer membrane fabric roof in
either PVC/polyester or PTFE/glass fibre
Performance in fire
The performance of a membrane dur-
Acoustics
Like ETFE cushions discussed in the previous section, single layer membranes provide
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70
or within the joint itself between the membranes to provide the required strength, For
welded joints on PVC membranes, the edge
ofthe panel being jointed has the PVDF
lacquerremoved before welding,which is
applied again when the welding is complete
to ensure that the PVC is fully welded and
that the PVDF lacquer forms a continuous
seal across the joint when formed, PVC/
polyestercan be both hot air welded and
hot element welded,the advantage of hot
air welding beingthat repair work and some
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71
Materials I
Internal walls I: Fixed and demountable
?
Details
I. Block,typically concrete or hollow brick
2.Timber stud frame
3. Plasterboard/drywall finish
4. Skirt ing or recesssed tr im as shown
5. Intemal door
6. Floor joist
7. Door header
8. Stud
9. Bracing
10. Flank wall
I I.Glass block
12. Bedding reinforcement
I 3. Silicone seal
14. Bedding compound
15. Stud partition
16. Steel frameto enclose glass block panel
CD
CD
0
'/
V.
r;
CD
r
'"
v.
.)
.;.
Vertical section
Blockwork
Partitions are non-Ioadbearing walls.The
Glass blocks
Glass block part itions are built in panels
uninterru pted surface of glass.An alternat ive method is to bolt fix the glass employing
fibreboard.
Glazing
Timber
Demountable Partitions
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72
~:
Horizontal elevation
CD
CD
CD
CD
CD
to form a continuous barrier. Solid panels
often consist of a fabric finish stretched over
plywood.or a laminate bondedt o a board
fixed in a frame. Glazed panels can be single
6D
Section BB
Section CC
Section DO
L J1
r
0 p []
B U U
D
0
Part elevation
MC H
73
Materials I
Internal walls 2: plaster systems
geneous appearance.
factor.
or three coats.
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74
t ies:
them.
Grouting can either be impervious,
Tiling
Tiling provides a hard, impervious finish
that is resistant to wat er penetration and surface damage and is easy to clean.When the
are used for their visual effect.jointing morGlazed tiles are used for walls, and are
made by applying glaze to a fired t ile,then fir-
tiles.
MC H
75
r1aterials 0 I
Internal walls 3:wallboard systems
0)
G)
CD
r:
I
CD "-
CD
"- CD
(0
CD
=0
Horizontal elevation
15
Ho rizontal elevation
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76
Horizontal elevation
Vertical section
..-
.....
....-....-
~~
--~
I
Vertical section
- --
I
r
ll
I
L!..I
Horizontal elevation
r--rI
-
--
L...!..I
Details
I. Movement joint
2. Quilt insulation
3.Top rail in timber or metal (pressed steel shown)
4. Ceiling level
5. Plasterboard
6. Softwood skirting
7. Pressed steel bottom rail
8. Plasterboard
9. Floor level
10.Stud in timber or metal (pressed steel shown)
I I. Two layers plasterboard/drywall
12. Plasterboard/drywall laps adjacent run of partition
13. Plasterboard/drywall butt jointed at edge
14.Wall in different material (concrete block shown)
Q3)
Horizontal elevation
Horizontal elevation
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77
Materials 0 I
Floors
Details
I.Timber flooring block
2.Timber boards
3.Timber battens
4.Ceramic tile
5. Stone
6. Compressible seal
7. Compressible backing
8. Stainless steel angle
9. Bedding compound
IO.Concrete floor
floor finish.
Concrete
Concrete can be used as a self-finish to a
Timber
Timber flooring can be used as a floor
Stone
Stone is used as a fixed floor finish in the
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78
8
CD
--
'v.: ~
" ~" r
/~
.0~
':'
/
:j:
.C'>.
.,
. '""~
.,;>/
!0
';.>/
~-L-!
CD
'V"
"V"
"V"
..
Vertical section
are available in a wide range of colours,the
maintenance access.
Fully accessible floo rs are made with a
Raised Floors
Raised floors were first used as computer
Floor ti les
floor beneath.
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79
Materials 0 I
Ceilings
Details
I. Plasterboard/dr ywa ll
2. Fixing rails
3. Suspension rod, w ire or pr essed metal strip
4. Clip t o secure panel
5. Ceiling panel (perforated met al panel w it h
acoustic lining show n)
CD
I:~
~~Q
CD
(3)
Vertical section
modelled frame,
ceiling,
behind,
systems,
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80
Details
o
I. Plasterboard/drywall
2. Fixing rails
3. Suspension rod, wire or pressed metal strip
4. Clip to secure panel
5. Ceilingpanel (perforated metal panel with
acoustic liningshown)
Vertical section
II
_____1 _
jeD
~==d:+-===::::::;:=::::=====f====-tf.:!=~~
I ...........................................................-...............
_1 _
jeD
I
l:=:===J-Yl::::=~======.:t:~h==:::::j..
CDj
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81
WALLS
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83
ails 02
Trends in facade desig_n
Thermal insulati on
performance.
MC H
84
Rainscreens
Rainscreen cladding is a development of
lowing paragraphs.
essential functions:
Metals
Metals used in facade systems are based
concrete.
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85
Walls 02
Trends in facade design
t he metal expands.
Glass
tio ns.
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86
Concrete
An essential aspect of concrete is that
Masonry
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87
al sOL
Trends in facade design
Plastics
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88
the construction.
Timber
Timber is susceptible to more move-
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89
als 02
Generic wall types
stone)
- Stonecladding
- Terracotta rainscreens
- Timber rainscreens
- Glass sticksystems
2. Profiled cladding
- Glass blocks
4. Metal rainscreens
fixed)
Generic forms
Sixgeneric cladding types are identified
9. Glass blocks
block, stone)
14.Terracotta rainscreen
a backing wall:
17.Timberrainscreens
All these systems still in use have undergone technical development to improve
- Metal rainscreens
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90
winter garden.
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91
ails 02
Metal I: sheet metal
Details
I. Metal sheet
2.Standing seam joint
3.Timbersubstrate
4.Thermal insulation
5. Fixing battens
6.Waterproof membrane
7. Backing wall
8..Timber/aluminium window
9. Clips at centres
10. Folded metal profile
Clegg Bradley
System design
Sheet metal istypically supported
directly on a substrate, providing a system formed from thin sheetwhich can
soffit conditions.
cover projectingwindows,externally
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92
3-D view of w
all system with
window
opening and
parapet detail
McH
93
ails OL
Metal I: sheet metal
----.,...--;-,
),}
- - - - = -- --7"7,"-"..----:;----;;-:;--- 1 I
0 '(
-.,---;;-.L.:.----c:-4 ~- -
System details
method is used on vert ical jo ints in a
practice.
94
t;:-
,(
'""
'""
,r
I
>-
>-
(3)
CD
CD
'>-
CD
CD
-<
-<
-<
0-
'CD ~
0 = -
CD
3-D view of window head detail wit hin profiled metal sheet system
3-D view of window cill detail within profiled metal sheet system
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95
ails 2
Details
I. Cover strip profile
d sheet (can also be
2. Horizontally fixed profile
vertically fixed)
CD
3.Air gap
ur barrier
4. Breather membraneN apo
n
5.Thermal insulatio
ber/metal frame wit h
6. Backing wall. typicall y tim
roof membrane, or
plywood facing and waterp
concrete block
7. Floor fin ish
8. Drywall/dr y lining
9. Z section steel fixing rails
10. Ground slab
I I. Curved eaves profile
12. Concealed gutter
I3. Exposed gutter
0)
assembly
3-D viewof wall and roof
MC H
96
II
(0
II
3-D view of concealed gutter
System design
in the 1970sto wider architectural applica-
by differentmanufacturers, it is important to
approach istaken.
System details
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97
Walls 02
Metal 2: profiled cladding
\
\
construction
construction.
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98
+-
, I
I
I
I
-~
.
- .- -------I
required.
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99
Walls 02
Metal 3:composite panels
I
I
I
\
\1
I
\I
System design
This material system provides a com-
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100
Details
I. Composite panel
2. Panel fixingto primary or secondary
structural steelwork
MCH
101
W alls 02
Metal 3: composite panels
l
Office building, Lippstadt,Germany
MCH
102
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Section I: 10. Corner details and
special application panels
glazed walls.
System details
Both two-sided and four-sided inter-
MCH
103
W a 502
Metal 4: rainscreens
System design
This material system uses the rain-
MCH
104
Details
I. Backing wall or structural wall
I I. W indow cill
supporting rainscreen
2. Support frame
3. Support bracket
MCH
105
W alls 02
Metal 4: rainscreen s
System details
MCH
106
CD
nomically
M CH
10 7
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Details
"
8. Insulat ion
I O. Floor slab
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5. Fixing bolt
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System design
has led to a greater interest in using more
flexible mesh.
MCH
109
W alls 02
Metal 5: mesh screens
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light t ransmission, Meshes can also incorporate a varying weave wit hin a single length
of material t o suit varying light transmission
requirements.
Fully fiexible mesh is less commonly used
MCH
110
System details
W here rigid mesh is fixed into a frame
around its edge, the material is usually
clamped between fiat bars, or angles of the
Godsell
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dominant.
MCH
III
Wal ls 02
Metal 6: louvre screens
System design
Metal louvres are used typically in
area of facade.
MCH
112
Details
I . Ext ruded aluminium frame
2.Curtain w all carr ier system
3.Extrude d aluminium louvre blades
4. Floor Slab
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Ver t ical section I :25. Met al louvre systme and fixing elements
MCH
11 3
f1e al a
Metal 6: louvre screens
Above and below: Nordic embassy, Berlin, Germany. Architect: Berger & Parkkinen
MCH
114
3-D view of lo uvre panel set in fro nt of glazed curtain wall facade
System details
Metal louvre panels are made in widths
stiffness.
in much largersizes set vertically or horizontally to suit the incident sun angles for
usually associated.
MCH
115
--
of the building.
steelwork.
MCH
116
Stick system
Panel system
Exploded viewshowing arrangement of opaque infil panel within stick based curtain wall
MCH
117
Walls 02
Glass systems
Exploded view of unitised, double skin system with
opening windows
......
3-D view of glazed vertical louvre set into untised glazing system
MCH
11 8
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3-D section show ing unit ised panel hung
Frame detail fo r unitised system
ment.
glazed installation.
MCH
119
W alls 02
Glass systems I: stick syste ms
- - - - -....
__ _ J
Basic capped unit ised glazing detail
System design
This material system is essentially a sitebased method of forming glazed walls, with
blade-like appearance.
MCH
120
J
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Details
I I. Floor finish
I 3.Thenmal break
5. Pressure plate
external screen
6. Rubber-based seal
7. Metal honeycomb panel
8. Capping piece
Vert ical section I :5.Sticksystem with addit ional outer glazed
screen to provide solar shading or aspart of a twin facewall
MCH
121
Walls 02
Glass I: stick systems
the slab.
System details
Interfaces with openings, edges and different adjacent materials are formed either
MCH
122
..
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MC H
123
9. Floor finish
10. Ceilingfinish
MC H
124
System design
as assist in internal drainage.The t erm semi-
MCH
125
W alls 02
Glass systems 2: unitised glazi ng
~Ill
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Details
I. Extruded aluminium transom
2. Extruded aluminium mullion
====:!J
7. Floor slab
8. Metal-faced or opaque glass-faced insulated panel
9. Floor finish
Il.',
1111
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Elevation 1:50
]fi-l = = = = = @=
MCH
126
corner extrusion
System details
An essential aspect of unitised glazing
adjacent construction.
127
Walls 02
Glass systems 3: clamped glazing
Details
I. Stainless steel patch plate
2. Single glazed or double glazed
unit to suit applicat ion
3. Siliconeseal
4. Glass fin
5. Support bracket
6. Floor slab
7. Ceiling finish
8. Floor finish
9.Access ladder
10. Clamped glazed wall
I I. Inner curtain walling
12. Maintenance access deck
:::::
.
:
System design
There are tw o types of'point fixed' glazing used for facades: clamped glazing and
facade system
MCH
128
complexity
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Horizontal section I:50 through cable hung clamped glass facade
~o
countersunk type.
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glass facade
MCH
129
ails 02
Glass systems 3: clamped glazing
@
Details
I. Fixing bracket
2. Extruded aluminium
mullions
3. Opaque glazing
4. Ground slab
5. Backing wall
6. Inclined and lapped
glass
7. Cable support
8. Corner clamp
9. Cast metal fixing
bracket
10. Clamp bracket
12.Thermal insulation
systems
I 3. Single or double
glazed unit
MC H
130
o
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ing system
the glazing.
System details
also used.
MCH
131
ails 02
Glass systems 4: bolt fixed glazing
Details
I. Caststeel connector
7. Bolt fixing
angle bracket
9. Insulated panel
4. Silicone seal
5. Floor Finish
I 3. Structural column
6. Support bracket
MC H
132
CD
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System details
System design
Like clamped glazing, bolt fixed glazing is
(7)
MCH
133
als 02
Glass systems 4: bolt fixed glazing
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cables used t o minimise the amou nt of mate rial needed t o support glazed units.Som e
undert aken.
MCH
134
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one direction
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ning freely.
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G lass free
t o move
Elevation I: IO. Fixing condit ions for typi cal bolt fixed wa ll
MCH
135
Walls 02
Glass systems 5: glass blocks and channels
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Maison Hermes,Tokyo,Japan,
Architect: Renzo Piano BuildingWo rkshop
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System design
Glass blocks have been used in recent
MCH
136
si licone seals.
200!300mm
4. External cladding
Details
I. Glass block
6.Thermal insulation
7. Enclosing wall or adjacent wall
8.Window casement
9. Cast glass channel
IO. Floor slab
MCH
137
Walls 02
Glass syste ms 5: glass blocks
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up to 2S00mm
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finishes.
walling.
System details
MC H
139
---
W alls 02
Glass systems 6: steel windows
Det ails
I. Outside
2. Inside
@
Plan I:S. Rolled steel frames glazed Intemally
System design
Steel framed windows made from rolled
sections have been preferred for their thin
sight lines when compared to those in alu-
aluminium-based stickglazing.
Steel framed windows with thin frames
without thermal breaks in thin double glazed
MCH
14 0
Matsunoyama Mu seum of N at ural Science. Mat sunoyama, Japan. Arch itect: Tezuka Architects.
~
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Fixed bead
with proj ecting
transom :
Sect ion s 1:5. Rolled ste el frame s glazed int ernally and exte rnally
w indow with
projecting
transom
Syste m details
Outward ope ning lights for bot h w indows
in small-scale rolled sections and larger-scale
pressed sections have profiles that lap over
t he front of t he surrou nding fixed frame, w ith
a drip above the wi ndow t o avoid rainw at er finding its way in through th e top of t he
G il detail
MCH
14 1
W alls 02
Glass systems 6: steel windows
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outside.
MCH
142
Details
I . Pressed steel frame
2. Pressed steel glazing bead
3 Double glazed unit
4. Insulated steel panel
5. Rolling wheels
6. Guide at bottom of door
7. Rubberbased seal
8.Thermal break
9. Pressed steelpressure plate
IO. Pressed steel glazing section
MCH
143
as 01
Glass systems 7: alumini um windows
(j)
(j)
3-D view of opening window set into large scale aluminium window assembly
System design
Win dows made from aluminium are
MCH
144
(j)
(j)
CD
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Elevation I : I0, Opening w indow set w ithin large scale aluminium wi ndow sectio n
II
II
Horizontal section I : I 0, O utward openin g w indows set w it hin large scale w indow assembly
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Details
I , O utside
2, Inside
3-D view of aluminium framing system for large scale w indow wall.
MCH
145
W alls 02
Glass systems 7: aluminium windows
minium profiles.
System details
MCH
146
,.
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Ho rizont al sections 1:5 t hro ugh aluminium win dow wall system showing typic al panel and window details
CD
MCH
147
Wa fs 02
Glass systems 8: timber wi ndows
:r
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Details
I.W indow frame
2. Outside
3. Inside
4. Head
S.Ci ll
6. Single glazed or
double glazed unit
to suit applicat ion
7. Fixing bead
8. Rubber-based seal
MCH
148
3-D section through side hung w indow det ails showing different framing methods
System design
In common w it h aluminium w indows,
around 75 x 50mm .
System details
Inw ard openi ng w indows are inherently
MC H
149
Walls 02
Glass systems 8: timber windows
o
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MCH
I SO
-=::::::::-----
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ent directions.
glazed walls.
151
ails 02
Concrete I : cast in-situ
D etails
I. Conc rete exte rnal wall
2. Co ncrete internal wall
3. Met al lining t o gutter
4.Window fram e
5. Slot formed as part of
casting conc ret e.
6. Met al parapet fiashing
7. Single glazed o r do uble
glazed unit t o suit applicat ion
3-D view of concrete cast-in-
System design
ture within the building as well as prevent
crete finish.
temperate climates.
System details
MCH
152
(if
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MC H
15 3
W alls 02
Concrete I: cast in-sit u
.0
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3-D view & horizontal section I:I O. Concrete wall: Insulation set within wall
3-D view & horizontal section I:I O. Concrete wall: Insulation set on inter nal face
ance.
MCH
154
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Elevat ion 1:50 In-sit u cast concrete w all showing how form work can be arranged and cut to form different shaped panels and windo w openings
MC H
155
W a ls 02
Concrete 2: storey height panels
HousingVillaverde, Madrid,Spain.
Architect: Chipperfield Architects
System design
The method of casting in-sit u walls
MCH
156
---
-------
Details
I. Concrete floor deck
2. Precast concrete panel
3.Window
4.Vert ical joint (typically a baffle) between panels
5, Horizontal joint (typically a lap) between panels
6, Drywall/dry lining
7. Concrete floor deck
8, Steel dowel
9. Drywall/dry lining
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MCH
157
W a ls 02
Concrete 2: storey height panels
System details
Joints between panels are similar for
MCH
158
Details
I. Concrete floor deck
2. Precast concrete panel
3.Wi ndow
4.Vertical joint (typically a baffle) between panels
5. Horizontal joint (typically a lap) between panels
6. Drywall/dry lining
7. Concrete floor deck
8. Steel dowel
9. Conrete coping
10.Thermal Insulation
I I. Roof construction
CD
I
Corner details
MCH
159
ails 02
Concrete 2: sma ll precast pane ls
---..,.
Panel installation
:I![l:- -
Plan and elevation I :25. Glass reinforced concrete (GRC) panels with open joints
System design
Small precast concrete panels have a
construction of 200-300mmthickness.The
rainscreen principle.
1500mmx750mm or 1500mmxIOOOmm,
MCH
160
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III
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Details
I. Backing wall
2. Precast concrete panel
3.Closed cell thermal insulat ion
4.Vertical joint open or closed type
5. Horizontal joint open or closed type
6. Internal finish
7.W indow frame
8. Concrete floor deck
9. Precast concrete coping
<t
MC H
161
Walls 02
Concrete 2: small precast panels
----
Details
I. Backing wall
2. Precast concrete panel
3. Closedcellthermal insulation
4.Vert ical joint open or closed type
5. Horizontal joint open or closed type
6. Internal finish
7.W indow frame
8. Concrete floor deck
9. Precast concrete coping
10, Waterproof membrane
System details
Interfaces for individually supported
edge.
MCH
162
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Section I:IO. Panel soffit and window junct ions of GRC panels wit h open joints
MCH
163
als 02
Masonry loadbearing wal ls
System design
Loadbearing masonry wallsare used
of rainwater.
MCH
164
"
Details
I. Loadbearing brick wall
2.Timber framed window
16. Parapet
17. Loadbearing concrete block wall
I 8. External finish
MCH
165
ails 02
Masonry loadbearing wa lls
Section I: IO. Window jambs in brick loadbearingwall with stone facing blocks
System details
MCH
166
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Plans and sections I: IO. W indow opening in concrete block wall illustrat ing applicat ion of insulation to inter ior or exterior of wall system
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MC H
167
-----
ails 02
Masonry cavity walls: I . bri ck
Details
I. Outerbrick wall (or 'leaf)
4. Steel/Aluminium window
5.Timber cill
flat arch
6. Cavity closer
7.Internal plaster finish or dry lining/drywall
8.Thermal insulation
I 3. Floor Construction
System design
Where loadbearingbrick walls usethe
CD
MCH
168
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Window assembly:Type A
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MCH
169
W alls 02
Masonr y cavity walls: I . br ick
CD
t his limit.
System details
MC H
170
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Window assembly:Type C
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SectionI:IO.Junction at ground fioor level
i
3-D view through typical timber window connections in brick cavity
wall
I
Window assembly:Type D
MCH
171
ails 02:
Masonry cavity walls: 2. stone and block
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System design
MC H
172
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Plan I: I O.Typical wall system showingwall tie
Detai ls
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6. Stone cill
7.Timber inner cill
B. Cavity closer
9. Internal plaster finish or dry lining/
drywall
10.Thermal insulation in cavity
..
MCH
173
W alls 02
Masonry cavity walls: 2. stone and block
---""'
System details
details additional to those set out in the pre-
polysulphide sealant.
MCH
174
/'
Details
I. Damp proof course (DPC)
2. Outer block wall (or 'leaf )
3.Inner block wall (or 'leaf)
4.Timber framed window
5. Precast concrete cill
6. Stone cill
7.Timber inner cill
8. Cavity closer
9. Internal plaster finish or dry lining!
drywall
10.Thermal insulation in cavity
I I.Air cavit y (sometimes omitted
where insulation fills cavity)
12. Inner precast concrete lintel
13.Outer precast concrete/stone lintel
14. Stainless steel tie
15. Roof construction
I 6. Floor construction
17.Timber framed inner skin
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MCH
/ 75
5. Stone cill
9.Stone coping
10. Floor construction
I I. Roof construction
System design
thickness for various panel sizes. but this is
to be constructed.
MCH
176
CD
Plan I:IO,Typical stone carrier system
made from extruded aluminium section
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Elevation ( I:50) & vertical section ( I:I0) Typical stone carr ier system made from
individual stone fixings showing typical fixing posit ions
MCH
177
W alls 02:
Masonry cladding
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Section I:IO.
Stone supported
on individual
fixings
.If
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System details
Joints between stone cladding panels are
either of open rainscreen type or are closed
with mortar or sealant. Closed joints sealed
with mortar or sealant are used where the
cladding is supported at each floor level on
stainless steel angles with jointed stones. With
open jointed stones, each panel is individually supported in a rainscreen construction,
where rainwater passing through the joints
is drained away down either the back of the
stones or down the face of the backing wall,
3-D view of stone panels supported on individual fixings
MCH
178
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179
ails 02
Masonry rainscreens
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System design
Terracotta rainscreens are a recent
Ll
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Vertical section I:I O. Terracott a rainscreen
fixed to loadbearingconcrete wall
MCH
180
System details
Det ails
I. Backing wall,typically concrete
2.Thermal insulation
3.Terracott a rainscreen
4. Extruded aluminium carrier frame
5. Support clip, typically aluminium
6.Aluminium window surround
7. Metal framed window
8. Internal plasterfinish or dry lining/
drywall
9.Vapour membrane
Construction sequence of
terracotta rainscreen cladding
system
(2)
MCH
181
W alls 02
Masonry rainscree ns
Details
I . Backing wall. typically concrete
2.Thermal insulat ion
3.Terracotta shingle
4. Ext ruded aluminium carrier frame
5. Support rail. typically aluminium
6. Rigid insulat ion
7. Glazing suppo rt
8. Met al wind ow casing
9. Metal framed w indow
10. Inte rnal plaster finish or dry lining/drywall
I I .Vapour membrane
I,
I:
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I
3-D view of t erraco tta shingles hung on horizo ntal ra ils with proje cti ng w ind ow
MCH
182
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MCH
183
Det ails
I .Translucent Polycarbon ate cladding panel.
insulated
2.Thermally broken extruded aluminium
framing
System design
The use of plastics is based on both
MCH
184
-....---+-- ---+-
--
MC H
185
Walls 02
Plastic I: plastic-based cladding
-----.
.- - - ,;;...- _ .......
Details
I.Translucent polycarbonate cladding panel, insulated
2.Thenrnally broken extruded aluminium framing
3.Window inserted intoframing
4. Insulated corner panel
5.Adjacent wall
expression of the facade panel rather than
System details
When formed as translucentpanels, alu-
MCH
186
,.0"",.
",aM og
panels \n
a typ\cal
facade
n5trucot\, "p o ,
o
n
Walls 02
Plastic 2: plastic rainscreens
I
I
I
I
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Det ails
I. IOmm plywood sheathing
2. Breather membrane
I
I
I
I
MCH
188
I 3. Roof construction
System design
is used in cladding for its translucency and
System details
MC H
189
Walls 02
Plastic 2: plastic rainscreens
----
,.
Details
I.Opaque polycarbonate cladding panel
2.Thermal insulation
3.Concrete loadbearing wall
4. Internal plaster finish or dry lining
5.Waterproof membrane
6. Extruded aluminium carrier frame
7.Thermal break
I
Reiss store, London, UK.Architect: Squire & Partners
MCH
190
MCH
191
W alls 02
Timb er I: timber frame
Framing
Sheathing
Harmood Children's Centre,London, UK, Architect: Greenhill Jenner Architects
Boarding arrangements
A. Feather edge boarding
B.Tongue-and-groove boanding
C.Tongue-and-gnoove boanding
with inserts
D. Shiplap boanding
Cladding
Assembly sequence
System design
There are two enduring generic forms
MCH
192
Details
I.Timber boards
2.Timber battens
3. Plywood sheathing
4.Timber studs
S.Timber rail
6. Breather membrane
7. Engineered floor joist
8. Damp proof course
9.Vapou r barrier
10.Timber floor
I I. Concrete ground slab
12. Internal plasterfinish or dry lining/drywall
13.Thermal insulation quilt set within timber
frame
14.Timber framed window
IS.Timber cill
16.Air gap
17. Roof buildup
I
/
I
/
MC H
193
ails 02
Timber I : timber frame
Details
I.Timber boards
9.Vapour barrier
2.Timber battens
10.Timber floor
3.Plywood sheathing
4.Timber studs
5.Timber rail
6. Breather membrane
15.Timber cill
16.Air gap
MCH
194
..
r.
System details
mitred joint.
MCH
195
al s 02
Timber 2: clad ding panels
System design
windows set into the panel behind.This can
of requiringjunctionsbetween cladding
change colour.
MCH
196
Details
I.Timber boards
2.Timber battens
3.Plywood sheathing
4.Timber panel frame
5.Timber louvre
6. Breather membrane
7.Timber framed window (fixed)
8.Vapour barrier
9. Profiled metal cover strip
10. Floor construction
I I. Air gap
12. Internal plaster finish or dry
lining/drywall
13.Thermal insulation quilt
14.Timber framed window (out-
ward opening)
IS.Timber cill
Framing
II
II
Sheathing
III
jill
II
IIII
II
Cladding
Assembly sequence
MCH
197
ails 02
Timber 2: cladding panels
lil~1
~
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o ~~
".,..:"
c: ~ \-"'=,-------
3-D view of connection between timber cladding panel and supporting frame
behind.
System details
MCH
198
MCH
199
ROOFS
Trends in roof design
Metal roofs
I
Metal standing seam
2
Profiled metal sheet
3
Composite panels
4
Rainscreens
5
Metal louvres
Glass roofs
I
Greenhouse glazing and
clamped glazing
2
Silicone-sealed glazing and
roofl ights
3
Bolt fi xed glazing
4
Bonded glass rooflights
Concrete roofs
I
Concealed membrane
2
Exposed membrane
3
Planted roof
Timber roofs
I
Flat roof: mastic asphalt
coverings
2
Flat roof: bitumen-based
sheet membranes
3
Pitched roof: tiles
Plastic roofs
I
GRP rooflights
2
GRP panels and shells
Fabric systems
I
ETFE cushions
2
Single membrane:
cone-shaped roof
3
Single membrane:
barrel-shaped roof
MCH
20 I
Roofs 03
T rend s in roof design
not required.
from outside.
Metals
stability.
202
in size, with
Glass
Although drained and ventilated systems
fixed glazing.
Concrete
their performance.
MCH
203
Roo s 03
T rends in roof design
access.
Timber
Timber-based roofs have developed over
MC H
204
Plastics
Fabrics
The use of woven textiles made from
methods.
MCH
205
Roofs 03
Metal roofs I: metal standing seam
Details
I, Metal sheet
2, Standing seam joint
3. Breather membrane
4, Thenrnal insulation
5, Substrate, typically timber/
metal rafters wit h plywood facing
6. Vapour barrier
7. Drywall/dry lining if required
8. Outerstanding seam sheet
9. Inner lining sheet
System design
Standing seam roofs are increasingly
MCH
206
.@ - T
, r.
CD
3-D view of sheet metal on timber roof
The Core. Eden Project, UK. Architect: Grimshaw Architects
MCH
207
Roofs 03
Meta l roofs I: metal standing seam
3-D view of folded eaves and ridge junction
fI
II
I
I~
it movesalong.
System details
Support brackets are usually T-shaped
and are fixed either to the structural deck
MCH
208
~/
3-D view of metal roof show ing eaves wit h curved gutter
"
j
)
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'I
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Verti cal section I: I O. Junction wit h ro ofiight
.~
Ridges are fonrned by a variety of methods, the visually sharpest being a ridge line
continues up the extemal wall to the underside of the standing seam roof.
MCH
209
Roo s 03
Metal roo fs 2: profiled metal sheet
System design
The main advantage of profiled metal
sheetover other metal roof types is the
MCH
210
,I
Vertical section I: I O. Concealed gutter detail
Details
I. Outer standing seam sheet
2. Inner lining sheet
3. Clips at centnes
4. Plywood substrate
5. Breathermembrane
6. Thenmal insulation
7, Folded metal gutt er
8. Curved eaves sheet
9. Extemal wall
10. Standing seam joint
I I. Stnuctural frame
12. Outersheet fixing bracket
13. Rooflight
14 Metal flashing
15. Ridge piece
3-D section thro ugh roof constnuction using profiled metal sheet
MCH
211
Roofs 03
Metal roofs 2: profiled metal sheet
System details
Ridges at the junction of a double
pitched roof use a folded metal strip to form
MCH
2 12
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CD
CD
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y-
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Vertical section I:20. Eaves with exposed gutter and abutment with vertical roof panel
I
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Details
CD
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I
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5. Breather membrane
7. Folded metal gutter
8. Curved eaves sheet
9. Extemal wall
10. Standing seam joint
I I. Structural frame
12. Outersheet fixing bracket
13. Rooflight
14 Metal flashing
15. Ridge piece
MCH
213
Roofs 03
Metal roofs 3: Composite panels
System design
There are two types of composite panel
MCH
214
sunlight.
Double sided composite panels which
lappedjoint very similar to that used in profiled metal roofs. These horizontal joints are
(3)
_ - - - . - . .....- - - ' . - . .
....- - - ' - ' - - - - ' - ' - - - - ' - ' - - - . . " . - . .
...- - - ' r " " ' ' - - - - - r " "
3-D view of vert ical section through parapet edge and folde d metal gutter betw een panels
Details
I , Met al rainscreen panel
CD
10. Extemal Wa ll
I I . Outer sheet fixing bracket
12. Panel I
CD
13. Panel 2
MCH
215
Roo s 03
Metal roofs 3: Com posite pane ls
System details
parapetwall.
during rain.
structure beneath.
Ridges for double sided composite
MC H
216
/ -
CD,
McH
2 \7
Roofs 03
Metal roofs 4: rainscreens
System design
The use of metal rainscreen panels is
@
I
"
t'
MCH
218
3-D view of metal rainscreen roof assembly with optional capping to seam
Details
I. Metal rainscreen panel
2. Single layer membrane
4. Structural deck
5. Purlin or structural beam
de of the roof
6. Secondary purlin
7. Floded metal gutter
MCH
219
ii,'
"
)'
Y/Yt/{\'Yl~
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t.
x}
t;
1
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-;S- --------
MCH
220
f-
Vert ical section I : IO. Concealed parapet gutter w ith cantilevered edge
'ML..-_ --'
@
slots or perforations.
roof deck.
System details
An advantage of rainscreen panels for
MCH
22 1
Roo s 03
Metal roo fs 5: metal lou vres
CD
System design
Where end caps are screwed to the ends,
System details
The supporting structureto the example
countersunk bolt.
MCH
222
Details
I. Extruded aluminium louvre blade
2. Mild steel box section
MC H
22 3
Roors03
Metal roofs 5: metal lo uvres
Detail s
I . Extruded aluminium louvre
blade
2. Standard rackanm
3. Drive shaft
4. Slat clip
MCH
224
...
MCH
225
Roo fs 03
Glass roofs I : greenhouse glazi ng and capp ed systems
Details
I. Extruded aluminium glazing bar
2.Single glazed sheet
3. Rubber seal
4.Aluminium glazing clip
5. Extruded aluminium section
6. Aluminium clip on capping
7. Aluminium footing
8. Concrete base
9. Polycarbonate sheet
IO. Double glazed unit
Systems design
Curtain walling principles used in extemal
contemporary buildings.
An essential component of greenhouse
Ventilation in greenhouse glazing is provided at the eaves and at the ridge, while
MCH
226
System details
Systems for contemporary glass roofs
CD
CD
MCH
227
Roofs 03
Glass roofs I: gree nhouse glazing and capped systems
House in Lon don, UK. A rchit ect: Gianni Botsford Archi te cts
Details
I . Ext ruded aluminium glazing bar
2. Ext ruded alumini um transo m
3. Ridge bar
4. D o uble glazed unit
5. T herm al insulati on
6. Pressure plate and capping
7. Rubb er seal
MCH
228
n
II
8. A lumini um fiashing
bar.
MCH
229
Roofs 03
Glass roofs 2: Silicone sealed glazing and rooflights
CD 0
~~
I,-1= --"
'--
CD
-~
CD
CD
- 0
System design
Details
I. Extruded aluminium glazing profile
2. Pressure plate and capping
6. Silicone seal
7. Concrete base
8. Gutt er
9. Intemal finish
MCH
230
3-D view of typical ro oflight assembly with unca pped horizo ntal joints
System details
Since the advantage of silicone-sealed
systems is of continuous glazed surfaces
MCH
231
Roofs 03
Glass roofs 2: Silicone sealed glazing and rooflights
Details
I . Extruded aluminium glazing profile
3-D view o f co m er detail showing fo lded pressure plate t o
edge
5. Thenmal insulat io n
6. Silicone seal
7. Concrete base
8. Gutter
9. Int em al finish
MCH
232
capping
MCH
Horizontal panel t o panel junction w it h capping
233
Roofs 03
Glass roofs 3: bolt-fixed glazi ng
Details
I. Structural steel support
2. Connector plate
3. Bolt fixing
4. Silicone seal between glass
panels
5. Single glazed or double
7. silicon seal
8. Adjacent extemal wall
9. Insulation
10. Extruded metal cylindrical section
I I. Roofconstruction
12. Concrete base
glazed unit
6. Support bracket
System design
This method of glazing for roofs has
System details
The essential component inthis glazing
of the wall.
W here glazed walls are usually structurally supported by either top hung or bot-
structure.
MCH
234
Vertical section & elevations I :25. Bolt fix ed roof w ith folded pro file
00JI
@ eD
\...:~
1- .
-tr r.
eD
3-D view of bolt fixed system
eD
'='
:@;
-, ...----
t .
0'
r~
r@
MCH
235
Roofs 03
Glass roofs 3: bolt-fixed glazing
MCH
236
\
L
-
Vertical section I:IO. Base upstand junction
MCH
237
Roo s 03
Glass roofs 4: bo nded glass rooflights
Details
I, Silicone bo nd
2, Mild steel support frame
3, Single glazed laminat ed
glasspanel
4, Silicone seal
5, Co ncret e base
6, Insulat ed met al panel
7, Fold ed met al fiashing
8, Reinforc ed conc rete suppo rt frame
9, Fo lded alumunium pro t ective cover
CD
I>
=
Vert ical sectio n I : I0, Base upstand, Junction w ith
adjacent mat erial
CD
System design
The method of silicone bonding glass to
be weathertight.
238
floor,
MCH
~
' /-
"
"
0"'1
"v'
The glass panels are supported on steel fi at
sections which are welded to the horizontally set tube section. The glass is levelled on
"
@
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"
".
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~
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MCH
239
Roo~03
Glass roofs 4: bonded glass rooflights
0 .
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Vertical section I:10 through bonded glass roof light showing typical details
1"",
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CD
CD
o
Vertical section 1:5. Typical comer detail
0)
10years.
System details
a damaged joint.
MCH
240
ED
3-D det ail of junction betw een glassand steel support beams
Details
I Silicone bon d
2. Mild steel support frame
3. Single glazed laminated glass
panel
4. Silicone seal
5. Concrete base
6. Insulated metal panel
7. Folded metal flashing
MCH
24 1
Roofs 03
Concrete I: co ncealed mem brane
Det ails
I. W aterproof membrane
2. The rmal insulation
3. Co ncrete de ck
4. Paving slabs
5. Smoo th pebbles
6. Parapet cop ing
7. Rainwater o ut let
8. Slot dra in
9. O pen ing for overf ow
System design
Bitumen hastraditionally been used as a
not required.
System details
Concealed membrane roofs are typi-
MCH
242
CD
CD
CD
3-D view of parapet and rainwater out let
-,
--
--'
,,
J
CD '(
MC H
243
Roofs 03
Concrete I: concealed membrane
rubber-based strip.
rainwater outlet.
MCH
244
CD
CD
/)-_ _----'.c=-=..::"--_
CD
Vert ical sect ion I : IO. Expansion joint in concrete slab
CD
Vert ical section I : IO. Parapet detail
J.
-,, 0-
CD
CD
MCH
245
System design
wide range of exposed membrane materials
the application.
MCH
246
Details
I.Waterproof membrane
2. Thenmal Insulation
3. Concrete deck
4. Paving slabs
5. Smooth pebbles
6. Parapet coping
7. Rainwater outlet
8. Opening for overflow
9. Balustrade
10. Pipe or duct
I I. Extemal wall
12. Rooflight
(( r:
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MCH
247
3-D detail of rainw ater out let w ithin exposed membrane roo f
below.
System details
used.
used.
MC H
248
Canary Wharf underground stat ion, London, UK. Architect: Foster and Partners
...--
0
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(2)'
_,-
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.... I"""'-- I - I
-,-
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MCH
249
Roofs 03
Concrete 3: planted roof
System design
Concrete decksused for planted areas
junction.
MCH
250
System details
Details
8. Vapour barrier
I. Light vegetation
9. Concrete deck
3. Soil/growing medium
II . Coping
4. FiIter sheet
5. Drainage layer
I 3. Supply pipe
6. Waterproofing layer
7. Thenmal insulation
MCH
251
Ro o~03----------'"
Concrete
3: planted roof
-@'- -
used.
MCH
252
CD
I
-- - 0
,
(J
I'
, r
MCH
253
Roofs 03
Timber roofs 2: fiat roof: bitumen-based sheet
3-D overview showing typical flat t imber roof construct ion with insulation between roof joists.
-- - - ,L
(!) -- -
CD
'0' ,
3-D overview showi ng typical flat timber roof construction w ith rigid insulat ion above roof structure
0 '
System design
the roof.
MCH
254
0
.------, ,----,
0)
CD
CD
CD
(2)
0)
(2)
(2)
CD
CD
CD
(2)
J~
CD
ly
Details
I. Bitumen based sheet
2. Plywood sheet
3. Rigid thermal insulation
4. Vapour barrier
5. Softwood joists
6. Dry lining/drywall intemal finish
7. Metal Flashing
8. Timber upstand
9. Extemal Wall
10. Angle fillet
I I. Proprietry skirt flashing
12. Rainwater outlet
13. Paving bonded to bitumen
the case.
based sheet
255
Roofs 03
Timber roofs 2: fiat roof: bit umen-based sheet
3-D section t hrough roo f show ing pipe penetrat ion and step.
Timber roo f w it h low parapet and layer of shingle
CD
MC H
256
of the asphalt.
System details
rainwater outlet.
MCH
25 7
Roofs
03- - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - -
@
(3)
3-D view of step in roo f
CD
CD
CD
Section I : IO. Step in roof
System design
This section discusses flat t imber roofs
CD
MCH
258
deck
l
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,
CD
I
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,~
,
,~
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,
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Details
decktypes.
I. Mastic Asphalt
2. Plywood sheet or timber boards
9. Metal flashing
10. Fascia
I I. Extemal Wall
12. Expanded metal lathing
13. Rain water outlet! other penetrations
MCH
259
'~
0)
System details
Where plywood is used to form the
structural deck of a timber roof, the joints
between plywood boards are usually taped
scale applications.
MCH
260
..,
~~
CD
--,tD' 0 ,
;:S
K "
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MCH
26 1
Roofs 03
Timbe r roofs 3: pitched roof: tiles
///
System design
Clay t iles for roofs are most commonly
made from clay or concrete . In t he clay t ype
natural clay is mixed w it h additives such as
t he horizontal.
MC H
262
(j}
~0
@
Section I:20. Tilesapplied
to vertical wall
Details
I. Roof tiles, slates or shingles (tiles shown)
2. Softwood battens
3. Roofing felt
4. Gutter
5. Softwood rafter
6. Ventilation void
7. Themral insulation
8. Vapour barrier
9. Softwood joist
10. Dry lining/drywall intemal finish
I I. Soffit board to conceal rafters but allow ventilation to air gap behind
12. Fascia board
13. Supporting wall (brick cavity wall shown)
14. Ridge capping (ridge tile shown)
15. Metal flash ing
16. Standing seam sheet
MCH
263
Roofs 03
Timber roofs 3: pitched roof: tiles
(2)
(2)
0~
3-D sect io n through slat e t iles on unvent ilated t imber roof showi ng valley and fo ld details
,0
(3)
CD
~
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Section I :20, Eaves det ail. stand ing seam roof covering
(2)
or;;/
CD
' -rt
MC H
264
/ /
CD
CD
0)
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h\ /
configurat ion.
easily.
CD
@
System detai ls
Both plain ti les and int erlo cking t iles are
Fresh air is allowed to flow into the vent ilator set beneath t he bottom ti le and is
't
@
3-D section thro ugh standingseam roof on timber structure
MCH
265
Roo s 03
Plastic roofs I : GRP rooflights
~~~~~ic~
al .gutter/eaves detal
MCH
266
3. Pressure plate
4. Supporti ng structure
S. Folded metal cover strip
3-D overiew of GRP rooflight
6. Masonary/concrete wall
7. Gutter
ARC, H ull, UK A rchitect: N iall Mclaughlin
Arc hitects
System design
Glass reinforced polyester (GRP) is used
gasket clipped into the aluminium extrusion. Proprietary tapes are also used. but are
MC H
267
Roo s 03
Plastic roofs I: GRP rooflights
Detail s
I . T ranslucent & insulated GRP roof panel
2. T hermally broken aluminium framing
3.
Pressure plate
4. Supporting structure
5. Folded metal cover strip
CD
6. Masonary/concret e w all
Syste m details
When a rooflight terminates in an eaves,
MCH
268
MCH
269
Roofs 03
Plastic roofs 2: GRP panels and shells
Det ails
I.
2.
3.
4.
5.
=,~
CD
ZZZZZ;ZZ2222121Z
Syste m design
from a single segmented panel type to form
~m
deck beneath.
MCH
270
- - -':-.;. ---
CD
CD
CD
MCH
27 1
Roofs 03
Plastic roofs 2: GRP panels and shells
Detai ls
I.
2.
MCH
272
,-
System details
The metal frame is clad in prefabricated
insulation.
a smooth finish.
The intemal part of the shell, on its
MCH
273
Roofs 03
Fabric systems I: ETFE cushions
3-D view of joint between ETFE cushions showing air supply pipes
o
0
o1
CD
System design
t ions, air-filled cushions remain in place when
MCH
274
System details
Air is supplied to cushions from rubber
Details
I. ETFE Cushion
2. Extruded aluminium clamping plate
I I . Roof construction
MCH
275
- - ...
r>
U
-- CD
- - -- - 0
(D@@
.1 :-.1
ply pipes.
MCH
27 6
Details
I. ETFE cushion
2. Extruded aluminium clamping plate
restraint.
glazed roofs .
MCH
277
Roo s 03
Fabric systems 2: single membrane: cone-shaped roof
System design
design development, toge ther wit h t he t reat-
steel cables.
MC H
27 8
Details
I . Fabric membrane panel
2. Suppporting mild steel stnucture
3. Extnuded
aluminium clamp
3-D detail of altemat ive pinnacle condit ion wit h membrane hood
MCH
279
Roo s 03
Fabric systems 2: single membrane: cone-shaped roof
System details
The two most common fabrics used are
type is chosen.
fabric roofs.
MCH
280
-0
I
I
II
II
~=========-= JJ
~LI~0
I
I:
II
II
II
II
'---
~I...J
_________
5. Membrane hood
7. Thenmal Insulation
factory.
Details
MCH
281
Roofs 03
Fabric systems 3: single membrane: barrel- shaped roof
System design
seams.
cable fixing which is secured with a pin connection back t o a supporting steel plate. The
System details
Cable restrained curved edges to fabric
MCH
2 82
Details
I. Fabric membrane panel
2. Suppporting mild steel stnucture
7. Thenmal Insulation
8. Perimeter wall build up
9. Fixing clip
10. Aluminium clamp assembly
cb
cb
--
cp
cp
cb
Vertical section I:10. junction of adjacent
fabric membrane meeting at same angle
---:-:
\
.-
--
CD
MCH
283
Roofs 03
Fabric systems 3: single mem bra ne : barrel-shap ed roof
...'
. 4 ,'
.>
- --
Details
I. Fabric membrane
2. Edge seal clamped to continuous plate
3. Structural support
4. W all panel
5. Out er membrane
6. Liner membrane
7. Steel supporting structure
8. PTFE film or similar slip layer
9. Continuous stainless steelor aluminium bar
10. Pressed metal flashing
Vertical section I:10. Single skin system with steel edge support
MCH
284
;'
/'
,/
;'
the building.
MC H
28 5
STRUCTURE
Material systems for structures
Braced frames
I
Reinforced concrete
2
Steel
3
Timber
Portal frames
Loadbearing boxes
I
Reinforced concrete
2
Brick
3
Glass
Trusses
Arches and shells
Space grids
Floor structures
I.
Cast in situ ICast-in-place concrete
2.
Precast concrete
3.
Steel and steel mesh
4.
Timber
5.
Glass
Stairs
I
Concrete
Steel
2
Timber
3
Glass
4
MCH
287
tructure 04
Mate,-ial systems fo r structures
- - --,
Structural stability
Structural movement
The term 'structural movement' covers
MCH
288
MCH
289
or timber.
MCH
290
structures.
Thermal bridging, and the related effects
The use of CAD/CAM techniques, or
MCH
291
I: reinforced concrete
3-D viewof concrete frame
can be continuous.
weatherproof.
MCH
292
Details
I.Reinforced concrete wall
2. Concrete floor deck
3. Double glazed windows
MCH
293
tructure OLi
Braced frames I: reinforced concrete
_ - +-- -
MCH
294
r--- - - - -
slab.
MCH
295
Structure 04
Braced frames 2: steel
in the factory.
296
Braced st eel frame . Pompidou Centre, Paris, Arc hit ects: Richard Rogers
3-D view of section con nection detail w ith cross br acing element
I . I-section column
2. I-section beam
3. Floor deck
4. Cleats formed from steel
angle
5.T-section or fiat section s com monly used
for cross brac ing
MCH
297
ructure OLf
Braced frames 2: steel
D etails
I . I-sectio n co lumn
2. I-section beam
3. Floor deck
4. Cleats fo rme d fro m steel angle
constructi on.
t oo ls.
construction.
MCH
298
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Layout of steel work
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.
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299
ru ure O~
Braced frames 3: timber
..
MC H
300
construction.
30 I
MCH
302
tors.
the membrane.
MC H
303
MCH
304
Details
I. Portal frame
2. Cladding
------"'----
3 pintimber frame
\I
Ji
2 pintimber frame
MCH
305
trueture 04
Portal frames
en
HeathnowTenminal 5,London.
Architects:Rogers Stirk Harbour
MCH
30 6
in contemporary examples.
MCH
307
Structure
Loadbearing boxes I: reinforced concrete
--
section in chapter 2.
308
Details
I. External wall
2.W indow opening
3. Floor slab
4. Parapet upstand
5.W indow frame
MCH
309
Structure
Loadbearing boxes I: reinforced concrete
CAC Museum,
Cincinatti, USA.
Arcitects: Zaha Hadid
Archit ects
MCH
310
Details
I. Extemal wall
2.Window opening
3. Floor slab
4.W indow frame
CAC Museum,
Cincinatti, USA.
Arcitects: Zaha Hadid
Architects
MCH
3 11
-:
/>
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MCH
312
D etails
I. solid structural brickwork pier
2. Brick arch
English Bond
MCH
3 13
Current applications
The use of loadbearing brickwork in
MCH
314
G)
-:
./
G)
-;/
3-D Section th rough typical loadbearing brick bay show ing concrete
beams supported on br ick piers and brick arches
cavity wall constr uction makes its applicat ion
less wi despread, but th is may change with
the possibility of prefabricating sectio ns of
t he wall away from t he site, and assembling
Det ails
I . solid structural brickwork pier
2. Brick arch
with padstone
MCH
315
tructure 021
Loadbearing boxes 3: glass
MCH
316
(3)
..
MC H
3 17
MCH
318
Details:
Glass loadbearing box
I.Triple glazed glass beam
2. Double glazed unit
3. Stainless steel bracket bolt fixed to
beam and wall
4. Bonded glass connection
Glass footbridge
5. Glasswall panel
6. Glass roof panel
7. Glass sheet as fioor deck
8.Laminated glass beam
9.Steel frame at each end of bridge
MCH
3 19
nail plate trusses set at around 450mm centres. Larger trusses often use double timber
MCH
320
Details
I. Purlins spanning between tru sses
2. Roof cove ring
3. Str ut
4.Tie
5.Timber wa ll plate
6. Bolte d steel con nect ion
7. Stee l conn ector plate
1/
-~---
MCH
321
Details
I . Purlins spanning between t russes
2. Roof covering
3. Strut
4.Tie
5.Ti mber wa ll plate
6. Bolted steel connection
7. St eel co nnector plate
(j)
MCH
322
Steel ties act as truss in both directions along the length of the roof
covering.
MCH
323
Arches
The rigid arch has no pin jo ints, but
Shells
Shells are of two generic types;t hose
made from framing memb ers to which clad-
conc rete .
MCH
324
3-D view of timber shell structure with tension cable support and double glazed roof
MCH
325
tructure 04
Arches and shells
Section through shell
I, Reinforced concrete
outer shell
2, Concrete edge beam
3. Concrete ribs
4, Steel connectingbrackets
Yatsushiro Municipal Museum, Kumamot o Prefuctur e,japan,A rchitects:Toyo Ito & Associates,
port the roof covering,Where a single material is used for the gridshell,such as steel,
MCH
326
3-D view of shell structure with precast concrete panels support ed by steel grid structure
metal sheeting.
MCH
327
MCH
328
Details
4. Spherical cast connector
5 Drained and ventilated cladding panels (acrylic
roofiights shown)
6. Rubber-based seal
MCH
329
3-D views of space frame structure support ing a glass roof and facade
MCH
330
frame arrangement.
manufacturers.
account.
MCH
331
I: cast-in-situ/cast-in-place concrete
;l
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a
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(3)
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MCH
332
MCH
333
Structure 0
Floor structures 2: precast concrete
Details
I. Concrete block
2. Prestre ssed concrete beam
standard systems.
Hollowcore systems
metres
metres
MC H
334
MCH
335
Structure 04
Floor structures 3: steel and steel mesh
form a grid.
MCH
336
<1 ' 4
(7)
MC H
337
Details
I. Soft wood fioor joists
2. Softwo od fioor plate
3. Loadbearing wall
4. Flo or boards or plywoo d/chipboard
5. St rutting to stiffen floor const r uction
6. Insulat ion
/
3-D cut away detail of typi cal t imber floor support ed on masonry wall
MCH
338
butt-jointed or tongue-and-grooved.Alter-
MCH
339
Structure
Floor structures 4: timber
Details
I.Top / bottom cord in timber based
mater ial
MCH
340
MCH
341
Q;l
CD
81 =r -
Glass floors are used to enhance naturally lit spaces by allowing light to pass through
to spaces below.The primary material used
CD
MCH
342
Educatori um, Utrecht Univer sit y,Holl and. A rchite cts: Rem Koolh aas.
Office for Metropolitan Arch itecture .
MCH
343
tructure 04
Floor structures 5: glass
3-D det ail of glassblock floor build up with ty pical steel suppo rti ng struct ure
MCH
344
I"1CH
345
Structure <l
Stairs I: concrete
Details
I. Guarding
2. Handrail
3.Staircase
4.Treads projecting from concrete wall
5. Cast-in-place staircase
6. Precast staircase
ish demanded.
Guardrails
Guardrails on concrete stairs are most
often pre-fabricated in parts,typically in
Precast concrete
Precast stairs are manufactured either as
MCH
346
I
r
o
/
/
/
Cast-in-situ stair
u:
r
r
r
r:
MCH
347
Strudure 0
Stairs 2: steel
.6
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CD
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appearance.
to form aT-section.
Guardrails
Steel guardrails are prefabricated but are
MCH
348
Details
I , Guarding
2, Handrail
3. Steel stringer
4,Tread
5, Insert s,typically timber or
concrete, set onto steel plate
6, Steel channel
7, Landing in steel plate
8, Steel plate deck
CD,
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Horizontal section
3-D elevation
MCH
349
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MCH
350
Details
I . Handrail
2. Balustrades
3.T imber beam
4.Tread
5. Carriage
6.W edge
7. Bracket
8.W all
9. Riser
I O. N ewel post
I I. Trimmer joist
Vertical section I: I0
t hrough handrail
Handrail detail
Horizontal sectio n
Horizontal section
MC H
35 1
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purpose.
Guardrails
All-glass, or structurally glazed. balus-
MCH
352
Details
I, Glass balustrade fixed at
base
2, Stainless steel handrail
3. Steel stringer
4, Glass treads,typicallysandblasted to provide friction
S, Steel tube support frame
6" Steel angle
7, Glass landing in steel plate
Glass stair in Apple store, Regents Street London, UK, Architect: Bohlin Cywi nskiJackson
,I CD
3-D vertical section through glass landing
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Vertical section I:I0
CD
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---
MCH
353
ENVIRONMENT
Energy and the building envelope
Double skin facades
Environmental studies for envelopes
Analysis for design
I
Solar radiation
2
Daylight
3
Embodied energy
Passive design
I
Natural ventilation
2
Solar shading and
Daylight controls
3
Solar power
4
Solar heating
Low energy material systems
I
Straw bales and hemp
2
Rammed earth, cob
and adobe bricks
3
Green oak and bamboo
4
Green walls
Active design
I
Liquid based heating/cooling
systems
2
Mechanical heating/cooling
systems
3
Electrical lighting
4
Fuel and water supply
Support services
I
Sanitation and drainage
2
Fire control
3
Maintenance and cleaning
4
Lifts
MCH
355
Environment 05
Energy and the building envelope
.
--MCH
356
P.
: :~~~::~~
":9.9 40096
University of Northumbria,UK.
panels can be used as semi-transparent panels in glazed wall systems, though they per-
MCH
357
nvironment 05
Double skin facades
thin walls.
Thick walls
In thick double walls, an outer layer com-
void its wind speed drops dramatically, allowing the inner glazed wall to have opening
MCH
358
J_
-t.-
o
~.
Details
I . Outer skin of sealed bolt
fixed glazing
2. Inner skin of openable
aluminium framed doors and
fixed lights
3. Retractable blind
4. Floor construction
5. Zone for air extraction to
mechanical ventilation
6. Plants
CD
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ill
ill
.J.
1.
1.
Plan 1:25
MC H
359
Environment 05
Double skin facades
II
Jl
Jl
F
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1
I
I
I
I
I
/
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--- - -- - 1- - - - - - - - - + - I
-1
II
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11
Details
I. Outer skin of sealed
bolt fixed glazing
2. Inner skin of openable aluminium framed
doors and fixed light s
Details
I. Outer skin of sealed bolt fixed glazing
2. Inner skin of openable aluminium
framed doors and fixed light s
3. Retractable blind
4. Floor construction
5. Zone for air extraction to mechanical
ventilation
6. Plants
s:
- CD
3. Retractable blind
4. Floor construction
5. Zone for air extraction to mechanical
vent ilation
6. Plants
:110
'U'n.
II
1
MC H
360
(i)
II
Thin wal ls
Thin wall facades comprisetwo skins
MCH
361
nvrronment 0
Environmental studies for envelopes
remains unchanged.
months.
tion is as follows:
expensive, but provides a means of interacting wit h the study, rather than examining a
K,
K2
where k
MCH
362
!l. (W/m2 K)
L
cladding performance.
efficiency.
detailed analysis.
MCH
363
nvironment
Environmental studies for envelopes
ing louvres
MCH
364
One of the major benefits of computer based analysis isthat it can be used
struction materials.
MCH
365
nVlronment 05
Analysis for design I: solar radiation
45 latitude
25 latitu de
65 lat itude
f.
...
e - ..--
MCH
366
Sunpath
An awareness of how the sun moves
Overshadowing
In urban areas, the effect of overshadow-
design.
ments
Shadow projection
The sunpath features in 3D CAD design
areas since the glare from the sun on occupant s of surrounding buildings can cause sig-
Solar exposure
Digital environmental analysis can help
year.
MCH
367
Environment 05
Analysis for design I: solar radiation
Solar gain
Solar gain can be defined as th e increase
systems.
368
overheat.
MC H
irrigation requirements.
Wi thin buildings, solar exposure analysis
systems
ing.
Shading design
The use of external shading can signifi-
tively.
MCH
369
nvuonment
Analysis method
increase in daylighting,accompanied by a
370
course of a year.
MCH
MC H
371
Environment
05
An introduction to embodied
energy
significant.
Since reductions in the operational
used.
MCH
372
in various configurations.
worked examples.
hollow-
MCH
373
Environment
05
struction.
aluminium.
MCH
374
5% of the
impairing performance.
be added into future calculations of embodied energy Care should be taken to establish
I) Aluminium alloy
200 Gj/tonne
2) Synthetic rubber
150 Gj/tonne
3) Structural steel
5) Float glass
15 Gj/tonne
6) Softwood
I 3 GJltonne
7) Plasterboard
2.7 Gj/tonne
8) Facing bricks
I 1.7 GJltonne
26.8 Gj/tonne
31 Gj/tonne
9) Mortar
1.09 GJltonne
I I) Steel reinforcement
12) Plywood
I 3) Concrete block
1.3I Gj/tonne
35 Gj/tonne
15) Plastic
150Gj/tonne
0.84 Gj/tonne
26.8 Gj/tonne
17 Gj/tonne
MCH
375
....._--
Environment 05
Passive design I: natural ventilation
are separated.
MC H
376
INTERNALBLINDS TO CONTROLGlARE
EXlRACT DRAWN
BYSTACK EffECT
THROUGH ATRIUM
W INTERSUN CAN
ENTER AND WARM
INTERNAl SPACE
~====================~===:/
,
EFFECTIVE
SHADINGfll:OM
RADIANT
COOUNG fROM
cONvlcnVE G....INS
slAa
OVERHANG
" .,--
."
WtiITESHADES ACT
ASlIGHTSHElVES
INCREASING
RADIANT
COOUNG fROM
SlA8
POWER DATA
DAYliGHTlEVElS
oonn aoXES
l ~flOOR
ElECHllCPE RIMElER
HEATER
OUTlET FROM
StABINTO
flOOR vOID
DATA/POWER
SUPPlY Ii:UN IN
nOORvOID
150mm
CONNECTER
THROUGH
SCREED
Mid-Season Operation
WEATHER STATION
CONSTANTlY MONITORS
CLIMATE & Al lOWS CONTROL
Of VENTILATIO N &
TEMPER ATURE
PREVAILINGWINDS ASSIST
NATURAL VENTILATION
~
..
SHADING SYSTEM
PROVIDES
PROTECTION f ROM
SUNLIGHT ENSURING
GOOD DAYLIGHT
PENETRATION
SOUTH SIDE
NATURAllY
I ENTILATED
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_ - : : ; ' _1 1
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MCH
377
Environment 0
Passive design 2: daylighting and solar shading
Details
I. Fixed ferro-cement louvres
2.Glazed rooflights
3. Support trusses for louvres
MCH
378
I
The Menil Collection Museum, Houston, USA.Architect: Piano and Fitzgerald.
'applied' shading.
cladding panel.
or roller-shutter format.
controllingthe amount of daylight and diffusing it,the white-finished louvre blades are
shaped to reduce internaltemperature variations from solar radiation.Their horizontal
MCH
379
nvironrnent 0
----
,,
:~~: ::
a,
WI
: : : : ! ! ! ! ! ! !:
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..
..
Photovoltaic panels
Photovoltaic (PV) cells are used to
generate electricity from sunlight.The power
generated is then used inside the building
to contribut e to the electrical demands of
the building and, in some cases, the power
generated can be sold backto the electricity supplier. Electricity isgenerated in arrays
of cells set in panels on roofs and facades.
The orientation of panels is important.Those
inclined closeto the horizontal produce
more electricity annually than those inclined
vert ically. Panels are set as close as possible
to the angle at which the most amount
of electricity isgenerated over a one year
period,t aking into account the varying path
of the sun duringthat period and the effects
of diffused solar radiation. Panels comprise a
glass substrate coated with tin oxide, forming a transparent electrode, which is covered
with layers of silicon together wit h a coat
of aluminium film, which forms the other
electrode. Particles of ultraviolet light called
photons interact wit h electrons in the semiconductor to convert sunlight into direct
current electricity.PV cells are of three types:
multi-crystalline, which produces the most
MCH
380
University of Northumbria.UK.
walling system.
Details
I,Window
2, Photovoltaic panel
3. Supporting frame
4. Structural wall
5. Floor construction
over a one-yearperiod.
MCH
381
Environment 05
Passive design 4: solar heating
- - --.
to
House.
Devices for obtaining hot water directly
MCH
382
WINTER
winter sotstice
and to generate electricity. Only a few largescale solarfurnaces have been built.The
10.5 metre diameter mirror and heliostat at
Montlouis in the French Pyrenees are used
for research into materials at high tempera-
~~
,.:.,~. .
Concrete panel
:'
'
(heat-conclucting facing)
heat.
SUMMER
PV power generationand
solar hoi water supply
pipesset intothem.
Sunlight at
summersolstice
Heat absorption
D-D-D-
il.=========!JJ
I j-
MCH
383
Environment 05
Low energy material systems I : straw bales and hemp
.0
3-D view of modularised componentsthat can be created using the modCell system
Details
l .Timber frame
2 Straw/hemp/paper bales
3.Steel rods
4.Openings for windows
doors etc.
5. Lime based render (applied
over bales)
Key uValue data
ModCell Straw 450 mm 0.1 3
ModCell Hemp 300 mm 0.26
ModCel1 Hemp 500 mm 0.16
ModCell Paper200 mm 0.1 6
Building Regs CavityWall 0.35
ModCell straw panel being constructed(left) and Modcellhemp (right)
ModCell Paper
thick.
Cores (C1C):
ModCell Straw
ModCell Hemp
MCH
384
Straw
Straw bale construction is a building
method that uses straw bales as structural
MCH
385
Environment 05
Low energy material systems 2: rammed earth, cob and adobe bricks
- - -....
Left to right: Entrance building, Eden Project Cornwall,England,Detail of rammed earth wall,The Redding Residence, Kendle Design Collaborative,Scottsdale,Arizona, USA. Detail of example of rammed earth colouration through varioussoil types
construct a wall.
solid rock..
makeup.
to do this:
MCH
386
Adobe House,Choisica,Peru
inexpensive.
construction.
present.
dry stacked.
MC H
387
nvironment 05
Low energy material systems 3: green wood and bamboo
GreenWood
A s opposed to regular timber used
in construction, green w oo d is ti mber in
w hich the cavities contain water.
The primary reason for use of green
dr y.
dr ying process.
purposes,
Bamboo
When t reated , bamboo forms a very
hard w ood w hich is bot h lightweight and
M CH
38 8
o Centro Cultural Max Feffer,The largest bamboo structure in Brazil. Architect: Leiko Mot omura
rapidly renewa ble constru ction mate rials
certified.
INTERNOD E
DIAPHRAM
MC H
389
Environment 0
Low energy material systems 4: green walls
tion
new developments.
growth.
rainwater pipes.
System overview
MCH
390
Details
I. Irrigation hose
2. Planted facade
3. Compacted soil
4. Metal container
5. Drainagechannel
6.Yentilated cavity
7. Outer wall with waterproof seal
8. IOmm waterproof base board
9. Stainless steel support structure
10. Polyamide felt substrate
I I. Support bracket
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
1
I
I
1
I
I
I
I
I
1
I
~
CD
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Modular system with rockwool substrate:
Paradise Park Childrens Centre. London.Architect: DSDHA
facade.
Because of their modular nature, sub-
Modular systems
Modular systems use cassette elements filled with a soil substrate that
plant roots draw nutrients from.The
modular units are usually cultivated off
site until they reach maturity.These modules can then easily be fixed to a supporting structure on site to complete the
Hydroponic walls
Hydroponics is a method of growing plants wit hout the need for a soil
substrate.An irrigation system distributes
nutrient enriched water droplets across
the facade which are absorbed directly by
the roots.
Hydroponicwalls have a much
reduced constructional depth and impose
significantly reduced loads on the building
facade (around 30kg/m2) when compared to substrate systems.
The standard form of construction
provides felt pockets in which plants can
be individually located. Roots spread radially wit hin the felt and can support plant
growth of up to six metres. Horizontal
irrigation pipes run along the outer edge
of the felt at the to p of the facade.The
MC H
39 1
Environment 05
Active design I: liquid based heating/cooling systems
N
<:-:
/"'I
1..---/
Detail s
I. Floor mounted fin radiator
Radiators
Radiator systems pump low-pressure
hot water through a pipe circuit, and distrib-
MCH
392
Chilled ceilings
Passing air through a building during the
systems.
Underfloor heating
Underfioor heating is another alterna-
surfaces and generally provide greater coolChilled ceilings have been developed
MCH
393
Environment 05
Active design 2: mechanical heating/cooling systems
CD
'0
'0 CD
All-air system.
Air-water system.
CD
CD
0
CD
CD
0
CD
CD
CD
Details
CD
CD
' 0
- 0
altered.
zones.
ers.
MCH
394
Details
I. Pump
2. Cooling tower
3. Heat exchanger
4. Condenser
5. Evaporator
6. Boiler
7. Fan
8. Heatingcoil
9. Cooling coil
10. Filter
I I.Water spray
12. Supply air
13. Exhaust air
14. Return air
15. Induction unit or fan coil unit
16. Space beingventilated
17. Air handling unit
18. Solarheat gain
19. Heat loss through fabric.
(j)
i r---------'---~-~.....:....----
@
MCH
395
nvironment 0
Active design 2: mechanical heating/cooling systems
~-h
Principle ofVAV
control.
nally
MCH
396
VAVsystem
Details
I. Pump
2. Cooling tower
3. Heat exchanger
4. Condenser
5. Evaporator
6. Boiler
7. Fan
8. Heating
9. Cooling
10. Filter
I I. Water spray
12. Supply air
I 3. Exhaust air
14. Retum air
15. Induction unitor fan coil unit
16. Space being ventilated
17.Air handling unit
18. Solar heat gain
19. Heat loss through fabric.
Heat pumps
Heat pumps are used in a wide range of
applications.The heat pump is a device t hat
makes use of both the evaporat ion and t he
condensing stages of a vapour compression
Heat recovery
ciency
l.loyds Building,London.
Architect: Richard Rogers Partnership.
MCH
397
Environment 05
Active design 2: mechanical ventilated heating/cooling systems
Details
I. Pump
2. Coolingtower
3.Heat exchanger
4. Condenser
5. Evaporator
6. Boiler
7. Fan
8. Heating
9.Cooling
10. Filter
I I.Water spray
12. Supply air
13. Exhaust air
14. Return air
15. Induction unit or fan coil unit
16. Space being vent ilated
17.Air handling unit
18. Warmed water supply/return
19. Chilled water supply/return
Ducting
Air is circulated in ducts of galvanized
sheet steel, used because of its ease of fabrication, light weight, smooth internal finish
to assist air fiow and is economic. Ducts are
usually insulated externally in order to reduce
heat loss. or gain. and to prevent condensation forming on the outside of the duct when
cold air is circulating. Circular ducts have the
least surface areaand the lowest frictional
losses, however rectangular section ducts are
more commonly used in commercial developments due to the fact that they require
less depth when fitted above suspended
ceilings and are economic. Square sections
perform better than elongated sections; the
maximum normally accepted depth/width
ratio being 1:3. Flat oval ducts are also used
in certain applications as they offer an advantage over rectangular ducts in being ableto
handle the same volumes wit h smaller sections due to lower frictional losses. Flatoval
ducts are however more expensive to manufacture and require more specialised fabricators than circular or rectangular. The cross-
MCH
398
Lloyds Building,London.
Architect: Richard Rogers Partnership.
Package units
Package units do not require a network
duct size.
required.
Induction units
MCH
399
----
nvironment 05
Active design 3: electrical lighting
Electrical Lighting.
The two main types of electric light
Discharge lamps
Luminaires
Luminaires are used both to hold the
MC H
400
avoid glare,
Emergency lightin g
Emergency lighting allows escape routes
cal services,
Exterior luminaires
Wall mounted types
Luminaires on walls can also be pendant,
40 I
Environment 05
Active design 4: fuel and water supply
FUEL SUPPLY
Natural gas
buildings.
refilled by deliveries.
wiring.
Electricity
Electricity is generated in a variety of
MCH
402
WATER SUPPLY
Fresh wat er (from reservoirs, lakes,
enVironment 05
Support services I : sanitation and drainage
I"
---------- ~------
D et ails
I. Gully to rainwate r pipe
2. Gully from kitchen
3. Soil and vent pipe
4. Inspect ion chamber
5. Building
6.WC
8. Foul water
9. Surface water
10. Property boundary
I I. Sewer
12. Foul sewer
13. Surface water sewer
Det ails
~ _ -, __ -<
/
@
@
I. Supply to soakaway
2. Drainage opening
3. Drainage out
4. Foundation
5. Hardcore
6.Access cover
7. Combined dr ain
network.
403
drainage run.
Soakaways (drywells)
These are a method of providing surface
movement to occur.
MCH
404
Septic tanks
Septic tanks are used where there is no
local sewer system.These can be set either
soil or waste. Both are drained either separately in a two-pipe system or together in
a single-pipe system.The drainage is usually
II
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Details
I,WC
2.Wash basins
3. Urinals
4. Showers
5. Soil pipe (mayrequire additional vent pipe)
6.Waste pipe (mayrequire additional vent pipe)
7. Soil and vent pipe
pipe.
Rainwater
There are a number of rainwater sys-
Single-pipe system
This system, also called the single stack
MCH
405
nvironment
05
Fire prevention
Most fires are caused by electrical problems. Since electrical cabling and installations
vermiculite.
Fire escapes
The most important function of fire
ous fumes.
Fire protection
Structural walls, columns, floors and
staircase enclosures must be furnished with
MCH
406
Fire detection
The provision of fire detection equipment varies with size and type of building.
the interior, smoke clearance for each compartment should be facilitated through cross
ventilation or by mechanical means.
Fire fighting
Sufficient access and facilities must be
MCH
407
Environment 05
Support services 3: maintenance and cleaning
Cleaning gant ry allowing underside of roof to be cleaned and maintained without cleaning platform from below.
B8 offices . Daimler Chrysler Projekt, Potsdamer Platz, Berlin.Architect: Richard Rogers Partnership.
on a single roof.
Davit systems
A davit is a jib or scaffold-shaped frame
tenance.
MCH
408
Details
I. Cleaning cradle
2. Motor and counterweight
3. Hydraulically operated arm
4. Steel cable
5. External wall parapet
6. Roof surface
7.W heels or guide rails
- ~ --
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I
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MCH
409
Envlro nmen 05
Support services 3: maintenance and cleaning
l(
~41
\\
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Monorails
In the monorail system, a continuous
single rail is fixed at roof level, from which a
cleaning cradle is hungfrom a cable at each
3-D views of typical cleaning cradle on facade
MCH
410
=
m
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sheet.
MCH
411
Elevation I: 100Trolley on
verticallyset rails
Trolley systems
W here a facade is required to be
moved by an arm fixed directly to the supporting cables.As the arm moves from a
MCH
412
- --==O:::'==-'il
, I
Left and right: Elevation I:200 Trolley with reach over adjacent facades
[ ~fF, :=~====
---=-::I r---'--r=------
.f,
tiM
roof form a single and continuous form.
In the example above a trolley is set
behind a parapet formed by solarcontrol
louvres. It is set on a track that forms a conPlan I:50 Cradles hanging from trolley
1,
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MCH
413
-,
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elevators.
i \\
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criteria:
8)
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essary.
MCH
414
At each level served there are elevator landing doors, which can be solid or
transparent.These doors open only when
engaged by the elevatorcar doors. When
,---,---1
I
1
101
1 \2) 1
from the moving parts of the elevatormechanism. In this case, each floor is provided
I
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Vertical section
Hydrauliclift
ally 900mm.
(j)
@
Horizontal section
Hydraulic lift
ELEVATOR SIZE
4 person
I 350 x 1500mm
1000 x 900mm
5 person
I800 x I 600mm
1100 x 950mm
8 person
1800 x 2100mm
1100 x 1400mm
10 person
1900 x 2300mm
I 350 x 1400mm
13 person
2000 x 2300mm
I600 x 1400mm
16 person
2600 x 2300mm
1950 x 1400mm
21 person
2600 x 2600mm
1950 x 1750mm
MCH
415
Environment
05
Support services
4: lifts
t
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Partelevation
-- - - - -
~ t.i.
Details
I. Glass fronted doors
2. Runner
It
r,-
rn ,-""
Partelevation
th e event of fire.
MCH
41 6
Details
I . Clear t oughened glass
2. Roller guides
3. CHS (steel tube) framing
support ing 'structu ral deck' of
lift car
4. Lightin g trough
5. Metal plate suppo rting light
fitt ings
6. Reflector luminaire
7. Extract fan
8. Metal access panel
9. Bolt fixed glass enclosure
10. A ngled dow nlight ers
I I . Flexible mild steel electrical
cond uits
12. Removable maintenance
platform hung from steel tube
frame
13.Floor finish
I
I
II
elevator shaft.
The machinery room can be independent of the e levato r shaft, and may be locate d
event of fi re .
Horizonta l sectio n
MCH
417
FUTURE
A future for building constnuction
2
3
Folded glazing
Metal solar shading: louvres and mesh
Triangular panels for twisted facades
8
9
geometry
10 Variable concrete panels for solar
shading
I I Structural facades of
comp lex geometry
12 Facade with integrated furnit ure
MCH_ 4 19
Future 06
A future for building construction
in structural design.
decks.
MCH_ 420
MCH_ 421
Future 06
I Folded glazing
developed wit the intention of them having a single expression for the glazed facade
MCH_ 422
- - -- - -
-- -
MCH_ 423
Future 06
I Folded glazing
on site.
as possible to construct.
MCH_ 424
wit h them,as well as movements associated with diffe rent methods of support or
points of support between inner and outer
skin. Resolution of adjacent facade systems
is detailed in a way which makes them economicto fabricate and install, ensuring they
are as economic as possible.
In addition to a digital model,the folded
facades of this project were described a
series of flattened elevations in the manner
of an 'airfx' type kitof parts.This ensures
that the tenderer appreciatesthe level of
resolution of the scheme,and that there is
little that remains unknown to the contractor, which would otherwise add an inevitable
MCH_ 425
Future 06
I Folded glazing
3-D view of curved and folded glass comer detail
Details
I.Factory assembled untised
panel
2. Curved glass (assembled
as part of the unitised
panel)
3. On site crane
4. Concrete floor slab
CD
CD
MCH_ 426
....,
.m
Future 06
2 Metal solar shading: louvres and mesh
Investigation s into methods of arranging profil ed louvres to provide varying amou nts of shading.
Mesh options
For this project we looked at proposals for three approachesto the design of
Fabrics
as shown here.
is made differently.
Printed mesh
material was the weight, as a heavier material requires a bigger supporting structure.
Virtually all the meshes considered were low
MCH_ 428
Various met hod s of using mesh and pro filed louvres to pro vide non- uniform shading
MCH_ 429
Future 06
2 Metal solar shading: louvres and mesh
house
This altemative to the east facade isto
the classrooms.
facade.
Profiled louvres
The profile of the louvres can be manip-
can be varied.
energy,
Using louvres with changing profiles over the walls and roof of a building can provide varying levels of shading and visual interest along a long facade
Future 06
2 Metal solar shading: louvres and mesh
Abo ve. Louvres can be perforated or solid to pro vide different amount s of shading
Left W ind animated til es
.
I
I
- ....I
--.
MCH_ 432
I
I
-"""
I
~
ing system.
MCH_ 433
Future 06
3 Triangular panels for twisted facades
Studies w here a complex geometry has been rationalised t o allow it be made up of repeated t riangular
panels
of panel t ypes.
MCH_ 434
I I
'
..
i'
..
1 /
I '
Investigation into how different pattem s of facade panel can maximise efficiency and create a different aesthetic
I
I
lr
I'
MCH_ 435
Fut ure 06
3 Triangular pane ls for twisted facades
~:
construction.
MCH_ 436
Ltt' -HJW
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vV V~Vl~~~~~~~V~~~~vV~V~~
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p~~~
~~~
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Future 06
3 Triangular panels for twisted facades
MCH_ 438
-------
in th e same way.
MCH_ 439
Future 06
4 Twisted panels with flat glass for twisted facades
..
..-
..-
..-
.....-
..-
II
..-
II ,
::-: I
Above and left. Investigation into how the geometry of a twisted tower can be broken down into a
repeated panel which has a twisted frame but use
flatglass.
MCH_ 440
PE!lSPECT ~E VEI;
- - 'al'"
F.DOR PtJt.-J
1(XXJ
own right.
MCH_ 441
Future 06
4 Twisted panels with flat glass for twisted facades
- -u
MCH_ 442
MCH 443
Future 06
4 Twisted panels with flat glass for twisted facades
MCH_ 444
MCH_ 445
Future 06
5 Moving shading panels
o
o
Unligned : both layers of moving system out of alignement
Facade system using several layers of small louvres to provide controllable shading
the ceiling grid pattem) are designed to conceal the framing while still providing for ease
behind comprises a system where the framing is set extemally rat her than on the interi-
MCH_ 446
Renders showing mov eable shading system from bot h intema l and ext emal views
building.
thenmal insulation.
system.
MCH_ 447
Fut ure 0 6
" I
"
r',l l
--
" I
" I
"
" I
J I~
Exploded view showing how a panel incorporating mo veable shading could be constructed
infiltration.
building.
structure.
MCH_ 448
D etailed studies of the mechanical systems t hat might be used to make layers of louvres mo ve
MCH_ 449
Fut ure
06
The primary access to cleaning the shading panels is from the access deck, which is
effectively a continuation of the floor slab
MCH_ 450
the facade,
accessed.
level.
MCH_ 451
Future 06
6 Precast concrete panels for facades of complex geometry
I.
/~
3.
MCH_ 452
Exploded, sectional views showing thefixing system for large precast concrete cladding panelswith structural reinforced concrete wall behind
This option was explored by looking
MCH 453
Future 06
6 Precast concrete panels for facades of complex geometry
In addition to the design work of generic
systems,the design of all facade systems
would need to co-ordinate with building codes with particular regard to wind
pressures experienced by the buildings. In
addition, CFD studies (computational fluid
dynamics studies) would need to be undertaken with computer software to establish
any likely areas of high wind pressure in
order to understand the effects of wind
behaviour on the facades.
Precast concrete panel
Finished panel stepped areas
Rubber mould
Base formwork
Panel types
An essential issue in the design of the
panel was to ensure that they could be of
different types without adding significantly
Rendered views showing process of precast concrete panel
MCH_ 454
Window moulds
"
Base fo
wo
Additional decorative
profiles
--------)
MCH_ 455
Future 06
6 Precast concrete panels for facades of complex geometry
I
I
Explod ed views of precast conc rete wall panels w ith thermal insulation on the inside face
shapes on ly.
provide te xture .
MCH_ 456
MCH_ 457
Future 06
7 Glazing systems with integral solar shading
MCH_ 458
MCH_ 459
Future 06
7 Glazing systems with integral solar shading
Computer generated views of a proposal where louvres buck and twist to provide different levels of shading across the building
MCH_ 460
, I
Facade options
One solution consists of cast glass
channels which are used to create both
translucent and opaque areas of wall around
opening windows. This concept is essentially
one of replacing the existing windows and
3D
Above right.
printed model of facade
Abo ve and below . Computer generated views of t wisting louvres
MCH_ 461
Futu re 06
7 Glazing systems w ith int egral solar shading
of the facade.
MCH_ 462
MCH_ 463
Future 06
8 Stick glazing for double facades
The design options for the glazed envelope of this project are based on cladding
grid shell.
MCH_ 464
Rendered images showing curved steel structure which supports glazed panels
MCH_ 465
Future 06
8 Stick glazing for double facades
structure
giazeo
panels
surface area.
MCH_ 466
MCH 467
Fut ure 06
8 Stick glazi ng fo r do uble facades
Images of a solution where the primary structure is set out on a roughly 10m x 10m grid but secondary supports w hich hold the glass patt em s take up a more
organic shape and allow glass panels I m w ide
thermal movement.
sheet.
MCH_ 468
.
"
...
....
..
...
....
..
,.
..
MCH 469
Future 06
9 Shingled glazing for facades of comp lex geometry
/
/
Lapped shaped glazing panels supported off a 10mx IOm primary structuregrid
MCH_ 470
MCH_ 47 1
Future 06
9 Shingled glazing for facades of complex geometry
are beginning to see new homes asan engineered 'kit of parts'that can be adapted to
Future 06
9 Shingled glazing for facades of complex geometry
again accordingly.
rication.
MCH_ 474
Physical mode]of facade using pieceslasercut with data exported directly from the computer model
MCH_ 475
Future 06
10 Variable concrete panels for so lar shading
tions.
MCH_ 476
Some of the o~enings are filledwith a mesh which provides increased amounts of
shading. This treatment would depend on the function of the areas behind the facade.
JII
I
1=
Future 06
10 Variable concrete panels for so lar shad ing
O pt ion for a facade using organic forms in reinforced concrete to create a structural facade
aro und a curved building.
A bove. Views of a section of facade
Left. O verview of system over an ext ended area
of the facade
MCH_ 478
-:
MCH 479
Fut ure 06
10 Variable concrete pane ls for so lar shad ing
Above and below. Perforated louvres which are moveableallow the shading to track the sun offering maximum protection at different times of day. The horizontal setting shown below would be effective against a high sun whilst the sit uation above when the sun is lower.
MCH_ 480
A bove and below. Shading screens w hich can be moved to pro vide more or less shading depending on t he function or user inside a space.
MCH_ 481
Future 06
I I Structural facades of complex geometry
A grided pattem of members provides both shading and structural support to the facade
envelope.
MCH_ 482
The structure becom es more dense towards the top of the building which provides more shading and visual variatio n across the facade
MCH 483
Future 06
I I Structural facades of complex geometry
,,
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.
.
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A solution w hich uses a grid of curved members as bot h shading and structure
areas.
MCH_ 484
wide range of textures and surface modelling to be applied as well asa high degree
MCH_ 485
Future 06
I I Structural facades of complex geometry
Detailed view showing glass panels fitting between structural! shading members
MCH_ 486
or be used as cladding.
precastwalls behind.
MCH_ 487
Future 06
12 Facade with integrated fumitu re
Facade solution where a repeated cladding panel forms an enclosure, provides shading. houses
heating and electrical fittings and acts as cupboards and shelves
separat e wall.
thermal insulation.
MCH_ 488
MCH_ 489
Future 06
/2 Facade wit h int egrat ed furniture
Variations of the multi-functional cladding panel including meshscreens or timber louvres extemally
parallel push-out t ype windows were considered, and might form part of the development of this furniture w all system.
MCH_ 490
The panel can be adapted t o almost any required configurat ion, Versions here include a door or furt her glazing at low er level
extemal.
MCH_ 491
Future 06
I2 Facade with integrated fumiture
MCH_ 492
MCH_ 493
MCH
495
opposite direction.
COMPOSITE MATERIALS.These have been
industrialised countries.
MCH
496
the membrane.
MCH
497
the building.
is a consideration.
construction.
to a building geometry.
MCH
498
walls.
MCH
499
tion .
facades.
paper.
Modem
Facades
MCH
500
MCH
50 I
Glossary of terms
Green oak and bamboo
416
496
26
144
324
Elevators
Embodied energy
Energy and the building
envelope
Electrical lighting
ETFE cushions
Exposed membranes
Bonded glass rooflights
Bolt fixed glazed walls
Bolt fixed glazed roofs
Brick
Brick boxes
Brick cavity walls
Braced frames
238
132
234
54
312
168
292
358
396
274
246
226
270
266
H
Straw bales and hemp
380
F
Fabrics and membranes
Fabric systems
68
274
Green walls
Greenhouse glazing and
capped systems
352
410
368
492
384
386
Internal walls
Introduction to Second Edition
484
402
72
72
4
4
5
Flat roof:
Cast-in-situ concrete
Cast-in-situ Floor
Ceilings
Clamped glazing
Composite panels roofs
Concealed membranes
Concrete
Concrete block
Concrete frames
Composite panels
Copper, zinc and lead
152
332
80
128
214
242
40
50
292
100
30
sheet membranes
Floors
Folded glazing
Fuel and water supply
Glass boxes
Glass floors
Digital tectonics
Double skin facades
364
12
354
Glass roofs
502
Lifts
Glass systems
410
388
308
112
90
34
136
316
340
226
116
MCH
258
78
418
398
Daylight
Bitumen-based
Glass
254
454
404
48
168
176
180
164
424
288
390
108
222
206
92
442
400
92
Natural ventilation
Solar radiation
Solar shading and daylight controls
Passive design
Photo credits
Pitched roof:tiles
Planted roof
Plaster systems
Plastic-based cladding
Plastic rainscreens
Plastics and composites
Portal frames
372
497
262
250
74
184
188
58
304
466
448
334
96
210
Space grids
Concrete
Steel
Timber
Glass
Steel
Steel mesh floor
Steel frames
Sticksystems
Stickglazing for double facades
Stone
Stone and block walls
Storey height precast
Structure and envelope
complex geometry
Rainscreen walls
Timber windows
148
430
84
202
320
436
Timber
Timber floors
Timber roofs
342
344
346
348
22
336
296
140
120
460
52
172
156
10
124
Unitised glazing
V
Variable concrete panels for
472
solar shading
Structural facades of
Rainscreens roofs
192
Tectonics in plastics
230
278
282
160
376
378
360
374
328
Stairs:
Steel windows
Tectonics in masonry
Tectonics in timber
372
Timber frames
Tectonics in concrete
Sanitation and drainage
Silicone-sealed glazing
32
38
46
56
62
64
196
338
254
300
Tectonics in glass
218
104
Support services
382
308
478
400
76
Wallboard systems
8
16
20
MCH
503
Andrew Watts
London, England
Product Liability:The publisher can give no guarantee for the information contained in this book.The use of registered names,trademarks, etc.
in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and
regulations and therefore free for general use.
The publisher and editor kindly wish to inform you that in some cases, despite their best efforts to do so,they did not succeed in clarifying the
copyright for text excerpts used.
SPIN: 12090631
MCH
504