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PH 131: PHYSIOLOGY
VIVIEN FE F. FADRILAN-CAMACHO, MD, MPH, DPAFP
Associate Professor
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gmKWoapFk64
OBJECTIVES
At the end of the course, the students would be able to:
NERVOUS SYSTEM
the master controlling and communicating system of
the body
maintains body homeostasis with electrical signals;
provides for sensation, higher mental functions, and
emotional response;
activates muscles and glands
NERVOUS SYSTEM
Every thought, action, and emotion reflects its
activity
Its cells communicate by electrical and chemical
signals
STRUCTURAL CLASSIFICATION OF
THE NERVOUS SYSTEM
NERVOUS SYSTEM
The Central
Nervous System
The Peripheral
Nervous System
THE NEURON
THE NEURON
Special Characteristics:
1. They have extreme longevity.
2. They are amitotic.
3. They have an exceptionally high
metabolic rate and require
continuous and abundant supplies
of oxygen and glucose.
Axons
Take information away
from the cell body
Smooth Surface
Generally only 1 axon per
cell
No ribosomes
Can have myelin
Branch further from the
cell body
Dendrites
Bring information to the
cell body
Rough Surface (dendritic
spines)
Usually many dendrites
per cell
Have ribosomes
No myelin insulation
Branch near the
cell body
TYPES OF NEURONS
Neurons can also be classified by the direction that they send
information:
REPOLARIZATION
http://highered.mcgrawhill.com/sites/0072507470/student_view0/chapter11/animation__the_nerve_impu
lse.html
SALTATORY CONDUCTION
type of nerve impulse conduction that allows action
potentials to propagate faster and more efficiently
occurs in myelinated nerve fibers
the electrical signal jumps from one bare segment of
fiber to the next, as opposed to traversing the entire
length of the nerve's axon.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pnB_Hc-Qfs0
THE SYNAPSE
"to clasp or join," is a junction
mediates information transfer from one
neuron to the next or from a neuron to an
effector cell
THE SYNAPSE
1. Arrival of the depolarization
wave (action potential) opens
voltage-gated calcium channels
and allows Ca2+ influx into the
axon terminal.
2. Synaptic vesicles fuse with the
presynaptic membrane and
neurotransmitter
is released into the synapse.
3. The neurotransmitter diffuses
across the synaptic cleft and
attaches to receptors on the
postsynaptic membrane.
4. Binding of neurotransmitter
opens ion channels in the
postsynaptic membrane,
resulting in graded potentials in
that membrane.
5. Neurotransmitter is quickly
destroyed by enzymes present
at the synapse or taken back
into the presynaptic terminal;
depletion of neurotransmitter
closes the ion channels and
terminates the synaptic
response.
http://highered.mcgraw-hill.com/olc/dl/120107/anim0015.swf
REFLEXES
involuntary reaction in response to a stimulus
applied to the periphery and transmitted to the CNS
Reflex arc neuronal pathway by which a reflex
occurs
- smallest, simplest pathway capable of receiving a
stimulus and yielding a response
BRAIN
Major regions:
1. Brainstem (medulla
oblongata, pons and
midbrain)
2. Diencephalon
(thalamus,
epithalamus and
hypothalamus)
3. Cerebellum
4. Cerebrum
BRAIN
can be divided down the middle
lengthwise into two halves called
the cerebral hemispheres
Each hemisphere of the
cerebral cortex is divided into
four lobes by various sulci and
gyri
the sulci (or fissures) are the
grooves
gyri are the "bumps" that can
be seen on the surface of the
brain.
TEMPORAL LOBE
Located below the lateral
fissure.
Concerned with
perception and recognition
of auditory stimuli (hearing)
and memory
(hippocampus).
Nex
BRAIN
PARIETAL LOBE
Located behind the central
sulcus.
Concerned with perception
of stimuli related to touch,
pressure, temperature and
pain.
OCCIPITAL LOBE
Located at the back of
the brain, behind the
parietal lobe and temporal
lobe.
Concerned with many
aspects of vision.
BRAIN
BRAINSTEM
Connects the spinal cord
to the brain
Consists of medulla
oblongata, pons and
midbrain
Control of heart rate,
blood pressure and
breathing
BRAINSTEM
MEDULLA OBLONGATA
BRAINSTEM
PONS
-Conduction pathway between
higher and lower brain centers;
pontine nuclei relay information
from the cerebrum to the
cerebellum;
- its respiratory nuclei cooperate
with the medullary respiratory
centers to control respiratory rate
and depth;
- houses nuclei of cranial nerves VVII
BRAINSTEM
MIDBRAIN
BRAINSTEM
RETICULAR FORMATION
CEREBELLUM
Little brain
Processes information from
cerebral motor cortex and from
proprioceptors and visual and
equilibrium pathways, and
provides "instructions" to
cerebral motor cortex and
subcortical motor centers that
result in proper balance and
posture and smooth,
coordinated skeletal muscle
movements
THALAMUS
Functions:
Sensory processing
Movement
Influences mood
Registers unlocalized
perception of pain
receives sensory
information and relays
this information to the
cerebral cortex.
The cerebral cortex
also sends information
to the thalamus which
then transmits this
information to other
areas of the brain and
spinal cord.
EPITHALAMUS
Functions:
Involved in the emotional
and visceral response to
odors and pineal body
Pineal body endocrine
gland that play a role in
long term cycles that are
influenced by light-dark
cycle
HYPOTHALAMUS
FUNCTIONS - homeostasis
Autonomic control center
Center for emotional
response
Body temperature regulation
Regulation of food intake
Regulation of water balance
and thirst
Regulation of sleep-wake
cycle
Control of endocrine system
functioning
CEREBRAL CORTEX
Functions:
executive suite
Thought
Voluntary movement
Language
Reasoning
Perception
With 3 functional areas:
motor areas, sensory
areas, and association
areas.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
CEREBRAL CORTEX
SOMATOTOPY mapping of the body in the CNS. The entire
body is represented spatially in the primary motor cortex of
each hemisphere.
Most of the neurons in these gyri control muscles in body areas
having the most precise motor control-that e.g. face, tongue,
and hands.
Consequently, these regions of the caricature-like motor
HOMONCULI are disproportionately large.
The motor innervation of the body is contralateral; that is, the
left primary motor gyrus controls muscles on the right side of
the body, and vice versa.
CEREBRAL CORTEX
BACK TO THE
STRUCTURES
SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD
With 31 spinal cord nerve
segments in a human spinal cord:
8 cervical segments forming 8
pairs of cervical nerves
12 thoracic segments forming 12
pairs of thoracic nerves
5 lumbar segments forming 5
pairs of lumbar nerves
5 sacral segments forming 5 pairs
of sacral nerves
3 coccygeal segments joined up
becoming a single segment forming
1 pair of coccygeal nerves
DIVISIONS
OF SPINAL
SEGMENTS
SPINAL CORD
SPINAL CORD
the connection center for the reflexes as well as
the afferent (sensory) and efferent (motor)
pathways for most of the body below the head and
neck.
The white matter surrounds the gray matter. It
contains the spinal tracts which ascend and
descend the spinal cord.
SPINAL CORD
Sensory Functions
Ascending tracts transmit action potentials from
periphery to various parts of the brain
Pathway
Spinothalamic
Dorsal column
Spinocerebellar
Function
Pain, temperature, light touch,
pressure, tickle and itch
sensations
Proprioception, touch deep
pressure, vibration
Proprioception
Motor Functions
Descending tracts motor tracts
- names are based on origin and termination
Pathway
Direct
Lateral corticospinal
Anterior corticospinal
Indirect
Rubrospinal
Reticulospinal
Vestibulospinal
Tectospinal
Function
Muscle tone and skilled
movements esp of the hands
Muscle tone and movement of
trunk muscles
Movement coordination
Posture adjustment
Posture and balance
Movement in response to visual
reflexes
CRANIAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVES
CRANIAL NERVES
http://www.wisc-online.com/Objects/ViewObject.aspx?ID=AP11504
references
Seely, R, Stephens, T, Tate, P. Essentials of Anatomy
and Physiology. 6th ed. International Edition 2008.
Mc Graw Hill Publishing
Marieb, E., Hoehn, K. Essentials of Human Anatomy
and Physiology. 9th ed. Pearson Education Inc. 2011.
Netters Atlas of Human Physiology, 2002 edition
next topic:
AUTONOMIC
NERVOUS SYSTEM
THANK YOU!