Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
by
Bru-sgom rGyal-ba g.yung-drung
(1242 90)
--
Translated by
Per Kvaerne and Thupten K. Rikey
C opyright
Dharamsala.
First published in 1996
ISBN: 81-86470-03-4
To
the Venerable Abbot Lungtog Tenpe
Nyima Rinpoche, the present sMan
ri khri 'dzin, whose affectionate guid
ance has always been a source of
inspiration.
CONTENfS
Preface
vii
Introduction
ix
2.
5
7
Bodhicitta Cultivation
Taking Refuge
Confession of Sins
10
11
15
21
21
The Gaze
22
The Vow
22
26
26
Seven)
3.
(Session Eight):
Discerning of Spontaneous Wisdom
33
37
40
44
vi
Appendix I: The Similes
47
50
52
54
Notes
57
Bibliography
69
Tibetan text
73
PREFACE
The main part of the present work appeared in the journal
Kailash,
A-khrid is
viii
"A-Khrid was promulgated by the great hermit, dGongs-mdzod
(1038-1096). His system is divided into 80 periods called A-khrid
thun-mtshams brgyad-cu-pa, each period lasting one or two weeks.
After completing this course the adept is qualified and given the
title rTogs-ldan. However, the system of 80 periods was reduced to
30 by 'A-zha Blo-gros rgyal-mtshan (1198-1263) and a little later
this was further reduced to 15 by Bru rGyal-ba g.yung-drung
(1242-1290). Since then the system has been known as Bru'i a-khrid
thun-mtshams bco-lnga-pa-the
fifteen period A-khrid of Bru"
.
(p.215).
Publications (other than texts in Tibetan) relevant to the Great
Perfection of Bon have not been numerous. Brief excerpts from
texts belonging to the Zhang zhung snyan rgyud and the bsGrags pa
skor gsum traditions were translated by Giacomella Orofino in
1985: Insignamenti tibetani su morte e liberazione. Testi inediti dalle piu
antiche tradizioni del Tibet, Roma (Edizioni Mediterranee); English
revised edition 1990.5 A short but important contribution was
Chap. VIIT, "rDzogs chen in the Bonpo Tradition", in Samten G.
Karmay, The Great Perfection. A Philosophical and Meditative Teach
ing of Tibetan Buddhism, Leiden (E.J. Brill), 1988, pp. 201-205.
In 1993 two books on this topic appeared. Tenzin Wangyal, a
Geshe from the Bonpo Monastery at Ochghat, Himachal Pradesh,
presented the Great Perfection according to his own training and
experience in Wonders of the Natural Mind. The Essence of Dzogchen
in the Native Bon Tradition of Tibet, Barrytown, N.Y (Station Hill
Press). The other book, entitled Heart Drops ofDharmakilya. Dzogchen
Practice of the Bon Tradition, Ithaca, N.Y. (Snow Lion Publications),
is a composite volume. The main part of the book is a somewhat
free English rendering of a work by the famous Bonpo lama Shar
rdza bKra-shis rgyal-mtshan (1859-1934), with the comments (based
on tape-recordings) of slob dpon bsTan-'dzinmam-dag, probably
the greatest Bonpo seholar alive today and a master of the Great
Perfection. In addition, it contains short biographies of Shar-rdza
bKra-shis rgyal-intshan and of bsTan-'dzinmam-dag, an essay on
the phenomenon of the 'rainbow body' ('ja' Ius), a short history of
Bon, illustrations, Tibetan text, a preface by the editor of the
volume, Richard Dixey, and a short Introduction and a Biblio
graphic Essay by myself. An article on the A-khrid which I pub
lished in 1983 is reprinted as the Iritroduction to the present volume.
Per Kvaeme
INTRODUCTION1
One of the most fascinating-and least known-aspects of Tibetan
religion is the system of meditation known as 'The Great Perfec
tion', rdzogs pa chen po, or rdzogs chen for short.2
rDzogs-chen is of considerable interest for the study of Bud
dhist meditation, as well as for the study of mysticism in general,
being a system of spiritual training and realization which is prac
tised to this day by Tibetan adepts. However, it is also interesting
from a historical point of view. It is generally recognized that for
the study of the complex question of the formation of Tibetan
Buddhism, a better understanding of this meditational tradition is
of crucial importance. Giuseppe Tucci puts it in the following way
(Tucci 1970 p.19):
The development of Tibetan Buddhism in its initial
phases is by no means as uncomplicated as the ortho
dox tradition would have us believe. Only systematic
research in the history and beginning of the rdsogs
c'en may permit one to judge the extent to which the
tradition must be revised as regards these events.
Accordingly there should be no lack of incentive to study this
tradition.
The study of rDzogs-chen raises a number of questions which
have far-reaching consequences for the history of Tibetan religion.
The first question, which is perhaps of the greatest immediate
interest in the context of the present volume, is the relationship
between rDzogs-chen and the Chinese meditational school known
as Ch'an. It is a well-known fact, of course, that Chinese monks
belonging to Ch'an were extremely active in Tibet in the eighth
century, and that they came into conflict with representatives of
Indian Buddhism. This conflict, which had not only religious, but
also political implications, culminated in the famous debate in
which exponents of the Chinese instant path' were pitted against
the Indian'gradualists' who advocated the inore orthodox view of
a step-by-step approach to Enlightenment.3 Whatever the actual
outcome of this debate (the Chinese party claimed that they were
the victors), or whether an actual debate ever took place or not/
xi
rtse'i klong chen, was discovered by the gter stan ('Treasure-Discov
erer') gZhod-ston dNgos-grub grags-pa in 1088 as part of the gter
ma ('Treasure') known as Lho-brag-ma i.e. the 'Treasure'
discovered at the temple of Khom(s)-mthing in Lho-brag (Karmay
1972 pp.l54-56). It is apparently very closely connected with the
rDzogs-chen of the Nyingmapas, gZhod-ston being an important
gter-ston in the Nyingmapa tradition also, under the name of
Grub-thob dNgos-grub (ibid. p.l54 n.l). Perhaps it is significant
(although this is mere conjecture) that this particular 'Treasure' is
said to have been found "behind the statue of Vairocana at Khom
mthing" (Kvaeme 1971 p. 230), in view of the important role
which the eighth century Tibetan Buddhist monk Vairocana is
supposed to have played in the introduction of rDzogs-chen into
Tibet, at least according to the later tradition? The rDzogs chen
yang rtse'i klong chen is supposed to have been composed by sNya
chen Li-shu stag-rings, one of the siddhas who according to later
Bonpo tradition were active in Tibet during the religious struggles
of the eighth century. It is included in the Tenjur of the Bonpos (T
225).8 sNya-chen also hid the text in the temple of Khom-mthing,
and gZhod-ston is regarded as his emanation (Karmay 1972 p. 154
n.l.)
The basic text of the third tradition enjoys the status of bka' ma
('Belonging to the Word'), i.e. of uninterrupted transmission with
out having been hidden as a 'Treasure'. This term further implies
that it was originally proclaimed by sTon-pa gShen-rab himself,
and it is thus included in the Bonpo Kanjur (K 108). The Zhang
zhung snyan rgyud is supposed to have been brought from Zhang
zhung and introduced into Tibet by the Zhang-zhung siddha
Gyer-spungs sNang-bzher lod-po in the eighth century.9 In recent
years it has been published twice, together with a biography of the
lamas of the lineage written by Spa bsTan-rgyal bzang-po (fif
teenth cent.).10
It is worth noting that the Bonpos have, without hesitation,
included rDzogs-chen texts not only in their Tenjur, but also in
their Kanjur; in both collections, such texts constitute separate
sections, and are regarded as expressing the supreme doctrines
(Kvaeme 1974, passim). While certain rDzogs-chen texts are in
cluded in the Buddhist Tenjur (Tucci 1958 p. 122 et seq.), and a
single rDzogs-chen tantra is to be found in the Kanjur (Karmay
1975b), the rDzogs-chen literature of the Nyingmapas is on the
whole to be found outside these collections, above all in the great
xii
collections of Nyingmapa texts like the Vniro rgyud 'bum, the rNyi11g
study it in greater detail. There are two reasons for focusing on this
tradition. The first is practical: a certairi amount of groundwork
has already been done and the results published (Kvaeme 1973a),
while the second reason is one of method: the basic texts of the A
khrid are neither bkn' mn nor gtcr mn, but have been written by
certain lamas whose biographies are available, so that the tradi
tion can be traced back to a historically identifiable source. Once
again we are led back to the eleventh century, i.e, a crucial period
in the formation of Tibetan Buddhism, a period when the various
schools and centres of religious life arose which gradually devel
oped into the so-called 'sects', as well as into the Bon religion in its
present form.
to the religious life, he stayed with various lamas and was finally
biography relates that having studied for some time with two
lamas,
Reflecting carefully, he thought: "As .for those two,
they will exercise the abbatial function, so the teaching
31).
xiii
His continuous practice of meditation is especially stressed,
but so are the supernatural powers which ensued:
Having instantaneously traversed all the stages
(sa
thams cad dus gcig la non nas), he strode forth in the sky,
37).
After he had become the disciple of dGongs-mdzod, there
followed a period of three years in which he unsuccessfully strove
for spiritual realization
40).
xiv
A third lama in the A-khrid lineage must be mentioned-Bru
chen rGyal-ba g.yung-drung (1242-90)_15 He is a typical monk
scholar-learned in a wide range of disciplines, active as a teacher
and writer, but at the same time proficient in the art of meditation.
From his biography we shall note two points: first, that he also
figures in the spiritual lineage of the Oral Transmission of Zhang
zhung (ibid. p.21); second, that he is the author of the basic,
authoritative text of the A-khrid tradition, the Man ngag khrid kyi
rim pa lag len thun mtshams dang bcas pa, usually known as the A
khrid thun mtshams bco lnga, "The Fifteen Periods of A-khrid". Our
investigation of the A-khrid system will be based on this text,
which, together with various ancillary texts and an auto-commen
tary, is considered to be sufficiently authoritative to be included in
the Bonpo Tenjur (T 284).16 This text is a typical work of systemati
zation and codification, and it is stated in the colophon (p. 1151.6)
to haye been written "in accordance with the practice of dGongs
mdzod". It was, however, certainly not without predecessors; thus
we know that a text styled gYas ru'i a khrid chen mo was composed
by 'Gro-mgon gYor-po me-dpal (1134-68) (Kvaeme 1973 p. 24). It
has also continued to retain the attention of Bonpo lamas up to our
own times, as the commehtaries written by Shar-rdza bKra-shis
rgyal-mtshan (1859-1935) testify.17 We shall now study the actual
system of meditation as outlined in the A khrid thun mtshams bco
XV
yang orrz 'du two hundred times. After two or three days of assidu
ous practice, certain signs (rtags) of spiritual progress will mani
fest themselves. These are the 'signs' (nimitta) which in Thera.vada
Buddhism are said to ensue from the practice of 'mindfulness'
(sati), and which appear before entering into the first stage of
xvi
trance
(jhiina).21
run
84).
84).
Accordingly the attention now shifts from the body and the
gaze to the mind itself, which is viewed in its natural state of an
'eternal now':
Without effacing former traces, without interest in the
future, one equipoises one's present mind (da ltar gyi
rig pa) ever fresh, shining and even ... The mind having
no support, grasping is loosened by itself, mental rest
lessness disappears by itself; one equipoises (the mind)
in its spontaneous self-nature
[So]
xvii
the mind is equipoised intently without support, with
out depending on anything at all; without being cov
ered by the notion of object and subject, it is equipoi!!ed
unveiled and naked; isolated without being corrupted
by discursive thought, it is equipoised brightly; not
bound by the ego, it is equipoised unhurriedly accord
ing to its own disposition;_ without discursiveness
through mental activity, it is equipoised relaxedly and
clearly; without being obscured by darkness, it is equi
poised shiningly in luminosity (p.
86).
Or again:
Shining, discerning, and firm; deep, luminous and
bright; shining, without root; stunned in its own lumi
nosity; naked, without discursiveness; unblinking, with
out grasping; spontaneously balanced; freely sparkling
in its own arising-let it always remain in that condi
tion (p.
89).
(rang so)"
(p.
87).
(zhi gnas):
xviii
When the bright sky is without cloud or wipd, let him
assume the gaze and the bodily posture set forth above.
Fixing the mind on empty space, the sky and the mind
become indistinguishably intermixed, gradually har
monious with one another, undivided without separa
tion... At that time, externally the sky does not consist
of any substance, form, color, dimension, direction or
characteristics at all that can be discerned, it is per
fectly stainless, freely sparkling in the Void-this is the
Example.
Internally, this constantly discerning, lustrous one
called 'the mind of the self' regards blankly and dis
cerns clearly outwards and inwards without distinc
tion-that is the Sign.
The identity of those two... this state of non-dual
Great Equality ... is the Meaning (p.
90).
(8) The eighth 'period' introduces the third stage, the 'confron
tation with the Meaning of Ultimate Nature'. This consists-some
what surprisingly in view of the preceding emphasis on 'blankness'
etc.-of a particular yogic procedure involving the visualization
of three psychic channels connected with the imagry of mascu
line/feminine polarity, and the performance of certain breathing
exercises. It is not necessary to go into this in detail; we may,
however, note that the procedure is stated to "separate the pure
and impure aspects of the consciousness" (p.
taneous Wisqom"
(rang 'byung
yc
shes)
nothing but the mind itself, in its essential purity and luminosity:
without recollection of former propensity to passion,
without anticipation of what is to come; unmoved by
mental flash-backs; not overpowered by drowsiness;
without making the mind itself an object; without the
six 'perceptive groups' following the five senses; with
out attachment to the taste of samadhi; the present
consciousness being bright in its own luminosity, with
out grasping, with joy it shines steadily (p.
93).
96).
xix
meditate is a hindrance; indeed, what is felt to be a painful absence
of meditation is-provided the mental anguish becomes suffi
ciently acute and all-embracing-nothing but Spontaneous Wis
dom itself:
Accordingly, the constant hoping for the arising (of
realization) through one's own practice of and medita
tion on that which one's guru has taught and instructed,
the great and vociferous insistence on the need of it (i.e
of realization) when it does not arise-that is precisely
That; it is not elsewhere. Impress this on your mind;
strive spiritually; make a firm resolution! (p.
94).
94).
(ldengs
(9)
95).
96), and "by contemplation on the thought 'I meditate', the bodhi
mind is obscured" (ibid.). In other words, the time has come to
dissolve, once and for all, the false dichotomy between 'I' and 'it',
between subject and object. So, "dissolving it relaxedly, all that
which was meditated upon is dissolved so that it becomes non
meditated upon" (p.
XX
96).
97).
xxi
actions, words and thoughts whether pure or not, are "raised to
the path" (lam-du slong-ba), i.e. transmuted into Means towards
Enlightenment, provided one remains in a state of continuous
spiritual realization (dge sbyor gyi ngang du) (p. 98). The text is so
explicit at this point as to merit being quoted at length:
Firstly, on the basis of the above 'knowledge of
retaining', he will accompany it with looking upwards
and downwards, moving hither and thither, being
twisted, unsteady, and careless. If this does no harm,
he rises gently and accompanies it with salutations
and circumambulations, which are pure. Thereafter he
will accompany it with rendering them (i.e. these 'pure'
actions) energetic. Thereafter he accompanies it with
various actions like leaping, running, etc., which are
neutral. Thereafter he accompanies it with actions like
beating, furious anger, etc., which are impure. Engag
ing even in all these actions, all pure and impure physi
cal acts and behavior are raised to the Path while in a
condition of spiritual realization.
Secondly, again while in a state of spiritual realiza
tion, he should recite the formulas, the Refuge, the
bodhisattva's vow, prayers and sutras, which are pure.
He accompanies (realization) with speech and chant of
every sort, benign and fierce. If this does no harm, he
accompanies it with the speaking of nonsense, loose
talk, jokes, questions, and abuse etc. of every sort,
which are neutral. Thereafter he purposely utters
I
xxii
plunges right back into the whirl of life, not only in external mode
of life, but in his very thought and feeling.
He indulges in feelings of fear and terror, fright and
anguish, disgust and aversion, disease and pain, anger
and fury, worry and shame, desire and passion, mis
ery and suffering, joy and happiness, etc. Discursive
ness, doubt, hope and fear, suffering-unsuitable and
disagreeable unfavorable circumstances; from eating
and chewing, walking and sitting, all actions and be.
havior at the present moment right up to, finally,
death-with regard to these the mind's essence does
not escape
95).
In short:
When in the condition of the Great Vehicle, the Foun
dation, one can carry everything to the Path, acts of
body or speech, behavior pure or impure, virtuous or
non-virtuous, good, bad, or neutral:-whatever one
has done goes towards spiritual realization (p.
100).
100). A
(11)
psychic-impressions
(bag chags)
xxiii
were) in the Void, having no particular sensation. The best dis
ciple, mixing sleep and contemplation
103).
reflective-power
105).
xxiv
in appearance itself is Emptiness, and in Emptiness
itself is appearance: hence appearance and Emptiness
are not-two-they arise luminously without being hin
dered, they dissolve sparklingly having no own-na
ture, and their arising and dissolving are simultaneous.
So in the best disciples they arise in themselves and are
dissolved in themselves; in the medium ones they are
seen in their nakedness and are dissolved in their na
kedness; in the least skilled ones the grasping recollec
tion is (as it were) a friend whose form is seen (as)
Emptiness, whose voice resounds (as) Emptiness,
whose smell is smelt as Emptiness, whose taste is en
joyed as Emptiness, whose touch is put on as Empti
ness, whose Doctrine is recollected as Emptiness,
etc.-one strives spiritually, leaving everything just as
it is (p.
106).
106).
(13) The adept is now approaching the final goal, and must
train himself to "raise, at morning and at night, his discursive
thoughts to thePath". So whatever illusions or discursive-thoughts
trouble his consciousness
XXV
a:
being neither great nor small, many nor few, good nor bad, coarse
nor subtle, exists internally in the 'heart' (tsi ta) as the 'three
shining and unmoving, is the 'perfect body' (rdzogs sku); the 're
flective-power', self-arising, selfdissolving, is the 'illusory-body'
(sprul sku) (p.112). Or again: the absolutely pure Wisdom of one's
xxvi
Having reviewed the fifteen 'periods' of the A-khrid system of
the 'Great Perfection', there remains only to make a few conclud
ing observations.
Firstly, it is quite clear that the term rDzogs-chen is an am
biguous one, covering a variety of doctrines and meditational
procedures. Our text, for instance, makes no mention of the ema
nation of phenomenal existence in the form of five rays of light of
different colors from the original, universal luminosity, a feature
of Nyingrnapa rDzogs-chen texts to which Tucci has drawn atten
tion (Tucci 1958 p. 106 n. 1; 1970 p. 102).22 After all, this diversity is
not so surprising, for both of the traditions in which rDzogs-chen
is to be found are characterized by the absence of an institutional
ized magisterium and by the predominance of an open, individual
istic spirit, more ready to assimilate than to reject. As far as
rDzogs-chen is concerned, it is simply too early to generalize; we
can only, as in the present case, say that such and such a doctrine is
to be found in a given text. Perhaps if research could be under
taken on a wider scale, a more comprehensive and coherent pic
ture-both in the historical and the systematic sense-might
gradually emerge.
Secondly, we are obviously very far from being in a position to
solve all questions concerning the historical origins of rDzogs
chen. However, certain preliminary conclusions may nevertheless
be ventured. Thus it seems that the main features of rDzogs
chen---<:ertainly this would seem to be true of the text we have
studied here-may be explained in terms of Indian Buddhism. In
particular, the doctrines of the Buddhist siddhas, as expressed in
the Dohakof}as of Saraha, Kal)hapa and Tillopa, with their back
ground in the main philosophical systems of Mahayana Bud
dhism, would seem to provide sufficient material out of which
rDzogs-chen could be developed. I say 'developed', for there can
hardly be any doubt that a specific rDzogs-chen system is a Ti
betan creation (indeed, this point is made by its Tibetan critics),
and in the case of the present text at least, one has the feeling that
its author has been animated by a desire to be as comprehensive
and inclusive as possible, welding together elements from a num
ber of different sources. This conclusion is, I believe, all the more
sound as Tucci, in spite of his repeated assertions (Tucci 1958 pp.
21, 45, 60) that Ch'an elements are to be found in rDzogs-chen,
xxvii
even preferably, be interpreted as emanating from Ch'an. Never
theless, when dealing with the question, subsequent writers speak
of Ch'an elements in rDzogs-chen as if this were an established
fact, and refer to Tucci 1958 (Neumaier 1970 p. 136; Stein 1972 p.
22). The possibility of specifically Ch'an elements having contrib
uted to the development of the 'Great Perfection' cannot, of course,
be ruled out a priori, and Stein 1971 pp. 23-28 and 1972 p. 23 n. 3
has pointed out some striking parallels in the field of vocabulary
and concepts; however, it is extremely difficult to positively iden
tify such traits on internal, textual criteria, as Ch'an has to a large
extent the same Indian sources as those which, through the siddhas,
may be taken to have influenced rDzogs-chenP The question of
the continued presence of Ch'an in Tibet after the eighth to ninth
centuries, would therefore seem to be more appropriately dealt
with independently of rDzogs-chen. Discussing this question, S.G.
Karmay concludes (Karmay 1975a p. 215) that "even though in
rDzogs-chen there may be parallel ideas and practices to those of
Chan, rDzogs-chen must be considered as of Indo-Tibetan origin
whilst the tradition of Chan in Tibet may be studied as an indepen
dent movement."
Thirdly, limiting myself to the present text (although it clearly
holds true for rDzogs-chen as a whole), I would point out that it is
of considerable general interest for students of mysticism, being a
manual intended for those engaged in guiding others on the Path,
and disclosing a coherent, dynamic, and profound method of
spiritual development and liberation. One may note that while
this system does involve, at a certain stage, a quietistic mode of
life, it nevertheless leads finally to a life of mental and physical
activity where even the emotions are 'raised lb the Path', and
where the paraphernalia of tantric ritualism plays no necessary
part.
More specifically, the present text indicates a particular kind
of spiritual development which may be taken to be closely related
to that motivating the highly unconventional behavior of the Ti
betan smyon pa (madmen), the 'holy fools' who have been, down
through the centuries, a typical-and highly cherished-part of the
religious scene in Tibet.24 Some of these engaged (usually with
impunity!) in the kind of 'violent' or 'impure' behavior mentioned
in our tet-"leaping, running, beating, anger, nonsense, loose
talk, jokes, abuse, shouts, lies" (p. 98). Even a mind apparently
xxviii
clouded over by all kinds of passions, doubts, and delusions, by
"anger and fury, worry and shame, desire and passion, joy and
happiness" (p. 99), may become the vehicle of profound spiritual
realization, or so our text maintains.
PART ONE
The Preliminary Practice:
Bringing the Unripened Mind to the Ripened State
I. PRELIMINARY PRACTICES
The Preliminary Practices are in four parts:
6
accumulated, the friends one is acquainted with, the kith and kin
one is related to, the castle one has built, the food one has relished,
the clothes one has put on, and all other things in this illusory
world are not going to accompany or help. Ang! Instead of being
helpful, they could cause desire, pain and deception. Alone and
naked, one will wander in unknown lands. Deprived of one's
physical body, one will be like an orphan. Driven by bloodthirsty
and murderous ghosts, one will suffer. When the results of one's
own bad karma have befallen one, only the lama and the tutelary
deity can give one hope, for whatever they do, they do it with a
kind heart.
Furthermore, in the course of many lives down to the present,
one has been born so many times, but has one achieved any result?
One thinks about it. One has wandered in so many places, but has
one found any place of safety etc.? One thinks about it. One has
done so many deeds, but has there been any essential meaning one
is now seeing? One thinks about it. One has suffered a lot in those
past lives, but do those sufferings have any effect on this present
life? One thinks about it.
Also, one thinks: it is evident that in the days to come, no one
escapes the fact that birth eventually invites death. It is known that
anything that is accumulated eventually runs out and that the
food and other properties [one has accumulated] are illusory. One
eventually gets separated from anything with which one has come
into contact and [the very concept of] enemy or relative is decep
tion. Apparently, life cannot be made short or prolonged. One has
mistaken the goal in those good months and years in the past,
which is now clear. Should one knowingly deceive oneself in the
future?
Also, one thinks about the changing nature of appearances,
their formation, continuity, dissolution and extinction; [the chang
ing nature of time, such as] year, month, number of days, mo
ments and the shortest fraction of a moment; the changing condition
[in the lives] of other living beings, such as being happy, unhappy,
rich, poor, of high position, low position, death, birth, good and
bad. Turning to oneself, one thinks about the changes taking place
in the surrounding objects, such as the place one is living in,
friends one is keeping in touch with, deeds one is doing, food one
is relishing, clothes one is putting on, paths one is walking on and
so forth.
In this way, if [this meditation on] impermanence becomes
Bodhicitta
( Session Two )
Homage to holy lamas!
This session has three parts:
(a) Bodhicitta Cultivation
(b) Taking Refuge
(c) Confession of Sins
qiikinls
and the
10
holy protectors and escorts! Look upon us always with
your compassionate minds!
In this way, one cultivates a strong will-power and recites the
verse, "bDag dang... " and so forth.
Finally, one imagines that lights shine forth from the heart
region of hosts of deities and eradicate undesirable causes and
obstacles; one is taken under their protection and guarded by their
compassion. The Sems lung says:
Those gone for refuge in the Four Swastikas
Are the ones best protected.
11
In this way, one should think deeply and recite the verse, "bDag
dang 'groba..." and so forth. It is said, "Rejoicing [in others' good
deeds] is an inconceivable root of virtues."
Lastly, reciting the verse, "dGe bade dag..." and so forth, one
should dedicate for the attainment of Enlightenment the root vir
tues accumulated by oneself as well as all living beings in the past,
present and future.
From the series of individually transmitted instructions, this
ends the parts dealing with refuge-taking, Bodhicitta cultivation,
and confession of sins written according to the teachings of 'Dul
ba Rinpoche. This ends the second session, the duration of which
is either nine or seven days.
3. Ma1Jdala
Offering
( Session Three )
Homage to the holy lamas!
The mal).dala offering, which is meant for accumulating merit,
is the practice that brings forth greater merit than any other gen
eral composite root virtue. This is said in the Klu-'bum as well as by
the great lamas of the Secret Cycle and other past masters.
As for this, an object of concentration [i.e the mal).dala base
plate] is used. The best types are made from gold or silver and the
middle type from brass or bronze. As a last choice, one should at
least make one for offering from wood or clay, and its surface
should be smooth. It should be free from any inauspicious signs. If
it lacks lustre, undesirable visions cannot be suppressed; if its face
is uneven, the merits accumulated will be unsteady; if it has
creases or cracks, there will be obstacles to one's life-span; if it
lacks the required length, one can't achieve the essential goal; and
if its width is not up to standard, one will be reborn in the impure
realms. Hence, one should be aware of its faults and virtues. Both
the practitioner and his sponsor should cultivate Bodhicitta men
tally as well as practically and create the mandala base-plate in
such a way that its material, shape and size are just right. Such a
mandala base-plate is similar to a skull marked with special char
acteristics. If kept, it will fulfil one's wishes and accomplish special
as well as common spiritual power.
As for its decoration, the best ones use jewels, and the middle
12
ones use sea-shell clusters. As a last choice one should, at least, use
grains or medicinal herbs to make seventeen beautiful clusters. It
is said:
If the mat:J.dala is made from jewels, its diameter can be
that of four fingers measure or more. If it is made from
wood or clay, it should not be less than a cubit or a
span measure in diameter, lest it resemble the one
used by heretics.
Hence, one should be aware of what is to be avoided and what
is not.
While one is offering the mat:J.dala, first of all one should
cultivate Bodhicitta, go for refuge and do the confession of sins
and so forth. Then, one should wipe clean the mat:J.dala base-plate
thinking that, by virtue of this, all sins and obscurations are eradi
cated, and one should recite the verse, 11Bonnyid ... 11 and so forth. It
is said:
By virtue of wiping it clean, one becomes in [one's next
life] a handsome, sharp-minded and intelligent person
who eventually will eradicate all negative karma and
obstacles.
From this point on, the mat:J.dala base-plate is not to be sepa
rated from one's hands [till a cycle of the mat:J.dala offering is
completed]. If it is, one will be reborn among the nihilists. There
fore, the mat:J.dala offering is to be performed in one activity as
follows:
Recite the text, II Bhrunz ri ti gar ma la ho,11 and add a cluster in
the centre. Then recite, IIA yam ram nzam kham brum shak sa lc sang
ngc yc swa' ha',11 and add clusters in the four cardinal directions
and the eight comers, starting from its eastern face, which is the
face towards you, and moving to the right. As the recitation con
tinues IIPh yod-phur sa-le ha-lo scng,11 add four more clusters in the
centre. These clusters should be neither too close to each other nor
too far apart; neither should they touch each other nor should
there be any one missing. Fully aware of these faults and virtues,
one should add them beautifully in the right manner. It is said
thus:
If they are too close to the centre, the sense organs will
not be complete [in one's next life]". If they are too close
13
14
merits.
If one intends to dissolve the mal).dala, one should do so anti
clockwise from the edge following the correct order and reciting
the verse, "Bon nyid sems nyid..." and so forth. One should visual
ize the assembly of holy ones [in the space in front] absorbing into
the central figure, which transforms into light and absorbs into
oneself and others. The realm and the offerings [that one has
visualized] merge into the nature of space and become invisible.
Before the cluster in the centre is dissolved, one should do the
refuge taking, Bodhicitta cultivation and purification. Soon after
the central cluster is dissolved, the mal).dala base should be wiped
clean.
This mal).dala offering as explained above should be repeated
one hundred times during the day and one hundred in the night or
in whatever manner time permits. When one is undergoing the
course of post-preliminary practices, it is done ten to fifteen times
or more. In case mat).dala offerings are to be made without a base
plate in the early morning or in the late evening, they should b.e
done with the mentally created mal).dala.
This ends the third session, which deals with the instructions
on mal).dala offering for merit accumulation, explained and taught
according to the teachings of the past masters.
15
4. Entreaty
( Session Four)
Homage to the holy lamas!
The fourth session, entreaty and receiving blessings, the past mas
ters considered as a part of the mary.dala offering and never a
separate session. However, 'Gro-mgon says:
Milk is the source of butter
But if not churned,
Butter won't be there.
Flint-stones are the source of metals
But if not heated so as to melt and be refined,
Metals won't be there.
Faith and aspiration are the sources of blessings
But if not entreated for,
The blessings won't nourish your mind-stream, will
they?
Also, 'Dul-ba Rinpoche says:
For most beginners, spiritual progress happens be
cause of their faith and aspiration. For them, to entreat
[for blessings] is important.
As for its practice, on the crown of the head of one's ordinary
physical body, one visualizes one's root lama in the form of
Sambhogakaya Buddha gShen-lha 'od-dkar with an appearance
of the tutelary deity, sitting on a seat of lion, elephant, horse,
dragon, and garuda with cushions of sun and moon disk and
lotus; in him merge all who have been one's lamas. Thus Tshe
dbang says:
His body is gShen-rab, speech Bon and his mind the
Buddha mind. In him are the four holy objects.
In the space above him, one visualizes the lineage holders
sitting one above the other resembling a staircase, which includes
the eight lamas of the mind transmission lineage of siddhas, hold
ers of the entrusted teachings of the Bru and Zhu lineage, the
treasure rediscoverers of the gShen, Gyer, rMa and dByil clans,
Eight gShen known as Learned Translator, Four Learned Ones,
Thirteen Lineage-Holders, Six Great Masters, and the holders of
16
Bodhisattvas and the lamas in whom one has faith. Next to. them,
from the three realms as could fill the whole earth, while praying
as follows:
Seeing them as they are, the holy ones send forth inconceiv
able lights of different colors from their heart region. The lights
transform into streams of water and purify the negative impres
The water spreads on all living beings, purifying all their karma
17
0 holy ones! Please bless me instantly with all the good
18
PART Two
The Actual
Body of Practice
At the first streak of dawn, at the very moment when the sky
becomes bright, sprinkle water on the disciples. Seating them on
comfortable seats, let them engender joy and reverence and recite
.prayers.
Fastening the letter "A" written on a piece of indigo paper to a
stick the height of which is just right, one places it on top of a
sacrificial cake in front of_the disciples.
One makes the surroundings
of men and dogs, very solitary and secluded; (such a place having
been found,) that which is to be .the object of guidance has three
subdivisions:
(a) control of the body;
(b) the 'gaze';28
(c) the 'vow'.29
(a) CONTROL OF THE BODY
One assumes the fivefold posture:
i. as for the legs, pressing the left on the right, one assumes a
cross-legged posture;
ii. as for the hands, pressing the thumb on the third finger, one
places them so that they are equipoised;
iii. as for the spine, without twisting it or leaning against any
thing, not letting it become crooked or letting it lean for
22
23
tion:37 let him use a dot, an image, the letter "A", a swastika or
whatever is agreeable.
Thus, while all the signs of spiritual progress will appear in
the best disciples as soon as such an object of meditation is given to
them, the remaining will for the most part show such signs within
two or three days. This is the purport of the Gab pa when it says:
"Control o38 one's thoughts is obtained in three and a half days."
Guiding and watching the disciples again and again at all
sessions of meditation, both initial and subsequent, it is very
important to note where they are in need of improvement.
If, having done this, spiritual progress is still difficult to ac
quire, one should make a semi-circular row of disciples on a piece
of high ground. If they are numerous, let them form several rows,
one behind the other. The rules concerning bodily posture being
as before, their eyes should stare into empty space.
Let them without wavering concentrate their minds on a (suit
able) sound. By letting them recite neutral sounds like HUM HRI
or HU HUM or HI HING from one hundred to one thousand times
as required, it is impossible that signs of spiritual progress should
not be produced; further, this guidance by means of sound is
praised in certain texts as the best for people who are lazy/9 for the
blind, for old people, and for those of mild disposition.
Although there are many signs of spiritual progress, they
may, if they are summed up, be grouped into internal and external
signs.
Internally, there are eight signs that the mind has been
24
v. like water drawn from an iron pipe, the mind, subtle and
even, continuously gushing forth, remains one-pointed;
vi. like a bee desirous of nectar, being unable to separate one
self from material objects and quite unable to abandon them,
one remains attached to them as if fixed by nails;
vii. like a fish swimming about in the ocean, one does not aban
don one-pointedness, being like one roaming freely wher
ever one wishes without impediment;
viii. like the wind blowing through a fruit tree, the mind, subtle
and even, becomes free from passion directed towards vis
ible objects.
Thus, in some these signs will all appear; in others, not more.
than one or two will appear.
At that time, as external signs,.absence of bodily movement or
unsteadiness will occur in the best disciples. In the other disciples,
a strong desire to weep, laugh, dance, and run will occur; turning
the face away, not shutting the mouth or eyes, feeling a pricking
sensation, sweating, shuddering, and falling to the ground will
occur; this is said to be a sign that the 'mild wind' has entered the
central psychic channel as the mind has been grasped.
Further, if the humours corresponding to the elements earth
and water predominate, signs of spiritual progress will appear
late, but subsequently they will tum into constant companions. If
fire and wind predominate, signs of spiritual progress will appear
early, but subsequently they will tum into hindrances.
Thus, if at the time of sitting down for meditation the begin
ning of the session is successful but the termination unsuccessful,
let the disciple exert himself on that which has attributes; for as
this is a sign of regeneration, the seed of meditation having been
sown in previous1 lives, it will now be difficult to sow that seed
once more.
Or if, the beginning being unsuccessful but the termination
successful, all that which comes later becomes progressively better
than that which preceded; let him subdue himself by some effec
tive means and meditate without ill-will, for as he has a fresh mind
it will be easy to sow the seed of meditation.
If, although unsuccessful at the time. of guidance with regard
to that which has attributes, he is nevertheless successful with
regard to that which is without attributes, he has no need of that
which has attributes as his faculties are excellent.
25
26
yoga practices should be done with perseverance according to the
.
This ends the part dealing with the session of meditation with
1.)
2. The Equipoising
( Session Six )
Homage to the holy lamas!
The equipoising on that which is without attributes has two parts,
namely the two stages of equipoising:
(a) Spiritual exertion for the obtaining of stability.
FOR THE
OBTAINING OF STABIUTY
27
28
iii. Equipoising
29
30
wind and chilly breezes; one should avoid food like beer and
pungent herbs that upset the humours and cause drowsiness.
Relax and rest a little at midday and midnight when insight
grows dim; be moderate as to diet and clothes; secure the retreat
firmly, do not feel joy at improvement, do not feel dismay at
diminishment (of success).
In reality, as diligence ab<?ve all is important when, being
utterly immersed (in meditation), one first meditates, it is impor
tant that one does not permit oneself to be idle even for a moment.
If one lets oneself (be idle), blaming oneself one reproaches oneself
so that the hair on one's body rises and one's skin creeps and flesh
shudders.46
"One should not meditate at midday or midnight, the times of
drowsiness. One should perform one's spiritual exercises at night,
at day-break, in the morning and in the evening. Relax the senses
in a inoist place". Thus Bla-chen has said.
"As for the spiritual exercises of one who meditates for the
first time, a hundred occasions for joy47 and a hundred occasions
for weeping arise." Thus the Hermit has said.
By meditating thus, first the mind-created tranquility is born;
intermediately the tranquility of one's innate nature appears; fi
nally the obtaining of the firmness of ultimate tranquility arises.
Therefore one will obtain firmness as this instruction is the foun
dation of spiritual realization.
In particular, when imparting instruction concerning spiritual
realization, let him (i.e. the disciple) exert himself for fifteen days,
twenty days, or a month.
The chapter dealing with the equipoising on that which is
without attributes, obtained from gracious gurus and explained in
detail, is the sixth.
31
i. The Gaze
The 'Bum says: "Having entered into the samii.dhi of 'The Lofty
Banner of Victory', you will obtain the Great Liberation."
Bla-chen has said: "If the bird has no feathers, it lacks the
means of flying. Exercise the 'reflective power'; heighten vigour,S0
be alert; regard the brightness (of your mind)!"
And the Hermit has said: "Relax unconcernedly, equipoise
(the mind) without restraint! The one important point of spiritual
realization consists therein."
Accordingly, one assumes the bodily posture as (explained)
above: thereafter, in accordance with what 'Od zer dpag med has
said-"The yogin who has not closed his eyes is particularly ex
alted above all yogins; practise the so-called 'Lion's Gaze'!"-the
mind accordingly conforms to the eye; therefore one directs the
gaze staringly into empty space; as for the senses, let their outflow
be without interruption(?); as for the mind, one produces vigor; as
for the illusory body, one causes brightness to shine forth."51
The consciousness becomes luminous and unblinking; discur
siveness vanishes blankly,52 feeling is dispersed (?)53-one does
not desire external objects, one does not scrutinize the internal
mind. The luminous mind being firm and stable, shining from
within and bright; shining, without root; stunned in its own lumi
nosity; naked, without discursiveness; unblinking, without grasp
ing; spontaneously balanced; freely sparkling in its own arising_:_let
it always remain in that condition.
Gradually extending the sessions of meditation, one meditates
as set forth above.
32
arises; 'hardness'
sluggishness, and all the other faults vanish by themselves for him
who seeks spiritual realization; benefit is obtained at the very
same instant; the net of the mind being without directions (i.e.
limits), it is tom apart/6 Wisdom of Insight flames by itself; one
cannot be moved by recollections arisen suddenly (tol skyes pa'i
dran pa);57 external and internal hindrances disappear by them
selves.
As luminosity arises, one should firmly spread the foundation
of the tranquilities mentioned above. As it establishes the basis of
spiritual realization, this instruction is very precious for the pro
curing of benefit.
(?): the mind is just like the sky; the sky is just like the mind
indistinguishably intermixed, undivided without separation. Al
ways remaining blankly insensate
33
The Lung drug says: "As for all these various appearances,
they are Kun-tu bzang-mo; all actions, being Means, are her male
counterpart.
Ultimate Nature
(Session Eight)
Homage to the holy lamas!
The confrontation with the Substance of Ultimate Nature has three
parts:
(a) The discerning of spontaneous wisdom.
The ZOe mig says: "Abiding and bliss are grasped in the central
-
34
The Great Guru says: "In the crystal cavity of one's own body,
there are three psychic channels having cakras with roots and
petals wide open. In the house of light, the internal wind is shot
out like an arrow; the external wind is drawn back like a bow
string; the central wind is churned in that very place like milk.
Thereby the three powers of meditation are perfected."
As it is thus said, as far as the essential points concerning the
bodily posture are concerned, one accordingly assumes the five-.
fold posture as set forth above and controls (one's body) by means
of the rules and concentrates intently.
It is also said that one may observe the seven essential points
concerning 'fire'
(?).M1
The letters
having dissolved into light, visualize the male deity mKha'-la Rig
pa'i rgyal-pd2 and the female deity sKos-kyi nyi-ma like rain
bows.
Conceive that those two, having dissolved and turnedinto a
white and a red.bindu like two boiled peas, congeal on the open
ing of the right and the left channel (respectively), and conceive
that by letting the wind fly out three times, it departs together with
evil propensities and defilements.
Thereupon, drawing (the wind) in just as it may come, draw
up the lower wind; press down the upper wind; the hindus of the
right and the left psychc channels enter; cause them to enter the
central channel. Being situated one on top of the other, or else
mixed together, they (i.e. the hindus) arrive at the top of the head;
imagine that they (once more) congeal on the opening of the right
and left channel. If you cannot subdue the wind, expel it com
pletely. Thereafter again drawing in the wind, perform the exer
cise as before.
One should thus perform the complete circuit three times, or
35
lessly while in the natural state, holding the eyes in the correct
way; in a state of realization equipoise (the mind) just as it re
mains. Meditate in a state of spiritual realization for about five or
ten sessions. Again concentrating as before on the visualization of
the psychic channels and the wind, it is important to be diligent at
night, at dawn, in the morning and in the evening.
Further, having practised the 'gentle wind' at the first ses
sions, when one acquires a little training,. chiefly perform the
'violent wind' as its benefit is greater. As for the wind, quickly
seize it before 'the horse escapes'.66 Breathing thus continuously,
the practitioner envelops himself in a neutral wind; he must un
derstand the essence of 'letting fly', 'entering', 'pressing down',
and 'sending forth'.
Teaching this little by little, it is important that it does not
become a hindrance. If it nevertheless becomes a hindrance, it is
very important to know how to set things right. In short, one must
understand that both the benefits and the dangers of these pre
cepts are great.
The clouds of
36
is the mind which exists according to its own self. Spontaneous
wisdom is like the sun shining forth from between the clouds. It
arises free from obscuration in stainless luminosity.
"As for its (i.e. wisdom's) manner of being: without recollec
tion of former propensity to passion; without anticipation of what
is to come; unmoved by mental flashbacks; not overpowered by
drowsiness; without making an object of the mind; without the six
'perceptive groups' following the five senses; without attachment
to the faste of samadhi; the present consciousness being bright in
its own luminosity, without grasping, with joy it shines steadily.
"The arising of a sensation like that of a dumbly stupid person
eating molasses, or of a young girl experiencing deligh8 (for the
first time), is also called Innate Wisdom, the Nature of the Sense of
Mahayana, the Insight of the Buddhas of the Three periods, or the
Spontaneous gShen-lha dkar-po of the mind.
"Accordingly, the constant hoping for the arising (of realiza
tion) through one's own practice of and meditation on that which
one's guru has taught and instructed, the great and vociferous
insistence on the need of it (i.e. realization) when it does not
arise-that is precisely That; it is not elsewhere. Impress this on
your mind; strive spiritually; make a firm resolution!"
Thus also the Lung drug says: "It is That; feel it and look at it.
Looking, there is nothing to be seen. By means of That, That itself
is seen."
Li-shu has said: "As it is nothing but precisely This itself, why
do you say 'I do not know it'?"
The 'Bum says: "The wisdom of self-knowledge does not arise
from without, nor does it arise from within; it arises by itself in
itself." As for these quotations, the disciple is confronted in detail
(with them so that he realizes that) "It is thus!"
Thereafter, as for the procuring of benefit through means, i.e.
the Path: the pure and impure aspects of the consciousness are
separated; spontaneous wisdom shows itself clearly; mind and
Void-mother and son-are brought into harmony; the benefit of
insight is born at that instant. Accordingly, it is very important.
When Sad-ne-ga'u,69 tranquility having arisen as he was able
to remain in vacant meditation for years and months, addressed
the AciiryaNe-gu, (the latter) said: "That (achievement) of yours,
tranquility, is mere stupor. Not taking that as the highest, medi
tate on my instruction concerning the nourishing of the central
37
( Session Nine )
Homage to the holy lamas!
The teaching of the method of intermediately casting off the defile
ments produced by the intellect has three parts:
i. Equipoising.
ii. Dissolving.
iii. Retaining-concentration on these three is of great impor
tance.70
i. Equipoising
The method of equipoising, the gShen rab 'da' dga' chi drod says:
"Thus, as for the luminous contemplation, one equipoises (the
mind) without the consciousness then grasping it. One equipoises
the five senses so that they become self-vacant; one equipoises the
mind so that it becomes all-absorbing: one equipoises body and
mind naturally..."
The Gab pa says: "As for the way of mind, being natural, it is
bliss."
The Great Guru has said: "Whatever you perceive, meeting
with the self-arisen sphere of external objects, one equipoises it
(i.e. the consciousness) naturally, one equipoises, purposelessly
38
out grasping, passion or desire; one equipoises, without meditat
ing or letting the thoughts wander, the consciousness which does
not distinguish between object and subject."
The Hermit Father and his spiritual Son71 have said: "While in
the natural state equipoise (the mind) luminously according to its
own nature, equipoise it gently, unhurriedly, relaxedly."
In reality, on the ba'sis of the Mother, the nature of the 'basis' in
the Son, the natural unruffled mind, render unmoving the 'reflec
tive-power', namely the consciousness which consists of thoughts
and recollections; the mind is thereupon equipoised blankly in its
own place.
The Great Guru has said: "By seeking it is lost, by regarding it
is obscured; by meditation it is corrupted. If actions are many, you
run the risk of wandering about in sasara."
Dissolving it re
39
internal Mara."
And the Gab pa says: "By the contemplation of the thought "I
meditate", the 'basis', the bodhi-mind, is obscured."
Do not all these quotations have that purport?
iii. Retaining-Concentration
40
Thus, first make the dissolving shorter, the period of equipois
ing and retaining about equal; thereafter gradually extending the
duration of the 'knowledge of retaining', when finally there is
nothing except 'knowledge of retaining', equipoising and dissolv
ing are not necessary. At that time periodical meditation is brought
to its completion.73
Therefore, as this is precisely the actual content of that which
is without attributes and the very essence of spiritual exertion of
the present time of meditation, one should know that this instruc
tion in spiritual-exertion-at-all-times is effective generally
(?).
In
( Session Ten )
Homage to the holy lamas!
The production of Stainless Wisdom while yet on the Path has
four parts:
i. Body-the body of a god.
ii. Speech-recitation.
iii. Mind-wisdom.
iv. Yogic devices74 connected with various means.
i. Body
tion) with various actions like leaping, running etc., which are
neutral. Thereafter he accompanies (realization) with actions like.
beating, furious anger etc., which are impure.
Having engaged even in all these actions (while retaining
realization), all pure and impure physical acts and behavior are
41
indulged in on the Path (i.e. they are converted into means when
one is) in a condition of spiritual realization.
ii. Speech
42
The Lung drug says: "He who-if he makes the mighty effort
acts without consideration for good or evil, he is praised as the
vessel of the Great Perfection." Further: "Not being hindered(by
considerations of good and evil), that is the correct coriduct."
Accordingly, understanding (these precepts) and, as for the
manner of gaining control over these(feelings etc.), being skilled
in gentle means, having gently prolonged the state (of spiritual
realization), intermixed (this condition and the feelings etc.), and
separated(the mind's essence from these feelings), he should exert
himself with regard to that which is without attributes.
tion).
The Drang don says: "When the feelings are harmful, one relies
When in the condition of the Great Vehicle, the 'basis', one can
virtue."
The Lung drug says: "That is not in the wishing for physical
43
SUMMARY
1.
(zin rtags), the ultimate being that of the mind becoming "subtle
and even, free from passion directed towards visible objects".
2.'Thereafter follows meditation without visible 'support' i.e.
'equipoising' (mnyam bzhag) which ultimately leads to the identifi
cation of the psyche (sems) with the Unconditioned.
First one obtains 'stability' (gnas cha).
Bodily
posture and
tshul) are 'cut off', i.e. one makes them cease to appear. This is
followed by the 'confrontation' (ngo sprod pa) by means of which
the identification of the psyche (sems) with the Unonditioned (the
Void) becomes possible; the 'confrontation' is effected by ineans.of
Example (dpe), Sign (rtags), and Meaning (don):
Example-the clear and infinite sky is identified with the
Void.
Sign-the psyche is blank and luminous as described above
with reference to the mind.
45
(a) On the basis of the 'basis' (the Void), in the mind the
'reflective power'
equipoised
('jogs).
klong sgom, in
APPENDIX I
The Similes
PRJNCE TONG-THUN
Once upon a time there was a king who had two sons. The elder
son, who was successor to the throne, died. The younger son went
out one day to play when he was very young and didn't return.
When the king died, there was none to succeed him. Then, a
minister suggested that the lost son might still be found because he
had the marks of sun and moon on the right and left shoulder and
marks of dice on his thighs.
Thus the attendants were sent to search, and they found one
with such marks. The foundling was consecrated, given new clothes
and was crowned. By virtue of this, the land prospered. Such is the
example.
The meaning that this example conveys is:
Just as a prince remains a prince always, even though he
changes his lifestyle, likewise the origin of living beings, i.e. Bud
dha-nature, remains the same. Not seeing one's own true nature,
living beings wander in sal!lsara, just as the lost prince did. When
one sees Buddha within oneself, it is like the lost prince becoming
king again. The minister is like the lama who does the introduc
tion; the marks of the sun and the moon on the prince's shoulders
are like the clarity of one's mind; the marks of dice on the prince's
thighs signify sal!lsara; consecrating the prince is like undertaking
the preliminary practices; crowning the prince is like attaining the
state of Buddhahood.
Human Face
Everyone, from the time he takes birth until death, does not part
from his face, yet never sees it. Similarly, the mind as such is not
hidden and is present in its natural state right from the beginning,
but is not seen. It is seen only after a lama introduces one to it.
Likewise, one needs a mirror if one wants to see one's face.
The Man Called 'Od-mdzes
There was a man named 'Od-mdzes .. Some called him Apo 'Od
mdzes, others called him Anu 'Od-mdzes, still others called him
4$
All types of mustard seed, no matter whether they are big, small,
good or bad, contain oil. All living beings, no matter whether they
are tall, short, good-natured or bad, have the Buddha-mind in
them. Just as oil is produced when it is pressed out and refined,
Buddhahood is attained when the self is identified through prac
tice.
Flame i11 tlze Lt!mp-pot
The lamp-pot is [like] one's physical body. The flame is [like] one's
consciousness. Just as the flame shines from the lamp-pot's rim
etc., the rays of mind in the middle of the heart shindorth from the
five sense doors.
lmpriso11ed Ki11g
In one land, there were two kings. Each king had an equal number
of subjects-three internal ministers, five external ministers, sixty
one attendants and eighty-four thousand soldiers. A fight broke
out between the two kings, and the one who was good never
managed to defeat the other one, who was bad..Therefore, one of
the good king's ministers said, "Today we will wait in a narrow
pass. The one coming in the front of their army will be the king
himself. Our king should ambush and arrest him. Similarly, our
three and five ministers, sixty-one attendants and eighty-four thou
sand soldiers should ambush and arrest theirs. We will be the
winners this time." This having been done, the bad king, his
ministers, attendants, army and his people came under the good
king's rule and the land became free from enemies. This is the
example.
Here the two kings are [like] the wisdom of awareness and
ignorance; their three ministers are [like] the three Buddha bodies
and the three poisons; their five ministers are [like] the five wis
doms and the five poisons; their sixty-one attendants are [like] the
sixty-one pure wisdoms and the sixty-one afflictive emotions; and
49
APPENDlXII
Index
f Lamas
Index
f Texts
51
Orang don p. 91, 99
mOo p. 86, 107
IDe mig p. 91
'Bum p. 86, 88, 94
rTsa rgyud p. 86
mOzod p. 106
rOzogs chen p. 112
rOzogs shen snymz rgyud p. 113
Zhal chems p. 86
Ye phyi mo'i bon skor p. 105
Lung drug p. 90, 94, 99, 100, 107, 109, 111, 113
gShCil rab 'da' dga' chi drod p. 95
Sems lung p. 69, 70
gSal byed p. 100
gSung rab p. 104, 107
The following. texts are quoted on pp. 115-116, but the passage in
which they are mentioned is only to be found in the A khrid text
from sTod Tre-pa-dgon, being absent from the two other texts at
the disposal of the editors:
APPENDIX III
'
cHAR TSHUL.
DRAN THAG.
'
DRI MA MED PA I YE SHES.
'
'
RNAM PAR MI RTOG PA I TING NGE DZIN
'
soc
'
ooN.
DMIGS RTEN.
53
the triad
a.
(sems)
APPENDIX IV
(a)
(b)
(c)
67-69
69-70
sdig pa bshags pap. 70-71
sems bskyed pap.
79-100
Ius gnad p.
79
79-80
dam tshigp. 80-84
Ita stangsp.
(a)
84-91 (session 6)
84-88
1.
bca' ba ius kyi gnadp. 84-85
ii. Ita stangs dbang po'i gnadp. 85
m.
bzhag pa sems kyi gnddp. 85-87'
iv. srung ba dam tshig gi gnadp, 87-88
(b)
88-91 (session 7)
i. lta stangs dmigs pa'i gnadp. 88-91
55
ii.
iii.
3.
91-100
(ses
sion 8)
i.
ii.
(b)
p. 91-93
(c)
'jogs p. 95-96
bshig p. 96-97
skyong p. 97-98
98-100
(session 10)
i.
ii.
iii.
iv.
III.
2.
bzung ba p. 101-103
sbyang pa p. 103
spel ba p. 103-104
ar la gtad pap. 104
(session
12)
3.
4.
Conclusion p. 115
Colophon p. 115
Passage to be inserted on p.101, p. 115-117.
NOTES
Preface
1. "Bonpo Studie. The A Khrid System of Meditation", Knilash.
A Journal of Himalayan Studies, vol.l, no.1 (Kathmandu 1973),
pp. 19-50; no.4, pp. 248-332.
2. D.L.Snellgrove, The Nine Ways of Bon. Excerpts from gZi-brjid
edited and translated by. ..,London Oriental Series, val. 18, Lon
don (Oxford University Press), 1967, pp. 226-255. The Great
58
know ledge, my contribution to Paul Poupard (ed.), Dictionnaire
des rcligio11s, 2 vols., Paris (Presses Universitaires de France),
1993 (3rd edition), "MEDITATION tibetaine de la Grande
of the Toyo Bu11ko, No.33, Tokyo (The Toyo Bunko), 1975, pp.
214-15 and 1975 p. 152; Stein 1971 p. 9, 1972 p. 23. Other writers
have criticized it for being "nothing but a blend of the doc
59
general, see Tucci 1948 p. 727, and 1970 pp. 52-53; Neumaier
rgyud kyi brgyud pa'i bla ma'i rnam thar (Chandra 1968 pp. 1-
130).
11. Neumaier 1970 p. 133 states that the Bonpos follow the
Nyingmapas in basing their rDzogs-chen doctrines on the
writings of Klong-chen rab-'byams-pa (1308-1364), but does
not give any source for this statement which is clearly errone
ous, the Bonpo rDzogs-chen being founded on texts which are,
(as the one discussed in this book) may be dated with a high
degree of certainty.
nyams brgyud kyi rnam thar rin chen phring (sic) ba, published
Delhi 1967 (see Kvaerne 1973 pp. 19-22), pp. 8-14, translated
Kvaerne 1973 pp. 29-36; 2) Man ngag rin po che akhrid kyi bla rna
brgyud pa'i rnam thar pad
rna
14. His biography is found in rTogs ldan nyams brgyud. . pp. 14-19,
.
translated Kvaerne 1973 pp. 36-41, and in Man ngag rin po che ...
fol. 4b2-6b3 (see n. 12).
15. His biography is found in rTogs ldan nyams brgyud... pp. 39-42,
translated Kvaerne 1973 pp. 41-44, and in Matz ngag rin po che...
60
rgyud kyi brgyud pa'i bla rna'i rnam thar, pp.98-104 (Chandra
1968).
16. Published in the same volume as the rTogs-ldan nyams brgyud...
(A-tri thun-tsham cha-na dan cha-lak che shuk-so, Delhi 1967), pp.
64-117. Ofits fifteen 'periods', nos. 5-10 have been'translated in
Kvaeme 1973 pp. 247-332. Three commentaries to\it are avail
able: 1) Ngo sprod rin chen gsal'debs rgyab skyor gyi gdams pa,
likewise by Bru-chen rGyal-ba g.yung-drung, pp. 117-85 in the
61
25. mTshan bcas, 'that which has attributes,' is, presumably, every
thing which can be perceived or become the object of concep
Unconditioned, which is
animittam-mtshan
ma
28. ITa stangs- drti, 'gaze'; dealt with in detail and thus translated
by Snellgrove 1959: vol I, pp. 84, 85. Note however that in our
text Ita stangs has no thaumaturgical connotations, being sim
ply the correct way of holding the eyes in order to obtain the
30. Gan bub, opposite. of gan rkyal, "lying on the back"; cf. kha bub
"inverted, tilted" Oaschke p. 393).
31. The precise meaning of gnad du 'gro is not clear to me; perhaps
a very similar passage: Ius gnad ni gong ltar cha lugs lnga !dan du
bca' la khrims kyis bsgrim ste/ gnad du 'gro bar bya/. Cf. also the
expressions gnad du zin (p. 8n gnad du 'chun (p. 79), and gnad
62
the Thun tsham gives the transcription 'dGongs mdzad'.
34. I.e. supporting the spear on the shield in order to take a steady
aim.
35. 'Byams pa, 'vacancy' cf. Dag yig p. 88,1.4 : 'bymn pa stong pa'i
brda. This statement is perhaps confirmed by the personal
name sTong 'byams dGra bla skyabs. 'Byams pa, 'mental vacancy',
is a state which, like ldengs pa (cf. infra), should be avoided, d.
Gyab skyor p.
pa bya ba 'ong.. "If, finally, you do not know how to retain, there
will, in the end, be mental vacancy."
58.
occurs on p.
46. I have translated bun ne twice, skyi sha being a dvandva com
pound. Cf. (')bun pa, 'to itch' (Ja. p. 393,2).
47. Drag is clearly a misspelling for brad, 'joy'.
48. I have translated ngo sprod by 'confrontation'. After the dis
ciple has had a certain number of psychic experiences ('char
tshul), he is supposed to relate them to his lama. The lama will
then inform him as to the meaning and importance of the
63
various experiences. This instruction is called ngo sprod.
49. Thabs ("means') is identified with la111 "the Path", which be
longs to the triad gzhi, lam, 'bras bu, "the Foundation (i.e. the
ming gzhi gsal bar stan pa'i bstan bcos (1966, no place of publica
tion indicated) p. 90: phyod de sa le ba. G. Uray, however, makes
the following remark regarding phyad de phyod de: "adv. de
scriptive of uncertainty of movement (cf. Cl. T. phyad phyod
'id.', phyad phyad 'awkward gambols')" (G. Uray "The Suffix-E
in Tibetan", AOH, vol. III, fasc. 3, p. 235). This interpretation is
supported by another Bonpo dictionary, Dag yig p. 80,1.4:
phreng ba, Kailash, vol.I, no.!. 1973 p.1.18: dge sbyor thas pas bshig
pa'am.
55. I presume that ltengs pa is an error for ldengs pa; ldeng is
explained as g-yo (Gangs can bod kyi brda skad...p. 77), 'unrest,
instability'. According to Samten Gyaltsen Karmay, however,
skyor) p. 160 1.12 bar du bshigs ma shes na bzhag thog tu ldengs 1zas
'gro: "If, intermediately, you do not know how to dissolve, you
will, after equipoising (your mind), enter a state of stupor."
56. 'Oral is a variant form of ral, cf. the rGyab skyor p. 172 1.15: rig
64
cf. however tol skycs sllcs-mthnr phyin pnr shes pn (Ch. gr. p.
335), tol bn-gtol bn' nm ngcs pn ln'nng (id). Cf. gtol mcd 'not
the top of the head has, as far as I know, not been attested
elsew.bere. Normally only the central channel reaches the top
of the head, the other two each ending in a nostril.
62. Cf. p. 112: scms mng 'bywzg gi gShen lha/ sku gsum rdzogs pa'i
Smzgs rgyas rmzg 'bywzg Rig pn'i rgyal po ye shes gnas lugs doll gyi
Smzgs rgyns de ... and Snellgrove 1967: p. 2281.13: thog mar gzhi
yi g11ns tshul ni/ ....'khor 'das mn srid g01zg rol du/ thog mar Rig pa'i
rgynl po s11ga I
63. Li shig 'wind' (Zhang-zhung) cf. Zhang zhwzg Tibetan Dictio
this point.
68. The point of these two comparisons is, accordi.ng to ST, that the
65
expressed in words. Cf. Snellgrove 1959: (vol. I, p. 114) where
the same two similes are used, likewise to describe the arising
of a certain kind of knowledge.
B. bshigs pa
mnyam bzhag
nyams
zhignas
shes rab
lta ba
stong pa
C. skt;ong pa
mnyam rjes dbt;er med
nyams rtogs zung 'jug
zhi lhag zung 'brel
thabs shes zung 'brei
Ita spyod zung 'brel
gsal stong gnyis med
72. The phrase bzang bdo sgom mkhan Ia cer gyis ltas te is unclear to
me.
73. I.e. one enters a state of permanent meditation, ngang sgom, in
which all actions of daily life are performed while in medita
tion.
meditation becomes one with the Void (klong sgom). Cf. the
66
78.
sion
rTogs ldan nyams rgyud kyi rnam thar rin chen phreng ba. He lived
in the twelfth century.
84. 'Dul-ba rin-po-che alias Bru-zha 'Dul-ba-g.yung-drung (or
'Dul-ba rgyal-mtshan) preceded rGyal-ba g.yung-drung (12421290) in the spiritual lineage of A khrid, and must consequently
have lived in the first half of the thirteenth century. His biogra
phy is given on p.35-39 of rTogs
1966.
87. In the work
name is given as
88. Bla chen: identical with Dran pa nam mkha', who lived in the
eighth
century.
He
is
ment ioned
as
disciple
of
67
Padmasambhava in rGyal po'i bka'i thang yig, ch. 10. fol. 30a, 5
et seq., translated by H. Hoffman in The Religions of Tibet,
London 1961.
89. Li-shu, i.e. sNya-chen Li-shu stag-ring, seems to be an impor
tant figure in the history of the Bonpos. According to NT 30 he
was born in 1691 B.C., i.e. he comes in the same class of semi
legendary siddhas as Dran-pa nam-mkha', Tshe-dbang rig
'dzin, and Padma mthong-grol, for whom similar dates of
birth are given but who all seem to have been active around the
eighth century A.D.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
--. Recents travaux sur Touen-houang. T'oung Pao val. XLI (1970),
pp. 1-95.
Guenther, H .V. Kindly Bent to Ease Us, Part I. Emeryville, Ca., 1975.
1989.
--
--
70
--.The Canon of the Tibetan Bonpos. Indo-Iranian Journal, vol. 16
--
--.Minor Buddhist Texts, Part II. Serie Orientale Roma vol. IX, 2,
Rome 1958.
Stuttgart 1970.
--.Minor Buddhist Texts, Part III. Serie Orientale Roma vol.XLIII,
Rome 1971.
Works in Tibetan
Gangs can bod kyi brda skad ming gzhi gsal bar stan pa'i bstan bcos (1966)
rGyab skyor I "Ngo sprod rin chen gsal 'debs rgyab skyor gyi gdams
pa," A-tri thun-tsham cha-na dan cha-lak che shuk-so, The Tibetan
Bonpo Foundation, Delhi 1967,pp.117-184.
"rGyal rab bon gyi 'byung gnas," Three Sources for a History of Bon,
published by Khedup Gyatsho, Tibetan Bonpo Monastic Centre,
Dholanji, Via Solan, (H.P.) India 1974,pp.l-196.
"rTogs ldan nyams brgyud kyi mam thar rin chen phreng ba," A-tri
71
ma,
mDzog phug I Srid pa'i mdzod phug ces bya ba bzhugs so, published by
Tenzin Namdak, Delhi 1966.
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