CHAPTER IV

REACTION TIME
4.1 Practicum Objectives
1. Students are able to understand reaction time toward visual display.
2. Students are able to understand the concept of long-term and short-term
memory.
3. Students are able to analyze the long-term and short-term memory of person.
4. Have a capable to compare the reaction time toward stimulus of male and
female using hypothesis testing.
4.2 Practicum Assignment
1. Take the data using visual tools to determine the reaction time of operator,
then compare the results with the average students in one small classroom.
2. To test the difference by using SPSS to know there are differences on the
results obtained.
3. Take the data using chunk method to determine the short-term memory
capacity of operators, and then compare the results with the average students
in one small class of the opposite sex by using a graph.
4.3 Output
4.3.1 Description
Name
: Kukuh Faedlur Rahman
Age
: 19 years old
Gender
: Male
Kind of Work
: Visual and Chunk Test
In this practicum, the operator did some test such as visual test and chunk test. In
visual test, the operator record the test results using the reaction speed measuring
device, the operator was seeing colors and then pressing the corresponding key
tool of the same color and note how many times the speed obtained by the
operator. While chunk test is consist of some test such as number chunk, letter
chunk, word chunk, figure chunk, and color chunk.
In number chunk test, the operator was given some number in a short
period. Letter chunk test was a test by give the operator some letter in a short
period. Word chunk test is a test by give the operator some word in a short period
then the operator have to write it down. Figure chunk test is a test that was given
to the operator in a short period, the operator should remember all the picture and
write it down. The last test is color chunk. Color chunk test is test conducted that
operator see a random color on short period and write down the name of written
color.

4.3.2

Data Collecting
a. Visual Test
Visual test is a test which is the operator was given state of seeing colors
and then pressing the corresponding key tool of the same color. From
the test that already did by the operator, the observer get the result:
Table 4.1. Visual Result Data of Operator
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

Data
0,52
0,68
0,92
0,62
0,52
0,62
0,52
0,62
0,56
0,50
0,45
0,51
0,42
0,00
0,47
0,59
0,44
0,59
0,49
0,43
0,38
0,32
0,41
0,45
0,33
0,42
0,43
0,51
0,46
0,44

Since the operator is female, then the data of the operator will be
compared with the average data of the male group in the class to know

whether there is a difference between male and female or not. The male
data of the class are:
Table 4.2. Visual Result Data of Male Operator
Group

IP-2

1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9

0,34
0,4
0,36
0,32
0,36
0,35
0,44
0,3
0,35
0,33

10
11
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
28
29
30

4
0,41
0,37
0,84
0,32
0,28
0,39
0,35
0,31
0,32
0,4
0,45
0,45
0,44
0,34
0,31
0,36
0,32
0,28
0,32
0,44

IP-

IP-

IP-

IP-

3
0.36
0.37
0.38
1.13
0.38
0.34
0.29
0.28
0.35

4
0.49
0.65
1.28
0.47
0.56
0.56
0.47
0.48
0.33

8
0,16
0,36
0,24
0,35
0,26
0,33
0,35
0,3
0,6

10
0,27
0,38
0,33
0,91
0,55
0,37
0,29
0,38
0,31

0.34 0.49 0,56

0.27
0.49
0.85
0.29
0.24
0.28
0.61
0.33
0.29
0.84
0.32
0.46
0.63
0.81
0.37
0.38
0.68
0.40
0.33
0.34

0.92
0.34
0.40
0.30
0.33
0.84
0.32
0.33
0.84
0.37
0.32
0.31
0.40
0.37
0.30
0.46
0.37
0.30
0.49
0.46

0,42
0,37
0,29
0,25
0,38
0,23
0,52
0,78
0,43
0,26
0,62
0,33
0,32
0,34
0,31
0,45
0,34
1,3
0,46
0,27

IP-

IP-

0,46
0,88
0,31
0,46
0,3
0,68
0,63
0,33
0,32

12
0,28
0,48
0,43
0,3
0,45
0,4
0,4
0,32
0,32

13
0,31
0,3
0,27
0,39
0,79
0,41
0,43
0,38
0,39

0,32

0,33

0,34

0,3

0,53
0,3
0,28
0,39
0,23
0,39
0,32
0,31
0,32
0,28
0,34
0,33
0,31
0,31
0,39
0,34
0,34
0,34
0,31
0,3

0,88
0,4
0,35
0,31
0,85
0,31
0,88
0,38
0,88
0,76
0,53
0,31
0,31
0,35
0,31
0,71
0,75
0,3
0,83
0,88

0,33
0,32
0,28
0,63
0,33
0,45
0,48
0,32
0,78
0,29
0,67
0,33
0,31
0,38
0,31
0,33
0,37
0,3
0,31
0,22

0,27
0,28
0,38
0,7
0,44
0,33
0,26
0,31
0,27
0,33
0,35
0,28
0,6
0,33
0,28
0,28
0,31
0,25
0,46
0,29

IP-11

b. Chunk
Chunk test is a test that consist of some test such as number chunk,
letter chunk, word chunk, figure chunk, and color chunk. In chunk test,

the operator was given some number, letter, word, figure and color in a
short period, the operator have to remember the numbers, letters, words,
figures and colors then take a note of the results. The result of chunk test
is:
1. Numerical test
In number chunk test, the operator was given some number in a
short period and write the number that remembered by the operator
for 11 times. The result of the operator compared with the result of
the class are:

Table 4.3 Numerical Result Data of the Class

No

Group

IP-1

0,8

IP-2

0,78

IP-3

0,9

IP-4

IP-5

0,5

IP-6

7
8
9
10
11

IP-7
IP-8
IP-9
IP-10
IP-11

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

1
1
1
1
1

12

IP-12

13

IP-13

0,85714

1
1
1
1
1

3
1
0,86
1
1
1

1
1
1
0,63
0,75

0,66666
7
1
0,67
1
0,67
0,56
0,88888
9
0,89

0,5

10
0,90909
1
0,727
0,54545
5
0,90909
1
0,72727
3
0,54545

11
1
0,917
0,166667
0.25
0,5
0,25

0,8
0,37
0,8
0,60
0,30

5
1
0,36
1
0,91
0,73

1
0,08
0,833333
1,00
0,67

0,4

1,00

1,00

0,80

0,55

0,33

The table above is the table of the numerical test result in the class. The data of the operator is the data in IP-9 group.
While the other data is the numerical test result of the class. The operator data and the average of the class data will be

compared for each number. The researchers will know the short-time memory of the operator compared with the classs
average.

2. Letter Chunk
In letter chunk test, the operator was given some letter in a short period and write the letter that remembered by the
operator for 11 times. The result of the operator compared with the result of the class are:
Table 4.4 Letter Result Data of the Class
No
1
2

Group
IP-1
IP-2

1
1
1

2
1
1

3
1
1

4
1
1

5
1
1

6
1
1

7
1
1

8
1
1
0,88888

IP-3

IP-4

IP-5

IP-6

0,9

7
8

IP-7
IP-8

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
0,57

1
0,63

1
0,67

1
0,30

IP-9

10
11

IP-10
IP-11

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
1

1
0,88

1
0,89

1
1,00

12

IP-12

0,9

13

IP-13

9
0.625
0,44444
4

9
1
0,9
1
1
1

10
1
0,18
0,90909
1
1
0,45454
5
0,81818
2
1
0,64
0,72727
3
1
0,45
0,81818
2
0,45

11
0,5
0,5
0,416667
0,166667
0,25
0,333333
0,75
0,42
0,5
1
1,00
0,833333
0,50

The table above is the table of the letter test result in the class. The
data of the operator is the data in IP-9 group. While the other data is
the letter test result of the class. The operator data and the average of
the class data will be compared for each number. The researchers
will know the short-time memory of the operator compared with the
classs average.
3. Word Chunk
In word chunk test, the operator was given some letter in a short
period and write the word that remembered by the operator. The
result of the operator compared with the result of the class are:
Table 4.5 Word Result Data of the Class
No
Group Word
1
IP-1
0,30
2
IP-2
0,28
3
IP-3
0,25
4
IP-4
0,40
5
IP-5
0,20
6
IP-6
0,33
7
IP-7
0,35
8
IP-8
0,20
9
IP-9
0,30
10
IP-10
0,43
11
IP-11
0,25
12
IP-12
0,45
13
IP-13
0,15
The table above is the table of the word test result in the class. The
data of the operator is the data in IP-9 group. While the other data is
the word test result of the class. The operator data and the average of
the class data will be compared and researchers will know the shorttime memory of the operator compared with the classs average.
4. Figure Chunk
In figure chunk test, the operator was given some figure in a short
period and write the name of the figure that remembered by the
operator. The result of the operator compared with the result of the
class are:
Table 3.6 Figure Result Data of the Class

No
Group Figure
1
IP-1
0,55
2
IP-2
0,70
3
IP-3
0,45
4
IP-4
0,65
5
IP-5
0,50
6
IP-6
0,55
7
IP-7
0,45
8
IP-8
0,70
9
IP-9
0,70
10
IP-10
0,85
11
IP-11
0,55
12
IP-12
0,70
13
IP-13
0,50
The table above is the table of the figure test result in the class. The
data of the operator is the data in IP-9 group. While the other data is
the figure test result of the class. The operator data and the average
of the class data will be compared and researchers will know the
short-time memory of the operator compared with the classs
average.
5. Color Chunk
In color chunk test, the operator was given some color and name of
color, then the operator should write the name of the color not its
color. The result of the operator is compared with the result of the
class are:
Table 4.7 Color Result Data of the Class
No
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
13

Group
IP-1
IP-2
IP-3
IP-4
IP-5
IP-6
IP-7
IP-8
IP-9
IP-10
IP-11
IP-12
IP-13

Color
1
1
0,80
0,64
1
1
1
0,92
1
1
0,96
1
0,6

The table above is the table of the color test result in the class. The
data of the operator is the data in IP-9 group. While the other data is
the color test result of the class. The operator data and the average of
the class data will be compared and researchers will know the shorttime memory of the operator compared with the classs average.
4.3.3

Data Processing
a. The Calculation of Visual
In processing the visual data, the researchers use SPSS Software. The
first step that done by the researchers is calculating the normality of the
data. If the data already normal, then researchers can continue to
calculate the t-distribution test. Before the researchers calculate the
normality test of the data, the researchers make sure that the data already
valid using SPSS software. The result is:

Table 4.8 Case Processing Summary

Case Processing Summary
Cases
Valid

Male_Average_Class
Operator_IP_9

Missing

Total

Percent

Percent

Percent

30
30

100.0%
100.0%

0
0

.0%
.0%

30
30

100.0%
100.0%

From the test, researchers can know that the data is already valid because
the table above shows that the N value or total data is valid, which is 30
data. Moreover, the percentage also already 100% then researchers can
say that the data is valid. After the researchers know that the data already
valid, then researchers can calculate the normality test of the data. The
result of the normality test is shown in the table below:
Table 4.9 Test of Normality Result
Tests of Normality
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic
Male_Average_Class
Operator_IP_9

.101
.168

df
30
30

Shapiro-Wilk

Sig.
*

.200
.030

Statistic

Df

Sig.

.965
.885

30
30

.414
.004

The researchers can see from the table, in the kolmogorov-Smirnov part
that the significant value of operator IP9 data is not normal. The
researchers can say that the data already normal if the significant value is
more than 0.05 while the value that the researchers get for male average
is 0.200 and operator is 0.030. The researchers get the significant value
from the Kolmogorov-Smirnova because the data that researchers use is
less than 50 data.
After knowing that the data is not normal, the researchers
calculate the Wilcokson test to know whether there is any differences or
not between the male and female. The result from the Wilcokson test is:
Table 4.10 Wilcokson Result
Test Statisticsa
classaverage - ip9
Z
Asymp. Sig. (2-tailed)

-3,312b
,001

From the table of Wilcokson result above, researchers get the value of
significant is 0.001 which is less than 0.05. From the result, researchers
conclude that there is any different between male and female toward the
visual test, in this case is Nurul with the males in the class.
b. The Calculation of Chunk
1. Numerical Chunk
The researchers get the numerical chunk data from the average data
of the whole class and operator. In processing numerical chunk data,
researchers use Microsoft Excel to convert data to be graphic. Thus,
the result is easier to be read by the researchers. The graphic of the
numerical chunk result is:

Numerical Chunk
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

5
IP-9

10

11

Average

Graphic 4.1 Numerical Chunk Result

From the graphic above, researchers can see that all numerical chunk
test result of operator are higher than the classs average. From the
case number one until number five, all of the member in the class are
correctly answering the case but after that while the amount of the
number is increasing, the result of the class is decreasing including
operator IP9. Thus, researchers conclude that the operator has higher
ability of short-term memory than the classs average in
remembering numerical data and also has higher reaction time than
the classs average.
2. Letter Chunk
The researchers get the letter chunk data from the average data of the
whole class and operator data. In processing letter chunk data,
researchers use Microsoft Excel to convert data to be graphic. Thus,
the result is easier to be read by the researchers. The graphic of the
letter chunk result is:

Letter Chunk
1.2
1
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
0

5
IP-9

10

11

Average

Graphic 4.2 Letter Chunk Result

From the graphic above, researchers can see that almost all letter
chunk test result of operator are higher than the classs average but
there are one case, case11, that the operator result are lower than the
classs average. From the case number one until number five, all of
the member in the class are correctly answering the case but after that
while the amount of the number is increasing or become complex,
the result of the class is decreasing including operator IP9. Although
there is one result of the operator lower than the classs average, but
researchers can conclude that the operator has higher ability of shortterm memory than the classs average in remembering letter data and
also has higher reaction time than the classs average.
3. Word Chunk
The researchers get the word chunk data from the average data of the
whole class and operator da ta. Thus, the data of the operator and
average of class will be shown in the table below:
Table 4.11 Word Chunk Differences Result
No
1

Description
IP-9

Value
0,3
0,2991

Classs average

In processing word chunk data, researchers use Microsoft Excel to

convert data to be graphic. Thus, the result is easier to be read by the
researchers. The graphic of the word chunk result is:

Word Chunk
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3
0.3

IP-9

Class Average

Graphic 4.3 Word Chunk Result

From the graphic above, researchers can see that word chunk test
result of operator are higher than the classs average. Thus,
researchers conclude that the operator has higher ability of short-term
memory than the classs average in remembering word data and also
has higher reaction time than the classs average.
4. Figure Chunk
The researchers get the figure chunk data from the average data of
the whole class and operator data. Thus, the data of the operator and
average of class will be shown in the table below:
Table 4.12 Figure Chunk Differences Result
No
Description
Value
1
IP-9
0,7
2
Classs average 0,59583
In processing figure chunk data, researchers use Microsoft
Excel to convert data to be graphic. Thus, the result is easier to be
read by the researchers. The graphic of the figure chunk result is:

Figure Chunk
0.72
0.7
0.68
0.66
0.64
0.62
0.6
0.58
0.56
0.54

IP-9

Class Average

Graphic 4.4 Figure Chunk Result

From the graphic above, researchers can see that figure chunk test
result of operator are higher than the classs average. Thus,
researchers conclude that the operator has higher ability of short-term
memory than the classs average in remembering figure data and also
has higher reaction time than the classs average.
5. Color Chunk
The researchers get the color chunk data from the average data of the
whole class and operator data. Thus, the data of the operator and
average of class will be shown in the table below:
Table 4.13 Color Chunk Differences Result
No
Description
Value
1
IP-9
1
2
Classs average
0,91
In processing color chunk data, researchers use Microsoft Excel
to convert data to be graphic. Thus, the result is easier to be read by
the researchers. The graphic of the color chunk result is:

Color Chunk
1.02
1
0.98
0.96
0.94
0.92
0.9
0.88
0.86

IP-9

Class Average

Graphic 4.5 Color Chunk Result

From the graphic above, researchers can see that color chunk test
result of operator are higher than the classs average. Thus,
researchers conclude that the operator has higher ability of short-term
memory than the classs average in remembering color data and also
has higher reaction time.

4.3.4

Data Analysis
a. Visual Analysis
After processing the data using SPSS Software, researchers can see the
result that the data of reaction time between female student as operator
and male students is different. Reaction time is the elapsed time between
the presentation of a sensory stimulus and the subsequent behavioral
response. However, this situation is normal based on the theory that
explain reaction time of males was faster than female (Geoff Der, 2006).
Actually, gender is not the only one factor that effect the reaction time,
but there is also age, left or right hand, central versus peripheral vision,
practice, fatigue, fasting, breathing cycle, personality types, exercise,

and intelligence of the subject. However, the most reliable effect that
give a big impact to the operators might be fatigue.
b. Chunk Analysis
1. Numerical Chunk Analysis
After processing, comparing and making the graphic from the data
of the operator and classs average, researchers get the reaction time
of the operator and classs average of numerical chunk test. Based
on the result above, it shows that the reaction time of operator IP9 is
higher than the classs average. However, the decreasing in each
point of test also happen in this test toward the operator. It can be
caused by several effect based in the theory such as the increasing
complexity of the number that given because more complex
responses also elicit slower reaction time. However, fatigue also can
be the effect of the reaction time. The operator might be feel fatigue
after doing some exercise before doing the test. Other than that, lack
of exercise of the test also can be caused the slower of reaction.
2. Letter Chunk Analysis
After processing, comparing and making the graphic from the data
of the operator and classs average, researchers get the reaction time
of the operator and classs average of letter chunk test. Based on the
result above, it shows that almost all of operator IP9s the reaction
time is higher than the classs average but there is a point which is
the operator reaction time is lower than the classs average. It can be
caused by several effect based in the theory such as the increasing
complexity of the letter that given because more complex responses
also elicit slower reaction time. However, fatigue also can be the
effect of the reaction time. The operator might be feel fatigue after
doing some exercise before doing the test. Other than that, lack of
exercise of the test also can be caused the slower of reaction.
3. Word Chunk Analysis
After processing, comparing and making the graphic from the data
of the operator and classs average, researchers get the reaction time
of the operator and classs average word chunk test. Based on the
result above, operator IP9s the reaction time is higher than the
classs average. Therefore, the result from the operator is not

maximum enough if researchers compared with the classs result. It

can be caused by several effect based in the theory such as the
number of word that given. However, fatigue also can be the effect
of the reaction time. The operator might be feel fatigue after doing
some exercise before doing the test. Other than that, lack of exercise
of the test also can be caused the slower of reaction.
4. Figure Chunk Analysis
After processing, comparing and making the graphic from the data
of the operator and classs average, researchers get the reaction time
of the operator and classs average figure chunk test. Based on the
result above, operator IP9s the reaction time is higher than the
classs average. Therefore, the result from the operator is not
maximum enough if researchers compared with the classs result. It
can be caused by several effect based in the theory such as number
of figure that given. However, fatigue also can be the effect of the
reaction time. The operator might be feel fatigue after doing some
exercise before doing the test. Other than that, lack of exercise of the
test also can be caused the slower of reaction.
5. Color Chunk Analysis
After processing, comparing and making the graphic from the data
of the operator and classs average, researchers get the reaction time
of the operator and classs average color chunk test Based on the
result above, operator IP9s the reaction time is higher than the
classs average. Therefore, the result from the operator is not
maximum enough if researchers compared with the classs result. It
can be caused by several effect based in the theory such as the
number of word that given. However, fatigue also can be the effect
of the reaction time. The operator might be feel fatigue after doing
some exercise before doing the test. Other than that, lack of exercise
of the test also can be caused the slower of reaction.
4.3.5

Conclusion
In this practicum, the operator did some test such as visual test and chunk
test. In visual test, the operator record the test results using the reaction
speed measuring device, the operator was seeing colors and then pressing

the corresponding key tool of the same color and note how many times the
speed obtained by the operator. While chunk test is consist of some test such
as number chunk, letter chunk, word chunk, figure chunk, and color chunk.
In number chunk test, the operator was given some number in a
short period. Letter chunk test was a test by give the operator some letter in
a short period. Word chunk test is a test by give the operator some work in a
short period then the operator have to write it down. Figure chunk test is a
test that was given to the operator in a short period, the operator should
remember all the picture and write it down. The last test is color chunk.
Color chunk test is test conducted that operator see a random color on short
period and write down the name of written color.
In the visual test, the result researchers get is there is any different
between male and female after calculating the normality test and differences
using Wilcokson. While in chunk test, researchers conclude that the
operator has higher ability of short-term memory than the classs average in
remembering numerical, letter, word, figure, and color data.

REFERENCES
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http://www.colorado.edu/eeb/courses/1230jbasey/abstracts

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Geoff Der, I. J. (2006). Age and Sex Differences in Reaction Time in Adulthood:
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Karia, R. M. et al. (2012). Effect Of Gender Difference On Visual Reaction Time : A
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