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Outline
2008 Code
Estimate reinforcement
Direct solution
2011 Code
Correction of nominal moment strength
Equations for cracked moment of inertia
2013 Code
Change in unit strength tables; increase in fm
Increase in modulus of rupture
Moment magnification method
2
48 psf
D = 500 lb/ft
Lr = 400 lb/ft
W = -360 lb/ft
2.5 ft
Given:
32 psf
a = d d2
2[Pu (d t / 2) + M u ]
(0.8 f m b )
0.8 f m ba Pu /
As =
fy
M u ,app
wu h 2
eu 1.0(32 psf )(18 ft )2 12in
2.81in
+ 90lb / ft
=
+ Puf
=
= 15.7 k in / ft
8
2
8
ft
2
a = d d2
= 3.81in
As =
2[Pu (d t / 2 ) + M u ]
(0.8 f m b )
Complementary Moment
Assumes simple support conditions.
Assumes maximum moment is near midheight
Valid only for the following conditions:
Pu
0.05 f m No height limit
An
wu h 2
eu
Mu =
+ Puf
+ Pu u
8
2
Pu
0.20 f m
Ag
h/t 30
Pu = Puw + Puf
5M cr h 2 5(M u M cr )h 2
u =
+
48Em I n
48Em I cr
M u > M cr
7
Walls: Design
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations for Mu
wu h 2
1
e 5M cr Pu h 2 1
+ Puf +
8
2
48 Em I n I cr
Mu =
5 Pu h 2
1
48 Em I cr
wu h 2
e
+ Puf
2
Mu = 8
5 Pu h 2
1
48 Em I n
M u > M cr
M u < M cr
Walls: Design
Solving Simultaneous Linear Equations for u
u =
5h 2
48E m I cr
u =
wu h 2
I cr
eu
+ Puf
+ M cr
1
2
8
In
5 Pu h 2
1
48 E m I cr
wu h 2
eu
+ Puf
2
8
5 Pu h 2
1
48E m I n
5h 2
48E m I n
M u > M cr
M u < M cr
??
10
11
Load
Combination
Mu
(kipin/ft)
Mn
(kipin/ft)
Mu/
Mn
Second Order M
/ First Order M
0.9D+1.0W
16.6
16.8
0.99
1.12
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
10.4
20.1
0.52
1.12
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
18.1
18.3
0.99
1.06
12
Correction of nominal
moment strength
Equations for cracked
moment of inertia
13
Mu, Pu
Mn
Pn = 0.80 f m ba As f y
a=
As f y + Pn
0.80 f m b
M n = Pn + As f y d = Pu / + As f y
2
As f y + Pu /
0.80 f m b
Added in 2011
) d a2
14
Nominal Strength
Load Combination
Mn, (kip-in/ft)
2008
2011
0.9D+1.0W
16.8
17.0
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
20.1
20.7
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
18.3
18.6
15
t
P
bc
sp
(d c )2 +
I cr = n As + u
f
2
d
3
y
c=
As f y + Pu
0.64 f 'm b
P
bc
2
I cr = n As + u (d c ) +
f
3
y
16
17
Type M or S Mortar
Type N Mortar
1,700
---
1,900
1,900
1,900
2,350
2,000
2,000
2,650
2,250
2,600
3,400
2,500
3,250
4,350
2,750
3,900
----
18
Nominal Strength
Load Combination
Mn, (kip-in/ft)
= 1500 psi
= 2000 psi
0.9D+1.0W
17.0
17.2
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
20.7
21.0
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
18.6
18.9
19
Load Combination
EIcr, (kip-in2/ft)
= 1500 psi
= 2000 psi
0.9D+1.0W
28600
30300
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
33100
35400
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
30600
32600
20
Modulus of Rupture
Masonry Type
Mortar Type
Portland cement/lime or
mortar cement
Masonry Cement
M or S
M or S
133
100
80
51
84
163
64
158
51
153
31
145
267
200
160
100
167
267
127
200
100
160
64
100
335
335
335
335
0
21
Factored Moment
Load Combination
Mu, (kip-in/ft)
fr = 57.2 psi
fr = 68 psi
0.9D+1.0W
16.5
16.4
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
10.3
10.0
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
17.9
17.8
Example Summary
Mu/
Mn
Load Combination
2008
2013
0.9D+1.0W
0.99
0.96
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
0.52
0.48
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
0.99
0.94
23
Deflections
, (inch)
Load Combination
fr = 57.2 psi
fr = 68 psi
D+0.6W
0.703
0.548
0.6D+0.6W
0.654
0.499
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75Lr
0.378
0.222
24
Moment Magnification
M u = M u , 0
1
=
Pu
1
Pe
Pe =
2 Em I eff
h2
Puf e (Puf e )
wu h
=
+
+
8
2
2 wu h 2
2
M u ,0
Mu occurs at a
distance x from the top
of the wall. If x<0 or
x>h, Mu=Pufe
h Puf e
x=
2 wu h
25
+ Puf +
8
2
48Em I n I cr
Mu =
5Pu h 2
1
48 Em I cr
5/48 = 0.104
1/2 = 0.101
26
Example: 0.9D+1.0W
(Puf = 0.090 k/ft; Pu = 0.483 k/ft)
t
P
bc
sp
2
(d c ) +
I cr = n As + u
f y 2d
3
0.483k / ft
12in / ft (0.334in )
2
= 16.1 0.0775in 2 / ft +
(3.812in 0.334in ) +
60ksi
3
= 16.8in 4 / ft
27
Pe =
2 Em I eff
h
M u ,0
2 (1800ksi ) 16.8in 4 / ft
(216in )2
) = 6.40k / ft
1
1
=
= 1.081
P
0.483k / ft
1 u 1
6.40k / ft
Pe
Puf eu
wu h 2 Puf eu
=
+
+
8
2
2wu h 2
(0.090k / ft (2.81in ))
0.032ksf (216in ) (1 ft / 12in ) (0.090k / ft )(2.81in )
=
+
+
2
8
2
2(0.032ksf )(216in ) (1 ft / 12in )
2
M u = M u , 0 = 1.081(15.67 k in / ft ) = 16.96kip in / ft
28
Mu,0
(kipin/ft)
Mu
Mn
(kip-in/ft) (kip-in/ft)
Mu/
Mn
0.9D+1.0W
15.7
1.081
17.0
17.2
0.99
1.2D+1.6Lr+0.5W
9.3
1.268
11.7
21.0
0.56
1.2D+1.0W+0.5Lr
16.2
1.162
18.8
18.9
0.99
29
Pf eh 2
5wh
+
0 =
384 Em I e 16 Em I e
I cr
Ie =
M cr I cr
1
1
M
In
30
t sp
P
bc
2
u
(d c ) +
I cr = n As +
3
f y 2d
0.721k / ft
12in / ft (0.350in )
2
2
= 16.1 0.0775in / ft +
(3.812in 0.350in ) +
60ksi
3
= 17.5in 4 / ft
31
(n )eff
k=
0.0775in 2 / ft
nP
16.1(0.721kip / ft )
+
= n +
= 16.1
= 0.0352
Fs bd
12in / ft (3.8125in.) 32ksi (12in / ft )(3.815in.)
(n )eff2
P t sp
b(kd )
2
(d kd ) +
I cr = n As +
= 16.6in 4 / ft
Fs 2d
3
And both are wrong: Need to find neutral axis that corresponds to P, M combination.
This would require iteration, and would be quite complicated.
32
Pe =
2 Em I eff
h
2 (1800ksi )(17.5in 4 / ft )
(216in )
= 6.65k / ft
1
1
=
= 1.122
Pu
0.721k / ft
1
1
Pe
6.65k / ft
wh 2 Pf e
M0 =
+
8
2
0.0192ksf (216in ) (1 ft / 12in ) (0.284k / ft )(2.81in )
=
+
= 9.73k in / ft
8
2
2
M = M 0 = 1.122(9.73k in / ft ) = 10.92kip in / ft
33
17.5in 4 / ft
4
=
=
44
.
2
in
/ ft
4
6.96k in / ft
17.5in / ft
1
1
4
10.92k in / ft 332.0in / ft
Pf eh 2
5wh 4
0 =
+
384 Em I e 16 Em I e
5(0.0192ksf )(216in ) (1 ft / 12in.) 0.284k / ft (2.81in.)(216in )
=
+
= 0.599in.
384(1800ksi ) 44.2in 4 / ft
16(1800ksi ) 44.2in 4 / ft
4
= 0 = 1.122(0.599in.) = 0.672in.
Deflection Limit
0 (in)
(in)
D+0.6W
0.599
1.122
0.672
D+0.75(0.6W)+0.75Lr
0.351
1.181
0.415
0.6D+0.6W
0.528
1.058
0.559
35
Maximum Reinforcement
fm = 1500 psi
fm = 2000 psi
Spacing (inches)
P/(bd)
(psi)
As (in2
per ft)
#4
#5
#6
0.326
16
16
100
0.250
16
16
24
200
0.174
16
24
32
300
0.098
24
40
56
400
0.022
112
176
248
P/(bdfm)
As (in2
per ft)
#4
#5
#6
0.435
16
100
0.359
16
16
200
0.283
16
24
300
0.207
16
24
32
400
0.130
24
32
40
Spacing (inches)
36
Thank You
37