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Professor Xijun Hu
Professor Xijun Hu
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Figure 1.
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Membrane classification.
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c1iS c 2 iS
c1i
c 2i
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(1)
Professor Xijun Hu
D AB
c1iS c 2 iS k c2 c 2 i c 2
L
(2)
Substituting Eq. (1) into Eq. (2),
D AB K'
c1i c 2 i
L
p M c1i c 2 i k c2 c 2 i c 2
N A k c1 c1 c1i
pM
(3)
D AB K'
L
(4)
NA
k c1
c1i c 2 i
NA
pM
c2i c2
NA
k c2
(5)
internal
(6)
c1 c 2
1 / p M 1 / k c2
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(7)
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Professor Xijun Hu
3. Gas permeation
3.1 Series resistances in membrane processes
Similar equations to dialysis can be written for gas
permeation. The equilibrium relation between the
solid and gas phases is given by
H
c
c
c
S
S 1iS 2 iS
22.414 p A p A1i p A 2 i
(8)
NA
3.5 10 6 m / s
5
L
3.0 10
c1 c 2
0.030 0.005
1 / p M 1 / k c 2 1 / 3.5 10 6 1 / 2.02 10 5
pM
NA
= 7.458 10 -8 kg mol / s m 2
To calculate c2i,
N A 7.458 10
-8
= k c2 c 2 i c 2 2.02 10
c 2 i 0.005
134
(9)
D ABS
22.414
(10)
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qp
qf
(13)
Professor Xijun Hu
t h
Am
Am
* x 0 ( p l / p h )y p
1 y p (1 x 0 ) ( p l / p h )(1 y p )
yp
(15)
(16)
q A q p y p PA '
p x ply p
t h 0
Am
Am
(14)
PA '
PB '
(17)
1
Am
q f y p
PA '/ t p h x 0 p l y p
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(20)
Professor Xijun Hu
(22)
p
c h x 0
pl
Professor Xijun Hu
PA ' 50 10 10
10
PB '
5 10 10
a 1 * 1 10 9
p
p
b h 1 x 0 1 * h x 0 *
pl
pl
*
(23)
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80
(1 0.25) 1 10 (0.25) 10 22
20
20
p
80
c * h x 0 10 (0.25) 10
20
pl
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0.604
2a
2( 9)
x f y p
0.50 (0.604)
x0
0.25
1
1
Solving = 0.706
Am
=
q f y p
PA '/ t p h x 0 p l y p
0.706(1 10 4 )(0.604)
b1y p c1 0 and y p
b1 b 21 4a1c1
2a 1
is
p
x f 1 * 1 l 1 x f
ph
x 0M *
1 x f x f
(24)
(25)
p
p
p
p
a1 l l * * l * l
ph ph
ph
ph
p
p
p
p
b1 1 x f l l * * l * l * x f
ph ph
ph
ph
c1 * x f
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Case 2. xf, , *, and pl/ph are given and yp, x0, and
Am are to be determined. Eq. (19) is substituted into
Eq. (16) and the result in the form of
= 2.735 10 8 cm 2 27350 m 2
a1 y p
Professor Xijun Hu
p
y p 1 * 1 l 1 y p
ph
x0 *
1 yp yp
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Professor Xijun Hu
P '
(1 y)dq B p h (1 x ) pl (1 y)dA m
t
1 y (1 x) ( p l / p h )(1 y)
1 * (1 x) u f E / D R u f * F S u f F T
u E / D u * F u F
(29)
where
* 1
q
;
qf
x
1- x
u Di D 2i 2 2Ei F 2
1 * Pl
*
D 0.5
Ph
*
E
DF
2
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(28)
1 x f
(27)
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0.5
Professor Xijun Hu
1 * Pl
1
F 0.5
P
h
S
T
1
2D 1
* (D 1) F
(2D 1) * / 2 F
Case 2. xf, , *, and Pl/Ph are given and yp, x0, and
Am, are to be determined. This is trial and error. An
initial value of x0 is assumed and substituted into Eq.
(19) to calculate yp.
1
1 D (E / F)
Ph PB' i0
f i i 1 Pl 1
1 i Ph 1 f i
where
(30)
0.5
f i (Di F) D 2i 2 2Ei F 2
values of * in the integral can be obtained from Eq.
(29).
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A balance for component A on the high- and lowpressure sides of the volume element gives
(34)
qx (q dq )( x dx ) ydq
Simplifying to become
(35)
ydq qdx xdq d(qx )
The local flux out of the element with area dAm is
P '
(36)
ydq A p h x pl y dA m
t
(37)
(38)
Combining Eqs. (31) and (32) to eliminate q and
multiplying dx,
xy
q 0 dx
( qdx)
y x0
Since d[ xq(1 x)] xd[q(1 x)] q(1 x)dx
(1 x )d(qx) qxd(1 x)
(39)
(40)
we have
qdx (1 x )d (qx ) xd[q (1 x )]
(41)
Substituting qdx from (41), d(qx) from (37), and
d[q(1-x)] from (38) into Eq. (39) gives
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Professor Xijun Hu
q0 t dx y x
(1 x) * (rx y ) x[r (1 x) (1 y )]
pl PB ' dAm y x0
(42)
where r p h / p l and PA '/ PB' .
*
(43)
xy
q 0 t dx
*
(1 y) ( rx y) y[ r (1 x) (1 y)]
p l PB' dA m x x 0
(44)
At the outlet of the residue stream of composition x0,
the permeate y = yi, and x0 are related by Eq. (16),
which is given below as Eq. (45)
* x 0 ( p l / p h )y i
yi
1 y i (1 x 0 ) ( p l / p h )(1 y i )
(45)
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7. Effects of processing
separation by membranes
Professor Xijun Hu
variables
on
gas
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Reverse osmosis
In osmosis, solvent transports from a dilute solute or
salt solution to a concentrated solute or salt solution
across a semipermeable membrane which allows
passage of the solvent but impedes passage of the
salt solutes. In figure 1a the solvent water normally
flows through the membrane to the salt solution.
The levels of both liquids are the same. The solvent
flow can be reduced by exerting a pressure on the
salt-solution side and membrane, as shown in Figure
1b, until at a certain pressure, called the osmotic
pressure of the salt solution, equilibrium is
reached and the amount of solvent passing in
opposite directions is equal.
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Pw
( P ) A w ( P )
Lm
D c w Vw
Pw w
RT
Pw
Aw
Lm
D K
N s s s (c1 c 2 ) A s (c1 c 2 )
Lm
D K
As s s
Lm
Nw
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)
Professor Xijun Hu
N wc2
c w2
(7)
c1 c 2
c
1 2
c1
c1
(8)
D s K s c w2 A s c w2
R
Professor Xijun Hu
(9)
(10)
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Professor Xijun Hu
Nw
A
2.0 10 -3 m 2
9.57 10 -3 kg solvent/ s m 2
N w c 2 9.57 10 3 0.39
Ns
cw2
997
N w 9.57 10 -3 kg solvent/ s m 2
Pw
P
P w 54.42 7.48
Lm
Lm
Hence,
Pw
A w 2.039 10-4 kg solvent/ s m 2 atm
Lm
N s 3.744 10 6 kg solute NaCl/ s m 2
DK
DK
s s c1 c 2 s s 10 0.39
Lm
Lm
Ds K s
A s 3.896 10 7 m/s
Lm
R c1 c 2 / c1 (10 0.39) / 10 0.961
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Professor Xijun Hu
Professor Xijun Hu
1.217 10 2 kg H 2 O/s m 2
Aw
4.81 10 4
-1
1
.
092
atm
As C w2 4.42 10 7 997
BP
1.092(27.20 1.89)
0.965
R
1 BP 1 1.092(27.20 1.89)
Using this value of R to re-calculate c2.
2.50 c 2
c c
R 0.965 1 2
2.50
c1
Solving, c2 = 0.0875 kg NaCl/ m3 for the product
solution. This is close enough to the assumed value
of c2 = 0.10 so that 2 will not change significantly
on the second trial. Hence, the final value of c2 is
0.0875 kg NaCl/ m3.
N s As c1 c2 4.42 10 7 (2.50 0.0875)
1.066 10 6 kg NaCl/s m 2
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(12)
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3785
4.72 10 4 cm / s
24 3600 929
d o u 0.03 cm 0.5 cm / s 1 g / cm 3
Re
1.5
0.01 g / cm - s
The diffusivity of NaCl is D s 1.6 10 5 cm 2 / s
0.01
Sc
625
D s 1 1.6 10 5
N w 10
so
and
5
Sh D s 7.18 1.6 10
kc
3.83 10 3 cm / s
do
0.03
kc
3.83 10 3
.
1 112
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stage 1
stage 1
Feed
stage 2
Residue
Professor Xijun Hu
dL g c D 2
(15)
dL
D
(16)
(17)
4N w L
D
(18)
dp s 128N w L
dL
g c D3
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(19)
Professor Xijun Hu
128N w L2
p s
g c D3 2
(20)
Example 4.
(a) For the permeator of Example 3, estimate the exit
velocity and the pressure drop within the fibers if the
fiber length is 3 m and the average water flux is 10
gal/day-ft2 based on the external area.
(b) What is the pressure drop if the fibers are open at
both ends?
Solution:
(a) Covert the flux to Nw based on the internal area:
N w 4.72 10 4
do
300
4.72 10 4
7.08 10 4 cm / s
200
di
= 7.08 10 6 m / s
5.03
1.26 atm
4
6
4 N w L 4 7.08 10 (3)
V
0.425 m / s
D
200 10 6
6
10 3 32
128N w L2 128 7.08 10
p s
3
2
g c D3 2
2 10 4
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(22)
where Nwc/
=[kg solvent/(s m2)](kg solute/m3)/(kg solvent/m3)
= kg solute/(s m2); DAB is diffusivity of solute in
solvent, m2/s; and x is distance, m. Integrating this
equation between the limits of x = 0 and c = cs, and
x = and c = c1,
c
N w D AB c s
ln k c ln s
c1
c1
P
1 / Aw Rg
(23)
c1
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(24)
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