M08 Communications

Table of Contents
Introduction..................................................................................................................................................... v
Performance Objective ............................................................................................................................. v
The Importance of Communication Technologies ........................................................................................ 1
Learning Objectives.................................................................................................................................. 1
Role of Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 2
Transmitter Communication Components ....................................................................................................... 3
Basic Communication Components.......................................................................................................... 3
Sensor ................................................................................................................................................ 3
Signal Processor................................................................................................................................ 3
Output Signal..................................................................................................................................... 4
Analog Communication Technology................................................................................................................ 6
Analog Signals .......................................................................................................................................... 6
420 mA Signal.................................................................................................................................. 6
15 V Signal ...................................................................................................................................... 6
315 psi Signal .................................................................................................................................. 6
Digital Communication Technology ................................................................................................................ 7
Digital Communication Protocols............................................................................................................ 7
Advantages of Digital Communication..................................................................................................... 8
Decreased Wiring Costs .................................................................................................................... 8
Remote Device Communication ........................................................................................................ 8
Improved Reliability in Data Transmission ...................................................................................... 8
HART Communication Protocol ....................................................................................................................9
Learning Objectives..................................................................................................................................9
HART Technology Overview ...........................................................................................................................10
Digital Process Values .............................................................................................................................11
How A/D Converters Work................................................................................................................11
How D/A Converters Work................................................................................................................12
Advantages of HART Technology ....................................................................................................................13
Integration with Existing Equipment ........................................................................................................13
Burst Mode ........................................................................................................................................13
Multiple Process Variables.......................................................................................................................13
Remote Device Communication................................................................................................................14
Transmitter Self-Diagnostics ....................................................................................................................14
Multidrop Networking ..............................................................................................................................14
Open Protocol...........................................................................................................................................15
HART Communicators .....................................................................................................................................16
Connecting a HART Communicator to a Loop .......................................................................................1 6
Device Descriptions..................................................................................................................................16
Communication Technologies
2003 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / ii
Table of Contents
Foundation Fieldbus Protocol .......................................................................................................................17
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview....................................................................................................18
Foundation Fieldbus Layers.....................................................................................................................18
Physical Layer ...................................................................................................................................18
Communications Stack ......................................................................................................................19
User Layer .........................................................................................................................................19
Foundation Fieldbus Blocks .....................................................................................................................19
Resource Block ..................................................................................................................................19
Transducer Block...............................................................................................................................19
Function Blocks .................................................................................................................................21
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus ................................................................................................................23
Protocol Design ........................................................................................................................................23
Device Interoperability.............................................................................................................................23
Reduced Wiring Costs...............................................................................................................................23
Network Flexibility ...................................................................................................................................24
Control in the Field ..................................................................................................................................24
Foundation Fieldbus Networks........................................................................................................................26
Segments, Trunks, and Spurs ....................................................................................................................26
Network Topologies ................................................................................................................................ 27
Device Communication on the Network ................................................................................................. 28
Intrinsic Safety ........................................................................................................................................ 28
Profibus Protocol ........................................................................................................................................... 30

Profibus Technology Overview........................................................................................................................31
Profibus-FMS ...........................................................................................................................................31
Profibus-DP..............................................................................................................................................32
Profibus-PA ..............................................................................................................................................32
Similarities to Foundation Fieldbus..................................................................................................32
Differences from Foundation Fieldbus .............................................................................................33
Proprietary Communication Protocols ..........................................................................................................34
Proprietary Communication Protocols ...........................................................................................................35
Modicon Modbus ......................................................................................................................................35
Honeywell DE...........................................................................................................................................35
Foxboro FoxCom......................................................................................................................................36
Yokogawa BRAIN .....................................................................................................................................36
iii / For Internal Use Only
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Table of Contents
Advantages of HART and Fieldbus..................................................................................................................37
Comparing HART With FoxCom and BRAIN ..........................................................................................37
Open Protocol ...................................................................................................................................37
Widely Adopted in the Industry .........................................................................................................37
Comparing HART With DE ......................................................................................................................38
Maintained Analog Signals ...............................................................................................................38
Simultaneous Variable Transmission ................................................................................................38
Broad Industry Support .....................................................................................................................38
Foundation Fieldbus Added Advantages..................................................................................................39
Workbook Exercises ....................................................................................................................................... 40

Workbook Exercise - Answers........................................................................................................................ 58
Activity Answers..... ....................................................................................................................................... 60
2003 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / iv
Introduction
Communication is the transmission of information between two points (e.g., transmitter and controller) without
alteration of sequence or structure of the information content. Communication technologies tie process control
instruments together with host systems, network masters, and other nearby devices. The field of
communication technology has evolved substantially over the last twenty years. The accuracy and utility of
device communication continues to improve dramatically, especially over the last few years. Most recently, the
trend in communication has been toward fieldbusesall-digital device networksin which individual devices
are taking over network control responsibilities, directing their fellow devices, and managing entire loops in
the field.
The following pages will introduce you to the range of device communication technologies commonly used in
the process control industry. You will start by learning about basic analog communication technology. You will
also learn about the various digital communication technologies that have appeared over the last twenty years,
from HART to FOUNDATION Fieldbus, and the benefits and limitations of each technology.
This module contains the following five sections:
Importance of communication technologies
HART communication protocol
FOUNDATION Fieldbus protocol
Profibus protocol
Proprietary communication protocols
As you proceed through the module, answer the questions in the activities column on the right side of each
page. Also, note the application boxes (double-bordered boxes) located throughout the module. Application
boxes provide key information about how you may use your baseline knowledge in the field. When you see the
workbook exercise graphic at the bottom of a page, go to the workbook to complete the designated exercise
before moving on in the module. Workbook exercises help you measure your progress toward meeting each
sections learning objectives.
PERFORMANCE OBJECTIVE
After completing this module, you will be able to discuss relevant communication technologies with your
customers and recommend communication technology strategies to your customers.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / v
The Importance of Communication

Technologies
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
After completing this section, you will be able to:
Explain the role that communication technology plays in process control
Identify the fundamental components involved in transmitter communication
Define communication protocol
Name three analog communication protocols that are used today
Explain the difference between analog and digital communication signals
Briefly describe the key advantages of moving from analog communication technologies to digital
communication technologies
Note: To answer the activity questions the Hand Tool (H) should be activated.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
For Internal Use Only / 1
The Importance of Communication Technologies
Role of Communication Technology

Sensor equipment does not generally produce usable signals on its
own. Typically, a sensor will emit a small voltage or current. The
fundamental job of communication technology is to transform the
raw signals from sensors into intelligent values that can be
transmitted to another location, typically a control room.
For the last several decades, communication technology has been
continuously improving its ability to carry out this fundamental job.
Transmitters are able to produce more accurate and repeatable
process values every year.
Recent digital communication systems are able to play (or assist
with) a number of additional roles, including:
Remote device maintenanceTechnicians can interact with,
test, and configure transmitters from remote locations using
two-way digital communications.
Self-diagnosticsTransmitters can observe their own status and
report problems back to a control room.
Control in the fieldTransmitters can handle network traffic in
the absence of a control room. Furthermore, transmitters and
other devices can be linked together in complex,
decision-making networks.
Activities
1. The fundamental job of
communication technology is to
transform the raw signals from a
sensor into intelligent values that
can be transmitted to another location,
typically a control room. Is this
statement true or false?
2. Name some of the additional

roles that digital communication
can play.
Select all options that apply.
1
Remote device maintenance

Self-diagnostics
Self-calibration
Control in the field
2
3
4
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
2 / For Internal Use Only
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Transmitter Communication Components

BASIC COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
The basic communication components are:
Sensor
Signal processor
Output signal
Activities
3. List the basic communication
components.
1
Figure 8.1 illustrates how the basic communication components

interoperate.
Signal uses a communication protocol
(e.g., 420 mA, HART, Fieldbus)
2
3
4
Sensor
Control valve
Signal processor
Output signal
Output signal
4. What is the function of a

sensor?
Signal
processor
Process
Variable(e.g.,
pressure,
temperature)
Sensor
(converts the
process variable into
an electrical impulse)
2
3
4
Figure 8.1: Basic Communication Components
To convert an electrical signal

into a pneumatic signal
To convert a process variable
into an electrical signal
To convert a digital signal into
an electrical signal
To convert a digital signal into
an analog signal
Sensor
The sensor interacts with the process variable and converts it to an
electrical signal usable by a signal processor (i.e. transmitter). For
example, a pressure sensor might convert pressure into millivolts.
Signal Processor
Within a transmitter, a signal processor accepts the raw electrical signal
from a sensor, performs calculations on the signal according to preset
values (e.g., range, span), and sends out a new electrical signal suitable
for transmitter output.
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
Analog-to-Digital Converter
The signal processor may convert the incoming analog signal from
the sensor to a digital signal before processing the signal. By
converting the raw signal to a digital value, the processing electronics
can perform more sophisticated calculations and produce a more
accurate result than with a pure analog signal.
5. What is the appropriate

definition of communication
protocol?
An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter changes an analog signal into an

equivalent digital signal.
Output Signal
Communication protocol is a
tool that is used to configure
devices in a process plant.
set of rules that two or more
devices use to talk to each
other.
Communication protocol is an
interface used to map process
variables to the control system.
set of guidelines that devices
follow when transmitting
signals in a hazardous process
plant.
The output signal component transmits the electrical impulse from

the signal processor to a control system or to the field device network.
The output signal conforms to the specification of a communication
protocol. A communication protocol is a set of rules that two devices
use to talk to each other. The rules enable the output signal sent by the
transmitter to be received and correctly interpreted by the control
system or other devices on the network. Most transmitters use
communication protocols that are based on a small range of electrical
signals. For example, a transmitter might use the signal 6 milliamps
(mA) to mean steam is moving through the pipe at a rate of 50
cubic feet per minute.
Digital-to-Analog Converter
Prior to sending the output signal, the transmitter may convert a
digital value (used internally by the signal processor) to an analog
value. Transmitters convert digital values to analog values because:
Many process control devicesincluding control systemscan
only interpret analog signals
Analog signals can convey process information much more
rapidly than digital signals
A digital-to-analog (D/A) converter changes a digital signal into an
equivalent analog signal.
6. The job of an A/D converter is

to convert analog signals into
_____________ signals.
1.
2.
3.
electrical
pneumatic
digital
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
7. Why are D/A converters still in
use today?
1
2
3
4
Some process control devices

require analog signals
More accurate calculations are
possible with analog signals
Analog signals are more
accurate than digital signals
Analog signals can convey
process information much more
rapidly than digital signals
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Analog Communication Technology

Analog signals are signals which can be continuously varied across a
scale of values. Analog signals change in non-discrete stepsany
value is possible. A volume control knob is a good example of an
instrument that produces an analog signal.
Activities
8. Which of these would be a
good example of analog
control?
ANALOG SIGNALS
The process control industry uses three main analog signals:
420 mA
15 V
315 psi
420 mA Signal
The 420 mA signal is by far the most prevalent analog signal in the
process control industry. This signal varies the current of an electrical
signal to convey information. The 420 mA range represents the
normal 0100% range of the value being transmitted. Failure/alarm
conditions are transmitted using mA values outside this normal range
(i.e. signals between 0-4mA and/or above 20 mA).
Using 4 mA as the lowest value in the range is primarily beneficial for
diagnostic purposes. Users calibrate the transmitter to output 4 mA
when the process condition is in a "zero" state (e.g., empty tank). In a
system where the zero state corresponded to 0 mA, as with 0-20 mA,
all failure conditions must be reported using signals greater than 20
mA.
1. Volume control knob

2. Remote control knob
9. List the main analog signals.

1
2
3
4
10. Why does the 420 mA signal

use 4 mA for its lowest value?
1
15 V Signal
The 15 V signal varies the voltage of an electrical signal to carry
information. As with the 420 mA protocol, the 15 V signal uses
values outside of the normal range to indicate failure conditions.
315 psi Signal
The 315 psi signalsometimes called the pneumatic signaldoes

not vary an electrical signal to convey data. Instead the pnuematic
systems use compressed air; the greater the air pressure, the higher the
value communicated.
4-20 mA
1-5 V
0-50 mV
3-15 psi
4 mA is the minimum current

required for the transmitter to
operate properly
4 mA is the approved minimum
safety limit for process control
The 4 mA signal is primarily
used for rezeroing purposes
Conversion of a mechanical
signal into a digital signal is
best done at 4 mA
Pneumatic signals are often used with dedicated devices such as

switches and valves.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Digital Communication Technology

Digital signals are signals that change only in discrete ways. A
digital signal does not continuously change like an analog signal;
digital signals jump directly from one value to the next. For example,
a digitally-tuned radio can be tuned to 94.7 FM or 94.8 FM but it
cannot be tuned between those two steps.
Because process values are inherently analog, transmitters must
obtain a digital process value by sampling the analog process value
many times per second, which causes the value to step to discrete
values. Figure 8.2 illustrates digital process values.
Activities
11. Tuning the radio frequency by
pressing a control button is an
appropriate example of a digital
control. Is this statement true or
false?
Analog
process
value
Sampled
digital
values
12. Which are the commonly used

digital communication protocols?
Digital
process
value
1
2
Figure 8.2: Digital Process Values
3
4
4-20 mA
FOUNDATION fieldbus
HART
Profibus
DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

The process control industry uses a wide variety of digital protocols
for device communication. Three of the most common protocols are:
HART
FOUNDATION Fieldbus
Profibus
Digital communication protocols are explained in detail throughout
the remainder of this module.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Digital Communication Technology

Activities
ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

Digital communication technology offers significant advantages over
simple analog technology. Some of the most important advantages of
digital communication are:
Decreased wiring costs
Remote device communication
Improved reliability in data transmission
13. Identify the advantages of

digital communication.
1
2
3
Decreased Wiring Costs

Digital communication allows multiple transmitters to operate on the
same set of communication wires, or on a fieldbus. Because each
transmitter does not need to be individually wired to a control system,
the wiring cost per transmitter is lower.
Decreased wiring costs

Decreased response time
Improved reliability in data
transmission
Remote Device Communication

Two-way digital communication permits hosts (e.g., hand-held
devices, control systems) to communicate with transmitters either
locally or from a remote location. Thus, users can perform the
following functions from a remote location:
Diagnose the health of the field device
Determine a transmitters current status, which may include
predictive maintenance information
Conduct a loop test
Commission a new device
Improved Reliability in Data Transmission
A digitally transmitted value is either accurately received by the
control system or not received at all. Environmental influences
(e.g., electrical interference) never alter the values of digitally
transmitted data. Environmental influences do affect data transmitted
with an analog protocol (e.g., 420 mA).
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
HART Communication Protocol

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Briefly describe how HART devices communicate
Briefly describe the analog-to-digital (A/D) and digital-to-analog (D/A) conversion process
Explain the key advantages of HART communication technology over simple analog communication
technology
Briefly describe burst mode
Briefly describe multidrop networking with HART devices
Explain how a HART communicator is connected to a control loop
Define device description
2003 Rosemount Inc.
HART Technology Overview

Transmitters capable of using HART technology can overlay a
digital signal on top of an analog signal. The HART signal conveys
digital information (a series of 0s and 1s) by using frequency shift
keying. A frequency of 1100 Hz equals a 1, and a frequency of 2200
Hz equals a 0. Because the average modulating current value is zero,
the digital HART signal has no effect on the regular analog signal.
Figure 8.3 illustrates frequency shift keying.
Analog
signal
HART
signal
Activities
1. Which technique does HART
technology use to convey digital
information?
1
2
3
4
Manchester encoding
RS-485 serial communication
Frequency shift keying
RS-232 serial communication
Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying
A minimum of 250 must be present in the loop for HART

communication to work. The resistance is required so that the digital
HART signal will create enough voltage to be recognized by a
control system or HART communicator.
2. What is the minimum resistance
that must be present in the loop to
establish HART communication ?
1
2
3
4
250 ohms
500 ohms
1000 ohms
1100 ohms
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE?
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
DIGITAL PROCESS VALUES

HART-capable transmitters use digital process values. Therefore, the
transmitter must convert the analog value from the transducer to a
digital value (A/D conversion). And because HART-capable
transmitters send a digital and an analog output signal, the transmitter
must also convert the output signal from a digital value back to an
analog value (D/A conversion).
Figure 8.4 illustrates how the components of a HART-capable
transmitter work together.
3. Which factors affect the quality

of an A/D conversion?
1
2
3
Sampling rate
Sampling precision
Sampling size
Signal uses an analog protocol

(e.g., 420 mA) and the HART protocol
D/A converter
Output signal
A/D converter
Signal
processor
Digital information
(i.e, HART values)
Sensor
Process
Variable
Figure 8.4: HART Communication Components
How A/D Converters Work

HART-capable transmitters change analog sensor information into
digital information by passing the analog signal through an A/D
converter. A/D converters work by sampling an analog signal many
times per second. Each time the analog signal is sampled, the A/D
converter records a digital value that is as close as possible to the
analog value.
Two factors affect the quality of digitally sampled values:
Sampling rateThe number of times per second that the analog
signal is sampled
Sampling precisionThe number of different digital values that
an analog value can become
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Figure 8.5 illustrates the sampling rate and sampling precision of an
A/D conversion. The higher the sampling rate and sampling
precision, the closer the digital signal will be to the original analog
signal.
Analog
transducer
signal
Activities
4. What determines the quality of
the output of a D/A
conversion?
1
2
3
4
Sampling
precision
(10 steps)
1 sec
2 sec
Sampling rate
Sampling precision
Quality of the signal processor
Quality of the original A/D
conversion
3 sec
Sampling rate
(10 samples per second)
Figure 8.5: Sampling Rate and Precision
How D/A Converters Work

To produce analog output, HART-capable transmitters use a D/A
converter to convert digital process information into an analog signal.
A D/A converter produces an analog wave based on the digital
samples taken during the A/D conversion.
Figure 8.6 shows an analog signal produced by a D/A converter. The
signal comprises many individual steps that represent the individual
digital values recorded during the A/D conversion.
Analog output
Time (seconds)
Figure 8.6: Analog Output of a D/A Converter
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - SIGNAL CONVERSION
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Advantages of HART Technology

HART communication technology offers significant benefits over
analog-only communication. Some of the most important benefits are:
Integration with existing equipment
Multiple process variables
Transmitter self-diagnostics
Multidrop networking
Open protocol
Activities
5. Which of the following are
significant benefits of HART
technology?
1
2
INTEGRATION WITH EXISTING EQUIPMENT

A key advantage of HART technology is that it can be used with
existing equipment that uses the 420 mA signaling standard, because
HART devices can transmit data both as an analog signal and as a
digital signal at the same time. Therefore, HART technology can be
used with over 90% of the equipment installed today, including control
systems, calibration equipment, and other maintenance tools.
3
4
5
Integration with existing

equipment
Multiple process variables
Safely used in any hazardous
area without approval
Transmitter self-diagnostics
Burst Mode
Burst mode is a user-selectable HART option that enables the HART
device to continuously send data without the primary host requesting
the data. In normal mode, a HART device can typically complete two
message transactions per second; in burst mode, a HART device can
complete three or more message transactions per second.
The Model 333 Tri-Loop also uses burst mode transmission to receive
data from multivariable transmitters. The Tri-Loop converts the burst
mode data into three analog signals that can be used by non-HART
control systems.
6. The purpose of burst mode is to

enable the HART device to
__________ _____ data that is not
requested by the primary host.
1.
2.
3.
continuously erase
continuously send
intermittently send
MULTIPLE PROCESS VARIABLES

HART-capable transmitters send two output signals simultaneously: a
regular analog output signal and a digital HART signal overlayed on
the analog signal. Therefore, HART-capable transmitters can send two
(or more) process variables at the same time. The HART digital signal
alone is capable of sending up to four variables simultaneously to
support multivariable transmitters and more complex devices
(e.g., analyzers, valve positioners).
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
REMOTE DEVICE COMMUNICATION

To configure or test an analog-only transmitter, a technician must
physically go to the transmitter and use set screws or a local display.
HART-capable transmitters can engage in two-way digital
communication, which means a technician can make adjustments to a
transmitter from anywhere in the loop.
7. HART communicators are

commonly used to
communicate with HART
devices remotely. Is this
The most common device for remote HART communication is a

HART communicator such as the Rosemount Model 275
Communicator. HART communicators are discussed later in this
module.
TRANSMITTER SELF-DIAGNOSTICS
The digital electronics in a HART-capable transmitter allow the
transmitter to periodically run its own self-test suite. If the transmitter
locates a problem, it can communicate the error condition in its digital
HART information.
Transmitter self-diagnostics can significantly aid technicians with
device maintenance by proactively reporting problems to a control
system.
8. What is the maximum

allowable number of
transmitters that can coexist on
a multidrop network?
MULTIDROP NETWORKING
Analog-only transmitters must be individually wired to a control
system. By contrast, up to 15 HART-capable transmitters can share a
single analog loop in a networking configuration called multidrop.
Figure 8.7 shows a HART multidrop network. When on a multidrop
network, transmitters can only communicate using digital HART
signals; the analog signal for each device is fixed at 4 mA.
1
2
3
4
5
10
15
20
Digital communication only

Power supply
HART-capable transmitters
Figure 8.7: HART Multidrop Network
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Each transmitter on a multidrop network identifies itself with a
unique polling address from 1 to 15 or from its unique TAG ID. The
output of each transmitter is accompanied by its network address,
which allows the control system to differentiate the output of one
transmitter from another. The network address also allows a
technician to engage in two-way communication directly with a
particular transmitter on the network.
Multidrop networking has a number of key advantages, including
dramatically reduced wiring costs, the ability to communicate easily
with many devices, and the improved reliability of a digital-only
network.
Activities
advantages of multidrop
networking?
1
2
3
4
Reduced wiring costs

Easy communication with multiple
devices
Reduced maintenance costs
More reliable communication
Due to the limited communication speed of the HART

protocol in a multidrop network, it is typically used
only for monitoring applications, such as level and
temperature.
OPEN PROTOCOL
HART technology is an open protocolit is openly published and is
not controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of HART
technology can be assured that the technology will remain stable and
well supported by their suppliers long term. Other benefits of an open
protocol include:
Competitive, market-based pricing
Several price/performance options for software and hardware
Lower maintenance and training costs
Continued product evolution and innovation
1 0. Open protocol is a protocol that

is openly published and is not
owned by a single vendor. Is
this statement true or false?
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY
2003 Rosemount Inc.
HART Communicators
The most common tool used to configure and test HART-capable
transmitters is a HART communicator, such as the Rosemount
Model 275. HART communicators can engage in two-way
communication with any HART-capable transmitter on a loop.
Activities
11. Where can a HART communicator
be connected in a control loop?
CONNECTING A HART COMMUNICATOR TO A LOOP

A HART communicator can be connected anywhere in the loop
across a minimum loop resistance of 250 (Figure 8.8).
Note: Even if there is 250 resistance in the loop, if the connection
is not parallel to this load, communication cannot be established.
250
resistance
Power
supply
3
4
Rosemount
Model 275 HART
Communicator
Figure 8.8: Connecting a HART Communicator

to a Loop
DEVICE DESCRIPTIONS
HART communicators recognize HART-capable transmitters by
using device descriptions. Device descriptions (DDs) are electronic
files that list a particular transmitters capabilities and modes of
operation. DDs allow HART communicators to know about and
configure all of a transmitters features.
A HART communicator can be updated with new DDs at any time.
New DDs let a communicator recognize new transmitters or keep
up-to-date with changes in the way transmitters work.
Anywhere between the first

and last transmitter of the
loop
Anywhere between the power
supply and the first transmitter of
the loop
Anywhere across a minimum
loop resistance of 200 ohms
Anywhere across a minimum
loop resistance of 250 ohms
12. What is the appropriate definition

of device description?
A device description is a data

sheet that describes the
capabilities of the HART
communicator.
A device description is a file that
describes the HART
communicators modes of
operation.
A device description is a file that
describes a transmitters capabilities
and modes of operation.
A device description is a data
sheet that describes a transmitter's
functional capabilities.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - HART COMMUNICATORS

2003 Rosemount Inc.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Protocol

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Define physical layer
Define function block
Briefly describe the function of the resource block and transducer block
List the most common FOUNDATION Fieldbus function blocks and their uses
List the key benefits of FOUNDATION Fieldbus technology over other types of device communication
List three restrictions of FOUNDATION Fieldbus networks
Define network topology
Briefly describe how instruments communicate on a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
Explain how intrinsic safety concerns impact a FOUNDATION Fieldbus network
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Foundation Fieldbus Protocol
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Technology Overview

FOUNDATION Fieldbus (FF) is a two-way, digital-only
communication protocol. FF provides an open, configurable system
for connecting many different process control devices on a single
network.
Activities
1. List the layers of FF operation.
1
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS LAYERS

FF communication is logically divided into three layers:
Physical layer
Communications stack
User layer
2
3
4
Physical layer
Foundation stack
Communication stack
User layer
Figure 8.9 illustrates the three FF communication layers.
User layer
2. H1 and H2 are the two speeds of

FF. Is this statement true or false?
Communications
stack
.
e
Physical layer
FF network
Figure 8.9: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Layers
Physical Layer
The physical layer handles the physical connections necessary to
enable FF communication. The wiring connections for power and
data exchange are part of the physical layer. The physical layer
converts signals between the FF network and the communications
stack.
The physical layer of an FF network segment can be either H1,
which operates at 31.25 Kbits/second, or FF HSE (high-speed
ethernet), which operates at 100 Mbits/second or faster. H1 and HSE
were specifically designed as complementary networks. H1 is
optimised for traditional process control applications using two-wire,
bus-powered devices. HSE is designed for use with field-powered
devices that have large amounts of data to transmit. HSE can also
provide interconnectivity for high-data/high-performance control
applications and plant information integration.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Foundation Fieldbus Technology Overview

Activities
Communications Stack
The communications stack handles the FF network communication.
The communications stack holds a queue of outgoing network
messages, schedules time on the network for broadcasting those
messages, and negotiates sending unscheduled network messages.
User Layer
The user layer controls the transmitter-human interface elements,
such as transmitter configuration and alarms. The user layer is
represented as function blocks. Function blocks are programming
segments that can be logically linked together to produce transmitter
functions. For example, two input blocks that hold the data from two
temperature sensors can be linked into a mathematical block that
averages the two temperatures.
3. What job does the

communications stack
perform?
1
2
3
4
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BLOCKS

The three main types of block contained in an FF device are:
Resource block
Transducer block
Function blocks
Resource Block
The resource block describes the resources that a device can provide
to an FF network. For example, the resource block might list the
function blocks available in a transmitter. The resource block
provides the control system with information needed to recognize a
devices capabilities. The key function of the resource block is to
provide information about a devices status to control systems and to
other applications that require the information.
It handles network
communication.
It controls the
transmitter-human interface
elements.
It regulates the flow of signals
to different Fieldbus blocks.
It programs segments that can
be logically linked together to
produce transmitter functions.
4. Programming segments that

can be logically linked together
to produce transmitter
functions are known as ________.
.
1.
2.
3.
transducer blocks
function blocks
resource blocks
Transducer Block
The transducer block is the interface between a sensor and the
function blocks in the transmitterfunction blocks can only interact
with sensor data through the transducer block. A transmitter usually
has one transducer block for every sensor to which the transmitter
connects. However, some devices allow a single transducer block to
handle multiple sensor values.
5. The transducer block provides

information about a device's status to
control systems. Is this statement true
or false?
Transducer blocks are used to define the sensor type, perform sensor
calibrations, configure LCD displays, support diagnostic functions,
and perform other tasks.
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
6. Which block retrieves sensor
information and transfers it to the
other block?
1
2
3
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Function block
Resource block
Transducer block

Activities
Function Blocks
Function blocks provide the mechanism for transmitting information
from one device on the network to another. The Fieldbus Foundation
defines a very large number of function blocks. Functions ranging
from simple output scaling to complex switching algorithms are all
available through the use of one or more function blocks. The most
common function blocks are:
Analog input block
Analog output block
Proportional/integral/derivative block
7. A transmitter may need to use

an AO function block because
some control devices may need
to reduce an analog signal from
the transmitter. Is this statement
true or false?
Analog Input Block

The analog input (AI) block obtains sensor data from the transducer
block, optionally performs simple scaling algorithms, and sends out a
digital process value. The AI block also reports a status of Good, Bad,
or Uncertain based on its confidence in the process value.
The AI block is used with devices that measure a continuously
varying process. Devices may comprise more than one AI block to
handle multiple sensors.
Analog Output Block
The analog output (AO) block accepts a digital process value as its
input, optionally performs simple scaling algorithms, and sends out
an analog process value (e.g., 420 mA). The analog process value
can be used to drive recorders & indicators. More usually the analog
process value from the AO Block is used with devices that drive a
continuously varying actuator like a regulating control valve, variable
speed motor, etc.
8. Which of the following is an

example of a PID function
block in use?
1
2
Proportional/Integral/Derivative Block
The proportional/integral/derivative (PID) block operates like a
thermostat: the PID block reads a digital process value, compares the
value against a predefined setpoint, and sends out a correctional value
based on a complex algorithm. The PID block is useful for feedback
loops. For example, in a process that mixes two liquids, a flowmeter
could use a PID block to open or close a valve to keep the process
density at 30 g/cc. In the past, the PID block was executed in the
control system. FF lets the user decide where the PID block is
executed.
Controlling the radio signal

with a frequency knob
Controlling a valve to keep two
liquids mixed at a constant
density
Controlling the flow of two
liquids manually by monitoring
the transmitter readings
Controlling the flow of current
with a fuse
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Signal Characteriser (SGCR) function block
Activities
The Signal Characteriser (SGCR) function block characterises or

approximates any function that defines an input/output relationship.
The function is defined by configuring as many as twenty X, Y
co-ordinates. The block interpolates an output value for a given input
value using the curve defined by the configured co-ordinates, i.e.
strapping table.
Input Selector (ISEL) function blocks

The Input Selector (ISEL) function block can be used to select the first
Hot Backup, maximum, minimum, or average of as many as eight input
values and and place it at the output. The block supports signal status
propagation.
Integrator (INT) function block

The Integrator (INT) function block integrates one or two variables
over time. The block compares the integrated or accumulated value to
pre-trip and trip limits and generates discrete output signals when the
limits are reached.
Arithmetic function blocks
The Arithmetic function block provides the ability to configure a range
extension function for a primary input and applies different arithmetic
types as compensation.
The Arithmetic functions include: - Flow Compensation Linear, Flow
Compensation Square Root, Flow Compensation Approximate,
Btu Flow, Traditional Multiply and Divide, Average, Summer, Fourth
Order Polynomial, and Simple HTG Compensate Level.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BASICS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus

FF offers substantial advantages over other communication protocols.
Some of the most important advantages of FF technology are:
Protocol design
Device interoperability
Reduced wiring costs
Network flexibility
Activities
9. One of the reasons why
protocol design is a meaningful
advantage of FF, is that FF
offers better process control
tools than other protocols.
Is this statement true or false?
PROTOCOL DESIGN
FF is the only all-digital device communication protocol specifically
designed for the process control industry. As such, it offers better
process control tools (i.e., function blocks) and more useful
communication, network, and safety options than other protocols.
Furthermore, FF is an open protocolit is openly published and not
controlled by a single vendor. Therefore, users of FF technology can be
assured that the technology will remain stable and well supported by
their suppliers.
Because FOUNDATION Fieldbus is an open protocol,
FOUNDATION Fieldbus device manufacturers must
compete on the basis of product quality.
10. Why do FF devices need less

wiring than analog devices?
1
DEVICE INTEROPERABILITY
2
All FF devices are interoperable by design. Any FF device can be

plugged into any FF network and be automatically recognized. When
connected to an FF network, new FF devices will communicate their
available functionality to each other and to the networked hosts.
3
4
FF devices have short distances

between network segments
FF devices are bus-powered
FF devices share network
segments
FF devices need fewer control
system components
REDUCED WIRING COSTS

FF devices require far less wiring overhead than their analog
counterparts. FF devices need less wiring because they:
Can be powered by the same wires they use to communicate
(i.e., bus-powered devices)
Share network segments with other FF devices
Require fewer control system components
FF wiring, as a consequence, costs only a fraction of the cost of wiring
an equivalent number of analog instruments.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

NETWORK FLEXIBILITY
FF technology allows customers to configure their device networks
into a wide variety of different topologies, unlike traditional analog
point-to-point installations (see Network Topologies on page 26). No
matter where a device is placed on an FF network, the device will
announce itself to the network and receive a unique network ID
automatically.
Activities
11. The flexibility of FF
networking gives minimum
control of wiring and
placement of devices. Is this
The flexibility of FF networking gives customers the maximum

amount of control in wiring and device-placement decisions.
CONTROL IN THE FIELD

FF is the only communication technology that allows technicians to
build control systems that operate entirely in the field. Control in the
field means that control is distributed among measurement devices
instead of within dedicated controllers. A single control loop can be
implemented on the FF segment, which means the control function
can be local to the process. Local control increases the response speed
of the control loop.
FF does not stipulate that control functionality must be located in the
fieldinstead, users determine where control will be distributed
based on their specific application needs. Some of the benefits of
distributed control include:
RedundancyThe failure of a control system does not cripple
the network
Reduced control costsBecause the devices themselves are
controllers, there is no need for additional controller resources in
the control system
Greater control adaptabilityNew devices can be added online
to implement new control strategies without affecting the
operation of the other devices and control strategies on the
segment
Increased reliabilityField devices are a more reliable platform
from which to implement standard control, because the device
mean time between failure (MTBF) for pressure and temperature
transmitters exceeds 230 years
12. Control in the field is

characterized by control
systems distributed within
dedicated control systems. Is
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

Activities
benefits of control in the field?
1
2
3
4
5
Redundancy
Reduced control costs
Greater control adaptability
Increased safety
Increased reliability
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks

SEGMENTS, TRUNKS, AND SPURS
Activities
An FF network (or segment) consists of one trunk and one or more

spurs. Figure 8.10 illustrates a trunk and several spurs in an FF
segment.
14. What is the maximum cable

length of an FF network without
FF repeaters?
Trunk
1
2
Spur
Spur
3
4
Terminator
1900 m (6234 ft)

120 m (394 ft)
90 m ( 295 ft)
59 m (197 ft)
Power supply and

conditioner
Figure 8.10: FOUNDATION Fieldbus Segment
FF segments have the following characteristics:

Every FF segment must have two terminators mounted as close to
each end of the segment as possible
Each segment requires a power conditioner to prevent the power
supply from absorbing the communication signal while trying to
maintain a constant voltage level on the communication wires
The maximum length of all FF segments in a network cannot
exceed 1900 m (6234 ft), although this distance can be extended
with the use of FF repeaters
An FF segment can support a practical limit of 16 bus-powered
devices (or 32 individually-powered devices)
15. What acts as a limitation on the

spur length?
1
2
The number of devices on the

FF spur
The number of spurs on an FF
segment
Spur length is limited by how many devices are on the spur. Table 8.1
lists maximum spur length.
Number of Devices
on the Spur
Maximum Spur Length
120 m (394 ft)
90 m (295 ft)
60 m (197 ft)
30 m (98 ft)
Table 8.1: Maximum Spur Length
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Foundation Fieldbus Networks

Activities
NETWORK TOPOLOGIES
The network topology is the shape of the network. The four most
common network topologies are:
Point-to-point
Daisy chain
Tree
Branch
Figure 8.11 illustrates the four common network topologies.
16. Network topology can be defined

as the __________ of the network.
1.
2.
3.
size
shape
troubleshooting
Junction box
Tree
Daisy chain
Branch
Point-to-point
Figure 8.11: Four Common Network Topologies
Different network topologies can be combined to form complex types

of networks. For example, one segment of a branch network could be
the base of a tree network.
Removing a device from a daisy chain may disrupt
the entire FF segment. Daisy chains have several
connections. Just one loose connection can also
disrupt the entire FF segment.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Foundation Fieldbus Networks

Activities
DEVICE COMMUNICATION ON THE NETWORK

To keep all of the FF devices on the network from sending data at the
same time, communication is precisely scheduled by a device called
the link active scheduler (LAS). The LAS is not a special instrument;
any FF device (or a control system) can be the LAS, but only one
LAS can exist on each FF segment. When each devices turn comes
up on the schedule, the LAS allows that device to send data for a
limited amount of time. If the primary LAS fails, a back-up LAS can
take over and prevent an interruption in network communication.
17. What special device schedules

the communication on an FF
network?
1
2
3
4
LAS
Resource block
Terminator
Link master
INTRINSIC SAFETY
FF network segments can be rendered intrinsically safe by
introducing safety barriers between the segment and the rest of the
network. All of the devices on the intrinsically safe (I.S.) segment
must be bus-powered. The number of devices allowed on an I.S.
segment is less than for non-I.S. segmentsthe exact number is
dependent upon several device characteristics (e.g., the I.S.
classification, cable type, power consumption).
18. Devices on an I.S. segment must

receive their power from the ________.
.
1.
2.
3.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
junction box
control system
bus
Foundation Fieldbus and Redundancy

FOUNDATION Fieldbus networks can easily be made as secure and
robust as a conventional 4-20mA point-to-point wired system.
Activities
By proper design of the H1 segment and allocation of devices based

on a process unit and loops, rather than the device type, you can limit any
process downtime to a single process unit if a segment failure occurs.
This is much harder to achieve with a conventional 4-20mA approach,
as multi-channel I/O input cards would be handling a large number of
loops usually across process units.
By using the "Control In the Field" capabilities of the field devices,

this allows the primary control loops to be executed completely outside
of the traditional controller. The ability of the devices to provide
backup Link Active Scheduling for the H1 segment means that if
communication is lost within the central control system, the loops will
continue to function normally without any interruptions. This in itself
will result in an increased availability of the overall system and a higher
MTBF usually making additional component redundancy unnecessary.
Overall system redundancy depends on the reliability of the Host system,
The H1 Interface, The H1 Segment wires, the power supply/conditioner,
the transmitters, the controller algorithm and the communications
scheduler. FOUNDATION Fieldbus does not support cable redundancy,
but as the wire has the lowest complexity level and under normal
conditions the lowest failure rate, this is usually not an issue.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus is a technology that enables a broader range
of redundancy types than seen in more traditional control solutions.
From basic transmitter and function block redundancy, to Power
and Conditioner redundancy and H1 system interface redundancy.
Available Foundation Fieldbus redundant components include: Measurement Devices, Valves, Segment power supplies and
conditioners, Backup Link Active Scheduler, Distributed function
blocks, Host H1 interface.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - FOUNDATION FIELDBUS NETWORKS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Profibus Protocol
LEARNING OBJECTIVES
List the three major types of Profibus and their uses
List the commonalities between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus
List the key differences between FOUNDATION Fieldbus and Profibus
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Profibus Protocol
Profibus Technology Overview

Profibus, like FF, is a fieldbusa sophisticated, two-way,
digital-only communication protocol. Profibus is fundamentally
designed to meet high-speed factory automation needs; one of the
protocols variants has been adapted to meet process control needs.
Profibus is made up of three different variants, each with a different
purpose. The three protocols are:
Profibus-FMS
Profibus-DP
Profibus-PA
Activities
1. Which of the following are Profibus
variants?
1
2
3
4
5
Profibus-FMS
Profibus-PA
Profibus-DP
Profibus-CANopen
Profibus-ModBus
Profibus-PA is the Profibus variant that directly

competes with FOUNDATION Fieldbus.
Figure 8.12 illustrates Profibus topology.

Network master
device
2. Which Profibus variant directly competes

with FF?
Profibus-FMS
(or ethernet)
ProfibusDP
PLC
ProfibusPA
Power
supply
1
2
3
Profibus-FMS
Profibus-DP
Profibus-PA
DP to PA
converter
Discrete
devices
Control
valves and
transmitters
Figure 8.12: Profibus Topology
PROFIBUS-FMS
Profibus-FMS (Fieldbus Message Specification) is a high-level
protocol that is designed for communication between network master
devices (devices that control communication on network segments).
Profibus-FMS is a multimaster protocolany or all of the devices on
the network can be masters. Profibus-FMS communicates using
high-speed signals like FF HSE.
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Profibus Protocol

Activities
PROFIBUS-DP
Profibus-DP (Decentralized Periphery) is a distributed I/O protocol
that is best suited for high-speed, discrete device automation. In a
Profibus-DP network, master devices continuously poll slave devices.
Like Profibus-FMS, Profibus-DP is a multimaster system. However,
Profibus-DP does not facilitate master-to-master communication.
3. Which Profibus variants

communicate using high-speed
signals?
1
PROFIBUS-PA
2
3
Profibus-PA (Process Automation) is the only Profibus variant

designed for process control. Profibus-PA attempts to address the
same applications and market as FF H1.
Profibus-FMS
Profibus-DP
Profibus-PA
Unlike Profibus-FMS and Profibus-DP, the Profibus-PA variant does

not use high-speed communication signals and cannot coexist with
the other two variants on the same network. Communication between
a Profibus-PA segment and a Profibus-DP segment requires a
network gateway known as a linking device or coupler.
Similarities to FOUNDATION Fieldbus
Profibus-PA is similar to FF in two main ways:
Physical layerProfibus-PA uses a physical layer that is
identical to the physical layer used by FF H1 (IEC 61158-2)
Bus-powered, I.S. devicesBecause Profibus is electrically
identical to FF, the I.S. options are identical as well
2003 Rosemount Inc.
4. How is the Profibus-PA similar

to the FF?
1
2
3
4
Physical layer
Bus-powered
Timestamp
I.S. devices
Profibus Protocol

Activities
Differences from FOUNDATION Fieldbus

Aside from counterpart buses, Profibus-PA differs from FF in several
important ways, including:
Protocol designProfibus was not originally designed for
process control (Profibus-PA is a variant of Profibus that has
been engineered to meet process control needs). FF is
specifically designed to meet the needs of the process control
industry.
Network structureProfibus-PA is stricter and more hierarchical
in its network requirements. Profibus-PA, like traditional analog
communication technology, puts all of the control into network
masters and central control systems. FF networks are flexible
and more independent of control systems. Only FF allows the
control system to be distributed anywhere in the network.
Network managementTechnicians must manually control
Profibus-PA device addresses and host configurations; address
conflicts can disrupt a Profibus-PA network. FF networks
automatically assign device addresses, and technicians can easily
update hosts with new DDs.
Network communicationProfibus PA synchronizes
communication only between a device and the host; FF
synchronizes communication among all field devices and the
host. In addition, FF provides a timestamp, while Profibus PA
does not.
Network modificationsProfibus networks must be taken
offline for modifications. FF allows online modifications for
both control and monitoring purposes.
Function blocksProfibus PA does not support function blocks
in field devices.
TAG searchProfibus only provides identification by device;
FF allows software functionality to be identified through unique
tags.
TrendingFF devices can maintain a local trend file that can be
accessed by the host; Profibus PA devices cannot maintain a
trend file.
Data integrationProfibus PA communications must pass
through several layers of networks between the field and the end
user/application, which increases the risk of information getting
sent to the wrong destination.
5. Reliance on function blocks

puts Profibus-PA network
structures at a disadvantage in
comparison to FF networks. Is
6. Which characteristic of the

Profibus-PA network
communication puts it at a
disadvantage to FF network
structure?
3
4
Puts all of the control into the

network masters and central
control systems
Synchronizes communication
only between a device and its
host
Manual control of device
address and host configurations
Only provides identification by
device
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - THREE PROFIBUS VARIANTS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Proprietary Communication Protocols

LEARNING OBJECTIVES
Briefly describe the following communication protocols in terms of their basic technology and common
implementation:
Modicon Modbus
Honeywell DE
Foxboro FoxCom
Yokogawa BRAIN
List the principal differences between Honeywell DE and HART
List the primary advantages of FOUNDATION Fieldbus over the protocols listed above
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Device manufacturers have developed a large number of proprietary
(i.e., closed, vendor-owned) digital communication protocols. Four
of the most common other protocols are:
Modicon Modbus
Honeywell DE
Foxboro FoxCom
Yokogawa BRAIN
Activities
1. How is Modbus most frequently
used?
1
2
MODICON MODBUS
Modbus is a digital, low-level, master-slave device communication
protocol. A Modbus master queries slave devices with commands,
such as a command to read a process variable. Modbus is primarily
used to communicate control and monitoring data.
Modbus operates independently of a devices physical layer. A

device can communicate through its physical layer
(e.g., FOUNDATION Fieldbus) and also through Modbus. Some device
manufacturers use Modbus as a complementary common language
among their instruments.
Although the Modbus protocol is owned by Modicon, the protocol is
available to users and manufacturers under royalty-free license.
Communicates control and

monitoring data
Communicates digital
information by modulating the
current on the loop
Communicates digital
information overlayed on top of
an analog signal
Communicates analog signals
only
2. The Modbus protocol is available

to users and manufactures under
royalty free-license. Is this
HONEYWELL DE
Honeywells DE (Digitally Enhanced) protocol is a digital
replacement for standard analog communication protocols
(e.g., 420 mA). DE communicates digital information by
modulating the current on the loop: a 4 mA signal equals a 1, and a
20 mA signal equals a 0. Because the current itself is modulated, a
regular 420 mA analog signal cannot coexist with the DE signal.
The DE protocol is proprietaryit is owned by Honeywell and is not
openly available.
3. DE modulates the ________

on the loop to convey
information.
1.
2.
3.
current
frequency
voltage
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
FOXBORO FOXCOM
The FoxCom protocol operates either as a digital replacement of a
standard analog signal (like Honeywell DE) or as a digital signal
overlayed on top of an analog signal (like the HART protocol). In
both cases, the digital signal can accomplish the same two-way
communication tasks that DE and HART technology can accomplish
(e.g., remote transmitter configuration). The all-digital signal conveys
information at a relatively speedy 4800 baud. The HART-like signal
runs much slower, at 600 baud. (By comparison, the HART protocol
operates at 1200 baud.)
When operating in the HART-like mode, FoxCom uses the Bell 202
frequency shift keying method. The communication methods between
FoxCom and HART technology are similar enough that most
FoxCom-capable devices can communicate using both FoxCom and
HART technology. Technicians can even configure many
FoxCom-capable devices using a HART communicator.
4. How does FoxCom operate?

1
2
3
4
As an analog-only protocol
As a digital-only protocol
As a digital signal overlayed on
top of standard analog signal
As an analog-only or
digital-only protocol
(user-selectable)
FoxCom is a proprietary protocolit is owned by Foxboro and is not

openly available.
YOKOGAWA BRAIN
Yokogawas BRAIN protocol is based on frequency shift keying, like
HART technology. A digital signal is overlayed on top of a standard
analog signal (e.g., 420 mA). However, the BRAIN protocol uses
non-standard frequency settings to produce digital 1s and 0s.
5. Frequency shift keying is a

technique used by FoxCom and
BRAIN to convey digital
information along with the
standard analog signal. Is this
Yokogawa manufactures a BRAIN communicator that is somewhat

like the HART communicator. The BRAIN communicator (like the
HART communicator) requires 250 resistance and can be
connected anywhere in the loop across a 250 load.
The BRAIN protocol is proprietaryit is owned by Yokogawa and is
not openly available.
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - PROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Advantages of HART and Fieldbus

The HART and FF communication technologies maintain significant
advantages over the four other protocols described in this section. A
brief comparison can quickly highlight some of the most important
advantages.
COMPARING HART WITH FOXCOM AND BRAIN

HART, FoxCom, and BRAIN use essentially the same frequency
shift keying method of overlaying digital information onto an analog
signal. All three protocols can be used via a communicator connected
anywhere in the control loop.
HART technology has two important benefits that FoxCom and
BRAIN do not have. HART technology is:
An open protocol
Widely adopted in the industry
Activities
6. What benefits does the HART
protocol have as compared to
FoxCom and Brain ?
1
Being an open protocol

Being controlled by single
vendors
Being widely adopted in the
industry
Communicator connected
anywhere in the loop
2
3
4
Open Protocol
Both FoxCom and BRAIN are controlled by single vendors, which
threatens to lock customers into devices manufactured by that
vendor. HART technology is an open protocol that is not owned by a
single vendor, which frees customers to choose devices from any
manufacturer that supports the protocol. HART is supported by over
140 companies, including Foxboro and YEW.
Customers have overwhelmingly chosen to buy
products that use open protocols.
Widely Adopted in the Industry
7. Customers view HART

technology as a stepping-stone to
__________ technology.
1.
2.
3.
Modbus
Profibus
Fieldbus
HART technology is the most widely adopted digital protocol in the

process control industry, accounting for the vast majority of all
digital device communication. The HART Communication
Foundation estimates that over 12 million HART devices are in use
today worldwide. Each year, as more plants convert from simple
analog communication to a digital strategy, the majority of those
plants will choose HART technology as a logical first step.
HART is a logical stepping stone to fieldbus
technology, because customers can maintain their
investment in analog technology.
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Because HART technology is so widely adopted, most device
manufacturers build HART-capable instruments, which results in
even wider industry adoption. Wide adoption assures customers that
their HART devices will interoperate with an enormous number of
other devices from many manufacturers.
The HART protocol is the most widely adopted digital
protocol in the process control industry. All
proprietary protocols combined are expected to
amount to only a tiny fraction of total device sales in
the coming years.
Activities
8. Why is wide industry adoption
a benefit to HART technology?
2
3
COMPARING HART WITH DE

HART technology and DE commonly compete for customers.
However, HART technology and DE are not equal competitors.
HART technology has significant advantages over DE, including:
Maintained analog signals
Simultaneous variable transmission
Broad industry support
Analog signals will not be

required for process control in
future
Security of the network is
enhanced
It is the only technology that
provides digital signal
overlayed on top of standard
analog signal
Continued viability is ensured
Maintained Analog Signals

HART technology overlays its digital signal on top of a standard
analog signal. The analog signal is perfectly preserved. DE, on the
other hand, replaces the analog signal with a digital signal.
Because DE cannot coexist with an analog signal, customers who
adopt DE must throw away their investment in analog technology.
Customers who adopt HART technology, however, are free to
continue using their analog systems.
9. DE forces customers to
abandon their analog systems
because DE cannot coexist with
an analog signal. Is this
Simultaneous Variable Transmission

HART instruments can update up to four process variables with each
transmission. DE can only update one variable per transmission. DE
sends a secondary variable on the second transmission, a tertiary
variable on the third transmission, and so on. This strategy delays
transmission of the primary variable by two or three cycles.
Broad Industry Support
HART technology enjoys broad industry support. Over 100 device
manufacturers build HART-capable instruments. DE is restricted to
Honeywell instruments and a few licensed products from other
vendors.
2003 Rosemount Inc.

Activities
FOUNDATION FIELDBUS ADDED ADVANTAGES

FF is the only communication technology to offer substantial process
control advantages such as:
Device interoperabilityDevices from the same and/or different
manufacturers can typically coexist in the same network, but
only FF devices communicate with each other by design
Network flexibilityOnly FF offers true plug-and-play device
networks
Control in the fieldOnly FF is able to offer remote, intelligent
devices for which control is located right at the device
10. What advantages does FF have

over Modbus, DE, FoxCom,
and BRAIN?
Device interoperability
Replaces analog signals
with digital signals
Network flexibility
1
2
3
4
COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ADVANTAGES OF HART AND FOUNDATION

FIELDBUS
2003 Rosemount Inc.
Module 8: Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.1 ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY
1.
Which are the roles that communication technology performs? (Select all options that
apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
Interprets sensor data and transfers the data to a control room.

Rectifies sensor failures from the control room.
Enables technicians to remotely configure transmitters.
Reports transmitter problems to a control room.
How does control in the field change the way the process control industry uses
communication technology?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Engineers can develop sophisticated control strategies that happen right at

the measurement device.
Plants can rely much less on central control systems.
Providing improved loop integrity reduces the need for redundant controllers
and redundant I/Os.
Permits multiple devices to exchange process control information
simultaneously.
Local loops are safer modifying them (or failure of one loop) does not
have to affect the rest of the plant network.
Workbook Exercises
For Internal Use Only
Page 40
2002 Rosemount Inc.

EXERCISE 8.2 COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS
1.
2.
Match each communication component to its diagrammatic description.

(1)
Sensor
(A)
(2)
Process Variable
(B)
(3)
Signal Processor
(C)
(4)
Output Signal
(D)
A ___________ converts a process variable (e.g., pressure) into an electrical signal

(e.g., millivolts).
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.
controller
sensor
transmitter
Which of the following statements explains why an analog-to-digital (A/D) converter

and a digital-to-analog (D/A) converter might be necessary for device
communication? (Select all options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Transmitters with digital electronics require a digital process value.

Dependent devices, such as: valves and programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) can only receive digital signals from transmitters.
Transmitters used with integral LCD display require an analog signal.
Dependent devices, such as: valves and programmable logic controllers
(PLCs) can only receive analog signals from transmitters.
Page 41
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.3 ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS
1.
Differentiate between the analog signals and the digital protocols.

(A= analog ; D = digital)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2.
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Match the image identifier to the corresponding description.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
3.
4 20 mA
HART
FOUNDATIONTM Fieldbus
15V
3 15 psi
Continuously varies
Discrete values only
Created by sampling
Analog
Digital
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
A customer requires 10 additional transmitters, which will be fairly inaccessible once

they are installed. She has also indicated that she needs to control costs. Why would
you advise this customer to consider digital communication technology? (Select all
options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Digital transmitters require less wiring, and are therefore cheaper to install.
Digital transmitters are more accurate so money will be saved through
improved process control.
Digital transmitters offer the advantage of self-calibration.
Technicians can communicate with digital transmitters remotely.
Workbook Exercises
Page 42
2002 Rosemount Inc.

EXERCISE 8.4 HOW HART DEVICES COMMUNICATE
1.
HART devices use a technique called frequency shift keying. A frequency of

________equals 1 and a frequency of ________equals 0. Because the average
modulation on the wire is zero, the HART signal has __________ effect on the
analog signal.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2.
1100
2200
31250
(1)
(2)
(3)
1100
2200
31250
(1)
(2)
(3)
no
minimal
major
Which of the following descriptions are characteristics of HART communication?

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Requires a minimum 250 ohms resistance in the loop to establish HART

communication.
The transmission rate is 2200 bits per second.
Requires no loop resistance to establish HART communication.
Uses two different frequencies to indicate 1 and 0.
Page 43
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.5 SIGNAL CONVERSION
Refer to the following reference diagram to answer all the questions in this section.
1.
If the sampling rate changes from 10 samples per second to 20 samples per second,
what will happen to the digital process value?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
The digital process value will have twice as many steps.

The digital process value will decrease by half.
The digital process value will be unaffected.
The digital process value will decrease marginally.
If the analog signal changes to a flat line, the digital value will also become a flat line
that matches (or very nearly matches) the analog signal. Is this statement true or
false?
(1)
(2)
True
False
Workbook Exercises
Page 44
2002 Rosemount Inc.

3.
Sampling interval is more important when the process value __________ changes.
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.
frequently
never
rarely
What general statement can you make about data loss in A/D conversions based on
this illustration?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision will not loose
any data during the conversion process.
A/D converters with high sampling rates and sampling precision can lose
some data during the conversion process.
A/D converters with low sampling precision lose data during the conversion
process.
A/D converters with low sampling rates lose data during the conversion
process.
Page 45
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.6 ADVANTAGES OF HART TECHNOLOGY
1.
1.
A customer is considering the upgrade of 10 analog transmitters to HART
transmitters but has expressed concern about the initial investment amount. What
reassurances will you provide him? (Select all options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2.
HART devices fulfill the role of digital devices and provide advanced functions like
control in the field. Is this statement true or false?
(1)
(2)
3.
HART transmitters can be used with the existing equipment that uses the 420 mA signaling standard.
HART transmitter only deals with digital communication and since analog
signal is not required, wiring and control system costs are reduced.
HART transmitters can be connected in multidropped networks, which can
save on wiring and control system costs.
Unlimited mulitdropping of HART transmitter in a single loop.
HART transmitters run their own self-diagnostics, thereby reducing expensive
downtime.
True
False
Which of the following statements is applicable to HART multidropped networks?

(1)
(2)
(3)
Only analog communication is possible when using HART multidropped

networks.
Only digital communication is possible when using HART multidropped
networks.
Both digital and analog communication is possible while using HART
multidropped networks.
Workbook Exercises
Page 46
2002 Rosemount Inc.

EXERCISE 8.7 HART COMMUNICATORS
1.
Which of the following statements are applicable to HART communicators? (Select

all options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
2.
HART ____________ allow technicians to access HART transmitters from anywhere

in the loop across a minimum ____________ ohms load.
(1)
(2)
(3)
3.
A technician can configure many transmitters individually through a single

connection by using a communicator on a multidropped network.
Device descriptions allow communicators to be easily upgraded with
information about new transmitter functions.
Wired transmitters provide access to HART devices from any point in the
loop.
Communicators allow technicians to access HART devices from any point in
the loop across a 250 ohms load.
Multiple HART communicators can used to communicate with multiple HART
devices at one time in a multidropped network.
sensors
communicators
transducers
HART communicators are quick and easy to upgrade with new device descriptions.
Is this statement true or false?
(1)
(2)
True
False
Page 47
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.8 FOUNDATION FIELDBUS BASICS
1.
Match each layer name and description to the appropriate layer code.
(1)
(2)
(3)
X
Y
Z
(A)
User layer Contains function blocks that can be linked together to provide
process control features
Physical layer Defines the hardware connection of the transmitter to the
fieldbus network
Communications stack Handles transmitter communication on the fieldbus
network
(B)
(C)
2.
_____
_____
_____
Match each function to the appropriate block name.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Analog Input (AI)

Resource
Proportional/integral/derivative (PID)
Analog Output (AO)
Transducer
(A)
Identifies the resources that a device can provide to a FOUNDATION

Fieldbus network.
Communicates sensor data to other blocks.
Reads and reports digital process values.
Converts a digital process value to an analog value.
Behaves like a thermostat.
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Workbook Exercises
_____
_____
_____
_____
_____
Page 48
2002 Rosemount Inc.

3.
Match each function to the appropriate block name.

(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Signal Characterizer
Input Selector
Integrator
Arithmetic
(A)
(B)
(C)
Could be used to implement the average of a number of input values.

Totals a flow signal over time.
Could be used to allow for temperature compensation in an HTG level
application.
Makes the signal from a conical tank linear.
(D)
Page 49
2002 Rosemount Inc.
_____
_____
_____
_____
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.9 ADVANTAGES OF FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1.
How does FOUNDATION Fieldbus address the problem of traditional analog wiring
costs?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices, are interoperable by design. Any device from any
manufacturer can communicate with any other device. Is this statement true or false?
(1)
(2)
3.
True
False
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices __________ the need for large, central control
systems and their attendant network of wires. FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices can
handle many control responsibilities by__________.
(1)
(2)
(3)
4.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices offer complete remote control and require no

wiring, leading to a complete reduction of wiring costs.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices require far less wiring than analog
transmitters, which can lead to substantial cost savings.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus devices can run on the wiring of an already setup
analog system without terminators and power conditioners.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus technology allows unlimited number field devices to
be multidropped in a single segment, which can lead to substantial cost
savings.
support
increase
reduce
(1)
(2)
(3)
host system
themselves
wiring direct
FOUNDATION Fieldbus fulfills all of the roles of digital communication technology. Is

(1)
(2)
True
False
Workbook Exercises
Page 50
2002 Rosemount Inc.

5.
A plant manager wants to use 100% FOUNDATION Fieldbus for a new plant
expansion, but intends to wire point-to-point. What would be your advice?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
There is little need to resort to point-to-point wiring because FOUNDATION

Fieldbus devices can be connected in a number of different network
configurations.
A point-to-point wiring setup will be appropriate since all the devices have to
share the same network.
There is no need for point-to-point wiring because the FOUNDATION
Fieldbus devices can be controlled remotely.
The manager could rewire her devices so that they share the same network
wires, thereby cutting down wiring and maintenance costs dramatically.
Page 51
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.10 FOUNDATION FIELDBUS NETWORKS
1.
Match each illustrated part to the correct description code.
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
W
X
Y
Z
(A)
Segment Maximum length of 1900 m (6234 ft) and maximum of 32

individually-powered devices
Terminator Every segment must be terminated as close as possible to each
end
Spur Length is limited by how many devices are on the segment: the more
devices there are, the shorter the spurs
Power supply and conditioner Each segment requires a power conditioner
to prevent the power supply from absorbing the communication signal
(B)
(C)
(D)
2.
_____
_____
_____
_____
Topology is the shape of the network FOUNDATION Fieldbus has a unique

network shape. Is this statement true or false?
(1)
(2)
True
False
Workbook Exercises
Page 52
2002 Rosemount Inc.

3.
How is intrinsic safety observed in a FOUNDATION Fieldbus Network? (Select all

options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
4.
A safety barrier must be placed between the intrinsically safe and non-safe
segments.
The intrinsically safe and non-safe segments must have separate wiring
properties.
The number of devices on an I.S. segment is unlimited.
The device must be certified as I.S.
The link active scheduler (LAS) need not necessarily be in the control room. The LAS
can be virtually anywhere on the network. Is this statement true or false?
(1)
(2)
True
False
Page 53
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.11 THREE PROFIBUS VARIANTS
1.
Match each Profibus variant on the left to the descriptive characteristic on the right.
(1)
(2)
(3)
2.
Profibus FMS
Profibus DP
Profibus PA
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Distributed I/O protocol

Uses high-speed signals
Supports intrinsically safe operation
Designed to meet factory automation needs
Suited for master to master communication
Which of the following Profibus-PA items are similar to FOUNDATION Fieldbus?

(Select all options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
Network management
Physical layer
Bus-powered, intrinsically safe devices
Protocol design
Network communication
Workbook Exercises
Page 54
2002 Rosemount Inc.

EXERCISE 8.12 PROPRIETARY PROTOCOLS
1.
Match each protocol to the appropriate characteristic(s). (Match all the options that
apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
Modicon Modbus
Honeywell DE
Foxboro FoxCom
Yokogawa BRAIN
(A)
(B)
(C)
(D)
(E)
Modulates current on the loop

Available through royalty-free license
Digital only operation
Uses frequency shift-keying
Can communicate with a handheld communicator
Page 55
2002 Rosemount Inc.
_____
_____
_____
_____
Workbook Exercises

EXERCISE 8.13 ADVANTAGES OF HART AND FOUNDATION FIELDBUS
1.
A customer wants to replace one third of his analog-only transmitters with digital
transmitters but does not want to give up the analog communication since several
valves are dependent on it. (Select all the options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
2.
HART technology is an open protocol that allows the customer to obtain

devices from any manufacturer.
HART transmitters require less network wiring as compared to FoxCom
Transmitters.
HART technology is widely adopted in the industry and this ensures that the
technology will be supported in the future.
FoxCom transmitters do not support analog signals as they handle only digital
communication.
A customer wants to upgrade his plant to a Fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to

make the large investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is
exploring stepping stone technologies. (Select all options that apply)
How will you convince the customer that in comparison to Honeywell DE, HART
technology is a better stepping-stone to Fieldbus?
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
HART technology allows the customer to keep his existing analog technology
while he introduces new digital technology. DE requires him to abandon his
analog technology immediately.
HART devices can transmit multiple digital variables simultaneously. DE can
only send one.
HART devices can be configured by technicians in the field or on the bench
with a communicator. DE devices are factory programmable and cannot be
configured in the field.
HART technology is an open protocol, which will not lock the customer into a
single supplier. DE is proprietary and requires the customer to buy devices
from Honeywell.
HART technology is widely adopted in the industry, ensuring broad support.
Workbook Exercises
Page 56
2002 Rosemount Inc.

3.
A customer wants to move his plant to a fieldbus-only system. Not wanting to make
the large investment necessary to switch the entire plant at once, he is exploring
stepping stone technologies.
How will you convince the customer that FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the best solution
for his long-range plan for a fieldbus-only plant? (Select all options that apply)
(1)
(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
FOUNDATION Fieldbus permits devices to communicate and interoperate by

design.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol that is specifically designed to
meet the needs of the process control industry.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus allows complete network flexibility.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus works equally well with digital or analog signals.
FOUNDATION Fieldbus is the only protocol to offer control in the field
functionality.
Page 57
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Module 8: Workbook Exercises - Answers

Exercise 8.1 Role of Communication Technology
1.
2.
1, 3, 5
1, 2, 3, 5
Exercise 8.2 Communication Components

1.
2.
3.
D, C, B, A
2
1, 4
Exercise 8.3 Analog and Digital Protocols

1.
2.
3.
1 = (A), 2 = (D), 3 = (D), 4 = (A), 5 = (A)

1 = (B), 2 = (A), 3 = (A), 4 = (B), 5 = (A)
1, 2, 4
Exercise 8.4 How HART Devices Communicate

1.
2.
1, 2, 1
1, 4
Exercise 8.5 Signal Conversion

1.
2.
3.
4.
1
1
1
2
Exercise 8.6 Advantages of HART Technology

1.
2.
3.
1, 3, 5
2
2
Workbook Exercises
Page 58
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 8: Workbook Exercises - Answers

Exercise 8.7 HART Communicators
1.
2.
3.
1, 2, 4
2, 3
1
Exercise 8.8 Foundation Fieldbus Basics

1.
2.
3.
A, C, B
C, A, E, D, B
D, A, B, C
Exercise 8.9 Advantages of Foundation Fieldbus

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
2
1
3, 2
1
1, 4
Exercise 8.10 FOUNDATION Fieldbus Networks

1.
2.
3.
4.
D, C, B, A
2
1, 3, 5
1
Exercise 8.11 Three Profibus Variants

1.
2.
1 = (B, D, E), 2 = (A, B, D), 3 = (C, F)

2, 3
Exercise 8.12 Proprietary Protocols

1.
1 = (B, C, F), 2 = (A, C), 3 = (C, D, E), 4 = (D, E)
Exercise 8.13 Advantages of HART and FOUNDATION Fieldbus

1.
2.
3.
1, 3
1, 2, 4, 5
1, 2, 3, 5
Page 59
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Workbook Exercises
Module 8: Activity Answers

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
True
1,2,4
1,3,4
2
2
3
1,4
1
1,2,4
3
True
2,3,4
1,2,4

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
3
1
1,2
4
1,2,3,5
2
True
3
1,2,4
True
4
3

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
1,3,4
False
1
2
False
3
True
2
True
2,3,4
False
False
1,2,3,5
1
Page 60
Activity Answers
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Module 8: Activity Answers

15.
16.
17.
18.
1
2
1
3
Profibus Protocol
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
1,2,3
3
1,3
1,2,4
False
1

1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
9.
10.
1
True
1
2,3
True
1,3
3
4
True
1,3,4
Activity Answers
2002 Rosemount Inc.
Page 61

M08 Communications

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M08 Communications

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Table of Contents

For Internal Use Only / ii

Profibus Protocol ........................................................................................................................................... 30

iii / For Internal Use Only

Workbook Exercises ....................................................................................................................................... 40

For Internal Use Only / iv

For Internal Use Only / v

The Importance of Communication

For Internal Use Only / 1

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Role of Communication Technology

2. Name some of the additional

Remote device maintenance

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ROLE OF COMMUNICATION TECHNOLOGY

2 / For Internal Use Only

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

Figure 8.1 illustrates how the basic communication components

4. What is the function of a

Figure 8.1: Basic Communication Components

To convert an electrical signal

For Internal Use Only / 3

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

5. What is the appropriate

An analog-to-digital (A/D) converter changes an analog signal into an

The output signal component transmits the electrical impulse from

4 / For Internal Use Only

6. The job of an A/D converter is

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Transmitter Communication Components

Some process control devices

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - COMMUNICATION COMPONENTS

5 / For Internal Use Only

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Analog Communication Technology

1. Volume control knob

9. List the main analog signals.

10. Why does the 420 mA signal

315 psi Signal

The 315 psi signalsometimes called the pneumatic signaldoes

4 mA is the minimum current

Pneumatic signals are often used with dedicated devices such as

For Internal Use Only / 6

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

12. Which are the commonly used

Figure 8.2: Digital Process Values

DIGITAL COMMUNICATION PROTOCOLS

7 / For Internal Use Only

The Importance of Communication Technologies

Digital Communication Technology

ADVANTAGES OF DIGITAL COMMUNICATION

13. Identify the advantages of

Decreased Wiring Costs

Decreased wiring costs

Remote Device Communication

COMPLETE WORKBOOK EXERCISE - ANALOG AND DIGITAL PROTOCOLS

For Internal Use Only / 8

HART Communication Protocol

For Internal Use Only / 9

HART Communication Protocol

HART Technology Overview

Figure 8.3: Frequency Shift Keying