Stationary Phase bound to cellulose structure of the paper fibers, the water

molecules inside the paper

Normal what we did in the expt stationary-polar, mobile-nonpolar
Reverse nonpolar stationary, mobile-polar
mobile Phase NaCL, dependent on the stationary phase, solvent
Advantages simple set-up, cheap, fast
Limitation simple experiments only
High Performance Liquid Chromatography, Gas Chromatography advanced, uses
columns, have both stationary and mobile phase
Chromatography is dependent on solubility and polarity.
Does it want to stay or matatangay ng mobile phase?
Example, if sample is polar, it wants to stay in the stationary. (like dissolves like)
if sample is nonpolar, and stationary is polar, it will go to the mobile phase.
If normal, and polar sample, Rf is lower because it wont move upward.
If reverse, and nonpolar sample, Rf is higher because it will move towards the
mobile phase.
IF reverse, polar sample, Rf is higher.
Example :
Stationary phase : Carbon-18 film
Mobile phase : ethanol (relatively polar)
Rank Rf values (sino kakapit sa stationary phase?)
A<C<B
C is more polar than B because the more ch bonds, more non-polar.
Better if it is the system is saturated by the solvent, because it will go up by itself.
If the color separates, use stronger, more polar solvent. Stationary should be more
polar than the mobile phase.

Acids :
pH Determination

pH= power of Hydrogen

Acids- sour , corrosive

Base pungent , slippery
Mg+ nacl = bubbles MgCl + Hydrogen gas
Mg+ bases = will still bubble MgOH +hydrogen gas
Acid and Base strength- displacement of weaker acid/base form its salt

If HY + x- - HX + Y, HY > HX

CH3C00h + NA2Co3 Nach3coo + H2Co3 H2o + Co2

NH4Cl + NaOH Nh3 + NaCl + H2o
re
HCL > HBr > HI more electronegative, the stronger the acid
Acidity is related to Molarity. Aqueous levelling effect. Strong acids in the same
solution with the same molarity, have the same acidity.