Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
P a g e | iii
P a g e | iv
MESSAGE
Greetings!
It is with a great sense of achievement to the Laguna Provincial Disaster
Coordinating Council to come up with the manual on disaster preparedness. The
different local government and concerned agencies involved in the production of this
manual are fully cognizant of the need to further strengthen and enhance imperative
measures to effectively control disaster operations at all levels.
The Council is genuinely dedicated to give its utmost cooperation and
coordination to formulate necessary measures that, combined with the utilization of
resources of the government and volunteer and relief agencies, shall provide maximum
assistance to our constituents during natural calamities, disasters and related
disturbances. Our efforts and resources are consolidated into a common convergence
point of translating the crucial measures into concrete actions and prompt emergency
operations.
Rest assured of the Councils continuous endeavor in protecting the welfare and
safety of the citizenry of Laguna.
Thank you and God Bless!
Page |v
REPUBLIC OF THE PHILIPPINES
DEPARTMENT OF NATIONAL DEFENSE
MESSAGE
It gives me a great pleasure to congratulate and commend the Provincial
Disaster Coordinating Council of Laguna through the initiative of PDRRMC
Chairperson Governor Jeorge E.R. Ejercito Estregan for coming up with the
manual on Disaster Preparedness and Management. This manual is indeed, a
very timely and laudable. It is crucial in educating the general public on how to
cope with the adverse effects of disasters. It will likewise serve as useful
reference and guide to a wellcoordinated Disaster Risk Reduction Program that
is vital to NDCCs/RDSSs thrust of strengthening and enhancing the capabilities
of Local Government Units in responding to all types of emergencies.
I am confident that the members of the Local Disaster Coordinating
Councils and others, who are involved in Disaster Management activities, can
derive a wealth of information and guidance from this manual, which could help
them become more efficient and effective in protecting the loss of precious lives
and damage to properties.
Finally, I wish you much success in all your undertakings. Rest assured
that your Office of Civil Defense / Regional Disaster Coordinating Council IV-A is
behind you every step of the way.
Mabuhay!
VICENTE F. TOMAZAR
Regional Director, OCD IV-A
and
Executive Officer, RDCC IV-A
P a g e | vi
Table of Contents
Foreword=========================............ ii
Message from the Governor===================.. iii
Message from the Provincial Planning and
Development Coordinator====================.. iv
Message from the Regional Director of Office of
Civil Defense (Region IV A) =======.============.. v
Table of Contents========================..vi
Acronyms============================ xii
List of Tables and Figures====================..xiii
Rational for the Manual=====================.. xiv
Manual Objectives======================== xv
P a g e | vii
B. What are Disasters =.===================== 7
1. Kinds of Disasters===================.. 7
2. Types of Natural Disasters===============.. 8
a. Typhoons=====================.==.. 8
i. Protective Measures
Before the Typhoon====................................................ 8
During the Typhoon=============.==== 9
After the Typhoon========.========== 10
ii. Where to Go============.=======.. 10
iii. Typhoon Signals==========.======= 11
b. Flood..==================........................... 12
i. Causes=================..==.==.. 12
ii. Effects====================..=... 13
iii. Areas Affected==============......==... 14
iv. Protective Measures
Before a Flood=.======............................................. 14
During a Flood=======..==.========== 15
After a Flood====================.. 17
v. Where to Go================.===.. 18
c. Volcanic Eruptions=====...=============....19
i. Effects======================.. 19
ii. Protective Measures
Before a Volcanic Eruption=============.... 20
P a g e | viii
During a Volcanic Eruption============== 20
How to Protect Yourself from Falling Ash======..... 21
d. Earthquakes===============...===.............. 22
i. Protective Measures
Before an earthquake==========.======. 22
During an earthquake============..==== 25
After an earthquake===========.====== 26
e. Landslide / Erosion===========.....======= 29
i. Causes==================..==== 29
ii. Protective Measures
Before a landslide==================. 31
During a landslide==================. 33
What to do if you suspect imminent landslide danger...... 34
After a landslide=================.=... 34
iii. Kinds of landslides================. 36
iv. Where to go if you live in erosion prone areas===... 37
f. Dam Failure=============.=========... 39
i. Causes================.======. 39
ii. Effects=========...============.. 39
iii. Protective Measures
Before dam failure================== 39
During dam failure================== 40
After dam failure=========.....................==== 42
P a g e | ix
g. La Nia Phenomenon===========............==== 43
i. Effects======================.. 43
ii. Prevention====================.. 43
h. El Nio Phenomenon===============.===. 45
Causes======.================= 45
Effects=======================.. 45
Protective Measures================= 45
i. Global Warming=================..===... 46
Causes and Effects=================.. 48
Protective measures=================.50
3. Man-Made Disasters=================== 57
a. Terrorism======================== 57
i. Effects of Terrorism================.. 57
ii. Precautionary measures against terrorism=====.. 58
iii. Kinds of Terrorist Attacks
Explosive Devices========.========.==59
Protective Measures====.====.======59
Biological Threats================.==.61
Classes of Biological Agents and their Effects==.61
Protective Measures==============.62
Chemical Threats==================.. 62
Possible Signs of Chemical Threat=======..64
Protective Measures============== 64
Page |x
Decontamination Guidelines==========. 65
b. Fire========================...== 67
i. Causes of Fire=================== 67
ii. Protective Measures================ 70
Before a Fire==================70
During a Fire==============..............73
After a Fire==================...74
c. Pollution========================.. 75
i. Air Pollution==================== 75
Causes of Air Pollution=====..=======..76
Effects of Air Pollution============= 76
Protective Measures===========.77
ii. Water Pollution==================. 78
Causes of Water Pollution===========. 78
Different Types of Water Pollution===.====.. 79
How to Prevent Water Pollution====.==..==.81
iii. Land Pollution=====...====..===.=====82
Causes of Land Pollution=======.===...... 83
Effects of Land Pollution=======.==...== 85
Environmental Liability========.===.=..86
Eliminating Liability and Risk===......==..87
Measures of Land Pollution===.=.==.= 88
P a g e | xi
II. Appendices
A. How to Conduct an Earthquake Drill in School=======..==..89
B. An Executive Summary of the MGB
Rapid Geohazard Assessment of Barangays in
Laguna Province=========================96
P a g e | xii
Acronyms
BFP
DILG
DSWD
DOC
GSO
IDAU
IRRI
LBTMO
MPDC
MERALCO
MHO
MSWDO
MCRO
MPDO
P*P
SB
Sangguniang Bayan
UPLB
P a g e | xiii
Figure 2
Kinds of Landslides. 36
Figure 3
Figure 4
Figure 5
Greenhouse Effect 47
Figure 6
Figure 7
Figure 8
Figure 9
Table 1
P a g e | xiv
P a g e | xv
Manual Objectives
1.
To prevent loss of life as well as any harm that may occur to an individual;
2.
3.
4.
5.
Page |1
Introduction
Page |2
Disaster Preparedness
Preparedness involves making a plan before disaster strikes so that in a
disaster emergency, individuals and families have the supplies on hand and
planning in place to help them responds.
What will you do if you are separated from your family? How will you know if
they are safe?
Discuss the disasters most likely to happen in your community and their
impact on your family's safety. Hazards in our area include avalanche or
landslide, fires, severe winter storms, earthquake, tsunami, flooding and
hazardous materials threats.
Train all family members. Take first aid classes. Install smoke detectors.
Learn to use a fire extinguisher and how to shut off utilities. Do not take the
chance that the only person who knows first aid or how to turn off the gas or
start the generator will be at home when needed.
Assemble your disaster supplies into a personal Disaster Supply Kit. This
would include food, water, clothing and medications to last you at least 72
hours. You need a kit for EACH family member.
Page |3
Plan how your family will stay in contact if separated by a disaster. Pick two
meeting places:
1. A location a safe distance from your home in case of fire.
2. A place outside your neighborhood in case you cannot return home.
Choose a friend or relative as a "check in" contact for everyone to call or
contact.
Show responsible family members how and when to shut off the water, gas,
and electricity at main switches.
Install a smoke detector on every level of your home. Test monthly and
change the batteries at least twice a year.
Page |4
Talk with your neighbors and plan how you could work together after a
disaster.
Consider how you could help neighbors who have special needs, such as
elderly or disabled persons.
If Disaster Strikes
Remain calm and patient and put your emergency plan into action.
Check your home for damage. Use flashlights, not matches. Check for fires,
gas leaks, spilled chemicals. Shut off damaged utilities.
Page |5
DONT FORGET IMPORTANT FAMILY DOCUMENTS!
Keep all wills, insurance policies, vital records, deeds, bank account
numbers, credit card numbers, passports, social security cards, immunization
records, etc. in a waterproof, portable container.
SPECIAL ITEMS
Remember family members with special needs, such as infants and
elderly or disabled persons.
For babies:
Formula
Diapers
Bottles
Powdered milk
Medication
For older adults:
Page |6
Figure 1
Prevention and Migitation Measures
Page |7
DISASTERS
Disasters are unexpected natural or man-made catastrophe of substantial
extent causing significant physical damage or destruction, loss of life or
sometimes permanent change to the natural environment. It is a serious
disruption of the functioning of a society, causing widespread human, material, or
environmental losses which exceed the ability of the affected society (or
community) to cope using only its own resources.
Disasters are often classified according to their speed of onset (slow or
sudden), or according to their cause (natural, man-made or complex). It may take
many forms, and occur as a result of one or more wide range of events, both
natural and man induced. The duration of these events may range from a few
seconds to many years. The severity of the effects of a disaster may vary
according to the degree to which man has created an environment susceptible to
damage, that is, an environment in which life and property are at risk.
Natural Disasters
Natural disasters are sudden calamitous events producing great material
damage, loss, and distress. They are the result of natural phenomena such as
earthquakes, floods, volcanic eruption, landslide, dam failure, global warming,
climate change and others which affect human activities. Human vulnerability,
exacerbated by the lack of planning or lack of appropriate emergency
management, leads to financial, environmental or human losses. The resulting
loss depends on the capacity of the population to support or resist the disaster,
and their resilience.
Man-made Disasters
Man-made Disasters are events which are caused by man, either
intentionally or by accident such as crimes, war, terrorism, fire and others that
can directly or indirectly cause severe threats, either directly or indirectly, to
public health and/or well-being. Because their occurrence is unpredictable, manmade disasters pose an especially challenging threat which that must be dealt
with through vigilance, and proper preparedness and response.
Page |8
Dont panic.
Page |9
Go in a safe place
Do not go out of your home
Be ready with a flashlight and a first aid kit
P a g e | 10
Where To Go
P a g e | 11
P a g e | 12
FLOOD
Floods are one of the most
common hazards in the Philippines.
Flood effects can be local, impacting a
neighborhood or community, or very
large, affecting entire river basins and
other areas.
However, all floods are not alike.
Some
floods
developed
slowly,
sometimes over a period of days. But
flash flood can developed quickly,
sometimes in just a few minutes and
without any visible signs of rain.
Causes
A flood is caused by a combination of heavy rainfall causing river / oceans
to over flow their banks, and can happen at any time of the year. Floods
generally develop over a period of days, when there is too much rainwater to fit
in the rivers and water spreads over the land next to it. However, they can
happen very quickly when lots of heavy rain falls over a short period of time.
These flashfloods occur with little or no warning and cause the biggest
loss of human life than any other type of flooding. Coastal areas are also at risk
from sea flooding, when storms and big waves bring seawater into the land. The
worst cases of flooding may occur if there is a combination of storms, spring
tides and low atmospheric pressure.
P a g e | 13
Effects
Floodwater can seriously
disrupt
public
and
personal
transport by cutting off roads and
railway
lines,
as
well
as
communication
links
when
telephone lines are damaged.
Floods disrupt normal drainage
systems in cities, and sewage
spills
are
common,
which
represents a serious health
hazard, along with standing water
and wet materials in the home.
Bacteria, mould and viruses, cause disease, trigger allergic reactions, and
continue to damage materials long after a flood. Floods can distribute large
amounts of water and suspended sediment over vast areas, restocking valuable
soil nutrients to agricultural lands. In contrast, soil can be eroded by large
amounts of fast flowing water, ruining crops, destroying agricultural land /
buildings and drowning farm animals.
The
environment
and
wildlife is also at risk when damage
to
businesses
causes
the
accidental
release
of
toxic
materials like paints, pesticides,
gasoline etc. Floodwater can
severely
disrupt
public
and
personal transport by cutting off
roads and railway lines, as well as
communication links when telephone lines are damaged. Unfortunately, flooding
not only disrupts many peoples lives each year, but it frequently creates
personal tragedies when people are swept away and drowned.
P a g e | 14
Areas Affected
There are 13,152 hectares of flood prone areas mostly located in the
lakeshore municipalities of the province. These are the towns of Santa Rosa,
Cabuyao, Calamba, Bay, Santa Cruz, Lumban, Kalayaan, Siniloan, Pakil and
Pangil.
Protective Measures
Before a Flood
To prepare for a flood, you should:
Avoid building in a floodplain
unless you elevate and reinforce your
home.
Elevate the furnace, water
heater, and electric panel if susceptible
to flooding.
Install check valves in sewer
traps to prevent flood water from
backing up into the drains of your home.
Construct
barriers
(levees,
beams, floodwalls) to stop floodwater
from entering the building.
P a g e | 15
During a Flood
If a flood is likely in the area, you should:
Be aware the flash flooding can occur. Move immediately to higher
ground. Do not wait for instructions to move.
Be aware of streams, drainage channels, and other areas known to flood
suddenly. Flash floods can occur in these areas with or without such typical
warnings as rain clouds or heavy rain.
Secure your home. If you
have time, bring in outdoor
furniture. Move essential items to
an upper floor.
Turn off utilities at the main
switches or valves if instructed to
do so. Disconnect electrical
appliances. Do not touch electrical
equipment if you are wet or
standing in water.
P a g e | 16
Do not walk through moving water.
Six inches of moving water can make
you fall. If you have to walk in water,
walk where the water is not moving. Use
a stick to check the firmness of the
ground in front of you.
P a g e | 17
After a Flood
Listen for news reports to learn
whether the communitys water supply is
safe to drink.
Avoid floodwaters; water may be
contaminated by oil, gasoline, or raw
sewage. Water may also be electrically
charged from underground or downed
power lines.
Use
extreme
caution
when
entering buildings. There may be
hidden damage, particularly in
foundations.
P a g e | 18
Stay away from downed power
lines, and report them to the power
company.
Service damaged septic tanks,
cesspools,
pits, and
leaching
systems as soon as possible.
Damaged sewage systems are
serious health hazards.
Clean and disinfect everything that
got wet. Mud left from floodwater can
contain sewage and chemicals.
Where To Go
Move immediately to higher place/ground. If you live in flood prone areas,
go to the nearest high places municipalities in your area: San Pedro, Binan, Los
Banos, Calauan, Victoria, San Pablo City, Alaminos, Liliw, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Pila,
Pagsanjan, Paete, Famy, Mabitac, Santa Maria, Luisiana, Cavinti, Magdalena
and Majayjay.
Majayjay, Laguna
P a g e | 19
VOLCANIC ERUPTION
Volcanic Eruption is the
sudden occurrence of a
violent discharge of steam
and volcanic material. Unlike
most mountains, which are
pushed up from below,
volcanoes are built up by an
accumulation of their own
eruptive
products.
When
pressure from gases within
the molten rock becomes too
great, an eruption occurs.
Eruptions can be quiet or explosive. There may be lava flows, flattened
landscapes, poisonous gases, and flying rock and ash.
Because of their intense heat, lava flows are great fire hazards. Lava
flows destroy everything in their path, but most move slowly enough that people
can move out of the way.
Volcanic eruptions can be accompanied by other natural hazards,
including earthquakes, mudflows and flash floods, rock falls and landslides, acid
rain, and fire.
Effects
Fresh volcanic ash, made of pulverized rock, can be abrasive, acidic,
gritty, gassy, and odorous. While not immediately dangerous to most adults, the
acidic gas and ash can cause lung damage to small infants, to older adults, and
to those suffering from severe respiratory illnesses. Volcanic ash also can
damage machinery, including engines and electrical equipment. Ash
accumulations mixed with water become heavy and can collapse roofs. Volcanic
ash can affect people hundreds of miles away from the cone of a volcano.
Sideways directed volcanic explosions, known as "lateral blasts," can
shoot large pieces of rock at very high speeds for several miles. These
explosions can kill by impact, burial, or heat. They have been known to knock
down entire forests.
P a g e | 20
Protective Measures
Before a Volcanic Eruption
Add a pair of goggles and disposable breathing mask for each member of
the family to your disaster supply kit.
P a g e | 21
How to Protect Yourself from Falling Ash
picture
Stay away from areas downwind from the volcano to avoid volcanic ash.
Stay indoors until the ash has settled unless there is a danger of the roof
collapsing.
Close doors, windows, and all ventilation in the house (chimney vents,
furnaces, air conditioners, fans, and other vents.
Clear heavy ash from flat or low-pitched roofs and rain gutters.
Avoid running car or truck engines. Driving can stir up volcanic ash that can
clog engines, damage moving parts, and stall vehicles.
Avoid driving in heavy ash fall unless absolutely required. If you have to
drive, keep speed down to 35 MPH or slower.
P a g e | 22
EARTHQUAKE
One of the most frightening and destructive phenomena of nature is a
severe earthquake and its terrible after effects.
Earthquakes
strike
suddenly, violently, and without
warning at any time of the day or
night. If an earthquake occurs in
a populated area, it may cause
many deaths and injuries and
extensive property damage.
Although there are no
guarantees of safety during an
earthquake, identifying potential
hazards ahead of time and
advance planning can save lives
and significantly reduce injuries
and property damage.
Protective Measures
Before an Earthquake
Practice duck, cover and hold drills at home with your family and at
work
Falling objects and collapsing structures cause injuries and deaths
during earthquakes. Show children safe areas to duck and cover. Practice
counting how many seconds your test earthquake lasts. This will help you
keep calm when a real earthquake strikes.
P a g e | 23
telephone someone out of the earthquake area. Select a relative or friend
to act as a clearinghouse for information about your family. All family
members should call this contact to report their condition and location.
Make sure family members carry this number with them at all times. Other
friends and relatives should know this number, too.
Discuss the plan with all family members. Discuss with children
what will happen to them if an earthquake occurs while they are at school.
P a g e | 24
P a g e | 25
During an Earthquake
Stay as safe as possible during an earthquake. Be aware that some
earthquakes are actually foreshocks and a larger earthquake might occur.
Minimize your movements to a few steps to a nearby safe place and stay indoors
until the shaking has stopped and you are sure exiting is safe.
If indoors
P a g e | 26
Be aware that the electricity may go out or the sprinkler systems or fire
alarms may turn on.
If outdoors
Stay there.
Once in the open, stay there until the shaking stops. The greatest danger
exists directly outside buildings, at exits, and alongside exterior walls. Ground
movement during an earthquake is seldom the direct cause of death or injury.
Most earthquake-related casualties result from collapsing walls, flying glass, and
falling objects.
If in a moving vehicle
Stop as quickly as safety permits and stay in the vehicle. Avoid stopping
near or under buildings, trees, overpasses, and utility wires.
Proceed cautiously once the earthquake has stopped. Avoid roads, bridges,
or ramps that might have been damaged by the earthquake.
After an Earthquake
Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent
than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even
months after the quake.
Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.
P a g e | 27
Inspect utilities
o Look for electrical system
damage. If you see sparks or
broken or frayed wires, or if
you smell hot insulation, turn
off the electricity at the main
fuse box or circuit breaker. If
you have to step in water to
get to the fuse box or circuit
P a g e | 28
breaker, call an electrician
first for advice.
o Check for sewage and water
lines damage. If you suspect
sewage lines are damaged,
avoid using the toilets and call
a plumber. If water pipes are
damaged, contact the water
company and avoid using
water from the tap.
P a g e | 29
LANDSLIDE /EROSION
In a landslide, masses of
rock, earth, or debris move down a
slope. Landslides may be small or
large, slow or rapid. They are
activated by storms, earthquakes,
fires, and steepening of slopes by
erosion or human modification.
Debris and mud flows are
rivers of rock, earth, and other debris
saturated with water. They develop
when water rapidly accumulates in
the ground, during heavy rainfall,
changing the earth into a flowing
river of mud. They can flow rapidly,
striking with little or no warning at
avalanche speeds. They also can
travel several miles from their
source, growing in size as they pick up trees, boulders, cars, and other materials.
Causes
A number of natural elements contribute to a landslide, however, human
impacts and activities alter its natural processes.
Natural causes include:
Vibrations
earthquakes.
caused
by
P a g e | 30
Human causes include:
removal of vegetation
modification of slopes by
construction of roads, railways,
buildings, etc
overloading slopes
Excavation or displacement of
rocks
Areas Affected
The erosion prone areas are the towns of Cabuyao, Los Banos, Alaminos,
Majayjay, Liliw, Siniloan, Santa Maria, Famy, Mabitac and Santa Rosa City.
P a g e | 31
Protective Measures
Before a Landslide or Debris Flow
Do not build near steep slopes, close
to mountain edges, or near drainage
ways.
Get a ground assessment of your
property.
P a g e | 32
utility
P a g e | 33
During a Landslide
P a g e | 34
What to Do if You Suspect Imminent Landslide Danger
Contact your local fire, police, or public works
department. Local officials are the best persons able to
assess potential danger.
After a Landslide
P a g e | 35
P a g e | 36
KINDS OF LANDSLIDES
Figure 2
Kinds of Landslides
P a g e | 37
Where To Go
Move immediately to lower place/ground. If you live in erosion prone areas, go to
the nearest municipalities in your area: San Pedro, Binan, Calamba, Bay,
Calauan, Victoria, San Pablo City, Rizal, Nagcarlan, Pila, Santa Cruz,
Pagsanjan, Lumban, Kalayaan, Paete, Pangil, and Magdalena.
Figure 3
Laguna De Bay Watershed
P a g e | 38
LAGUNA GEOHAZARD MAP
Source: DENR
Figure 4
Laguna Geohazard Map
P a g e | 39
DAM FAILURE
Extreme rainfall
Effects
Protective Measures
Before a Dam Failure
Knowing your risk, making sure an Emergency Action Plan (EAP) is in
place, and evacuating when directed by emergency response officials are the
most important steps you can take to staying safe from a dam failure.
P a g e | 40
Ways to Plan Ahead
Know your risk. Do you live downstream from a dam? Is the dam a highhazard or significant-hazard potential dam?
Make an emergency kit that includes essential items for the entire family.
Know who owns the dam and who regulates the dam. This information also
should be available from your municipality/city/provincial disaster
coordinating council.
P a g e | 41
Disconnect appliances
P a g e | 42
Avoid any roads where flood waters have receded as they may have
weakened and could collapse under the weight of a car.
Clean and disinfect everything that was touched by water as it can contain
sewage and other contaminants.
P a g e | 43
LA NIA PHENOMENON
La Nia is a weather
phenomena characterized by
unusually
cold
ocean
temperature in the Equatorial
Pacific
which
causes
increased numbers of tropical
storms in the Pacific Ocean.
Effects
Prevention
P a g e | 44
P a g e | 45
EL NIO PHENOMENON
El Nio is also known as the southern oscillation. The El Nio
phenomenon can be described as a type of abnormal warming that occurs on the
surface ocean waters in the part of the eastern tropical pacific that is known as
the southern oscillation.
Protective Measures
P a g e | 46
GLOBAL WARMING
P a g e | 47
Figure 5
Greenhouse Effect
Heat from the sun is absorbed by the Earth. The Earths surface gives off
heat which goes back into the atmosphere.
P a g e | 48
Causes and Effects
The earths climate changes in response to external forcing, including
variations in its orbit around the Sun (orbital forcing), changes in solar luminosity,
volcanic eruptions, and atmospheric greenhouse gas concentrations. The
detailed causes of the recent warning remain an active field of research, but the
scientific consensus is that the increase in atmospheric greenhouse gases due to
human activity caused most of the warming observed since the start of the
industrial era. This attribution is clearest for the most recent 50 years, for which
the most detailed data are available. Some other hypotheses departing from the
consensus view have been suggested to explain most of the temperature
increase. One such hypothesis proposes that warming may be the result of
variations in solar activity.
Global warming has led to what we call climate change through
anthropogenic cause or human intervention.
These are:
P a g e | 49
P a g e | 50
Figure 6
Potential Impacts of Climate Change
Protective Measures
Before Global Warming
P a g e | 51
CFLs also last 10 times longer than incandescent bulbs, and use twothirds less energy.
P a g e | 52
Reduce,
Reuse,
And
Recycle.
Recyclable products are usually made
out of things that already have been
used. It usually takes less energy to
make recycled products than to make
new ones. The less energy we use, the
better.
Educate yourself, you family, your friends, your co-workers and everyone
you meet.
P a g e | 53
Invest in projects that can generate carbon credits and generate more revenues
Reforestation
P a g e | 54
CARTOGRAPHICAL REPRESENTATION OF GLOBAL WARMING
MITIGATION
Figure 7
Cartographical Representation of Global Warming Mitigation
P a g e | 55
Man-Made Sources of Greenhouse Gas
NITROUS OXIDE:
Biomass Burning
Acid Production
P a g e | 56
Methane: +151%
Table 1
Heat-trapping Gases in the Atmosphere over the past 1000 Years
P a g e | 57
MAN-MADE DISASTERS
Man-made disasters are events which, either intentionally or by accident
cause severe threats to public health and well-being. Because their occurrence
is unpredictable, man-made disasters pose an especially challenging threat that
must be dealt with through vigilance, and proper preparedness and response.
TERRORISM
Terrorism is the use of force or
violence against persons or property in
violation of the criminal laws of the country
for purposes of intimidation, coercion, or
ransom. Terrorists often use threats to:
Create fear among the public.
Try to convince citizens that their
government is powerless to prevent
terrorism.
P a g e | 58
terrorism can bring about a wide range of normal and natural psychological
reactions such as nervousness, agitation or getting easily upset, sadness, feeling
fearful or scared, overwhelmed, helpless, irritable or having angry outbursts.
Dislocation of infrastructure, the non-productive use of resources and
infrastructure, economic and market distress (often lasting far after all physical
damage has been repaired), strategic dislocation (from the reassigning of
resources and the disorientation of government and business) and operational
disorientation (for example the loss of focus on a national and corporate or
organization) are the other effects of terrorism.
Move or leave if you feel uncomfortable or if something does not seem right.
Learn where emergency exits are located in buildings you frequent visit.
Plan how to get out in the event of an emergency.
Work with building owners to ensure the following items are located on each
floor of the building:
o
o
o
o
o
Portable,
battery-operated
radio and extra batteries.
Several flashlights and extra
batteries.
First aid kit and manual.
Hard hats and dust masks.
Fluorescent tape to rope off
dangerous areas.
P a g e | 59
BOMB EXPLOSIONS
Terrorists have frequently used explosive
devices as one of their most common weapons.
Terrorists do not have to look far to find out how
to make explosive devices; the materials needed
for an explosive device can be found in many
places including variety, hardware, and auto
supply stores. Explosive devices are highly
portable using vehicles and humans as a means
of transport. They are easily detonated from
remote locations or by suicide bombers.
Conventional bombs have been used to
damage and destroy financial, political, social,
and religious institutions. Attacks have occurred in public places and on city
streets with thousands of people around the world injured and killed.
Protective Measures
During an Explosion
If you are inside a building:
P a g e | 60
P a g e | 61
BIOLOGICAL THREATS
A biological agent is a living micro-organism or biological toxin that can be
used to incapacitate or kill. It can be deliberately released into the environment
by aerosol spray, food and water contamination, or through infected vectors such
as mosquitoes and rats.
A biological agent attack is the deliberate release of biological agents to
make people sick. Biological agents may be ingested, inhaled or enter through a
skin cut to make you sick.
Viruses
are
simple
microorganisms that consist of a protein
coat containing genetic material.
Because viruses lack a system for
their own metabolism, they require
living hosts (e.g. cells of an
infected human) for replication.
Viruses are resistant to antibiotics.
P a g e | 62
Protective Measures
Before a Biological Attack
CHEMICAL THREATS
A chemical attack is the
deliberate release of a toxic gas, liquid
or solid that can poison people and the
environment.
P a g e | 63
A chemical attack could come
without warning. Signs of a chemical
release include people having difficulty
breathing; experiencing eye irritation;
losing
coordination;
becoming
nauseated; or having a burning
sensation in the nose, throat, and lungs.
Also, the presence of many dead
insects or birds may indicate a chemical
agent release.
There are many different chemical agents that a terrorist could use as
a weapon, but we can make the following broad generalizations:
Many likely agents are heavier than air and would tend to stay close to the
ground. This dictates an upward safe haven strategy.
P a g e | 64
case, medical attention should be sought immediately, even if exposure is
thought to be limited.
Most chemical agents that present an inhalation hazard will break down
fairly rapidly when exposed to the sun, diluted with water, or dissipated in
high winds.
No matter what the agent or its concentration, evacuation from the area of
attack is always advisable unless you are properly equipped with an
appropriate breathing device and protective clothing or have access to
collective protection.
Protective Measures
Before a Chemical Attack
Check your disaster supplies kit to make sure it includes:
P a g e | 65
During a Chemical Attack
If you are instructed to remain in your home or office building, you should:
Remove all clothing and other items in contact with the body.
Contaminated clothing normally removed over the head should be cut off to
avoid contact with the eyes, nose, and mouth. Put contaminated clothing and
items into a plastic bag and seal it. Decontaminate hands using soap and water.
Remove eyeglasses or contact lenses. Put glasses in a pan of household bleach
to decontaminate them and then rinse and dry.
P a g e | 66
Gently wash face and hair with soap and water before thoroughly rinsing
with water.
P a g e | 67
FIRE
sparks
another fire (such as an explosion)
a fire in the oven or fireplace
a lit match, lighter or cigarette
sources
of
intense
thermal
radiation (such as sunlight or an
incandescent light bulb)
Joule heating, friction or exhaust
gas from mechanical or electrical
machinery
Causes of Fire
ELECTRICAL
The over warming of hot plugs
and sockets and blown fuses may start
a fire.
SMOKING
Most cigarettes related fires start
because the cigarette is not put out
completely. Additional common causes
include falling asleep with a cigarette
and using improper ashtrays.
P a g e | 68
CANDLES
Even a tiny candle flame can
have upsetting consequences. Many
candle related fires start due to draughts
that lead fire to catch burnable items
and tilting candles that are not placed in
suitable holders.
P a g e | 69
ATTICS, BASEMENTS AND GARAGE
Popular as storage areas these
places usually contain fire hazards such
as gasoline and other flammable liquids.
Old clothes, papers and other
combustible items are also hazardous
and should be stored safely. Many of
the electrical fire hazards are also
located in these areas. Worn cords,
electrical boxes and other signs of
electrical trouble should be treated
immediately.
HEATING
PLACES
DEVICES
AND
FIRE
P a g e | 70
Protective Measures
Before a Fire
SMOKE ALARMS
P a g e | 71
FLAMMABLE ITEMS
Store
flammable
liquids
in
approved containers in wellventilated storage areas.
Never smoke
liquids.
near
flammable
P a g e | 72
ELECTRICAL WIRING
P a g e | 73
During a Fire
If your clothes catch on fire, you should:
Stop, drop, and roll - until the
fire is extinguished. Running only
makes the fire burn faster.
Check closed doors for heat
before you open them. If you are
escaping through a closed door, use
the back of your hand to feel the top
of the door, the doorknob, and the
crack between the door and door
frame before you open it. Never use
the palm of your hand or fingers to
test for heat - burning those areas
could impair your ability to escape a
fire (i.e., ladders and crawling).
Hot Door
Cool Door
Crawl low under any smoke to your exit - heavy smoke and poisonous
gases collect first along the ceiling.
Close doors behind you as you escape to delay the spread of the fire.
P a g e | 74
After a Fire
The following are guidelines for different circumstances in the period following a
fire:
If you are with burn victims, or are a burn victim yourself, cool and cover
burns to reduce chance of further injury or
infection.
If you detect heat or smoke when
entering a damaged building, evacuate
immediately.
If you have a safe or strong box, do
not try to open it. It can hold intense heat
for several hours. If the door is opened
before the box has cooled, the contents could burst into flames.
If you must leave your home because a building inspector says the
building is unsafe, ask someone you trust to watch the property during your
absence.
P a g e | 75
POLLUTION
Pollution is contamination
by a chemical or other agent that
renders part of the environment
unfit for intended or desired use.
These uses also and very
importantly include all wildlife and
ecological
requirements
to
sustain life in all its natural forms.
Pollution damages the
Earth's land, water and air. It
results in contamination of the
earths
environment
with
materials that interfere with
human health, the quality of life,
and the natural functioning of ecosystems (living organisms and their physical
surroundings).
It is usually caused by human actions, but can also be the consequence of
natural disasters. Pollution can also occur from disruption or damage to
wastewater collection and treatment infrastructure due to severe natural events
like flooding. Most types of pollution affect the immediate area surrounding the
source, and reduce as you move away from the source.
Pollution exists in many forms and affects many different aspects of the
Earths environment. Some main types of pollution are:
Air Pollution
Air pollution is the
human introduction into the
atmosphere
of
chemicals,
particulate matter, or biological
materials that cause harm or
discomfort to humans or other
living organisms, or damages
the environment. It causes
deaths and respiratory disease,
and is often identified with
major stationary sources, but
the
greatest
source
of
emissions is mobile sources,
mainly automobiles. Gases
such as carbon dioxide, which
P a g e | 76
contribute to global warming, have recently gained recognition as pollutants by
climate scientists, while they also recognize that carbon dioxide is essential for
plant life through photosynthesis.
The atmosphere is a complex, dynamic natural gaseous system that is
essential to support life on planet Earth. Stratospheric ozone depletion due to air
pollution has long been recognized as a threat to human health as well as to the
Earth's ecosystems.
Air pollution has both acute and chronic effects on human health. Health
effects range anywhere from minor irritation of eyes and the upper respiratory
P a g e | 77
system to chronic respiratory disease, heart disease, lung cancer, and death. Air
pollution has been shown to cause acute respiratory infections in children and
chronic bronchitis in adults. It has also been shown to worsen the condition of
people with preexisting heart or lung disease. Among asthmatics, air pollution
has been shown to aggravate the frequency and severity of attacks. Both shortterm and long-term exposures have also been linked with premature mortality
and reduced life expectancy.
Air pollution exposure has been associated with compromised pulmonary
immune defense mechanisms in both animals and humans. Tobacco smoking
has also been shown to cause depressed immune system responses. Of the
specific air pollutants, exposure to respirable particulate matter has been shown
to induce a systemic inflammatory response involving stimulation of the bone
marrow, which can contribute to cardiorespiratory morbidity. Other evidence
indicates that exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons especially
benzo[a]pyrene can cause immune suppression and can increase the risk of
infection and disease. Benzo[a]pyrene, a known carcinogen, also can increase
the risk of lung and other types of cancers. Acute exposures to oxides of nitrogen
and sulfur have been associated with increased bronchial reactivity and
susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections.
Carbon monoxide combines with hemoglobin to form carboxyhemoglobin,
which reduces the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood and can contribute to
anemia and adverse pregnancy outcomes, including miscarriage, stillbirth, low
birth weight, and early infant mortality.
P a g e | 78
Water Pollution
Water is essential for life.It
covers 71% of the earth's surface
and makes up 65 % of our bodies.
Everyone wants clean water-- to
drink, for recreation, and just to
enjoy looking at. If water becomes
polluted, it loses its value to us
economically and aesthetically,
and can become a threat to our
health and to the survival of the
fish living in it and the wildlife that
depends on it.
Water pollution is the contamination of water bodies such as lakes,
rivers, oceans, and groundwater caused by human activities. Although some
kinds of water pollution can occur through natural processes, it is mostly a result
of human activities.
Causes of Water Pollution
Although certain natural processes may cause some of the water
pollution, however, human activity is
the largest cause of our seas, rivers
and lakes getting polluted. We need to
use water everyday both in our
industries as well as our homes. We
get this water from groundwater
sources, rivers, and lakes, and after
using it, and often contaminating it,
most of this water gets back into the
rivers, lakes, and oceans.
The used water from agricultural and industrial practices, and household
use create wastewater, also referred to as sewage. If this is allowed to flow back
into water systems without being treated, it causes pollution, which results in
harming both humans as well as animal life. Water also gets polluted when there
is a runoff of rainwater from industrial, agricultural, and urban areas, which flow
directly through storm water drains into water systems without any treatment.
The disposal of sewage is a major problem where there isnt adequate
sanitation in large areas, thus carrying disease causing bacteria and viruses into
sources of water.
P a g e | 79
Some of the other causes of pollution are oil spillages and dumping in
oceans, dumping litter into streams, rivers, and oceans such as cardboard,
newspaper, foam, Styrofoam, plastic packaging, aluminum, glass, and others.
Some of these take a very long time to degrade, e.g., plastic packaging can take
400 years, Styrofoam takes 80 years, foam takes 50 years, and aluminum takes
200 years.
Nuclear waste, atmospheric deposition, and underground storage
leakages are some of the other causes of water pollution.
What are some different types of water pollution?
MICROBIOLOGICAL
Disease-causing (pathogenic) microorganisms,
like bacteria, viruses and protozoa can cause
swimmers to get sick. Fish and shellfish can become
contaminated and people who eat them can become
ill. Some serious diseases like polio and cholera are
waterborne.
CHEMICAL
A whole variety of chemicals from industry, such as metals and solvents,
and even chemicals which are formed from the breakdown of natural wastes
(ammonia, for instance) are poisonous to fish and other aquatic life. Pesticides
used in agriculture and around the home-- insecticides for controlling insects and
herbicides for controlling weeds-- are
another type of toxic chemical. Some
of these can accumulate in fish and
shellfish and poison people, animals,
and birds that eat them. Materials
like detergents and oils float and
spoil the appearance of a water
body, as well as being toxic; and
many chemical pollutants have
unpleasant odors.
OXYGEN-DEPLETING SUBSTANCES
Many wastes are biodegradable, that is, they can be broken down and
used as food by microorganisms like bacteria. We tend to think of biodegradable
wastes as being preferable to non-biodegradable ones, because they will be
broken down and not remain in the environment for very long times. Too much
biodegradable material, though, can cause the serious problem of oxygen
depletion in receiving waters.
P a g e | 80
P a g e | 81
SUSPENDED MATTER
Some pollutants are dissolved in wastewater,
meaning that the individual molecules or ions
(electrically charged atoms or molecules) of the
substance are mixed directly in between the
molecules of water. Other pollutants, referred to as
particulate matter, consist of much larger-- but still
very small-- particles which are just suspended in
the water. Although they may be kept in suspension
by turbulence, once in the receiving water, they will
eventually settle out and form silt or mud at the
bottom. These sediments can decrease the depth of
the body of water. If there is a lot of biodegradable organic material in the
sediment, it will become anaerobic and contribute to problems mentioned above.
Toxic materials can also accumulate in the sediment and affect the organisms
which live there and can build up in fish that feed on them, and so be passed up
the food chain, causing problems all along the way . Also, some of the particulate
matter may be grease-- or be coated with grease, which is lighter than water, and
float to the top, creating an aesthetic nuisance.
P a g e | 82
Conserve water by turning the tap off when you do not need running
water, such as while brushing teeth. Apart from preventing water shortages, it
lessens the amount of water that needs to be treated.
Land Pollution
Land pollution is the degradation of
earth's land surfaces often caused by human
activities and its misuse. It is where our land
may be as far as being contaminated. All
of the bad toxic chemicals and waste,
that is left or dumped on our land,
causes it to become polluted. All types of
waste can be found on land. Some is left
P a g e | 83
behind after human activities and some is washed ashore from boats
and sewage outlets.
INDUSTRIAL WASTES
These are wastes produced by
industrial activity, a by-product of any
industrial process or operation, such as
that of factories, mills and mines.
P a g e | 84
NUCLEAR WASTES
Nuclear waste is the radioactive waste left over from nuclear reactors,
nuclear research projects, and nuclear bomb production.
LANDFFILLS
A landfill, also known
as a dump, is a site for the
disposal of waste materials.
It may include internal waste
disposal sites (where a
producer of waste carries
out their own waste disposal
at the place of production)
as well as sites used by
many
producers.
Many
landfills are also used for
other waste management
purposes, such as the
temporary
storage,
consolidation and transfer,
or processing of waste material (sorting, treatment, or recycling).
Landfills are also the source of many chemical substances entering the
soil environment (and often groundwater) that pollute the soil.
P a g e | 85
Other Causes of Land Pollution
We are creating too much
waste due to in particular to much
unnecessary packaging. In addition
to this, we do not adequately recycle
the waste we create. Many of the
resources we use in our everyday
lives are disposed of quickly. Food is
wrapped in paper or plastic bags,
drinks are in throw-away bottles or
cans, batteries are disposed of after
a short life. With the rising
standards of living, we are
throwing away more things and
there is an increase in the
quantity of solid waste.
The accumulation of waste threatens the health of people in residential
areas. Waste decays, encourages household pests and turns urban areas into
unsightly, dirty and unhealthy places to live in.
Other pollution sources include chemical plants, coal-fired power plants,
oil refineries, nuclear waste disposal activity, large animal farms, metals
production factories, plastics factories and other heavy industry.
Effects of Land Pollution
Nowadays, there is
an excess of waste being
dumped. The long term
effects of this could be the
pollution of new building
ground. People live or
work in nearby areas,
could suffer from health
problems. The amount of
toxic chemicals, coming
from this waste, are going
to cause, are health issues
such as deformities or
cancers.
The effects of land pollution are far-ranging in the industrial age. The
nature of the industrial revolution and the lack of a sustainable development
model for industrial progress have allowed the creation of chemicals and
P a g e | 86
products which may serve the idea of convenience or productivity or efficiency,
however, the concept of environmental stewardship is largely an afterthought.
This has led to long-lasting chemicals which persist in the environment and are
potentially toxic to life.
The effects of pollution on the land are not limited to the terrestrial
ecosystem, because the synthetic chemicals are not degraded by the normal
processes of life. From there, the pollution can travel through the roots of plants
into any herbivore which consumes the plant and on and on and on until it
reaches the highest organisms in the food web: humans.
Figure 8
Potential Contamination Areas
Environmental Liability
In the 21st century, the concept of environmental liability is evolving
towards a polluter-pay model in which the generator of the pollution is
responsible for costs of cleanup and in certain cases, the costs of health effects
that can be directly proven to have resulted from the cause of the environmental
problem.
P a g e | 87
Eliminating Liability and Risk
Thus, removing environmental pollution from the land not only removes
the contamination from the land, it removes contamination from the food web, it
aids in the mitigation of adverse health effects like cancer, and it removes
potentially costly liability. Eliminating the liability, now effectively removes the
risk to future earnings and worth. It will mean a short term capital investment to
minimize the effects environmental pollution, to maximize any health effects
mitigation which may occur, and to maximize the value of the land. In an age
where business increasingly has to consider greater risk to do business, the
opportunity exists to minimize or eliminate a potential risk factor against the
continued success of your business. It is prudent business planning to minimize
the amount of risk and the overall effect of that risk on the current and future
earnings of that business. That is the promise that remediation brings to any
business.
Figure 9
Land Contaminants and Corresponding Landfill Setup
Land pollution can have sustained and damaging effects to the ecosystem
and the current and future utilization of the parcel of land. Thus, it is beneficial
and arguably imperative that steps be taken to improve all aspects concerning
forms of environmental pollution and health effects mitigation by quickly
eliminating contamination on the land.
P a g e | 88
P a g e | 89
Appendices
How to Conduct an Earthquake Drill in School
It is important to orient people on earthquake preparedness in order to be
informed of what to do before, during and after an earthquake. During an
earthquake, school children are one of the most vulnerable. It is important for
school administrators and teachers to be informed on how to properly conduct an
earthquake drill. Teachers are the ones who will teach the students how to
protect themselves.
The conduct of an earthquake drill is different from that of a fire drill. In a
fire drill, the sound of a siren/bell means that a fire is ongoing and all occupants
of the building are to immediately evacuate to ensure their safety. In an
earthquake drill, the sound of a siren/bell indicates that a strong shaking is
ongoing and the level of ground shaking prevents people to stand and move
around. To do so can cause more injury to the person as debris can fall and hurt
him/her. One is not supposed to get out of the building while the ground is
shaking.
Ensure the safety of parents, students, teachers and staff before, during
and after an earthquake
Train teachers, school staff and students on how to practice proper action
and response during earthquakes; and
P a g e | 90
Communication Team
Warning Team
Evacuation Team
Fire Brigade Team
Rescue Team
Medical Team
Damage Control Team
The School Disaster Control Group shall be headed by an over-all coordinator
who shall lead the member teams in the evaluation of the school in terms of its
vulnerability to earthquake hazards. The SDCG shall perform the following:
Total number of students, teachers and staff for the current school year
Total number of students occupying each room, each floor and each
building
Total number of students and teachers with special needs (sick, old,
differently-abled) and their location
Obtain building layout/plan for each building that shows the room,
corridors, staircases and exit points. Use this information to determine
whether the exit points can accommodate the flow of traffic during an
emergency.
Identify all the safe and unsafe spots in the school area.
Once the school has been assessed of its earthquake vulnerability, the
SDCG may now proceed to the formulation of a School Earthquake Evacuation
Plan (SEEP). The SDCG should perform the following functions in order to have
a comprehensive SEEP:
Provision to utilize all available open spaces nearest the building that are
evaluated as safe from falling debris and other materials that may cause
injuries to students, staff and teachers
P a g e | 91
Determine the sufficiency of open space for all school evacuees. Areas to
be occupied should be computed assuming four to five students would
occupy a one square meter area. The SDCG must also consider the
number of students in each building and should designate a specific open
area for each class as their area of temporary refuge.
Create evacuation procedure for each room using available school map.
Initially, all exit points nearest the room of occupants should be suggested
as their exit routes, assuming that these are passable after the
earthquake.
Determine of the flow of traffic from each room along the corridors using
the information on actual number of occupants per room and their
designated evacuation area
Indicate by arrows the flow of student evacuation coming out of each room
up to their designated evacuation site. This will be the suggested
evacuation route for the students.
Ensure provision of first aid and earthquake survival kits which include
flashlights, battery-operated radio, water, rope, blanket, candle, matches,
tissue paper, tools like wrench, pliers and hammer
Allot a specific time for lecture on earthquake what it is, how and why
they occur, what to before, during and after the earthquake. The teachers
must also discuss the following articles to the students:
o Phases of an Earthquake Drill
o Protective Measures before, during, and after an Earthquake
Prior to the scheduled drill, inform the neighborhood regarding the conduct
of the drill.
Identify and assign observers for each exit points of the building and
evacuation areas. They will give their comments and observations during
the evaluation of the drill.
P a g e | 92
Identify danger zones (e.g. windows and glass, book shelves, machinery,
cabinets and furniture that may topple or slide inside the classroom as
well as all hanging and heavy objects)
When the dangerous areas within the classroom have been identified, ask
the students to stay away from such areas during an earthquake and
encourage the school administration to take actions that may reduce and
or eliminate such hazards.
Assign somebody who will be in charge of making sure the door is open
during the shaking
P a g e | 93
6. Quietly but quickly proceed to the designated evacuation area and wait for
further instruction from the teacher.
7. Never go back to the building once you are outside. Buildings should be
inspected by engineers for possible damage after an earthquake. Students are
prohibited from returning to their classrooms upon reaching the evacuation area.
Everyone should stay in the open area and wait for further instructions.
8. For the teacher in charge of the headcount, make sure all students under your
responsibility are accounted for once the designated evacuation area has been
reached.
Assumptions during the Earthquake Drill
1. One (1) minute siren/bell signifies a minute of strong shaking.
2. Individuals cant stand during an earthquake.
3. Buildings may be damaged but would not collapse.
4. There is always a possibility of falling debris and other objects.
5. No immediate assistance will be available for at least seven hours. Self help
sustenance is required.
6. Possible injuries, fear and panic among the participants
7. Participants during this 1 minute siren should perform the DUCK, COVER and
HOLD.
8. After the one minute siren, everyone should quietly go out of their rooms and
proceed to the pre-designated evacuation sites.
9. A headcount must be performed by the teacher when the evacuation area has
been reached.
Phases of an Earthquake Drill
Phase 1: Alarm
A pre-arranged signal such as siren/bell should be known to all. During
the drill, the siren/bell indicates earthquake/shaking.
Phase 2: Response
P a g e | 94
While the siren/bell is ongoing, everyone should move away from
windows, glass or light fixtures. In this phase, everyone should perform duck,
cover and hold under desk tables or chairs. Remain in this position until the
shaking stops.
Phase 3: Evacuation
Once the shaking stops, everyone should evacuate the building and
proceed using pre-determined routes to go to the identified evacuation areas.
Phase 4: Assembly
At the designated evacuation area, individuals must be grouped together
according to the section where they belong.
Phase 5: Headcount
The teacher should check and make sure that all students are accounted
for.
Phase 6: Evaluation
An evaluation of the drill must be conducted to identify problems
encountered during the drill and how this can be corrected in future earthquake
drills.
P a g e | 95
Make sure emergency supplies are located in a safe and readily available place.
Inform your students where these supplies are placed inside your classroom.
Check whether your emergency supply kit contains items such as flashlights,
batteries, an A-B-C-rated fire extinguisher, a battery-operated radio, a first-aid kit
and a handbook.
Protective Measures during an Earthquake
1. DROP to the ground; take COVER by getting under a sturdy table or other
piece of furniture; and HOLD ON until the shaking stops. If there isnt a table or
desk near you, cover your face and head with your arms and crouch in an inside
corner of the building.
2. Stay inside until shaking stops and it is safe to go outside. Research has
shown that most injuries occur when people inside buildings attempt to move to a
different location inside the building or try to leave.
Protective Measures after an Earthquake
1. Expect aftershocks. These secondary shockwaves are usually less violent
than the main quake but can be strong enough to do additional damage to
weakened structures and can occur in the first hours, days, weeks, or even
months after the quake.
2. Open cabinets cautiously. Beware of objects that can fall off shelves.
3. Stay away from damaged areas. Stay away unless your assistance has been
specifically requested by police, fire, or relief organizations. Return home only
when authorities say it is safe.
4. Help injured or trapped persons. Remember to help your neighbors who may
require special assistance such as infants, the elderly, and people who are
differently-abled. Give first aid where appropriate. Do not move seriously injured
persons unless they are in immediate danger of further injury. Call for help.
5. Clean up spilled medicines, bleaches, gasoline or other flammable liquids
immediately. Leave the area if you smell gas or fumes from other chemicals.
6. Look for electrical system damage. If you see sparks or broken or frayed
wires, or if you smell hot insulation, turn off the electricity at the main fuse box or
circuit breaker. If you have to step in water to get to the fuse box or circuit
breaker, call an electrician first for advice.
P a g e | 96
AN EXECUTIVE SUMMARY
OF THE MGB RAPID GEOHAZARD ASSESMENT
OF BARANGAYS IN THE PROVINCE OF LAGUNA
In line with the recent Presidential Directive and NDDC resolution following
the February 17 Southern Leyte landslide incident, and the need to fast tract the
geohazard mapping program along the eastern seaboard of the Philippines,
seven (7) geologists from the Mines and Geosciences Bureau (MGB) Central
and Regional Offices conducted a geohazard assessment of the barangays in
the municipalities of Pakil, Pangil, Famy, Paete, Siniloan, Sta. Maria and Los
Baos in Laguna province From November 28 to December 4, 2006. From April
11 to 30, 2007, the barangays of San Pablo City and the municipalities of
Alaminos, Bay, Calauan, Cavinti, Kalayaan, Liliw, Luisiana, Lumban, Mabitac,
Magdalena, Majayjay, Nagcarlan, Pagsanjan, Pila, Rizal, Sta. Cruz, and Victoria
were assessed by six (6) geologists from of the MGB Central Office.
The rapid geohazard assessment focused on both side of landslide and
flooding susceptibilities of the barangays. In terms of landslide susceptibility,
each barangay was rated low, moderate or high. The rating parameters are as
follows:
High
Presence of active and/or recent landslide
Presence of numerous and large tension cracks that would directly affect the
community
Areas with drainage that are prone to landslide damming
Steep slopes
Nearness to faults
Moderate
Areas with indicative and/or old landslides
Presence of small tension cracks and are located away from the community
Moderate slopes
Low
Low to gently sloping
Absence of tension cracks
P a g e | 97
P a g e | 98
The earlier field assessments (November-December period) presented the
landslide and flooding assessment results in different tables. Whereas the
second field assessments (April period) presented the result in single table.
Table 1. City/Municipalities Assessed and the Number of Barangays
Municipality / City
1. San Pablo City
2. Alaminos
3. Bay
4. Calauan
5. Cavinti
6. Famy
7. Kalayaan
8. Liliw
9. Los Baos
10. Luisiana
11. Lumban
12. Mabitac
13. Magdalena
14. Majayjay
15. Nagcarlan
16. Paete
17. Pagsanjan
18. Pakil
19. Pangil
20. Pila
21. Rizal
22. Sta. Cruz
23. Sta. Maria
24. Siniloan
25. Victoria
TOTAL
Total Number
of Barangays
80
15
15
17
19
20
3
33
14
23
16
15
24
40
52
9
16
13
8
17
11
26
25
20
9
Barangay
Assessed
62
15
15
17
19
19
3
32
14
23
16
15
24
38
47
9
16
11
8
14
11
23
25
20
9
540
505
P a g e | 99
Table 2. Number of Barangay per Landslide Rating
Municipality
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6. Famy
7. Kalayaan
8. Liliw
9. Los Baos
10. Luisiana
11. Lumban
12. Mabitac
13. Magdalena
14. Majayjay
15. Nagcarlan
16. Paete
17. Pagsanjan
18. Pakil
19. Pangil
20. Pila
21. Rizal
22. Sta. Cruz
23. Sta. Maria
24. Siniloan
25. Victoria
High
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
3
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
1
0
Moderate
3
0
1
2
0
1
1
2
1
0
0
4
0
4
6
4
1
6
2
0
0
0
3
1
0
Low
17
5
0
2
13
7
1
16
0
10
2
5
2
28
19
1
3
1
2
0
4
0
7
7
0
None
42
10
14
13
6
10
1
14
9
13
14
6
22
5
22
4
12
3
2
14
74
23
14
11
9
P a g e | 100
SUMMARY OF THE ASSESSMENTS:
1. San Pablo City
landslide
P a g e | 101
P a g e | 102
Table 3. Results of Assessment of the Sixty-two (62) Barangays
Barangay
1. Sto. Nio
2. San isidro
3. Santisimo
Rosario
4. Sta. Ana
5. San Antonio II
6. San Antonio I
7. San Vicente
10. Bautista
11. Atisan
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
Remarks/ Recommendations
P a g e | 103
displaced road surface.
12. Santiago II
13. San Cristobal
25. Soledad
26. Santiago I
27. San Gabriel
Low
Low to None Flooding in the barangay is due to
drainage problem (no outflow).
Purok 7 flood prone area is caused by
ponding of water due to lack of
drainage
system.
Sitios
Calo,
Balagtasin and Caang have moderate
to high susceptibility to landslides
(accumulation zone).
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depths
of 0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth of 0-0.5
meter) with rate frequency
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth 00.5 meter)
None
Low, Seasonal sheet flooding (depth of
0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
with rare frequency
None
Low, seasonal sheet flooding (depth of
0-0.5 meter)
None
Low sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
with rare frequency
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
People living in the riverbank should be
cautioned of the flood hazard.
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
of rare frequency
None
Low depth sheet flooding (0-0.5 meter)
of rare frequency
None
In Bongkayo Park Subdivision, the
reclamation of Balatuin River caused
the narrowing of drainage channel.
None
Puroks 1 6 experience low, seasonal
sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5 meter)
Purok
7
experiences
seasonal,
moderate depth sheet flooding (0.5 1
meter)
None
Moderate depth sheet flooding (0.5-1
meter) of rare frequency in Purok I
None
Sitios 3,4,5,8,9, & 10 experience low,
seasonal sheet flooding (depth 0-0.5
meter)
Vila Antonio experiences moderate
depth, seasonal sheet flooding (0.5 1
P a g e | 104
meter)
28. San Miguel
29. San Bartolome
None
None
None
None
None
None
35. Conception
P a g e | 105
41. San
Buenaventura
42. Sta. Catalina
43. Bagong Pook
44. Del Remedio
Low(Purok 1 )
None
None
None
Moderate
Moderate
Low
(Purok 4&7)
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Low
None
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 106
2. Municipality of Alaminos
P a g e | 107
P a g e | 108
Table 4. Results of Assessment of the Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay
1. San
Gregorio
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
2. Poblacion 4
Low
3. Poblacion 1
Low
4. Palma 1
Low
5. Palma 2
Low
6. Del Carmen
None
7. San Agustin
None
8. San Benito
None
9. Sta. Rosa
10. Poblacion 3
None
None
None
12. San
Ildelfonso
13. San Andres
14. San Juan
15. San Roque
None
None
None
None
Remarks/Recommendations
P a g e | 109
3. Municipality of Bay
P a g e | 110
P a g e | 111
Table 5. Results of Assessment of Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay
1. Bitin
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate
2. Tranca
None
3. Masaya
None
4. Paciano Rizal
None
5. Sta. Cruz
6. San Agustin
None
None
7. San Nicolas
None
8. San Antonio
None
9. Tagumpay
None
None
11. Dila
None
None
13. Maitim
None
Remarks/Recommendation
P a g e | 112
14. Puypuy
None
15. Calo
None
4. Municipality of Calauan
There are two (2) barangays with moderate landslide susceptibility
(Imok and Limao)
There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Perez
and Paliparan)
The rest of assessed barangays in the municipality have no
landslide susceptibility but varying degrees of susceptibility of
flooding.
P a g e | 113
P a g e | 114
Table 6. Results of Assessment of Seventeen (17) Barangays
Barangay
1. Imok
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate
2. Limao
Moderate
3. Perez
Low
4. Paliparan
Low
5. Prinza
None
6. San Isidro
None
7. Silangan
8. Lamot
None
None
9. Lamot II
None
None
11. Balayhangin
12. Mabakan
None
None
13. Kanluran
14. Danao
None
None
15. Bangyas
None
Recommendations
P a g e | 115
16. Hanggan
None
17. Masiit
None
5. Municipality of Cavinti
P a g e | 116
P a g e | 117
Table 7. Results of Assessment of Nineteen (19) Barangays
Barangay
1. Duhat
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
2. Labayo
Low
3. Anglas
Low
4. Poblacion
Low
5. Sumukab
Low
6. Banco
Low
7. Layug
Low
8. Udia
Low
9. Kanluran
Talaongan
10. Silangan
Talaongan
11. Mahipon
Low
Low
12. Inao-awan
Low
13. Tibatib
Low
14. Layasin
15. Bulajo
16. Cansuso
17. Paowin
18. Bukal
19. Sisilmin
None
None
None
None
None
None
Low
Recommendations
P a g e | 118
6. Municipality of Famy
-
P a g e | 119
P a g e | 120
Barangay
1. Mayatba
Landslide
Susceptibility Rating
High
2. Cuebang Bato
Moderate
3. Bacong
Low
Remarks
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
Landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
Presence of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Develop an early
warning device / system; identify evacuation
site; Observe for saturated grounds or seeps
in areas that are not typically wet; Observed
for sunken or displayed road surfaces.
Constant communication and updates with
Brgy. Liyang / Kataypuanan on geohazard
situation.
Landslides are present in Puroks Centro,
Sapa and Kinamatian.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); Develop an early warning
device/ system; Identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslides, tension cracks); Observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks) in other portions of the
barangay; Develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site;
Observe for saturated ground or seeps in
areas that are not typically wet; Observed for
sunken or displaced road surfaces. Shallow
landslides are present along road cuts and
gullies. Activate the Barangay Disaster
Coordinating Council (BDCC).
Small/Shallow landslides are present along
road cuts. Although the barangay proper was
rated as low, the valley slopes are moderately
susceptible to landslide.
4. Balitoc
Low
5. Kapatalan
Low
P a g e | 121
6. Kataypuanan
7. Maate
8. Minayutan
Low
Low
Low
9. Salangbato
Low
None
P a g e | 122
11. Bagong Pag-asa
(Pob.)
12. Banaba (Pob.)
None
None
13. Batuhan
None
14. Bulihan
None
None
None
None
None
19. Tunhac
None
2. Bacong
4. Balitoc
5. Banaba (Pob.)
6. Batuhan
Remarks
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper has low susceptibility to
flooding with depth of less than 0.5 m. Flashflooding with
moderate turbidity is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flashflooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Desilting of Ilog Bayan, Sahun and Inawasan
are recommended. The barangay proper is highly
susceptible to flood with depth of greater than 1 m. Flash
flooding with moderate turbidity is common.
Flash flooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flashflooding is
rare.
The barangay proper is moderately susceptible to
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flash flooding is
P a g e | 123
7. Bulihan
8. Caballero (Pob.)
9. Calumpang (Pob.)
12. Kapatalan
13. Kataypuanan
14. Maate
16. Mayatba
17. Minayutan
common.
The barangay proper is moderately susceptible to
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flash flooding is
rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m. Desilting of the
irrigation canal is recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Desilting of Ilog
Inawasan is recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river-water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flashflooding is rare. Rivers are prone to
landslide damming.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is moderately susceptible
to flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Flashflooding is
common.
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay has low susceptibility to flooding.
Scouring also affect areas along the banks of the river.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is
common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). The barangay proper is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m. Desilting of
irrigation canal and widening of culvert are
recommended.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Flooding with depth of greater than 1 m affect
Puroks Centro and Sapa. Flashflooding with moderate
turbidity is common.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Rivers traversing the area prone to landslide
P a g e | 124
damming.
The barangay proper has low susceptibility to landslide
with depth of less than 0.5 m. Flash flooding is rare.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content). Tunhac 2 is moderately susceptible to flooding
with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m while Tunhac 1 is highly
susceptible to flooding with depth of greater than 1 m.
Flashflooding with high turbidity is very common.
18. Salangbato
19. Tunhac
7. Municipality of Kalayaan
-
There is one (1) barangay with low landslide susceptibility (San Juan).
P a g e | 125
P a g e | 126
Table 9. Results of Assessment of the Three (3) Barangays
Barangay
1. San Juan
2. San Antonio
3. Longos
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low to None
None
Low (Sitio Lunao)
Moderate
Remarks/Recommendations
Rockslide.
Seasonal, moderate depth (0.5 1
meter) sheet flooding in Puroks 2, 3 & 4.
8. Municipality of Liliw
-
P a g e | 127
P a g e | 128
Table 10. Results of Assessment of the Thirty-two (32) Barangays
Barangay
1. Daniw
2. Dita
3.Mal.
Kalantukan
4. Bayate
5. San Isidro
6. Cabuyew
7. Calumpang
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
Low
None
8. Dagatan
9. Mojon
10. Culoy
11. Tuy-Baanan
None
None
None
Moderate to
Low
12. Bubukal
Low
13. Bungkol
Low
14. Palayan
Low
15. Ibabang
Taykin
Low
Remarks/Recommendations
Riverbank erosion
Purok 6 affected by flooding from Lapad
River which experiences river during heavy
rains.
P a g e | 129
Low
Moderate
18. Silangan
Bukal
Low
19. Masikap
20. Ilayang
Palina
21. Ibabang
Palina
22. Laguan
Low to None
Low to None
Low to None
23. Oples
Low to None
24. Ibabang
Sungi
Low to None
25. Ilayang
Sungi
Low
None
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates on geohazard
situation.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks). Observe for
presence of mass movement. Constant
communication and updates with MDCC on
geohazard situation.
Low to None
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 130
Bukal
31. Novaliches
32. Luquin
Low
Low
There is one (1) barangay that was already assessed by Region 4-A
(Bagong Silang).
P a g e | 131
P a g e | 132
Table 11. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Thirteen (13) Barangays
Barangay
1. Lalakay
2. PuthoTuntungin
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High
High
Remarks
P a g e | 133
3. Bambang
4. Batong Malake
High
Moderate
5. Baybayin
6. Malinta
7. Mayondon
8. Bayog
9. San Antonio
10. Anos
11. Timugan
12. Tadlac
13. Maahas
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 134
Typhoon Milenyo. Greater portion of the barangay had
floodwater depth of less than 0.5 meter but in Sitio
Ibaba, Sitio Potrero, and Purok 3, floodwater depth
reached more than 1 meter. Purok 3 and Sitio Ibaba
located along the riverside are seasonally flooded.
8. Malinta
9. Moyondon
10. Putho-Tuntungin
P a g e | 135
meter. Approximately 30 households were affected.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/water
levels in Maulawin River, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content).
12. Tadlac
13. Timugan
There are ten (10) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (San
Isidro, San Pedro, San Rafael, San Roque, San Luis, San Jose, San
Diego, San Buenaventura, Santo Domingo and San Salvador).
P a g e | 136
P a g e | 137
Table 12. Results of Assessment of the Twenty-three (23) Barangays
Barangay
1. San Isidro
2. San Pedro
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
Low
3. San Rafael
4. San Roque
5. San Luis
6. San Jose
Low
Low
Low
Low
7. San Antonio
8. San Diego
None
Low
9. Zone I
10. Zone II
None
None
None
12. Zone IV
13. Zone V
14. Zone VI
15. Zone VII
16. Zone VIII
17. San
Buenaventura
18. Santo
Domingo
19. Dela Paz
None
None
None
None
None
Low to None
Low to None
None
Remarks/Recommendations
P a g e | 138
20. San Pablo
21. Santo Tomas
22. San Juan
23. San Salvador
None
None
None
Low (Sitio
Labason)
There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Bagong
Silang and Balubad).
P a g e | 139
P a g e | 140
Table 13. Results of Assessment of the Sixteen (16) Barangays
Barangay
1. Bagong Silang
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
2. Balubad
Low
3. Maytalang
4. Concepcion
5. Segunda Parang
None
None
None
6. Caliraya
7. Maytalang II
8. Salac
None
None
None
9. Primera Parang
10. Lewin
11. Primera Pulo
None
None
None
None
13. Wawa
14. Segunda Pulo
None
None
15. Balimbingan
16. Maracta
None
None
Recommendations
P a g e | 141
12. Municipality of Mabitac
P a g e | 142
P a g e | 143
Table 14. Results of Assessment of the Fifteen (15) Barangays
Barangay
1.
2.
3.
4.
Pag-asa
Maligaya
Masikap
Lukong
5. Bayanihan
6. Paagahan
7. San Miguel
8. Amuyong
9. Libis ng Nayon
10. Lambac
11. Sinag-tala
12. Nanguma
13. San Antonio
Landslide
Recommendations
Susceptibility
Rating
None
Low
Moderate
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Develop an early
warning device/system.
Identify
evacuation site. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically
wet. Observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
None
None
Observe for presence of mass
movement. Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
Moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension crack).
Observe for presence of mass
movement.
Observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied
by increased turbidity (soil content).
None
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 144
14. Matalatala
15. Numero
None
Low
There are two (2) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Buo at
Ilayang Atingay).
P a g e | 145
P a g e | 146
Table 15. Results of Assessment of Twenty- four (24) Barangays
Barangay
1.Buenavista
2.Cigaras
3. Tanauan
4.Ibabang Atingay
5. Buo
6.Ilayang Atingay
7. Halayhayin
8. Bucal
9. Ilog
10. Sabang
11. Balanac
12. Ibabang
Butnong
13. Maravilla
14. Malinao
15. Munting Abling
16. Banaan
17. Bungkol
18. Malaking
Ambling
19. Burlungan
20. Tipunan
21. Poblacion
22. Ilayang Butnog
23. Salasad
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
none
none
low
none
low
low to none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
Riverbank erosion
Riverbank erosion
Flooding of areas near Balanac
Flooding of areas near Balanac River
Barangay becomes isolated during
typhoon season because of swelling of
Balanac River.
P a g e | 147
14. Municipality of Majayjay
There is one (1) barangay (San Roque) with high landslide susceptibility.
P a g e | 148
P a g e | 149
Table 16. Results of Assessment of the Thirty-eight (38) Barangays
Barangay
1. San Miguel
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate to low
2. Origuel
Low
3. San Francisco
4. Sta. Catalina
5. Pangil
6. Panglan
7. Coralao
Low
Low
Low
Low
Moderate to low
8. Talortor
9. Munting
Low
Low
Remarks/Recommendations
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks; observe for
presence of mass movement; develop an
early warning device/system; identify
evacuation sites, observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with MDCC on
geohazard situation; monitor, if possible,
evacuate/relocate several residents along
the slope and river channel in danger of
possible slope failure or landslide.
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement; identify
evacuation site; constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard situation;
monitor, if possible, relocate-10 houses
located near the slopes and river channel.
P a g e | 150
Kawayan
10. Olla
11. Suba
Low
None
None
Moderate
14. Pook
15. Banilad
16. Isabang
17. Bitaoy
18. Rizal
P a g e | 151
19. Tanawan
Low
20. Bakia
Low
21. Piit
22. Botocan
Low
Low ( Puroks
Kalyahon &
Acacia-high
susceptibility to
landslide
23. Ilayang
Banga
24. Gagalot
Low
Low
25. Balanak
Low
26. Burol
Low
27. Amonoy
28. Panalaban
Low
Low
P a g e | 152
29. Ilayang
Bayucain
30. Ibabang
Bayucain
31. San Roque
None
High to Moderate
32. Malinao
33. Oobi
34. Burgos
35. Taytay
Low
None
Low
Low
36. Bukal
37. Ibabang
Banga
38. May-it
Low
Low
None
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.,
landslide, tension cracks); observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water levels,
possibly accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil contents); observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not typically wet.
Observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
Low
P a g e | 153
P a g e | 154
Table 17. Results of Assessments of the Forty-seven (47) Barangays
Barangay
1.Cabuyew
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate
2.Bankuro
Moderate
3.Wakat
Moderate
4.Lawagin
Moderate
5. Bukal
Moderate
6. San Francisco
Moderate
7. Silangan Ilaya
Low
8. Bambang
Low
9. Sulsugin
Low
10. Buboy
Low
11. Buenavista
Low
12. Balayong
Low
13. Abo
Low
14. Silangan
Napaptid
Low
Recommendations
P a g e | 155
15. Mayaquitos
Low
16. Banilad
Low
17. Malaya
Low
18. Yukos
Low
19. Silangan
Lazaan
Low
20. Malinao
Low
21. Sinipian
Low
22. Balimbing
Low
23. Taytay
Low
24. Noples
Low
25. Palina
Low
26. Kanluran
Lazaan
27. Palayan
28. Talangan
30. Sta. Lucia
None
None
None
None
31. Nagcalbang
None
P a g e | 156
32. Lagulo
33. Silangan
Kabuhayan
34. Kanluran
Kinabuhayan
35. Sibulan
36. Banca banca
None
None
None
None
37. Buhangian
38. Calumpang
39. Talahib
40. Alambrado
None
None
None
None
41. Maliit
42. Banago
43. Manaol
44. Maravilla
None
None
None
None
45. Sabang
46. Bunga
44. Tipakin
None
None
None
None
There is one (1) barangay with low landslide susceptibility (Ibaba del Sur),
P a g e | 157
P a g e | 158
Table 18. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Nine (9) Barangays
Barangay
1. Bagumbayan
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
Moderate
Moderate
Moderate
Remarks
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; observe for rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels,
possibly
companied
by
increased turbidity (soil content).
In the barangay proper and Sitio San
Isidro along the footslopes of ML
Kalusugan, evidences of mass
movement are present such as
old/inactive landslides, escarpments,
and debris flow. Based on historical
accounts the said events occurred last
August 15, 2002.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system
for possible flash
flooding and occurrence of debris
flow;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
constant communication and updates
with Barangay Ilaya del Sur on
geohazard situation; informal settlers
must be prohibited in putting up
settlements along or within slopes.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks);
Observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g. landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system
for possible flash
flooding and occurrence of debris
P a g e | 159
4. Quinale
Moderate
Low
flow;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
constant communication and updates
with Barangay Ilaya del Norte on
geohazard situation; informal settlers
must be prohibited in putting up
settlements along or within slopes.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe of presence of
mass movement (e.g., landslides,
tension cracks); observe for rapid
increase/decrease in canal water
levels, possibly increased by turbidity
(soil content)
In
Sitio
Upper
White
Plains,
recent/active, old/ inactive landslides,
and escarpments are present.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslides, tension cracks);
observe for presence of mass
movement (e.g., landslides, tension
cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation
site;
observe
for
rapid
increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content);
observe for saturated ground or seeps
in areas that are not typically wet;
observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces; constant communication and
updates with MDCC on geohazard
situation.
Rockfall occurred within the barangay
during severe storm in 2002.
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 160
In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, eight (8) out of the nine (9)
assessed barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.
2. Bangkusay
3. Ermita
8. Maytoong
Remarks
The barangay proper is seasonally flooded with
floodwater depth of less than 0.5 meter. Flash
flooding with very high boulders and debris is
common.
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is common
along Sintunis/Bayan River, which may directly affect
the barangay proper. Artificial damming of this river
also occurred in the past which caused flooding in the
barangay proper that reached more than 1 meter.
Develop an early warning device/system for possible
occurrence of flood
Flash flooding with moderate turbidity is common
along Sintunis River, which may directly affect the
barangay proper. Artificial damming of this river also
occurred in the past which caused flooding in the
barangay proper that reached up to 0.5 meter.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by turbidity (soil
content).
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is common.
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is common
along Sintunis/Bayan River, which may directly affect
the barangay proper and the barangay hall. Artificial
damming of the river also occurred in the past, which
caused flooding in the barangay proper that reached
1 meter.
Not prone to flooding
The barangay rarely experiences flooding. The most
recent account was during a severe storm in 2002
wherein flash flooding occurred (low to moderate
turbidity).
Madrian St. is seasonally flooded, with floodwater
depth of less than 0.5 meter.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content)
P a g e | 161
9. Quinale
P a g e | 162
P a g e | 163
Table 19. Results of Assessment of Sixteen (16) Barangays
Barangay
1. Calusiche
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
2. Magdapio
3. Pinagsanjan
None
None
4. Sampaloc
None
5. Daigin
6. Maulawin
None
None
7. Anibong
Moderate to low
8. Lambac
9. Sabang
10. Cabanbanan
11. Layugan
12. Buboy
13. Poblacion I
None
None
None
None
None
Low
14. Bian
15. San Isidro
None
Low
16. Poblacion II
None
Remarks/ Recommendations
P a g e | 164
18. Municipality of Pakil
There are two (2) barangays that were not assessed (Dorado and
Saray).
P a g e | 165
P a g e | 166
Table 20. Results of Landslide Assessment of Eleven (11) Barangays
Barangay
1. Casa Real
2. Bao (Pob.)
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High
Moderate
4. Gonzales
(Pob.)
Moderate
Remarks
P a g e | 167
device/system; identify evacuation
site; observe for saturated ground
or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces.
5. Rizal (Pob.)
Moderate
6. Taft (Pob.)
Moderate
7. Tavera (Pob.)
Moderate
8. Casinsin
9. Banilan
Low
None
P a g e | 168
10. Kabulusan
11. Matikiw
None
None
Remarks
Flash flooding is rare.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for rapid increase in
creek/river water levels, possibly accompanied by
increased turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Brgy. San Jose on
flooding situation. Flashflooding with moderate
turbidity is common. During heavy rains, water from
Brgy. San Jose drains to the area.
3. Burgos (Pob.) Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The area is affected by flashflooding with moderate turbidity (soil and pebbles).
4. Casa Real
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). Sitio Villa Cristina is highly
susceptible to flooding with depth of more than 1
meter.
5. Casinsin
Flash flood is rare
6. Gonzales
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
(Pob.)
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is susceptible to
flashflooding with low turbidity.
7. Kabulusan
Purok Ilang-Ilang and Maligaya II have low
susceptibility to landslide with depth less than 1 meter.
Flashflooding with very high turbidity is rare.
8. Matikiw
Flashflooding is rare.
9. Rizal (Pob.)
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is highly
susceptible to flashflooding with moderate turbidity.
River scouring is severe along the Pansol River.
10. Taft (Pob.)
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increase
turbidity (soil content). The barangay is affected by
flashflooding with moderate turbidity.
P a g e | 169
11. Tavera
(Pob.)
P a g e | 170
P a g e | 171
Table 21. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Eight (8) Barangays
Barangay
1. Balian
2. Dambo
3. Galalan
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
High
Remarks
P a g e | 172
4. Mabato-Azufre
Moderate
5. Sulib
Low
6. Natividad
Low
7. San Jose
8. Isla
None
None
creeping is widespread.
Monitor progress of mass movement
(e.g., landslide, tension cracks) in
Pulong Cogon; observe for presence
of mass movement (e.g., landslide,
tension cracks); develop an early
warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; observe for sunken
or displaced road surface.
Recent/active landslides are present
in Puroks 3 and 4. Recent
escarpments are present in Purok 4.
The whole barangay experiences
patchy soil creeping.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease
in creek/river water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for sunken
or displaced road surfaces; constant
communication and updates with
Brgy. Galalan on geohazard
situation.
Observe for rapid increase/decrease
in creek/river water levels, possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity
(soil content); constant
communication and updates with
MDCC on geohazard situation.
2. Dambo
Remarks
Portions of Purok 1 along Balian river experiences
flooding especially during typhoons and continuous
rains. Floodwater depth ranges from 0.5 to 1 meter.
Flash flooding is rare.
Already assessed by MGB-Region 4-A
P a g e | 173
3. Galalan
4. Isla
5. Mabato-Azufre
6. Natividad
7. San Jose
8. Sulib
P a g e | 174
20. Municipality of Pila
P a g e | 175
P a g e | 176
Table 22. Results of Assessment of the Fourteen (14) Barangays
Barangay
1. Tubuan
2. Concepcion
3. Mojon
4. Pansol
5. Bulihan Norte
6. Sta. Clara
Norte
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None
7. Bulilan Sur
8. Sta. Clara Sur
9. San Antonio
None
None
None
None
None
12 Pinagbayanan
None
13. Linga
None
14. Aplaya
None
Remarks/Recommendations
P a g e | 177
P a g e | 178
Table 23. Results of Assessment of the Eleven (11) Barangays
Barangay
1. Laguan
2. Pook
3. Pauli II
4. Entablado
5. East
Poblacion
6. West
Poblacion
7. Tala
8. Tuy
9. Pauli I
10. Talaga
11. Antipolo
Landslide
Remarks/Recommendations
Susceptibility
Rating
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); observe for
saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet.
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks).
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
(e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop an
early warning device/system; observe for
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are typically
wet.
Low
Observe for presence of mass movement
High (Basiling (e.g. landslides, tension cracks); develop an
Area,
early warning device/system; observe for
particularly
rapid increase/decrease in creek/river water
along road
levels, possibly accompanied by increased
cut)
turbidity (soil content); observe for saturated
ground or seeps in areas that are typically
wet; observe for sunken or displaced road
surfaces.
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
P a g e | 179
22. Municipality of Sta. Cruz
P a g e | 180
P a g e | 181
Table 24. Results of Assessments of Twenty-three (23) Barangays
Barangay
1. Labuin
2. Patimbao
3. Santo Angel
Sur
4. Poblacion III
5. Poblacion IV
6. San Pablo
Norte
7. Santisima
Cruz
8. Poblacion V
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
12. Pagsawitan
13. Santo Angel
Central
14. Santo Angel
Norte
15. Callios
16. Bagumbayan
17. Duhat
18. Gatid
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
21. Jasaan
22. Oogong
23. Malinao
None
None
None
None
Remarks/Recommendation
P a g e | 182
23. Municipality of Siniloan
There are seven (7) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Halayhayin,
Kapatatalan, Liyang, Mactad, Magsaysay, Mayataba and P. Burgos).
P a g e | 183
P a g e | 184
Table 25. Results of Landslide Assessment of Twenty (20) Barangays
Barangay
1. Laguio
2. Llavac
3. Halayhayin
4. Kapatalan
5. Liyang
6. Macatad
7. Magsaysay
8. Mayatba
9. P. Burgos
10. Acevida
11. Bagong Pagasa (Pob.)
12. Bagumbayan
(Pob.)
13. Buhay
Landslide
Remarks
Susceptibility
Rating
high
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g. landslides,
tension cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site; observe
for saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observed for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
moderate
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g. landslides,
tension cracks); develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site; observe
for saturated ground or seeps in areas that are
not typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
low
low
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks)
low
Observe presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in hillside sitios such
as Quinale and Alas-as; develop an early
warning device/system.
none
none
none
none
none
none
P a g e | 185
16. J. Rizal (Pob.)
17. Mendiola
none
none
18. Pandeo
19. Salubungan
20. Wawa
none
none
none
In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, all the twenty (20) assessed
barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.
2. Bagong Pag-asa
(Pob.)
3. Bagumbarangay
(Pob.)
4. Buhay
5. G. Redor (Pob.)
Remarks
Develop an early warning device/system;
strengthen the Barangay Disaster Coordinating
Council (BDCC); the entire barangay is
moderately susceptible to flood with depth of
0.5 m to 1 m. Riverbank erosion affect areas
along Siniloan River.
Identify evacuation site; strengthen BDCC.
Sixty (60) houses located near Ilog Romilo are
affected by flood with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m.
Areas along the banks of Ilog Romilo are
affected by erosion.
Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increase turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council (MDCC) on
flooding
situation;
construct
riverbank
protection along Romelo River; flash flooding is
rare.
Observe rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by
increase turbidity (soil content); constant
communication and update with Municipal
Disaster Coordinating Council (MDCC) on
flooding situation; strengthen BDCC; one third
(1/3) of the barangay is susceptible to flooding
with depth of greater than 1 m. Flash flooding
is rare.
Constant communication and update with
Municipal Disaster Coordinating Council
(MDCC) on flooding situation; low lying
portions of the barangay are susceptible to
P a g e | 186
6. Gen. Luna
7. Halayhayin
8. J. Rizal (Pob.)
9. Kapatalan
10. Laguio
11. Liyang
12. Llavac
13. Macatad
14. Magsaysay
15. Mayatba
16. Mendiola
P a g e | 187
17. P.Burgos
18. Pandeo
19. Salubungan
20. Wawa
There are seven (7) barangays with low landslide susceptibility (Cambuja,
Cabooan, Calangay, Inayapan, Pao-o, Parang ng Buho and Santiago).
P a g e | 188
P a g e | 189
Table 26.
Results of Landslide Assessment of the Twenty-Five (25) Barangays
Barangay
1. 1. Talangka
Landslide
Susceptibility
Remarks
Rating
high
Monitor progress of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks); observe for
presence of mass movement (e.g.
landslides, tension cracks) in other sitios of
the barangay; develop an early warning
device/system; identify evacuation site;
observe for rapid increase/decrease in
creek/river
water
levels,
possibly
accompanied by increased turbidity (soil
content); observe for saturated ground or
seeps in areas that are not typically wet;
strengthen BDCC.
2. Tungkod
moderate
3. Jose Laurel,
Sr.
moderate
4. Mataling-Ting
moderate
P a g e | 190
not typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced road surfaces.
5. Cambuja
low
6. Cabooan
low
7. Calangay
low
8. Inayapan
low
9. Pao-o
low
10. Parang ng
Buho
low
P a g e | 191
and updates with Brgy. Santiago on
geohazard situation.
11. Santiago
low
12. Adia
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
none
24. Masinao
25. Cueva
none
none
none
none
none
P a g e | 192
ground or seeps in areas that are not
typically wet; observe for sunken or
displaced
road
surfaces;
Constant
communication and updates with Brgy.
Santiago on geohazard situation.
Evidences of landslide are present in Sitio
Hagnaya. Some portions of Little Baguio
are highly susceptible to landslide.
In terms of flood and flashflood susceptibility, twenty-four (24) out of
twenty (25) assessed barangays were found to be susceptible to flooding.
2. Bagong Pook
3. Bagumbayan
4. Barangay I (Pob.)
5.Barangay II (Pob.)
Remarks
Observe for rapid increase/decrease in creek/river
water levels, possibly accompanied by increased
turbidity (soil content); develop an early warning
device/system; constant communication and
updates with Barangays Santiago and Laurel on
flooding situation. Flashflooding is common.
Riverbank erosion along Malatiki River affects
Sitios Isla and Malatiki.
The entire barangay is highly susceptible to
flooding with depth of greater than 1 m;
strengthen BDCC; Riverbank and channel erosion
is active along the rivers.
Flashflooding is rare.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; Flashflooding is rare with
moderate turbidity.
Identify evacuation site; Part of Burgos and Rizal
Streets are moderately susceptible to sheet
flooding with depth of 0.5 m to 1 m. Riverbank
erosion is active in this area affecting residential
areas constructed along riverbanks. Riverbank
protection along Sta. Maria is requested by the
residents.
Develop an early warning device/system; identify
evacuation site; the entire barangay is prone to
flooding with depth of not more than 1 m.
Riverbank erosion along Sta. Maria also affects
the barangay.
P a g e | 193
7. Barangay IV (Pob.)
8. Bubukal
9.
10.
11.
12.
13.
14.
15.
16.
17.
18.
19.
20.
21.
22.
23. Talangka
24. Tungkod
25.
Municipality of Victoria
P a g e | 194
P a g e | 195
Table 27. Results of Landslide Assessment of the Nine (9) Barangays
Barangay
2. 1. Banca-banca
2. Masapang
3. San Benito
4. Dariw
5. San Francisco
6. San Felix
7. Nanhaya
8. Pagalangan
9. San Roque
Landslide
Susceptibility
Rating
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
None
Remarks
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.
Flood: high (>1 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.
Flood: low (<0.5 meter); Rare.
Flood: high (>1 meter); Rarely occurs
Flood: moderate (0.5 - 1 meter); Common.
Signed
SALVIO B. LASERNA
Supervising Science Research Specialist
MGB Rapid Geohazard Assessment Team Leader