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AIRCRAFT HARDWARE
However, there are several differences between them.
The threaded end of a bolt is always relatively blunt. A
screw may be either blunt or pointed. The threaded end
of a bolt must be screwed into a nut. The threaded end
of the screw may fit into a nut or directly into the
material being secured. A bolt has a fairly short
threaded section and a comparatively long grip length
(the unthreaded part). A screw may have a longer
threaded section and no clearly defined grip length. A
bolt assembly is generally tightened by turning a nut.
The bolt head may or may not be designed to be turned.
A screw is always designed to be turned by its head.
Another minor difference between a screw and a bolt is
that a screw is usually made of lower strength
materials.
INTRODUCTION
The importance of aircraft hardware is often
overlooked because of the small size of most items.
However, the safe and efficient operation of any aircraft
depends upon the correct selection and use of aircraft
hardware. This chapter discusses the various types of
threaded fasteners, quick-release fasteners, rivets,
electrical hardware, and other miscellaneous hardware.
You must make sure that items of aircraft hardware
remain tightly secured in the aircraft. Therefore, we
will discuss proper safetying methods in this chapter.
Aircraft hardware is identified for use by its
specification number or trade name. Threaded fasteners
and rivets are identified by Air Force-Navy (AN),
National Aircraft Standard (NAS), and Military
Standard (MS) numbers. Quick-release fasteners are
identified by factory trade names and size designations.
AIRCRAFT BOLTS
THREADED FASTENERS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify common types of threaded fasteners and the
methods used to properly install and safety
them.
5-1
ANF0502
DIAMETER
THREADS
ANF0501
GRIP
5-2
CLEVIS BOLT
EYEBOLT
HEAD MARKINGS
CLOSE
TOLERANCE
(STEEL OR
ALUMINUM
ALLOY)
ALUMINUM
ALLOY
(62,000 P.S.I.)
CORROSION
RESISTANT
STEEL
(125,000 P.S.I.)
STEEL
125,000 P.S.I)
STEEL
(150,000 P.S.I.)
ANF0503
SCREWS
MACHINE SCREW
STRUCTURAL SCREW
PHILLIPS HEAD
SELF-TAPPING
SCREW
REED AND
PRICE HEAD
ANF0504
Figure 5-4.Screws.
5-3
CAUTION
NUTS
COUNTERSUNK
HEAD
GRIP
Nonself-locking Nuts
LENGTH
ROUND
HEAD
GRIP
LENGTH
BRAZIER
HEAD
ANF0505
CASTLE NUT
CASTELLATED
SHEAR NUT
WING NUT
GRIP
LENGTH
ANF0506
5-4
NONMETALICINSERT
LOCK NUT
FLEXLOC NUT
ELASTIC
STOP NUT
ELASTIC TWO-LUG
ANCHOR NUT
5-5
ANF0507
Application of Torque
TOP VIEW
SIDE VIEW
INWARD
THREAD
LOCK
DOUBLE-LOCKED
POSITION
ANF0508
5-6
CAMLOC FASTENERS
TURNLOCK FASTENERS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Recognize the
three common types of turnlock fasteners
(quick-action panel fasteners) and how they
operate.
Turnlock fasteners are used to secure plates, doors,
and panels that require frequent removal for inspection
and servicing. Turnlock fasteners are also referred to as
quick-action panel fasteners. These fasteners are
available in several different styles and are usually
referred to by the manufacturer's trade name. Some of
the most common are the Camloc, Airloc, and Dzus.
OUTER MEMBER
STUD ASSEMBLY
GROMMET
STUD ASSEMBLY
GROMMET
RETAINING
RING
RIVET
FLUSH OR
PROTRUDING
GROMMET
INNER
MEMBER
RECEPTACLE
GROMMET
RETAINING
RING
STUD RETAINING
RING (USED ON
SOME FASTENERS)
RECEPTACLE
STUD
RETAINING
RING
INNER
MEMBER
RECTACLE
ANF0509
5-7
DZUS FASTENERS
Dzus fasteners are available in two types. One is the
light-duty type, used on box covers, access hole covers,
and lightweight fairing. The second is the heavy-duty
type, which is used on cowling and heavy fairing. The
main difference between the two types of Dzus
fasteners is a grommet, used with the heavy-duty
fasteners. Otherwise their construction features are
about the same.
AIRLOCK FASTENERS
Figure 5-11 shows the parts that make up an Airloc
fastener. Similar to the Camloc fastener, the Airloc
fastener consists of a receptacle, stud, and cross pin.
The stud is attached to the access panel and is held in
place by the cross pin. The receptacle is riveted to the
access panel frame.
2
8
10
5
10
1.
2.
3.
4.
TENSION SPRING
STUD ASSEMBLY
RETAINING RING
RETAINING RING
5. RECEPTACLE ASSEMBLY
6. RECEPTACLE ATTACHING RIVETS
7. OUTER SKIN
8. INNER SKIN
Figure 5-10.Camloc high-stress panel fastener.
5-8
9. INSERT
10. COVER
ANF0510
FIXED TYPE
(A)
FLOATING TYPE
(B)
RECEPTACLE
ANF0511
CROSS
PIN
STUD
PANEL
A
OVAL
TYPE
FLUSH
TYPE
WING
TYPE
STUD
SPRING
ANF0512
DIMPLED
HOLE
COVER
ASSEMBLY
5-9
RIVETS
LEARNING OBJECTIVE: Identify the
solid rivets, blind rivets, and rivnuts commonly
used in aircraft construction.
SOLID RIVETS
Solid rivets are classified by their head shape, size,
and the material from which they are manufactured.
Rivet head shapes and their identifying code numbers
are shown in figure 5-13. The prefix MS identifies
hardware under the control of the Department of
Defense and that the item conforms to military
standards. The prefix AN identifies specifications that
MS20470
UNIVERSAL
ANF0513
AN 430
ROUND
AN 456
MS20426
BRAZIER COUNTERSUNK
AN 442
FLAT
5-10
COUNTERSUNK
LOCKING
COLLAR
NOTE
SHEET
GAP
OPEN
END
ANF0515
LOCKING
COLLAR
CLOSED
END
FLAT HEAD
OPEN
END
CLOSED
END
(A)
ANF0514
INSTALLED
(B)
MISCELLANEOUS FASTENERS
RIVNUTS
The rivnut is a hollow aluminum rivet that is
counterbored and threaded on the inside. The rivet is
installed with the aid of a special tool. Rivnuts are used
primarily as a nut plate. They may be used as rivets in
secondary structures such as instruments, brackets, and
soundproofing materials. After rivnuts are installed,
accessories can be fastened in place with screws.
SNAP RINGS
A snap ring is a ring of metal, either round or flat in
cross section, that is tempered to have springlike action.
This springlike action holds the snap ring firmly seated
in a groove. The external types are designed to fit in a
groove around the outside of a shaft or cylinder. The
internal types fit in a groove inside a cylinder. A special
type of pliers is made to install each type of snap ring.
Snap rings may be reused as long as they retain their
shape and springlike action.
TURNBUCKLES
A turnbuckle is a mechanical screw device
consisting of two threaded terminals and a threaded
barrel. Figure 5-16 shows a typical turnbuckle
assembly.
SWAGING TERMINAL
PIN
EYE
ANF0516
5-11
STATIONARY
MEMBER
PLAIN
TAPER
PIN
MOVABLE
MEMBER
STATIONARY
MEMBER
COTTER
PIN
THREAD
TAPER
PIN
TAPER PINS
Taper pins are used in joints that carry shear loads
and where the absence of clearance is essential. See
figure 5-17. The threaded taper pin is used with a taper
pin washer and a shear nut if the taper pin is drilled. Use
a self-locking nut if the taper pin is undrilled. When a
shear nut is used with the threaded taper pin and
washer, the nut is secured with a cotter pin.
CASTELLATED
NUT
MOVABLE
MEMBER
TAPER
PIN
WASHER
COTTER
PIN
WASHER
FLEXIBLE CONNECTORS/CLAMPS
Some of the most commonly used clamps are
shown in figure 5-18. When installing a hose between
two duct sections, the gap between the duct ends should
be one-eighth inch minimum to three-fourths inch
maximum. When you install the clamps on the
connection, the clamp should be one-fourth inch
minimum from the end of the connector. Misalignment
between the ducting ends should not exceed one-eighth
inch maximum.
5-12
CONNECTORS
5-13
BARREL
TOUGUE
STRAIGHT
TERMINAL
HOLE
RIGHT ANGLE
TERMINALS
Since most aircraft wires are stranded, it is
necessary to use terminal lugs to hold the strands
together. This allows a means of fastening the wires to
terminal studs. The terminals used in electrical wiring
are either of the soldered or crimped type. Terminals
used in repair work must be of the size and type
specified in the applicable maintenance instruction
manual. The crimped-type terminals are generally
recommended for use on naval aircraft. Soldered-type
terminals are usually used in emergencies only.
FLAG
SPLICE
ANF0520
BONDING
When you connect all the metal parts of an aircraft
to complete an electrical unit, it is called bonding.
Bonding connections are made of screws, nuts,
washers, clamps, and bonding jumpers. Figure 5-21
shows a typical bonding link installation.
Bonding also provides the necessary lowresistance return path for single-wire electrical
systems. This low-resistance path provides a means of
bringing the entire aircraft to the earth's potential when
it is grounded.
RECEPTACLE
ASSEMBLY
COUPLING
NUT
PLUG SOCKET
ASSEMBLY
ANF0521
ANF0519
5-14
SAFETY WIRING
STEP 2
STEP 1
STEP 3
STEP 4
STEP 6
STEP 5
STEP 7
STEP 8
STEP 9
ANF0522
5-15
STEP 10
ANF0523
3
8
5-16
OIL CAPS
DRAIN COCKS
NOTE:
THE SAFETY WIRE IS
SHOWN INSTALLED
FOR RIGHT-HAND
THREADS. THE SAFETY
WIRE IS ROUTED IN THE
OPPOSITE DIRECTION
FOR LEFT-HAND THREADS.
ANF0523
VALVES
Figure 5-24.Safety wiring oil caps, drain cocks, and valves.
Electrical Connectors
Under conditions of severe vibration, the coupling
nut of a connector may vibrate loose. With sufficient
vibration, the connector could come apart. When this
occurs, the circuit carried by the cable opens. The
proper protective measure to prevent this occurrence is
by safety wiring, as shown in figure 5-25. The safety
wire should be as short as practicable. It must be
installed in such a manner that the pull on the wire is in
the direction that tightens the nut on the plug.
Turnbuckles
After you adjust a turnbuckle properly, safety it.
There are several methods of safetying turnbuckles.
Only two of these methods have been adopted by the
military services. These methods are shown in views
BULKHEAD
OR
PLATE
STANDARD FILLISTER
HEAD SCREW
(DRILLED HEAD)
ADAPTER
ANF0525
PLUG
5-17
Detailed instructions for using both the cliplocking and the wire-wrapping methods of safetying
STRAIGHT
END
HOOK
SHOULDER
HOOK
LIP
LOOP
END
HOOK
LOOP
HOOK
END
LOCK CLIP, NAS 651
(A)
TURNBUCKLE FORK
AN161 OR AN162
LOCK
WIRE
TURNBUCKLE
BARREL AN155
TURNBUCKLE
EYE AN170
4 TURNS
WRAP
LOCK
WIRE
ANF0526
4 TURNS
WRAP
(B)
CABLE
THIMBLE
AN100
4 TURNS
WRAP
SWAGED TERMINAL
AN666 OR AN669
5-18
COTTER PINS
Use cotter pins to secure bolts, screws, nuts, and
pins. Some cotter pins are made of low-carbon steel,
while others consist of stainless steel, and thus are more
resistant to corrosion. Use stainless steel cotter pins in
locations where nonmagnetic material is required.
Regardless of shape or material, use all cotter pins for
the same general purposesafetying. Figure 5-27
shows three types of cotter pins and how their size is
determined.
Q5-11.
Q5-12.
Q5-13.
Q5-14.
LENGTH
DIAMETER
UNEVEN
PONG
OPTIONAL
OPTIONAL
ANF0527
PREFERRED
5-19
ANF0528
PLAIN WASHERS
LOCK WASHERS
Tab Lock Washers
Lock washers are used whenever the self-locking
or castellated type nut is not used. Sufficient friction is
provided by the spring action of the washer to prevent
loosening of the nut because of vibration. Lock washers
PLAN
BALL SEAT
& SOCKET
TAPER PIN
SPECIAL WASHERS
SPECIAL WASHERS
ANF0529
5-20
ASSIGNMENT 5
Textbook Assignment: "Aircraft Hardware," chapter 5, pages 5-1 through 5-20.
5-1.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-2.
5-4.
5-6.
5-10.
5-11.
5-12.
5-13.
Length
Diameter
Head thickness and width
Each of the above
5-21
Countersunk
Hex head
Internal wrenching
Clevis
5-9.
Five
Two
Three
Four
Standard numbers
Air Force-Navy numbers
Stock numbers
Cross-reference numbers
5-5.
5-8.
AN
MS
NAS
All of the above
5-3.
5-7.
5-14.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-15.
5-17.
5-22.
5-23.
5-24.
5-18.
5-20.
Wing nut
Plain nut
Castle nut
Castellated shear nut
5-26.
Self-locking nuts
Castellated shear nuts
Wingnuts
Plain checknuts
5-27.
5-19.
5-25.
Dzus
Camloc
Airloc
Each of the above
Machine screws
Structural screws
Self-tapping fasteners
Turnlock fasteners
Elastic stop
Camloc
Flexloc
Boots
Structural screws
Machine screws
Self-tapping screws
Setscrews
Standard screws
Standard nuts
Standard bolts
None of the above
5-16.
5-21.
5-22
Stud
Spring
Grommet
Receptacle
5-28.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-29.
5-36.
Universal head
Round head
Flat head
Countersunk head
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-32.
5-38.
5-39.
Open-end
Closed-end
Externally threaded
Groove shanked
5-40.
1. True
2. False
5-34.
5-41.
RF cable
Shielded cable
Twisted cable
Multiconductor cable
5-23
RF cable
Shielded cable
Twisted cable
Multiconductor cable
Twisted
Multiconductor
Braided
Stranded conductor
NATOPS manual
IPB
Maintenance instructions manual
General structural repair manual
5-33.
1/2 inch
5/8 inch
3/4 inch
13/16 inch
Safety wire
A cotter pin
A self-locking nut
A sheet spring nut
5-30.
5-35.
RF cable
Shielded cable
Twisted cable
Multiconductor cable
5-42.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-43.
5-44.
5-45.
5-46.
5-49.
1.
2.
3.
4.
Plug
Terminal
Coupling nut
Receptacle
5-50.
5-51.
5-48.
1
2
3
4
8
7
6
5
5-52.
5-53.
5-54.
5-24
Single-wire method
Clip-locking method
Double-twist method
Wire-wrapping method
30 inch
24 inch
18 inch
12 inch
Clip-locking method
Single-wire method
Double-twist method
Wire-wrapping method
5-55.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-56.
5-60.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-61.
5-58.
5-62.
Cotter pins
Snap rings
Tab lock washers
Safety wire
One
Two
Three
Four
1.
2.
3.
4.
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-59.
Castle
Plain hex
Elastic stop
Castellated shear
1.
2.
3.
4.
5-25
Special washers
Star lock washers
Plain washers
Tab lock washers
Special
Castle
Complex
Plain