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Battleground WWI
Documentary series about WWI "Clash of the Empires"
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Achieving ones goals in the most important thing in war and all means have been used to do so
during WWII. Trickery, planned hoaxes, deceit, making use of doubles or simply feigning the
willingness to surrender are all used at some point during the war. We take a look at 4 of these
hoaxes.
1 Operation Fortitude
Operation Fortitude was the code name for a World War II military deception employed by the
Allied nations as part of an overall deception strategy during the build-up to the 1944 Normandy
landings. Fortitude was divided into two sub-plans, North and South, with the aim of misleading
the German high command as to the location of the imminent invasion.
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Both Fortitude plans involved the creation of fake field armies (based in Edinburgh and the south
of England) which threatened Norway (Fortitude North) and Pas de Calais (Fortitude South). The
operation was intended to divert Axis attention away from Normandy and, after the invasion on
June 6, 1944, to delay reinforcement by convincing the Germans that the landings were purely a
diversionary attack.
Fortitude North was designed to mislead the Germans into expecting an invasion of Norway. By
threatening any weakened Norwegian defence the Allies hoped to prevent or delay reinforcement
of France following the Normandy invasion. The plan involved simulating a buildup of forces in
northern England and political contact with Sweden.
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During a similar operation in 1943, Operation Cockade, a fictional field army (British Fourth Army)
had been created, headquartered in Edinburgh Castle. It was decided to continue to use the same
force during Fortitude. Unlike its Southern counterpart the deception relied primarily on Special
Means and fake radio traffic, since it was judged unlikely that German reconnaissance planes
could reach Scotland unintercepted.False information about the arrival of troops in the area were
reported by double agents Mutt and Jeff, who had surrendered following their 1941 landing in the
Moray Firth, whilst the British media cooperated by broadcasting fake information, such as
football scores or wedding announcements, to nonexistent troops. Fortitude North was so
successful that by late spring 1944, Hitler had thirteen army divisions in Norway.
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In the early spring of 1944 British commandos attacked targets in Norway to simulate
preparations for invasion. They destroyed industrial targets, such as shipping and power
infrastructure, as well as military outposts. This coincided with an increase in naval activity in the
northern seas, and political pressure on neutral Sweden.
Fortitude South employed similar deception in the south of England, threatening an invasion at
Pas de Calais by the fictional 1st U.S. Army Group (FUSAG). France was the crux of the Bodyguard
plan; as the most logical choice for an invasion the Allied high command had to mislead the
German defences in a very small geographical area. The Pas de Calais offered a number of
advantages over the chosen invasion site, such as the shortest crossing of the English Channel and
the quickest route into Germany. As a result German command, particularly Rommel, took steps to
heavily fortify that area of coastline. The Allies decided to amplify this belief of a Calais landing.
Montgomery, commanding the Allied landing forces, knew that the crucial aspect of any invasion
was the ability to enlarge a beachhead into a full front. He also had only limited divisions at his
command, 37 compared to around 60 German formations. Fortitude Souths main aims were to
give the impression of a much larger invasion force (the FUSAG) in the South-East of England, to
achieve tactical surprise in the Normandy landings and, once the invasion had occurred, to
mislead the Germans into thinking it a diversionary tactic with Calais the real objective
2 Operation Mincemeat
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