Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Table of Contents
2006-07-10
Page 1 of 16
Frequency shift
Handover times
9.2.1 eMLPP
eMLPP was
put
forwarded
in
1994. At
that
time,
ETSI
(European
2006-07-10
Page 2 of 16
The pre-emption means that the calls with higher priority levels can pre-empt the
resources of the calls with lower priority levels when network resources
(including processing capability, signaling channel, and traffic channel) are
scarce. To ensure the conversation of the calls with higher priority levels, the
network can disconnect the conversation of the calls with lower priorities.
9.2.2 VGCS
VGCS stands for Voice Group Call Service. It is corresponds to 03.68 protocols.
According to VGCS, a network is divided into multiple Group Call Areas (GCA),
and multiple Group IDs (GID) are defined in each GCA. A Group Call Reference
(GCR = GCA + GID) is an exclusive one in the network. The roles involved in
VGCS are speakers, receivers, and dispatchers.
When an MS starts a group call, the network side will set up one group call
channel in each cell within the GCA, and will send group call messages on the
Notification Channel (NCH), which is similar to the paging channel. When the
MSs belonging to this group detect notification messages on the NCH, they
automatically adjust them to the paging channel to receive the messages. When
intending to start the conversation, any receiver can press the key PPT (PUSH
TO TALK). The dispatcher own dedicated channels, so it can start the start the
conversation any time. For other subscribers in the group call, only one of which
can be the speaker, the others are receivers.
9.2.3 VBS
VBS can be realized on the VGCS platform. For VBS, only the subscriber
starting the call can be the speaker during the conversation, and other
subscribers are all receivers. Because no uplink access control is required for
VBS, it is realized easier than VGCS.
Table of Contents
2006-07-10
Page 3 of 16
addition, the antennas, feeders, and antenna combiners used for the two
directions are independent of each other.
Figure 1.1 Schematic diagram for power splitter & single cell & bi-direction
This solution can eliminate the handovers within the same base station, but the
power splitter will bring 3dB attenuation, so the coverage area of the base station
will be reduced accordingly.
2006-07-10
Page 4 of 16
directional antenna. In addition, you do not have to add another feeders and
antennas to the system.
Because the gain of the 8-shaped antenna is low, the coverage distance of the
base station is short. In addition, because the directional diagram of the 8shaped antenna is fixed, this kind of antenna in inapplicable to the coverage for
curving railways, such as ) shaped railway. However, this solution can also
reduce handover times.
You must use the previous three solutions flexibly according to actual conditions.
For example, you can use the power splitter for railways with many curves and
use the 8-shaped antenna for direct railways. For railway stations, you can
normal solutions on GSM cell planning.
2006-07-10
Page 5 of 16
2006-07-10
Page 6 of 16
2006-07-10
Page 7 of 16
C
k
I
i 1
Here
Ik
expressed as:
1
D
( k ) r
R
i 1
k
Here qk indicates intra-frequency interference attenuation factor of the k th intrafrequency interference cell.
can be 3, 4, or
5. Generally, it is 4.
2006-07-10
Page 8 of 16
an even number. If it is an odd number, the two sectors facing each other will use
the same frequency.
For example, if three group numbers, such as 1, 3, and 5, form a frequency
reuse group, it is a certainty that there will be two cells facing each other. If the
four group numbers, 1, 3, 5, and 7, form a frequency reuse group, no cell will
face another cell. For details, see Table 1.1.
Table 1.1 Frequency group analysis
Group number
Direction (degree)
Channel number
180
180
180
180
180
According to this table, the sector, whose group number is 4 and channel
number is 1, and the sector, whose group number is 7 and group number is 1,
will face each other.
To ensure the performance of the GSM-R system, you must make sure that even
frequencies instead of odd frequencies must be reused. Based on this principle,
you can estimate how many base stations are needed if the C/I requirement of
the GSM-R system can be met.
As shown in Figure 1.2. In the GSM-R system, if the base station E and the
base station A can reuse the frequency of the same group number, the CO-F
indicates the sector reusing the same frequency.
Page 9 of 16
MS transmit power = 1W
If the previous assumptions are present, the coverage distance of the 900MHz
GSM-R system ranges from 6 to 12km.
Therefore, if r = 3.5; R = 6km; the C/I of the GSM-R system is required to be
greater than 9dB, so it is 12dB if a margin of 3dB is added. In this case, N =
1.146, so it is 2 rounding up to the nearest integer.
If if r = 3.5; R = 12km; the C/I of the GSM-R system is required to be greater than
9dB, so it is 12dB if a margin of 3dB is added. In this case, N = 1.123, so it is 2
rounding up to the nearest integer.
Therefore, if the base stations in a GSM-R system are linearly distributed, every
other 2 base stations (4 sectors) can reuse the frequency.
2006-07-10
Page 10 of 16
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
Direction
BCCH
1007
1109
1111
1113
1115
1117
TCH
1114
1116
1118
1108
1110
1112
If you plan the frequencies according to this table, you may bring interference to
the system. For example, the TCH in direction 4 will interference the BCCHs in
the cells in direction 1 and 2. However, because the base station at the junction
isolates them and the GSM system has a relatively low requirement on neighbor
frequencies, so this solution will not cause strong interference. In addition, this
solution does not bring interference to the railways in neighbor directions.
For other cases, if trains from 3, 4, or 5 directions will arrive at the junction,
because the number of junctions is small, the frequencies are relatively
adequate. In this case, you can plan the frequencies for the base station to cover
the areas in five directions. To plan the frequencies for linear coverage area, you
can take the solution introduced in 9.7.2Ias a reference.
This solution is applicable when the base station at the junction is far away from
nearby base stations. If the base station is far away from other base stations,
you can control the interference easily. For example, in Figure 1.1, the base
station in direction 1 and that in direction 4 can reuse the same frequency.
2006-07-10
Page 11 of 16
I. P-Traffic
P-Traffic stands for the traffic generated by the daily maintenance staff in the
train station. Currently, it is estimated that the there are 100 staff employees in a
train station, and the average traffic of each one ranges from 0.01 to 0.02 Erl, so
it is 0.015 Erl in average. Therefore, the P-Traffic of each base station is 1.5 Erl.
II. T-Traffic
T-Traffic is the traffic generated by the subscribers when trains passe and stop at
the train station.
Generally, 2 trains will pass by a station at simultaneously. If 30 calls are
generated when the train passed by the station, and the conversation lasts for 60
seconds for each call, the T-Traffic can be expressed by the following equation:
T-Traffic = the number of trains * each call duration (s)/call times per hour (s) =
2*60/3600*30 = 1Erl.
Generally, only 1 train will stop at a base station at a time. If 10 calls are
generated by subscribers when the train stops at the station, and each
conversation lasts for 60 seconds, the T-Traffic can be expressed by the
following equation:
T-Traffic = the number of trains * each call duration (H)/call times per hour (s) =
2*10/3600*30 = 0.17Erl.
2006-07-10
Page 12 of 16
Therefore, the point-to-point traffic is 2.67 Erl in total. That is, point-to-point traffic
= P-Traffic + T-Traffic = (1.5 + 1 + 0.17) Erl = 2.67 Erl.
Note:
Under 1.5 mode, BSC allocates a dedicated channel to the speaker and the
speaker does not seize the uplink resource of the group call channel. When the
conversation finishes, the speaker releases the dedicated channel, thus
improving the conversation quality.
Page 13 of 16
2006-07-10
Page 14 of 16
As defined in GSM protocols, the power control order will cause a delay of 2
TDMA frames, which will result in signal fluctuation, so power control is not
used in the GSM-R system.
2)
GPRS enables radio resources to be efficiently. The details are listed in the
following.
2006-07-10
Page 15 of 16
Performing wind pressure at the train tail and sending control commands
2006-07-10
Page 16 of 16