Volume II - Issue 06
“The rate at which
slums are growing
exceeds the rate at
which they are be-
ing improved. This
severely impacts the
achievement of
Goal 7, target 11:
by 2020, to have
achieved a signifi-
cant improvement in
the lives of at least
100 million slum
dwellers. Some 200
million more slum
dwellers have been
added to the
world’s urban popu-
lation since 2000; if
current trends con-
tinue, by 2020,
there will be 400
million more people
drawn into the mis-
ery of slum life and
the global slum
population will
reach 1.4 billion.”
—State of the World’s
Cities 2006/7
INSIDE THIS ISSUE:
Mayor of Gwalior City 2 means to have no toile: “We use
Inaugurates the CMWSS in
Ramaji ka Pura
Policy Paper on 3 stand in a queue for half an hour,
“Rejuvenation of Commu-
nity Toilets” endorsed
SGSITS organizes Urban 4 use the toilets. Children also go
Water Demand Manage-
ment Programme
April 2006
Sanitation: A Women’s Issue
No issue touches the lives of labour and health burden of issues to reproductive health and
women—particularly poor urban inadequate sanitation falls on education. Few governments
women—as intimately as that of women. For women living in focus on the impact of inade-
access of sanitation. In low- slums, a long wait at the public quate sanitation on women. This
income settlements where there toilet can mean that children are could also be partially explained
are no individual toilets, women left unattended, or that a house- by the fact that improving access
have to queue for long period to hold chose is delayed. Unhy- to sanitation was only recently
gain access to public toilets; gienic public toilets and latrines recognised as a pressing interna-
threaten the health of women,
some have to bear the indignity tionally agreed target, in 2002
who are prone to reproductive at the World Summit on Sustain-
of having to defecate in the
open, which exposes them to the tract infections caused by poor able Development, so the issue
possibility of sexual harassment sanitation. For women who are has not been on the public
or assault. menstruating, the need for ade- agenda for long. Although
quate sanitation becomes even women’s lack of access to water
Although men also suffer from the
more acute. Moreover, because in both rural & urban areas and
burden of poor sanitation, they
it is generally women who are its health implications including
are more likely to resort to other
responsible for the disposal of severe back pain caused by car-
means to relieve themselves. In
human waste when provision of rying heavy vessels of water over
many slums, men urinate and
sanitation is inadequate, they are long distances has been the sub-
defecate along railway tracks
more susceptible to diseases ject of several studies, women’s
and in open spaces. But
associated with contact with hu- lack of access to sanitation has
women—whose anatomy, mod-
man excreta. not received the same attention.
esty and susceptibility to attack
Despite all this, the sanitation Preliminary, UN-HABITAT analy-
does not allow them to discreetly
relieve themselves in public— crisis affecting women has not ses indicate the need for further
been given a high priority on the study of the issue, as they show
have no choice but to wait until
agendas of human rights and that lack of sanitation in slums
dark, ,usually early in the morn-
women’s organisation. United increases health risks among all
ing when there is less risk of be-
Nations & other international slum residents, women and chil-
ing accosted. “Going to the toi-
bodies tend to confine women’s dren in particular.
let” for these women often means
squatting in a private spot or
waking up before dawn to queue
at public toilets.
One woman interviewed in a
Mumbai slum explained what it
the toilet outside our settlement,
five minutes away. We have to
that is why the men all go under
the bridge and only the women
out in the open.”
A disproportionate share of the
 PAGE - 2 April 2006

Mayor of Gwalior City Inaugurates the CMWSS in Ramaji ka Pura

On 11th April 2006, the Mayor of
Gwalior city, Mr. V.N. Sejwalkar, per-
formed the ground breaking ceremony for
the construction of ground level sump as a
mark of inauguration of the UN-HABITAT
supported Community Managed Water
Supply Scheme (CMWSS) for providing
potable water to the 1200 households in
Islampura and Ramaji ka pura slums of
Gwalior.
Mr. B.M. Sharma, Commissioner, Mr.
Brajendra Singh Jadon, Chairman of
Gwalior Municipal Corporation, Mr.
Mukesh Jadon, Corporator, Mr. Kallu
Khan, President, Members of the Commu-
nity Water and Sanitation Committee
(CWASC), Officers of Municipal Corpora-
tion and the residents of the community
were present on this occasion. The notified
slum of Ramaji Ka Pura, Islampura and
Subhash Nagar are situated in a hilly ter-
rain of ward No. 1 of Gwalior city having
6000 households almost totally below the
poverty line. About 1500 house-
holds residing on the higher
reaches are facing hardship due
to lack of a sustainable water
supply system. To alleviate the
problem Municipal in consultation
with the community has designed
the Community Managed Water
Supply Scheme to supply treated
water through construction of a
ground level sump of 420 KL
capacity and a ground level
Mayor Inaugurates the CMWSS in Ramaji ka pura, Gwalior
reservoir constructed at higher
level in the area, and pumping water from Gwalior Municipal Corporation would
the sump to and the ground level reservoir provide water at bulk rates to the
for supplying water to the consumers CWASC. The total capital investment for
through gravity through a network of pipe- the system has been estimated at Rs.
lines. A CWASC has been constituted to 30,00,000. GMC will contribute Rs. 10,
oversee construction activities and manage 00,000 from the resources at its disposal.
operation and maintenance of the system The balance amount is proposed to be met
through collection of user charges from the from the funds from the UN-HABITAT under
members of the CWASC. The CWASC the CMWSS component of the Water for
has a good representation of women. Even Asian Cities Programme. The capital works
execution is expected to take 6-9 months.
the Secretary is a women.

Training Programme on GIS Applications at IIRS Orientation Workshop on

UN-HABITAT in collaboration with the
Indian Institute of Remote Sensing (IIRS),
Dehradun organised a two-weeks capacity
building programme on GIS Application
from 17-28 April 2006.
The basic objective of the programme was
to orient the participants, the city plan-
ners/Engineers of Municipal Corporations,
the importance and need for an appropri-
ate and feasible information system in their
local work environment in promoting inte-
grated infrastructure development and
management which is realistic in applica-
tion under the existing data environment,
organisational setting, available automa-
tion aid and human resources; assimilate
new knowledge and skills in preparing
and managing data bases using different
software solutions which are managerial
and geographical referenced, build ca-
pacities in deriving inferences using appro-
priate GIS applications for implementation
in their local environment.
The programme was a mix of lecture,
group discussion and practical exercise in
the sophisticated computer laboratory of
IIRS. The programme was divided into two
modules. Under the GIS module, topics
covered include basic concepts and over
view of GIS; spatial and non spatial data
models; data inputting, editing and struc-
turing; Map projection and data quality;
spatial data analysis; network analysis;
digital elevation model and practical exer-
cises. The Module on GIS application in
water supply included topics like surface
water bodies mapping; quantification of
hydrologic elements using remote sensing
and GIS, Environmental Impact Assessment
of River Valley project; Hydrological mod-
elling, GIS utilities; ground water target-
ing; fundamental concept of GPS; Analysis
of water supply using GIS network, GIS
application for water supply networks;
system resolution satellite data for urban
regimes and GIS application in urban
studies.
Ten participants, 2 each from Municipal
Corporations of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur
and Gwalior and 2 from the Project Direc-
torate of Urban Water Supply and Environ-
mental Improvement Project, comprising of
Engineers, Architects & City Planners at-
tended the programme. These trained per-
sons will form the GIS cells being estab-
lished in each Municipal corporation and
facilitate development of in house capabil-
ity in preparation of GIS maps for the city.
PPSA Held in Jabalpur
On 5th April 2006, UN-HABITAT in collabo-
ration with WaterAid India had organized
an orientation workshop on Slums Environ-
mental Sanitation Initiative (SESI) in Ja-
balpur. The programme was inaugurated by
the Mayor of Jabalpur City, Mrs. Sushila
Singh. On this occasion, Commissioner,
Elected representatives, the officers of Ja-
balpur Municipal Corporation (JMC), Chief
Technical Adviser, UN-HABITAT, Regional
Manager, WaterAid India and the office
bearers of local partner NGOs, ACT and
Kshitiz were present.
The objective of the workshop was to ap-
prise all the stakeholders about the need for
undertaking Poverty Pocket Situational Analy-
sis as a prerequisite for implementation of
SESI project in selected poverty pockets, as
well as to familiarise the staff of the partner
NGOs with the methodology of the PPSA.
The main objectives of the SESI project is to
demonstrate how communities can be em-
powered to acquire adequate sanitation that
meets their needs, generate felt demand for
sanitation facilities in slums with most appro-
priate technologies and also to ensure total
open defecation free slums by constructing
low-cost individual household latrines, com-
munity managed sanitation complexes etc.
VOLUME II - ISSUE 06 PAGE - 3

Policy Paper on “Rejuvenation of Community Toilets” endorsed

As per the mandate of providing urban basic services, urban local Status of CTs in poverty pockets of Bhopal and Gwalior
bodies have made large and sizable investments for the construc-
140
Total number of CTs

tion of community toilets, which have become hazardous, unhy- 119

120
gienic or abandoned due to poor construction and planning, or
lack of water supply or proper maintenance. These toilets are spe- 100
cifically important for slums, where construction of individual
Number of CTs
having water facility

household toilets is difficult due to the non-availability of space.

Numbers
80 73

Under these circumstances not only the construction but devising 60

61 62

measures for strengthening operational and maintenance aspect of 44

Number of CTs
having bath facility
the community toilets becomes all the more important. This sce- 40 32
nario necessitates initiatives not only in the construction but over
and above in the ‘Operation & Maintenance’ (O& M) of commu- 20 13

nity toilets. Under this backdrop, UN-HABITAT prepared a policy

Number of CTs
2 connected to a septic

paper on "Rejuvenation of Community Toilets", and was shared 0 tank or sewerage

Bhopal Gwalior
with the Directorate of Urban Administration and Development city

(UADD), Government of Madhya Pradesh, which has endorsed it

approach are demand generation, empowerment and capacity
to the Municipal Corporations.
building of community, ownership of assets by the community, full
The policy paper elaborated upon the status of community toilets in responsibility for operation and maintenance and collection of
the municipal areas of Bhopal and Gwalior. The community toilets user charges by the community. When the demand for community
in municipal areas are maintained by the corporations through toilets has been expressed explicitly, then the community workers
their health departments. Some of the community toilets have must play their role in institutionalization of such community activi-
handed over to “Sulabh International” for maintenance on “pay ties by mobilizing support from within their communities by form-
and use basis”. ing their committees as well as self-help groups.
A case study of Bhopal and Gwalior: The Community Water and Sanitation Committee (CWASC) and
a number of Women Self Help Groups (SHGs) will have to be
The Poverty Pockets Situational Analysis (PPSA) has been com-
empowered and made operational. The women’s groups function-
pleted in two cities i.e. Bhopal and Gwalior and the data with
ing in the slums would have to be counselled into active participa-
regards to the status of Community Toilets (CTs) in the poverty
tion in promotional efforts for effective and hygienic conditions to
pockets of Bhopal and Gwalior is being analysed below for get-
prevail in their localities. Women would have to be mobilized in
ting a better understanding of the scenario. There are 71 CTs in
groups and helped in acquiring masonry and plumbing skills for
380 Poverty Pockets (PPs) in Bhopal and 115 CTs in 229 PPs in
constructing and repairing of toilet facilities on an entrepreneurial
Gwalior. The Chart below shows the comparison of facilities avail-
basis. This will result in opening up of employment opportunities
able in community toilets in Bhopal and Gwalior.
involving women and also would help to keep the community
The case study also included the status of CTs with respect to avail- area clean, tidy and free from diseases, arising out of poor sani-
ability of water, availability of bathing facility, disposal of effluent tary conditions. SHGs can prove to be the backbone in ensuring
(waste water) from CTs. Availability of water facility has not been sanitation services in the community.
ensured 100 % in the CTs. The situation in Gwalior is very poor
CWASC would have to transform itself, from being the requesters
with only 12 out of the 115 poverty pockets (PPs) having water.
of a service to the effective users as well as to be the internal
Providing a bathroom also does not appear to be the norm with
monitors. This change in status and relationship would be crucial
less than half CTs in Bhopal and only 2 CTs in Gwalior providing
as the initiative would not be sustainable without community sup-
them.
port. The community would have to enter into an Memorandum of
Analysis of functioning of community toilets: Understanding with the Municipal Corporations agreeing to con-
tribute towards partial cost sharing of rejuvenation, full cost of
The CTs have been grouped under various categories depending
operation & maintenance and post construction management of
upon status of operation and maintenance. Chart below shows the
the sanitary complex(s), while the Municipal Corporation would
status of O & M of community toilets in poverty pockets of Bhopal
have to agree to bear the partial/full cost of rejuvenation of the
and Gwalior.
defunct community toilets on the request of the community and
On going through the above data, it is evident that the scenario in extend full support to remove all the infrastructural deficiencies
Gwalior is quite unsatisfactory with 94 out of 115 CTs is poorly including water supply. The community group would also have to
maintained and not maintained category. In the case of Bhopal, work out the modalities, how to share the revenue generated, as
the situation appears to be better with 40 out of the 71 CTs having well as find ways and means to increase their savings, for the
satisfactory maintenance. However, overcrowding appears to be furtherance of their collective goals, i.e. the maintenance and
an important issue in Bhopal and it seems that the number of seats smooth functioning of the system to be put in place. The commu-
is not enough to cater to the demand of the population in a sub- nity would have to be authorized to levy user charges for adults
stantial number of poverty pockets. The essential elements of the for the operation and maintenance of the facilities.

SGSITS organizes Urban Water Demand Management Programme
SGSITS organised the first training programme on “Urban Water
Demand Management in Madhya Pradesh” in Indore from 10-
14 April 2006. The programme was inaugurated by Mr. A.K.
Das, Divisional Commissioner, Indore Division. Mr. Das in his
address highlighted the importance of proper water manage-
ment in the urban areas. He also stressed the need of evolving
pro-poor management techniques so that the problems of health
risks can be alleviated.
Thereafter in the technical sessions of the programme various
issues of Water Demand Management were discussed and the
participants performed the field exercises on leak detection over
a period of 5 days. In all 28 engineers of the Municipal corpo-
rations of Bhopal, Indore, Jabalpur and Gwalior participated in
the programme.
Among the other middle level officials of Municipal Corporations
of the four cities, the programme was also attended by Mr.
Aniruddhe Mukerjee, Chief Technical Advisor, UN-HABITAT,
Prof. P.K. Sen, Acting Director, SGSITS, Prof. S.M. Humad,
Head of Department, Civil Engineering and Applied Mechanics,
Mr. Saurabh Chugh of TERI and other faculties of the Institute
and the programme were present.
Mr. Saurabh Chugh
of TERI introduced
the participants the
objective of the pro-
gramme and given
the outline of the
entire programme.
Thereafter he pre-
sented the 'Overview
of the Urban water
Supply Sector’ and described some best practices in water sup-
ply systems'.
It was followed by an interactive session on ‘Systems Approach
and Individual Study Projects' in which the general aspects of
urban water demand management were discussed. It was fol-
lowed by a discussion by the participants on key issues in UDM
at their respective places. On the next day, each group of par-
ticipants made presentation on their selected projects. Mr. Sau-
rabh Chugh, Mr. H.S. Kandra from TERI and Prof. S.M. Narul-
kar from SGSITS, Indore lead the session and had discussions
UN-HABITAT
Water for Asian Cities Programme
EP-16/17, Chandragupta Marg, Chanakyapuri
New Delhi - 110021 (India), Tel: +91-11-42225019 / 22
Fax: +91-11-24104961, Web: www.unwac.org
WAC Programme Project Office
E-1/191, Arera Colony, Bhopal - 462016
Madhya Pradesh, India, Tel: +91-755-2460835-36
Fax: +91-755-2460837, Email: Wac.India@unhabitat.org
PAGE - 4
Mr. A.K. Das, Commissioner, Indore & other guests at the inauguration of the training program
with the participants on the project. Prof. D.l. Killedar from
SGSITS addressed the next session on Refresher on 'Water Sup-
ply Engineering and Service Quality Parameters'. He discussed
about the quality parameters and performance indicators in
water supply schemes. Later in this session, Aqualibre Software
was introduced to the participants.
The second session was devoted to Flow Measurement and Me-
tering. The concepts of flow measurement and metering were
discussed by Prof. S.M. Narulkar and Mr. Saurabh Chugh. Fur-
ther there was a demonstration cum discussion on various types
of flow meters including small unit domestic flow meter and bulk
meters by Mr. Amit Nandedkar from MIS Chambal Water Me-
ters, Indore. Mr. Anshuman described ultrasonic flow meter. Just
after this session the participants were taken on a field visit for
the demonstration of the application cum hand on experience in
flow measurement to Narmada Trunk main and an overhead
water reservoir.
On the third day a session was devoted to problem framing and
solving on Aqualibre software which included a hands on exer-
cise. In the lecture session on 'Operation and Maintenance of
Water Supply Systems', the key issues of corrective and preven-
tive maintenance being followed at Narmada Water Supply
Scheme, Indore was discussed. Performance measurement and
indicators of performance were also discussed and the partici-
pants tried to generate the indicators on the local issues. The
participants were also taken for a visit to 90 mld sewage treat-
ment plant and to a site of hydrants to mitigate the summer wa-
ter need.
Editorial Board
Malay Shrivastava, Secretary, UADD, State Govt. of M.P
Hazari Lal, Director, Govt. of India
Gulshan Bamra, Project Director, UWSEIP, Bhopal
Debashish Bhattacharjee, ADB, India Resident Mission
Aniruddhe Mukerjee, CTA, UN-HABITAT, Bhopal
Editor
Kulwant Singh, CTA, UN-HABITAT, New Delhi