ZOKAM LE

ZOLAI

ZOKAM LE ZOLAI

ZOLAI SIMBU KUM 100 (1913-2013) CIN

CIAPTEHNA
Agelh: Khoi Lam Thang
General Secretary
The Bible Society of Myanmar

A gelh: Khoi Lam Thang

A hawmkhia:
Zomi Christian Literature Society
Kawlpi: October 2013

Khatvei bawlna
A hawmkhia:
Zomi Christian Literature Society
Hawmkhiat kum: October 2013
Hawmkhiatna:
Kawlpi
Laibu bawlzah: 500
Zolai simbu kum 100 cin ciaptehna

THU MASA

ZON-OLNA
Thulu

Laimai

Thumasa
...
...
Thupatna
...
...
Khen 1 Zomi le Zokam
...
1.1 Zomi
...
...
1.2 Zokam
...
...
1.3 Zokam Khanggui sutna ...
1.4 Tedim pau hong piankhiatna
Khenpi 2 Zokam kilamzia
...
2.1 Awmal gawm ...
...
2.2 Laimal gawm...
...
Khenpi 3 LAI neihna thu
...
3.1 Zotual lai
...
...
3.2 Mangtual lai ...
...
3.3 Zomite lai neihdan
...
Khenpi 4 Cope topa le i Zolai ...
4.1 Cope topa i cihcih
...
4.2 Zolai Simbu ...
...
Khenpi 5 Cope topa khit i Zolai
Khenpi 6 Laigelhzia
...
6.1 Laigelhzia thu tawphah...
6.2 Laimal gawm ...
...
6.3 Kammal gawm ...
...
Khenpi 7 ZCLS
...
Asipna
...
Laibu etkakte ...
Kikuphuai thute ...

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iv-v
vi
01-08
1
3
5
6
09-30
9
21

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31-37

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31
33

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33

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38-58
39
43

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59-70

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71-91

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72
76
89

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... 92-101
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102
... 103-104
... 105-106

Cope topa hong patsak Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum 100
(1913-2013) cin lungdamkohna Centennial Jubilee pi
(ZCLS -D- 15/2011) a bawl thei ihih manin Pasian min i
phat hi.
Amun dingin Tahan Tuiphum Pawlpi kingen-a Pawlpi-in
biakinn lam maban manlahna, sumbeina le thabeina
tampi kawmkal pan minam a it manin phalna hong pia
hi.
Thubulphuh hong teelsak dingin ZCLS thudotpi le GZA
makaipi ahi Prof. Rev. Dr. Simon Pau Khan En tungah
huhna kingen-a, amahn Jer. 1:10; 29:11 siksan thulu ahi,
Puah kawm, Zun kawm-in Mainawt khawm ni
hong teel hi.
Kum za cin pawi ahih hangin, pawi dangte bangin zang
loin, thusinna (Seminar) tawh zat dingin kivaihawm a,
thu sung dingin a nuaia bangin kiteel hi.
Rev. Khoi Lam Thang
Zolai hong piankhiatna le a khantohzia
Rev. Dr. JM Ngul Khan Pau
A kikhenthang Zomite dinmun le mailam
Dr. Hau Za Cin
Tuhun Nate (Science) pilna le khangno
Tu-in Rev. Khoi Lam Thang (General Secretary, Bible
Society of Myanmar) in Zolai a itna le a mipihte hong

- i -

- ii -

khualna in ama thulu khuttawi theih ding laibu hong suah

ahih manin siapa tungah lungdamna i pulak hi.
Dr. Hau Za Cin le a zi Cingpi te nupa in Zolai kum 100 cin
lungdamkohna in Ks. 536500/- hong khak a, tua sum
tawh hih laibu a kibawl ahih manin amau nupa tungah
lungdamna i ko hi.
Hih laibu in Zomite minam khat ihihna hong kipsak
semsem, a kikhenthang Zomite hong gawmkhawm le
khua hun tawh kizui-in minam khangto hong suaksak
laibu ahi dingin Zomite minam khatin hong siam a, Zolai
hong pia tung Pasian tungah a thak-in i ap hi.

THUPATNA
Zomi a i pian, Zokam i pau, ei deihtel hi lo a, Pasian hong
piak ahi hi.
Leitung ah kampau 6912 om kici hi. Kampau pawlkhat
nisim-in kiamkiam-a, mangthang hi. Pawl khatte nungtain khangkhang hi. Tua kampau i cihte a kipuahpuah a
kizunzun ahi hi.
Kampau pen LAI tawh kiciamteh hi. Tua LAI pen minamte
kituktehna ahi hi. Pasian in tuma kum 100 lai-in Zolai
Simbu hong pia hi. Tua Zolai Simbu in Zomite mit hong
keuhsak hi. Pasian min i phat hi.
Hih laibu sungah, Zokam thu, Zokam kilamzia le Zolai
Simbu i neihziate tomkimcing takin kiguang hi. Manlahna
tuamtuam kawmkal pan kaihkhop ahih manin behlap le
zop lai ding tampi om hi.

Rev. Lian Khen Pau

Executive Secretary
Zomi Christian Literature Society
Kalaymyo
Sept. 29, 2013

Hih laibu sungah kicin lohna, khialhna a om leh keima

lukhuk ding hi-a, a hoih malkhat peuh a om leh Pasian
minthanna ding ahi hi.
Kumzacin pawi a vaihawm makaite Pasian in thupha
tampi hong pia ta hen. Hih laibu a sim kha mimal khat
ciat Pasian in Zokam le Zolai itna lungtang a thakin hong
guan tahen.

Rev Khoi Lam Thang

General Secretary
Bible Society of Myanmar
Yangon: Octobet 2013.
- iii -

- iv -

Khen 1
ZOMI LE ZOKAM
Thukong hong
Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum za cin hunpi ah Zolai hong
piankhiatna le a khantohzia thusung dingin hunpha
ka ngah manin ka lungdam mahmah hi. Zomite in lai i
neihzia le tua i neih Zolai a khantohzia a sutnuam ka hi
hi. Khen 1 thulu nuai-ah: ZOMI, ZOKAM le ZOKAM
KHANGGUI SUTNA cih thulu thum siksan in thukong
hong ding hi hang.

1.1 Zomi
Zomi cih kammal pen Pasian hong piak ahi hi. Bang hang
hiam cih leh eile-ei Zomi i kici a, bang hun-in Zomi kici i
hiam cih a mong a genthei kuamah om lo ding hi. Tua
ahih manin Pasian in ZOMI kici min tawh hong bawlkhop
minamte ihi hi. Eile-ei i kisapna min ZOMI hi a, tua
sangin a khumzaw om lo hi. Tua sangin Zo lungsim a
sukha zo zaw min dang om lo hi.
Tua ahih manin:
ZOMI IN KA PIANG HI.
ZOMI IN KA NUNGTA DING A,
ZOMI IN KA SI DING HI. i ci ngam hi.
Tua bang hi napi i Zomi pih dangte le leitung in hong sap
nading min kician a nei nai lo tawh kibang hi hang. Min
kiphuak nai lo naungek bang hi hang.
- 1 -

Kum zalom 21 sung ei minam citawmte phutkhak thu

lian khat in: Hihna kantelna (Insearch of Indentity)
ahi hi. Kei kua ka hiam, ka ngeina bang hiam, ka kampau
bang hiam, ka mun ka gam koilai hiam, ka min taktak
bang a hiam cih thute kithupi ngaihsut semsem hi.
David Bradlay kici kampau kansut siampa (linguist) in
Tibetto Burma namte minhaute hi a, min thu-ah buai
mahmah uh hi, ci hi. Hong cih mah bangin min i hau a, i
deihdeuh om in, i deih loh zong om hi.
Mipilte in min kivawhdan nam tuamtuamin na khen uh
hi. Tuate in
(1) Ethnonyms: Nammin kitap min
(2) Glossonyms: Kampau kitap min
(3) Allonyms: Nam khat min kilawhna a tuamtuam
(4) Allograms: Min khat laimal gawmzia tuamtuam
(5) Autonyms: Tualsuak min
(6) Exonyms: Minamte hong sapna min
(7) Loconyms: Om na mun le mual kitap min
(8) Paleonyms: Min kikhel
(9) Neonyms: Nam tuamtuam kigawm min
cih te ahi hi.
I minam min Zo maw, Chin maw, Tedim maw,
Ciimnuai maw? Khangthakte in thukhualtak a ngaihsuthuai thu ahi hi.
Hih laibu sungah Zo, Zolai, Zokam cih ka zang a, mun
tuamtuam a om Zomi dangte tawh kikhen teltheih ding a
kisapna ah Tedim pau, Tedim kampau Zomite cih
bangin ka zang hi.
- 2 -

1.2. ZOKAM
Tedim Kampau Zomi innkuan sungah kamphen kul lo,
min kitap Zomite sungah Zokam i cihna thu tawm kikum
ni.
Mangkang hun lai a, Tedim sub-division sunga om minam
teng kigawmin ukna khat, kampau nam khat i zang hi.
Tua kampau pen Kamhau Dialect na kici ngei hi. Tua
ban-ah Kampau lam a kan mipil masate in Sukte cih zong
na zang ngei hi.
Hun hong sawt tohtoh ciangin kamphen a kullo pau
tuamtuamte kigawm khawmin taangkam khat kizanga tua
in TEDIM KAM i cihcih pen ahi hi.
Eile-ei ZOMI a kicite in Tedim kampau pen taangkam
dinga i zatna thu a nuaia bangin kiciamteh hi. Tua hunlai
a Tedim gam a kici pen, tuhun Tedim, Tonzang le Cikha
gamkhen (Myone) teng huam hi. Hih gam sung tengah
Sihzang, Thado (Kuki) Vaiphei, Guite, Khuano, Losau,
Phaileng, Saizang, Teizang, Val le Vangteh paute kihel hi.
Tua hunlai ukpite in amau bangkua sung kampau pen
gambup pau dingin na vaihawm hileh, tu in Teizang kam
i pau ding hi. Sangmangte in a mau theih masak kampau
mah na bulphuh tentan hi leh Sihzang kam i pau ding
hi. Ahi zongin makai masate in thupi khual-in vaihawm
siam uh a, Tedim gamsung a mite in a zattaang theih ding
kampau na vaihawm uh hi.

Zam Khaw Thang, Zo Kampau Phaitu khua hausa Pu Khan

Thawng, Salzang khua hausa Pu Zaang Khaw Lian, Paite
kampau Tuimui khua hausa Pu Mang Za Thang, Haiciin
khua hausa Pu Tual Pum-te in Sihzang kam a teltheih
loh lam uh pulak hi. Ahi zongin Tedim, Ngennung, Haupi,
Gawngmual, Leilum, Lezang, Tongsial, Lamzang, Laitui,
Mawngken, Kahgen, Taklam, Tonzang, Tungtuang,
Anlang, Gamlai, Khuaimual le Seitual khua hausate
kuamah a pau a ham om lo uh hi. Tua hun a kipan hong
uk kumpite le sangmangte kopin Zolai sinna, sang pilna
sinna khempeuh ah Tedim kam kizang a, a nung ciangin
taangkam hong suak hi.
Tuin kampau tuamtuam i zat hangin i tutkhop ciang, i
kimuh ciang Tedim kam tawh i kiho ta hi. I khua pau i
bangkua pau mah a ci tentante in minam bup huam khin
zo nawn lo hi. Zomi taktakte in Tedim pau pau hi. Tua
pen i minam pau hong suak hi. I khua pau, i bangkua
paute sim-mawhna hi lo hi. Tuate a kisapna mun-ah i
zang dinga, ahih hangin ZOMI khempeuh a huamkim vai
khempeuh ah TEDIM KAM kizang hi.

1919 kum Tedim vuandok zum ah Tedim gam a phualphual a hausa teng kikaikhawm in, gambup ah Zolai tawh
a kigelh masa pen ahi Sihzang lai zat dingin thu kisung
hi. Tua laitakin Thado kampau Hiangzang khua hausa Pu
-3 -

- 4 -

1.3 Zokam khangguisutna

Leitung ah mihing awn 7000 val om a, kampau nam 6,912
om hi, ci-in kiciamteh hi. Kawlgam sungah mihing awn
60 val in paunam (minam) 135 val bang kinei a, Zomite
in paunam (minam) 53 bang nei hi, ci in Kawlgam kumpi
in hong ciaptehsak hi. I Zokam kantel suksuk leng nam
100 val om dingin ka lamen hi. Ethnologue (Languages
of the World 1996) in Tedim kampau a zang mihing
344,100 pha ding hi, ci in ciamteh hi.
Leitung kampau tuamtuamte a guigui a behbeh in kikhil
diimdiam hi. Kampau lam kansut siam pa (linguist) David
Bradley thukanna siksan leeng Tedim kampau khanggui
a nuaia bang ahi hi.
Sino-Tibetan
Tibeto-Burman
North Eastern India group
Kuki Chin Naga
Kuki Chin
Chin
Northern Chin
Tedim
- 5 -

Sino Tibetan cih pen Sen le Tibet kigawmkhawm hi a,

leitung kampau nampi kikhenna ah nam pi khat ahi hi.
Hih Kampau nampi pen a tuamtuam in kikhen suk leuleu
a, eite Tibet le Kawl (Burma) bawng Tibeto-Burman
sungah hong kiguang hi. Tibeto-Burman kam pau zong a
tuamtuam in kikhen thuaplai hi. India gam in North East
India ci-in State 7 kigawm gamkhen lianpi khat nei a, tua
gam khen sunga om Tibeto-Burman kampau namte North
East India Group kici hi. India gam lam pan kampau
kansiamte hong khang masa ahih man zong hi kha ding
hi. Tua bangin India nisuahna saklam kampau namte
sungah hong kihel hi. Tua kampau namte a kikhen suk
leuleu ciangin Kuki Chin Naga nam, tuate sung pan Naga
namte tuam khen in Kuki Chin kampau ci in hong kiguisut
suksuk a, tua ban-ah Kuki le Chin khen-in Chin hong kici
leuleu hi. Chin namte lak-ah Tedim kampau pen Northern
Chin sungah hong kihelsak hi. Chin State gamlim lupzia
zui a hong kisam bek zong hi loin, Zokam khempeuh
Northern Chin Central Chin le Southern Chin ci-in
kampau lam kansiamte in khen uh hi.
1.4 Tedim pau hong piankhiatna:
Tedim mite pen Zo minam sung pan nam khat ihi hi.
Pulepate Sen (China) le Tibet gam lam pan Kawlgam sung
a kilut khit ciang Kawlzang-ah kum za tampi na teng uh
hi. Tua pan in A.D. 1200 pawlin Khamtung gam (Zogam)
Ciimnuai mun na tung uh hi. 1550 kum pawl-in Tedim
khua kisat hi, ci-in tangthu kante in gen uh hi. Tua hun
lai-in Tedim khua pen sak gal khang gal in sim tawntung
hi. Tua ahih manin Tedim khua a kip nadingin thu
vaihawm siam, gal hang, sa hang makai kisam hi. 1810 in
- 6 -

Tedim khua-ah Mualbem khua mi Khan Thuam tapa

Kam Hau in ukpi sem hi. Mang Gin, Khoi Lam, Kim
Thuam, Tel Khaat, Pau Am, Cin Kim le Pau Vum te tawh
vaihawm khawm hi.
Hih banga beh tuamtuam, phung tuamtuam pan uliante
kithutuaka vai a hawm manun a langpang ngam ding
kuamah om nawn lo hi. Tua bang hun ciangin kampau
tuamtuam a zang mi tampi in hong belin hong teng khawm
uh a, inn zathum val bang hong pha hi. Tua bangin
Teizang, Saizang, Sihzang, Khuano, Zo (India-ah Zou ciin kigelh), Khuangnung (India-ah Simte ci-in kiciamteh),
Guite (India lamah Paite ci-in kigelh), Thahdo (India-ah
Kuki kici), Vaiphei, Gangte kampau zang mite khua khat
tuikhat suak in tual khat sungah a tenkhop uh ciangin
nungak tangvalte hong ki-it uh hi. Hong kingai-in kampau
le beh tuam cih banga kideidanna om loin zileta-in kilain na kiteng uh hi. Tua bangin tawlkhat hong ten khawm
ciangun kampau tuamtuamte hong kihel zauin hong
kigawm ciangin Tedim pau kici pau thak khat hong
piangkhia hi, ci-in khanglui thu theite le thu kante in gen
uh hi. Tu hun khangthakte in zong hih thu bekmah siksan
ding om hi.

Tedim kitamsak Tedim Kam hong piang hi. A neituam

om lo a, Teizang, Saizang, Thahdo, Vaiphei, Guite le Zo te
neihsa zong hi tuan lo hi. Sangmang hun lai-in ukpi pa
min tamsak in Kam Hau dialect na kici ngei a, ukpipa
behmin tamsak in Sukte a kicihna zong om hi. Tu hun
ciangin, Ei pau hi ci khawm loin Koh pau i cihnop khak
leh lalkuan a manawh hi ding hi hang. Bang hanghiam
cih leh Tedim kam in i neihkhop kampau ahi hi.
TEDIM pau taangkam a suahna thu (laimai 3-5) gen khin
hi hang.

Tedim kam cih pen mun le gam kitamsak (loconymn)

hi-a, eile-ei i kipiak (egonymn) tualsuak min ahi hi.
Midangte hong sapna hi lo hi. Tedim khua ah a teng ngei
kilkel lo-te nangawn in zong T = Tedim pau eima pau ci
in a angtan ngam hi hang.
Tual khat zangin a tengkhawm awsuah tuamtuam a neite
unaute in lungsim kituak in a tenkhopna uh pan munmin
- 7 -

- 8 -

KHENPI 2
ZOKAM KILAMZIA
I kikup ngeingei, i zat ngeingei thute mah kaikhawm-in
ZOKAM KILAMZIA cih thulupi tawh a nuaia thulu neu 2
kikum khawm ni. Tuate in:
1. Awmal gawm
2. Paumal gawm

nadingin Ka pu, ar ti rawh hong cisak hi, kici hi. Tua

bangin G group le R group ci-in awmal siksan kibat lohna
kiciamteh hi. Khuano kampaute in Ng le G khen se lo
uh hi. Amau adingin Ngasa lah Nga, Gatam lah Nga
hi lel hi. Tedim kampau Zomite in Nem a cih kammal
pen Sihzang aw in Neam ahi hi. Ei bangkua khat sungah
hi bangin awmal tuamtuam a kikhentheih mah bangin,
Zopau ahi lo pau nam dangte tawh tehkak leng gen ding
tampi om hi. Hih banga awmal kilamdanna pen kampau
khatlekhat a kilamdanna bulpi ahi hi.
L ai Si an gt h o su n gah Gi lead m i t e i n Sh aw neih uh a,

Zokam kilamzia tel thei leeng, Zolai gelhzia zong haksa

nawn lo ding hi. Hih thukikupna tungtawnin Zokam le
Zolai i lunglut semsem ding ka lamen hi. Khatvei kikupna
tawh tawntung a kip ding thu kivaihawm thei lo ding hi.
Kinial zel ding, kizui zel ding, lemtuah zel ding, puahpha
zel ding hi hang. Kampau a nuntak leh kipuahpuah lai
ding hi. Minam a nuntak leh laigelhzia kilem thuahthuah
ding hi. Tua bangin damdamin a picing ding ihi hi.

Efraim mite in Sh aw nei loin, S aw suaksak uh hi. Gal

kidona ah a mel a sa uh kikhen thei lo ahih manin tuallegal
kikhen theih nadingin awmal na zang ngei uh-a:
Thukhente 12:6 amaute in ama kiangah, Tua
ahihleh Shibboleth ci in, ci uh a, tua ciangin amah
in, Sibboleth, ci hi; bang hang hiam cihleh a manin
ci thei lo hi. Tua ciangin amaute in amah manin
Jordan ngahmunte-ah that uh hi. Tua tungin Efraim
mi tul sawmli le tulnih tuk hi.

2.1 AWMAL GAWM

AWMAL cih ciangin kampau (language) khat in a neih
awmalte genna ahi hi. Phoneme kici hi. Tua awmalte
kigawmgawmin kampau a piang ahi hi. Gentehna: Tedim
kampau Zomite in G aw nei a, Falam, Khalkha, Mizote
in nei lo uh hi. Tua ahih manin, G aw suaksak thei lo
uh-a, Sia Hau Go a cih uh ciangin, Sia Hau Ko ci uh hi.
Tedim kampau Zomite in R aw nei lo ahih manin Mizo
gam singtang vakte tungah Zomi ahih lam a theihtheih

Hih a lungluthuai mahmah awmalte (phoneme) tuamtuamte kigawm-in paumal (morpheme) piang hi. Tua
paumalte tawh kammal (word) a kilam ahi hi. Tua
kammalte laimal (alphabet) tawh a kigelh ciangin LAI
(orthography) cih hong piang hi.

- 9 -

- 10 -

Tua ahih manin Awmal pen LAI i a zung le a bul ahi

hi. Lai a kigelh ciangin awmal zui-in a kigelh ding ahi hi.
Tawm genbeh lai leeng:

= Awmal \p\ le awmal \a\ a kigawm ciangin Paumal

(morpheme) [Pa] piang hi.
= [Pa] zong khiatna nei Paumal (morpheme) khat ahih
banin Kammal (word) zong ahi hi.
= Awmal \s\, awmal \i\, awmal \a\ le awmal \n\ a
kigawm ciangin Paumal [Sian] piang hi.
= [Sian] zong khiatna nei Paumal (morpheme) khat
ahih banin Kammal (word) zong ahi hi.
= Tua ban-ah Paumal [Pa] le Paumal [sian) a kigawm
ciangin [Pasian] cih Kammal (word) piang hi.
Tedim Kampau Zomite awmal laimung le Awphei neihzia
Roman alphabet ABC zangin a nuaia bangin kimu thei hi.

2.1.1. Laimung (Consonant)

Laimung pen Mangte in Consonant, Kawlte in (Asnf;) ci
uh hi. Tedim awmal-ah laimung phonemic consonant
17 om hi. Tuate a nuaia bang ahi hi.
Gindan le a ginna munte
Muk

Voiceless stops
p
Voiceless aspirated stops ph
Voiced stops
b
Voiced nasals
m
Voiceless Fricative
Voiced fricatives
v
Voiced lateral approximant-

habul

dangkhum

t/c
th
d
n
s
z
-

k
kh
g
ng
l

dangtawng

h
-

Tedim laimung 17

Hih laimungte khatciat a kizatzia etsakna a nuai a bang

ahi hi.
- 11 -

B=
C=
D=
G=
H=
K=
L=
M=
N=
P=
S=
T=
Z=
Ph =
Th =
Kh =
Ng =

(b ) Baibek
(us)Cialciak
() Doldeng
(*) Gam le gho
([ ) Haihut
(u ) Kawl le Zo
(v ) Lawm le gual
(r) Muitung muiphei
(e) Nehno
(y) Pi le pu
(p) Sesum
(w ) Tedim pau
(Z) Zozam
(z) Phikphek
(x ) Thuam mual
(c) Khuado
(i) Ngaingaw

Laimung 17 lak pan a tuamkai phadiak awmal pawl khat

ban gen ni.
2.1.1.a C le T kinupa
C le T kinupa cih ciangin, awmal nih hi loin khat ahi, a ci
nuam ihi hi. Tedimte in lai i gelh ciangin /c/ laimal nei
napi /t/ tawh kikop a ngaihsut ding ahi hi. Bang hang
hiam cih leh /t/ tawh a kiciamteh Zo awmal pen awphei
(vowel) /i/ tawh a kigawm ciangin Zo awmal /c/ in kikhel
hi. Tua ahih manin t -> c/___i ci-in kiciamteh thei hi.
Tedim awmal in /c/ nei lo-a, ahih hangin /t/ peuhmah /
i/ tawh a kizop ciangin /c/ aw suak hi. /t/ le /c/ a kigawm
ciangin kopkhat suak pan a, a mau khat ciatciat a
- 12 -

tuamtuak hi lo hi. /c/ khit ciangin /i/ bek kizang thei a,

ahih hangin /t/ khit ciangin /i/ kizang ngei lo hi.
D
K
M
C
T

a
Da
Ka
Ma
Ta

e
De
Ke
Me
Te

i
Di
Ki
Mi
Ci
-

o
Do
Ko
Mo
To

u
Du
Ku
Mu
Tu

aw
Daw
Kaw
Maw
Taw

C le T kinupa lahna

Tua ahih manin mi masate gelh laite sim leeng, tu laitak

a /c/ i zatna mun-ah /t/ na zang ngei uh hi.
Gentehna in: Lam Za Tin, Tua tiangin, Tingpikot.
2.1.1.b. Laimung bul le Laimung khak
Laimung bul (Initial Consonant)
Paumal khat peuhpeuh a kigelh cianga laimal masa dinga
a kizang laimungte Laimung bul (Initial consonant) kici
hi. Tedim kam-ah laimung khempeuh laimung bul (initial
consonant) dingin kizang khin thei hi. Gentehna:
Baibek Dial, GalHiam, Kuang, Khua, Lawm,
Mawng, Nu, Ngen, Pa, Phialphiah, Sansim,
Tuang, Ci, Thang, Vial, Zu,
Laimung khak (final consonant)
Laigelh cianga a tawpna a kizang laimungte ahi hi.
Laimung khempeuh laimung khak (final consonant)
dingin kizang khin thei lo hi. Laimung mal 17 lak-ah
laimung khak mal 7 bek om hi. Tuate in p, t, k, m, n, ng
le l ahi uh hi. Hih mal 7 teng lo buang a dang laimalte
laimung khak dingin ding thei lo uh hi.
- 13 -

Muk

habul

dangkhum

Voiceless stops
p
Voiced nasals
m
Voiced lateral approximantTedim Laimung khak

t/c
n
7

dangtawng

k
ng
l

Gentehna: Tuap, Khut, Khuk, Sam, Tan, Kawng, tal

2.1.1.c. /h/ pen Laimung khak hi lo
/h/ pen laimung khak ah a om hangin laimung khak hi lo
hi. Awniam- awtawng lahsakna ahi hi. h laimal (/[/
banga kizang, Hai, Ha, Hahkat, Hangsai cih bang a kizang
/h/) hihna tawh laimung khak piang thei lo hi.
2.1.1.d.Laimung kop (Consonant Cluster) om lo
Laimung kop pen Mangkangte in consonant cluster ci
uh hi. Consonant nih a kikopte genna ahi hi. Gentehna:
Falam kam thlang, Mizo kam-a Tluang cihte pawl ahi hi.
Tedim kam-ah tua bang om lo hi. /ph/, /kh/, /th/ le /ng/
te laimal nihta a kigawm hangin laimung kop (consonant
cluster) hi lo hi. Amaute aw nih kigawm hi lo, aw khat
ciat ahi hi. Theih baih deuh nadingin:
/ph/=/z/, /kh/=/c/, /th/=/x/, le /ng/=/i/.
2.1.2 Awphei (Vowel)
Tedim Kam-ah awphei 6 om kici-a, limtakin kancian leeng
6 hi loin 5 hi zaw hi. Tua awphei 5 te a nuaia bang ahi hi.
Close le Open pen kamcip le kamka cihna hi-a, Front le
Back pen mukdawn le dangtawng cihna hi. Gentehna: /i/
i cih ciang mailam (mukdawn lam) pan aw suak-a,
kikamcip hi.
- 14 -

Front

Close
i
Close mid e
Open

A thuakzo zawzaw a zo
Tha lawhsa tawh leiba a loh hi.

Back

u
o/ (aw)
a

Tedim awphei 5

2.1.2 (a) O hi lo ou
Tedim awmal ah /o/ taktak (phonetic value of /o/
according to IPA) om lo hi. [o] ci a, i gelh pen awphei kop
diphthong (or vowel glide) hi-a, /ou/ hi zaw hi. Siapi Vul
Za Thang in [o] is pronounced as /ou/ in November
(1953:10) ci a, Rev. S.T. Hau Go in [o] pen consonant
khit ah a nunung pen a i zat ciang leh amah guak a, a
din ciangin phonetic zui in /ou/ aw nei hi (1983:v) ci hi.
Falam-Zaniatte makaipi ahi Siapi Van Kyi in [o] pen
phonetic alphabet tawh transcript a bawl ciang /ou/
suaksak hi. Zolai simbu sungah Lo no po zo lo hi ci-a, i
gelh pen Lou nou pou zou lou hi ci leeng awsuah tawh
kinai zaw hi. India i sanggamte in Gou Gin, Zoumi a cih
uh pen a dikzaw ahi hi.

(2) Laimung khak tawh a tawp paumal (closed

syllable) ah [o] pen awtom ading hi-a, [aw] pen
awsau adingin kizang hi.
Gentehna in:
Mong, bok, tot, Tom, Ton, cihte-ah = awtom
Mawng, bawk, tawt, Tawm, Tawn cihte-ah = awsau
op, om. ot, ok, on, ol, cihte-ah = awtom
awp, awm. awt, awk, awn, awl, cihte-ah = awsau
2.1.2 (c) Awphei kop
Awphei kop cih ciangin Mangkangte in dipthong ahih kei
leh glide (o&wGJ) a cihte ahi hi. Awphei mal nih kikopkhawm awsuah khat a kisuaksak awmalte ahi hi. Tedim
awmal ah awphei kop 10 kinei hi. Tuate a nuaia bang ahi
hi.
Close
Close mid
Open

2.1.2 (b) O le aw
Tedim awmal ah [aw] ci a i gelh awphei om hi. A taktakin
[o] nei loin [aw] nei ihih hangin lai i gelh ciangin [o] tawh
kizang khawm a, awtom teng [o] tawh, awsau teng [aw]
tawh kigelh hi, ci in kiciamteh hi. Tua zong hi khin lo hi.
[ou] aw le [aw] aw i zatzia thu guipi nihin kikhen thei hi.
(1) /o/ tawh kikhak paumal (open syllable) te ah [o]
le [aw] a tuam tuak ahi hi. Gentehna:
Khuataw pan lut to leng,
- 15 -

Gentehna:

Front
iu ia
ei eu

Back
ui ua
ou oi/awi

ai au
Tedim awphei kop 10

Kiu, Bia, ui, Khua, ei, eu, ai, Pau,

Koi/Kawi
ou = awmal om napi lai gelh ciangin [o]
tawh kigelh hi.

2.1.2 (d) Awphei thumthuap

Mangkangte in tripthong ci hi. Tedim awmal ah awphei
thumthuap 4 kinei a, tuate a nuaia bang ahi hi.
- 16 -

Front
Back
Close
iai
uai
uau
Close mid
iau
Open
Tedim awphei thumkop 4

Gentehna:

Ahih theih Liai leh, Phiau tawi-in, Khuai

la ni, ci-in a kihuau uh hi.

2.1.3 Awsang-awniam (Tone)

Tedim pau pen awsang-awniam nei kampau nam (tonal
language) ahi hi. Ahih hangin aw-ciaptehna (tone mark)
nei loin kum 100 a cing hita hi. Awsang-awniam a kibulh
loh hangin a tung a nuai enkak peuh leng kitel thei hi.
Kammal khempeuh ah awsang-awniam bulhkim leeng,
mipi in kisangkim zo lo ding hi. Ciaptehna a om loh mana,
a kitelkhial ding kammal pawlkhat om hi. Tam lo hi. Tua
ahih manin neih loh phamawh (heavy functional load)
hi lo, cih na ahi hi. Guansawm teitei ni cileng kiguang
thei hi. Ahih hangin i neih loh man-a buaihuaina sangin,
i neih man-a buaina lianzaw ding hi.
Tedim kampau awsang-awniam pen a beisa hunin
Henderson (1965), Vul Za Thang and J. Gin Za Tuang
(1975), Hau Go (1983), Weidert (1987), Paul Thuam Thang
(1984), Luce (1985). Namkung (1996) le Ostapirat (1998)
te in na gen na kan ngei khin uh hi.
Tedim kampau awsang-awniam neihzah tawh kisai-in
ngaihsutna nam li bang om hi. Tuate in:

- 17 -

(1)Vul Za Thang le J. Gin Za Tuang (1975: vii) in

awlai-awsau le awtom kigawmin, kua phasak uh
hi.
(2) S. T. Hau Go (1983:vi) in Kei ka pai hi cih
kammal li bulphuh in Tedim kam ah aw bul li om
hi ci in Xristian La (Tedim Kam) thu patna ah gelh
hi
Kei
= kahto
ka
= kiasuk
pai
= pheipai
hi.
= sawikah
(3) ZCLS Linguistic Conference (1984) in aw-thum
na phasak uh hi. Zomite in kibik (kilong) tawh thu
gen thei ihih manin kilong bukhat zah, a bul a lai a
eu Tedim kampau ah awsang awniam le awlai
namthum om hi, na ci uh hi. Henderson (1965:19),
Ostapirat (1998:235) le Luce (1959) te in zong aw
thum mah hi, ci uh hi.
(4) Huan ah zulei a tai hi cih kammal tungtawnin
Tedim kam ah awsang-awniam nam nga om hi.
Tuate in, awniam, awlai, awsang, awkah, awkia
cihte ahi hi.
Huan = aw kia
= falling
=
1
ah
= aw niam = low
=
2
zu
= aw sang = high
=
3
lei
= aw kah
= high rising =
4
a
= aw niam = low
tai
= aw lai
= mid
=
5
hi
= aw kia
= falling (high falling)
- 18 -

2.1.4 Awtom-awsau (Vowel length)

Kammal pawlkhat a kipaukhiat ciangin kitawngsak a,
tuate awtom kici hi. Pawlkhatte aw kikai a, tuate awsau
kici hi. Gentehna in, Zu kham khamte ci leeng kham
pen phallo cihna lah hi thei a, tampi dawn a kham
cih zong hi thei hi. Naylor (1925:1) le Henderson (1963:1113) te in vowel tom le sau i neihzia na gelh ngei khin uh
hi. S.T. Hau Go in (1983:iv) Ei Tedim pau a mantakin
gelh ni ci leng, double vowels zat nading tamlua ahih
ciangin a kitel khialh kei ding nak leh vowel khat bek
mah i zang hi, ci hi.
Awsaute a kigelh ciangin awphei nih kithuapsak (double
vowel) hi. Tua awtom-awsaute awsang-awniam-te
bulhkhawm leng tel baih deuh hi. Gentehna:
Tang
Awsang aw tom
aw sau
Awlai
aw tom
aw sau
Awniam aw tom
aw sau

A khiatna/ a kizatna
Thau tang, ankam tang
Tang = aiawh, sa tang hawl,
Antang=an ne lo, tang= kawi lo
Nitang, tang le vaimim
tang natna, za tangkhat, leitang
Tang = kiplo, kiling, buh tang khat

Awtom-awsau
Awsang-awniam (tone) mah bangin awtom-awsau (vowel
length) zong laigelh ciangin ciaptehna kician i nei kei hi.
A kitelkhial taktak dingte lo buang awphei nihkop (double
vowel) gelh loh ding hoih pen hi.
Gentehna:
Mangkangte pen Maangkaangtee cih kul se lo hi.

- 19 -

A lungdam kei (lo) uh hi, cih leh A lungdam keei

(mahmah) uh hi, cih kitelkhial thei ding ahih manin
awphei thuap kisam hi.
Ahih hangin cih lel ding hi a, Ahih haangin cih kul lo hi.
Khuaminte telkhial ding om lo ahih manin
Laitui ci-in gelh ding hi a, Laaituui cih kulse lo hi.
Saizang ci-in gelh lel i a, Saaizaang cih kulse lo hi.
A tung a nuai enkakin, laimal gawmzia tawh khen laileng,
awsau-awtom mun khempeuh ah kisam se lo hi. A nuaia, tangthu en ni.
Tanglai-in zong tang kivei-a, tu hun tang vei bang
hi lo-in, bangmah kitang sese lo hi. Satang hawl
ciangin tangluang nuaiah tang a kimuh leh a hing
tangin kiman hi. A manpa in tangpah thei lo-in, a
lawmte khatpeuh in ama tangin, zeh kitang masa
hamtang hi. Tua tang pen a manpa in tang loin
zeh tangpa in tangzaw hi. Zehtang cih ciangin
nitang sungah tangtang tang khat ding khawng
ni thum tang bang kidiah masa phot hi. Zehtan
taktak ni: Siampipa hong tangsuak ciangin, tang
taka kigual tangpi tangta in tang het loin a kiim
pan ki-en tengtang a, zehtangpa in thautang tang
sawm tang lawh sung pan hong suahkhia hi. Tua
thautangte tang mai-ah tangtak-in gual-a, nai lang
tang bang gualgualin a mittang tawh tang hiam
tang lo hiam cih enen mai hi. Siampipa in tang ei
a cih ciang bekin, zehtang zopa in kiciamteh hi.
Tua khit ciangin ni thum tang bang a kidiah
tangman zu kidawnsak hi. Tangtak-a kigual mipite
a tang om khaleh zehphi kici-a, tang sa kine nuam
- 20 -

lo hi. Pawlkhatte in zehphikha napi tang sa tang

zo lo-in, ne sim tangtang uh hi. Tua banga tangsa
a tang lote in tangvei phadiaka, a tang tentante in
tang vei khol lo phadiak hi, ci in tang ciangin
thuciin-in kinei hi.

2.2 . PAUMAL GAWM (Morphology)

Paumal cih ciangin Mangkangte in Morphology ahih kei
leh syllable ci uh hi. Kam a kipau ciangin khiatna kician
nei-in nei takei leh lai a kigelh thei awmal kigawm khat
peuhpeuh gen nopna ahi hi. Tedim kampau paumal
kilamzia bulsut leng nam 8 pha thei hi. Hih nam 8 lobuang
a dang paumal gawm om thuah nawn lo hi. Kammal
bangbang a om zongin hih nam 8 in huam khin zo hi. Tua
paumal gawm 8 te a nuaia bang ahi hi.
(1) U = V
(2) Ui= VV
(3) Ak=VC
(4) Ni= CV
(5) Mei = CVV
(6) Thak = CVC
(7) Khuak = CVVC
(8) Uang = VVC
Tedim paumal gawm nam 8

Hih 8 teng gawmtuah-in tomlak leeng (C 1)V1(V2)(C2)T

ci-in kibulh thei hi. C pen laimung (consonant) cihna, V
pen awphei (vowel) cihna hi a, T pen awsang-awniam
cihna ahi hi. Kual sunga ki-um pen kisam napi amah lo
tawh paumal piang veve (optional) cihna ahi hi. Hih nam 8
te a banbanin en dih ni.
- 21 -

(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = T pen awsang-awniam lahsakna hi a,

paumal khempeuh ah om hi. Lai gelh ciangin
awsang-awniam lahna i nei kei hi.
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1 pen awphei (vowel) mal khat bek
nangawn paumal khat hi thei cihna ahi hi.
Gen t eh n a: U aw, i pa a ci dam ta e.
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(V2) pen awphei nih kigawm ciangin
paumal khat piang thei cihna hi. Gentehna: ui, ai,
ei, au, eu
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1 pen laimung le awphei kigawm
paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Lo no po zo lo
hi.
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1(V2) pen laimung le awphei kop
kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: Laitaipa
hong pai nai lo hi.
(C1)V 1(V 2)(C 2)T = (C1)V 1(C2) pen laimung, awphei le
laimung khak kigawm paumal khat cihna hi.
Gentehna: Hahkattakin lai a sim hi.
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = (C1)V1(V2)(C2) pen laimung, awphei
kop le Laimung khak kigawm paumal khat cihna
hi. Gentehna: Lian Nuam nau suak ta hi.
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(C2) pen awphei le Laimung kigawm
paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna: It, im, al, et, om,
(C1)V1(V2)(C2)T = V1(V2)(C2) pen awphei kop le laimung
khak kigawm paumal khat cihna hi. Gentehna:
Uang,

- 22 -

2.2.1. Pau aw le lai aw

Zokam paumal gawm thu ah, gen thuah ding tawm om
lai hi. Tuate in kam i pau ciangin a kikhelkhel paumalte
ahi hi. Mangkam in Morphophonemic change kici hi. Nam
3 i nei hi. Tuate in:
(1) Awphei lamban
(2) Kammal kikhel
(3) Presyllable om dan
2.2.1. a. Awphei lamban (Vowel Assimilation)
Tedim kam-ah Pia cih paumal bul om napi pia ve ci loin
pe ve i ci hi. A kikhel lam zong a phawk kha loin ama
thu-in kikhel ziauziau lel hi. Tuate Awphei lamban kici a,
Mangkam-in vowel assimilation kici hi. Awphei
lamban cih ciangin awphei a kop ginte i pau khiat ciangin
a suk a to zuih kul loin lamban tawn a, a gingte ahi hi.
Tedim kam ah a kituaci khel awphei kop ia le ua om
hi. Hihte a kipau ciangin Zo lei in lamban tawn hi. Tua
bangin lamban a tot ciangin, a aw hong kikhela, ia pen e,
ua pen aw suak hi. A nuaia kammalte en dih ni.
ia pan e
Bia =
Gia =
Kia =
Khia =
Pia =
Phia =
Sia =
Zia =

Eite in dawi i be (bia) kei hi.

Ak ge (gia) nel tawh sawnkai kibawl hi.
Na laikung ke (kia) sak ken.
Na vangikte Topa kiangah khe (khia) in.
Pasian in a tapa hong pe (pia) lo hi leh,
Khawphe (phia) lep mei i kisam hi.
Zu in na nuntakna hong se (sia) sak hi.
Ze (zia)-etna pan, Zekai,
- 23 -

ua pan aw
Bua=
Si kibaw (bua) loin mawh kimaisak lo hi.
Gua = Gaw (gua) dawnah vaphual tuang hi.
Hua = A ki-itte kihaw (hua) lo hi.
Kua = Zusa kaw (kua) sungah gullut hi.
Khua = Khaw (khua) Cin innpi kuan luah hiam?
Lua =
Nasia law (lua) mahmah uh ciai.
Pua =
Na mawhna Jesuh kipaw (pua) khin hi.
Vua =
Hong vaw (vua) kha ning peuh cikha ken.
Tua ciangin [ziaetna] ding hinapi [ze-etna] kici a, tuni
dong mah zang suaksuak hi hang. Tua bangte lo buang a
dangdangte a huampi in aw-suak bangin gelh loin,
paumalbul bangin a gelh ihi hi. Awphei lamban pen:
(a) CVV aw kilamzia bek ah om thei hi.
(b) Awphei kop CVV dingin V nunung pen /a/ hi
hamtang ding a, V masa pen /i/ ahih keileh /u/ hi
ding hi.
(c) /ua/ ci ding kimlai /aw/ aw suak hi.
(d) /ia/ ci ding kimlai /e/ aw suak hi.
Paumal kikhel napi laigelh ciangin khel sese kul lo hi.
Ahih hangin sim ciangin a kikhel awmal bangin kisim hi.
Mukcip
Lai
Kamka

Mai
i
e

Nung
u
aw
a

Zo kam awphei lamban lahna

- 24 -

Sanggam Khalkha le Falam lamte bangin hih awphei

lamban thu kilimkup mahmah ngei khin uh hi. Gentehna:
[Khuapi] ci-in gelh ding maw [Khawpi] ci-in gelh zaw ding:
Ei Zo kam ah zong buaipih khop dingin thulian ahih loh
hangin gelhdan kilamdang pawl khat om hi. Gentehna:
Nidang-in mingelhna ah [Khua] pen awsuak bulphuhin
lai malgawm a tuamtuam tawh kigelh hi.
Khua = Khaw:
Khua = Kho:
Khua = Ko:

Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang

Rev Cin Kho Gin
Dr Vum Ko Hau

Tu nainai ciangin mingelhna ah Khua kideih pianpian

leh kilawm hi.

2.2.1.b. Kammal kikhelte (Word alternation)

Pai paina, (laimal kikhel lo aw kikhel)

Muang Nong muan leh (laimal le aw kikhel),
Tu tutna (laimal le aw kikhel),
Mangthang manthanna (laimal le awkikhel)
Tua ban-ah (b) Pianzia kammal kikhel (adjective
alternation) zong hi thei hi. Gentehna:
LimAn a lim leh (laimal kikhel lo, aw kikhel),
Lian Naupang a liat ciangin (laimal le aw
kikhel),
Siang sianthona (laimal le aw kikhel).
Zo kam-ah kammal a kikhel ciangin, pawlkhatte (1) awmal
khakna Laimung (final consonant) kikhel hi. Pawlkhatte
(2) awphei (vowel) kikhel hi.

Kammal kikhel cih pen Mangte in Word alternation ci

uh hi. Kammal kikhel cih pen gentehna:

Awsang-awniam kikhelzia a sangte a lai ah, a laite

a niam ah a niamte a tom ah dawlkhat ta kia hi.

Ngen un, na nget uh leh na ngah ding uh hi. Zong

un, na zon uh leh na mu ding uh hi. Kiu un, na kiuh
uh leh kongkhak hong kihon ding hi.

Hih kammal kikhel pen Henderson in Form I le Form

II na ci hi. Aman bel tatna (verb) bekah om hi, ci-in na
gen-a, a taktakin pianzia (adjective) ah zong kimu thei hi.
Awkia (Falling tone) peuhmah laimung tawh kikhak hi.
Tatna le pianziate kammal nam nih-in kikhel thei den hi.
Form I pen regular Form II pen irregular a ci zong om
hi.

Hih ci banga kammal kikhel bualbual a koi ci hiam? cih

thu tawm kikum dih ni.
Tedim kam-ah kammal khat (a) min (nominalized word)
a suah ciangin, kikhel hi. mangthang pen manthanna.
Tua ciangin (b) adverbial clause a, a kizat ciang leh kikhel
leuleu hi. ngen un, na nget uh leh. (c) kammalzem tawh
a kimat ciangin kikhel hamtang hi. Ngetbeh, lupsan,
Hih banga kammal kikhel pen (a) Tatna kammal zong hi
thei a, (Verb alternation) Gentehna:
- 25 -

Pau aw nam
Abul
Kikhel
CVVC
Luang
Luan
CVC
Sat
Sat
CVV
Pai
Pai
CV
Na
Nat
Paumal zui a kammal kikhelzia lahna

- 26 -

A nuaia kammal pawlkhatte en suak lai ni.

Sum
Sup
Suplebai
Man
Mat
Galmat samat
Lam
Lap
Salu lap
Sem
Sep
Sep hi lo
Cim
Cip
Mencipna
Hawm
Hop
Hoptak sa keng
Lian
Let
Vangletna
Sin
Sit
Anbel na sit khit ciang
Kun
Kut
Kikutkut kul kilkel kei
Lang
Lat
Jesuh hong kilat ciang
Beng
Bet
The betkhiat bang ei
Dong
Dot
Tong dot bu
Bung
But
Mawtaw kibutna
Hal
Hal
Gam kihalna
Del
Del
Na del laitak
Phul
Phul
Huang a phul leh
Khual
Khual
Na kithukhualsak leh
Mial
Mial
Khua a mial ciang
Lam
Lap
Lapna dianna
Khop
Khop
Van na khop leh
Bak
Bak
Zuha na bak ciang
Hek
Hek
Kawltu hekna
Lawk
lawk
Nahtang a lawk leh
Siak
Siak
Na siak khit ciang
Phum
phum
A kiphumna hankhuk
Pho
Pho
An ka pho ciang
Pai
Pai
Hong pai ciangin
Dik
Dik
Huih ka dik laitak
Nuak
nuak
Nuakna bawl uh hi.
Dei
Dei
Inn dei tungnungah
- 27 -

Tui
Gau
Do
Lawi
Hu
Hiam
Nuam
Zawn
Ba
De
Ci
Gik
Suak
Nei
Kui
Hau
Go
Kal
Bel
Vul
Gual
Sial
Tang
Deng
Hong
Nung
Kap
Va
Ne
Zo
Kem

Tui
Gau
Do
Loih
Huk
Hep
Nop
Zot
Bat
Det
Cih
Gih
suah
neih
kuih
hauh
gawh
kalh
belh
Vulh
Golh
Selh
Tan
Den
Hon
Nun
Kah
Vak
Nek
Zoh
Kep

Ak a tui leh
Vaimim a gau ciang
Gal kidona
In loih ding hoih lo hi.
A vang huk nading
Hiam mah e, hep kul ken teh.
a nopna
Kong zot laitakin
leibat dang ken nei nawn keng
Mei hong det ve
Kituacih se dah ni.
A gih leh khe ve.
Na suah ni ciang
Neihlelam
Hong kuihkhak leh
Hauhna-manna
Gohlelup
Pasian hong kalh thu
Belh le muan
Vok hulh kimeet kei.
Kigolh laitak
Kiselh nang om kei
Nang na tan leh
Mo den ni
Na kong za hon in
Huihnunna
Ka kahna khitui
Ka kivakna hi kei
Nekna dawnna
Zohthawh thutawh
Keplekhoi kul lo hi.
- 28 -

Phop
Zan
Kham
Khem
Gim
Tom
Cim
Sin
Tun
Tuan
Pi
Zai
Tuk
Hak
Nek
Bawk
Giak

Phoh
Zan
Kham
Khem
Gim
Tom
Cim
Sin
Tun
Tuan
Pi
Zai
Tuk
Hak
Neh
Bawh
Giah

Puan ka phoh laitak

A zan dikdek ciang
An na kham leh
Kong khemna hi.
Gimna tawlna
Khan tomna thu
Gencim thei keng
Zolai sinna
Sunsiah tunna
Tuantuan ken
Mopi pawi
A zaina
Thaltuk kha ing
Zan hah nitak
Hong nehneh ken.
A bawhvak laitak
Giahphual sat

2.2.1.c. Presyllable omdan

Paumal nih tungsiah a kigawm ciangin a paumal masa
pen Pre-syllable kici hi. Seven cih kammal ah se pen presyllable ahi hi. Tua Pre-syllable pen kampau ciangin a aw
kikhel thei hi.
Mindat-te Cho pau ah leitung a cih ciangin mdek ci a,
tua m pen pre-syllable ahi hi. Falam lam ten nambat a
sim ciangun pa khat, pa nih ci uh hi. [Pa] in a tuamin
khiatna nei tuan lo hi. A nu hi lo cihna zong hi lo hi.

Gentehna:
[Pasian] pen [Psian]
[Ka nu ka pa] pen [knu kpa]
[Kha siangtho] pen [Kh siangtho]
[Sakhi sanang] pen [skhi snang]
Hih kammalte i et ciangin awsuahzia a bulkhat nei napiin, a mai-ah kammal dang khat tawh a kizop ciangin a aw
tawng (tom) in sang hi. Gentehna:
[Sakhi] i cih ciangin, [Sa] (awsau-awkah) pen [sa]
(awtom-awsang) in kilaih hi. [Sa] (awsau-awkah) tawh
Sakhi va ci leng hong kinuihsan ding hi.
Ama thu a om [Sa] leh [sakhi] cih kammal a om [sa]
kibang lo hi. Tua pen presyllable pianzia i cih ahi hi.
Hih bang presyllable zia pen (C)V paumal kigawmzia
(syllable structure) te bek ah kimu thei hi. (C)V i cih
ciangin Pasian cih kammal a (PA) bang ahi hi.
(V) i cih ciangin [Awle] cih kammal a [AW] bang ahi hi.
[Aw] amah kia om leh a awsuah a tuam hi a, [ Awle]
ciangin a awsuah a tuam ahi hi. Kibang lo hi. A kibangin
pau leng hong kinuihsan ding hi. A nuaia kammalte a
banban-in lo dih in.
Cikha
Sakhi
Lutang
tagah
Beli
Khalau
Upa
Tupa
Tunu

Thukhupna

Sangmangte in Zolai hong gelhsak cil lai un, Laimung le

awphei gawm loin apostrophe tawh na gelh uh hi.

Awmal gawm le laimal gawm pen Zokam gulhikcilgehna

hi a, kikup ding tampi om lai hi. Hih ciang tawh dinkhawl
phot ding hi hang.

- 29 -

- 30 -

Khenpi 3
LAI NEIHNA THU
Zomite in nidang sawtpi lai-in LAI nei ngei khin napi,
savun tungah kigelh-a, Go Cin in nisa ah a pho leh ui-in
na neksak ahih manin, lai a nei nawn lo ihi hi, cih tangthu
i nei hi. Lai nei lo ngei lo hi hang. Nei ngei in a nei lokik
ihi hi. Savun tungah kigelh ahih manin ui in hong neksak
ahi hi. Tu in Zomite in Lai i neihna thu (1) Zotual lai, (2)
Mangtual lai le (3) Lai neihdante a banban-in sut dih ni.

3.1 Zotual lai

Zogam tualsuak LAI hi a, Pau Cin Hau lai zong kici hi.
A huampi thu-in Pu Pau Cin Hau lai nam nih om hi.
Thuzuite in Pasian lai le minam lai ci-in minvawh uh
hi. Tua namnihte thu tomkimcing in a nuaia bang ahi hi.

3.1.a. Pasian lai

Pu Pau Cin Hau in Lailui khua pan 1888-1902 kikal a
dam loh hun sungin Pasian kiang pan mangmuhna tawh
a ngah lai ahi hi. Tua manin Laipianpa min ngah lawh
hi. Sen (Chinese) lai bangin laimal khat kammal khat a
suak laimal 1051 pha a, tan guk ciang dong na om sak hi.
(1) Tan khatna
Ii bu
laimal 168
(2)Tan nihna
Min bu
laimal 171
(3)Tan thumna
Dongleng bu
laimal 156
(4)Tan lina
Lunsia bu
laimal 246
(5)Tan ngana
Thaluk bu
laimal 146
(6)Tan gukna
Thuamzungbu
laimal 164
Laimal buppi
1051
- 31 -

I bu pen ii om na ne ziing nu sim sii siik ci-in dawng

kua kisuaha, a masa pen ii a kisin ciangin laila mal 20
pha leuleu hi. Tuate in Ii bang khem tua in hong ci
kawh tawh hawh ding ciah tah pil tom duai hak
sau kawi pau cih ahi hi.
Tedim gam, meitei gam, Lushai gam, Hakha, Falam gam
le Matu gam dongin biakna le lai na kizelh man hi.

Pau Cin Hau lai

3.1.b. Minam lai

1930 kumin Pau Cin Hau lai tawh Lai siangtho sunga
Mualtung thuhilhna kikhen khia hi, kici hi. Tua LAI
pen Pasian Lai hi lo hi. Pu Thang Cin Kham, Pu Cin Khaw
Gin, Pu Sian Khaw Cin le Pu pau Za Dong te in a puah a
zun uh LAI hi kici a, Pau Cin Hau lai mah kici veve hi.
Thuzuite in MINAM LAI ci uh hi. Lai namnih
kilamdanna a nuaia bang ahi hi. A gual masa pen Pasian
Lai hi a, a gual nihna pen Minam Lai ahi hi.

- 32 -

3.2 Mangtual lai

3.3.2. Mara (Lakhers): 1852

Laikawi khat zong a thei lo Zomite in Roman alphabet

zang a, i neih LAI pen MANGTUAL LAI a ci ihi hi. Lai nei
lo Zomite kiangah Lai hong tun masakna pen Lusei gam
pan ahi hi. Zomi lai sin masate in A Aw Bi Chaw ci in na
sim masa uh hi. Tua hun lai-in Lusei gam ah Khristian
Lungdamna thu na tung khin hi. Pu Buanga le Sap Upate
hanciam in ABC tawh lai na gelh thei ta uh hi.

Khamtung gam laizang pawl, Kawlgam le India gam kikal

ah teng uh hi. Tangthu sungah mi masate in Lakher mi
na ci uh a, Khaukhekte cihna ahi hi. 1852 kumin galkap
mang Capt. S. R. Tickell in Roman laimal zangin Mara lai
bawlsak hi. 1865 kum ciangin Captain H. Lewin in behlapsak hi. 1908 kum ciangin Lunglei pan sangmang Rev. F.W.
Savidge in Grammar le Dictionary laibu khat bawlsak hi.
Sangmang R.A. Lorrain in zong Lai Siangtho teikhiatsak
in sang laibute bawlsak hi.

Mizo gam Aizawl lam pan hong letsuk LAI pen Aizawl
lai zong kici hi. A sinte a dingin theih ol mahmah siam ol
mahmah hi. Nitak khuazin zawh a, a sin uh nangawn nitak
7 sungin thei thei siam thei uh ahihmanin Ni sagih lai
zong kici hi. Aizawl gam pen Tedim gam sangin leilupzia
niamzaw ahih manin Khuakhang lai zong kici hi.

3.3.3. Kuki (Thadou): 1857

1857 kumin galkap mang Lt. R. Stewart in Roman laimal
zangin lai bawlsak hi.
3.3.4. Asho 1865-68

Lusei gamgi khuate, Lusei gam dong a zin sumbawlte le

lai thei masate in a hilh khua pawlkhat ah hih lai kisin hi.
.

3.3 Zomite lai neihdan

Hih a nuai a Zomite Lai neih kumte pen Kangkang nu
(Siama Don Ngaih Lian) kanna siksan a, kong kaih khop
thuap ahi hi. Zomite lak-ah Lai nei masa ihi kei hi.

1865 khit ciangin Pwo Karen minam Mahn Company in

Asho Zomite omna Prome khua-ah Pasian na sem hi. Tua
hun sungin Kawl laimal le Pwo Karen laimal gawmtuahin
Asho lai bawlsak hi. Rev. E.O Stevens in puahphatsak hi.
3.3.5. Mizo (Lushai): 1874

3.3.1. Khumi: 1841

Khamtung gam khanglam pen ahi Paletwa gamkhen a om
i sanggam Khumite in American Baptist Missionary Rev.
Lyman Stillbon hanciamsakna tawh 1841 kumin lai na
nei uh hi. Pwo Karen laimalte zang uh hi. Ahih hangin
1949 kum ciangin Anglican sangmangte in Roman laimal
zangin Lai na bawlsak leuleu uh a, 1959 kum in LEU
MAIKAWH HANGTHA kici Lai Siangtho thak khen uh
hi. Thuciam lui tei san laitak uh ahi hi.

1874 kumin Shittagong a om Mangkang galkap Lt. Col.

Thomas Herbert Lewin in Roman laimal tawh Mizo lai
na bawlsak a, Progressive Colloquial Exercises in the
Lushai Dialect kici laibu gelh hi. 1884 kumin Surgeon
Brojo Nath Shaha in Grammar of Lushai Language kici
laibu gelh hi. 1892 kum leuleu ciangin Arthington
Aborigines Mission pan Rev. F.W. Savidge (Sap Upa) le
Rev. James Herbert Lorrain (Pu Buanga) te Kassalong
hong tung uh hi. A omsa laibute puah uh hi. 1897 kum
August 31 ni-in Presbyterian Church of Wales pan

- 33 -

- 34 -

Sangmang Rev. David Jones Aizawl hong tung hi. A omsa

laibu teng puah-in Mizo lai simbu a kipan Lai Siangtho le
Labu bawlsak hi.
3.3.6. Siyin (Sihzang): 1891
1891 kumin Mangkang galkap Capt. Rundall in Roman
lai tawh Sihzang kammal kaikhawmin laibu khat na bawl
hi. 1925 kum ciangin L.B. Naylor in A Practical Handbook
of the Chin Language (Siyin Dialect) laibu khat bawl
leuleu hi.
3.3.7. Lai (Hakha): 1894
1890 kum February 14 ni-in General Symons makaihna
tawh Mangkangte in Hakha khua la uh hi. Tua galkapte
sungpan siavuan A.G.E. Newland (IMS) zong kihel a,
Hakha zi nei in Hakha pau sin hi. 1894 kum ciangin A
Practical Handbook of the Language of the Lais as spoken
by the Hakhas and other tribes of the Chin Hills
(Commonly the Baungshe Dialect kici laibu bawl khia
hi.
1899 kum in Rev. A. E. Carson Hakha khua hong tung a,
Newland bawl lai puahkik uh hi. Amah bek in puah loin
a lawmpa Rev. Dr. Harry Tilbe (Ph.D: D.D; L.L.D) kihuh
sak hi. 1903 kumin Tilbe in a bawl Hakha Grammar le
Dictionary bu hong suak hi. 1908 kumin Carson topa si a,
Cope topa hong tung hi. Cope topa hanciamna tawh
Carson tonu tawh kop-in a omsa Hakha lai khempeuh
puahpha uh hi.
3.3.8. Tedim (Kam Hau lai): 1913
Tedim gamah hong tung masa galkap mangte in Tedim
gambup ai tangin Sihzang lai na bawl masa uh hi. Tedim
- 35 -

pau tawh na tuam bawl pah lo uh hi. I pu i pate in lai deih

in pilna a zongzong minamte ahi uh hi. Sumbawl,
khualzinte in Lushai gam panin Zolai hong siam uh a,
Khua khang lai ahih kei leh Aizawl lai ahih kei leh
ni sagih lai na ci uh hi. Sangmangte hong bawlsak Tedim
lai i neihma-in, Lushai gam pan Zolai na sin khin uh hi.
1910 kum ciangin Joseph Herbert Cope te innkuan Tedim
khua-ah sangmang phual thak sat dingin hong tung uh
hi. Tua hun a kipan in Lai hong hanciamsak a, 1913 kum
ciangin a masa pen Zolai Simbu khat hong bawlsak hi.
Tua panin Cope topa mah in Roman laimal zang a, Tedim
lai gelhdan puahpuah in i minamte LAI kip hong neisak
ahi hi.
1925 kum Honarary Inspector of Schools a ngah ciangin,
khamtung gam kampau nam li tawh tanli ciang pilna sin
theih nang laisin bu hong gelh sak hi. 1913 kum in laisim
bu a nei ihi a, tua hun main i Zolai neih bang hun pawl na
hi khin ding hiam cih kisianggen thei lo hi.
3.3.9. Laizo (Falam): 1924
1925 kumin Cope topa in Laizo kam tawh Zolai tanli ciang
pilna sin theih nang laisinbu na bawl hi. Tua ahih manin
tua hun lai-in, Laizo laigelhdan kician om khin cih ki
theithei hi. Ahi zongin Falam gam sungah Mangkang
sangmangte phual ngak in a om ngei loh man le Hakha
lai, Tedim laite tawh pau kibang lo bek hi a, laigelhna a
tuam dang ahih loh manin Cope topa hun lai a kipanin
Hakha le Tedim laite mah tawh a khang khawm ahih ding
upmawh huai hi.

- 36 -

3.3.10. Chinbok (Cho): 1929

1929-1930 sung Burne mangpa, Cope topa, Sia Awng Dwe
le U Mang Kinte makaihna tawh Roman laimal kizang
Chinbok lai hong piang hi. Tua lai tawh Kanpetlet gam
adingin, biakna lai le tanli ciang sang laisinbute kibawl
hi. Cope topa adingin Khamtung gam lai khempeuh lakah a haksa penpen hi, ci-in na kiciamteh hi. 1929 kumin
Father M. Jordan in, Chin Dictionary and Grammar kici
laibu khat na bawlsak hi. Anung ciangin hih lai pen Cho
lai kici hi.
Thukhupna
Zomi bupin pau khat i neih theih loh hangin, Asho-te lo
buang tu ciangciang LAI nam khat a nei thei suak hi hang.
I sanggam Zomi pih dangte tawh Laigelhzia a kinai
theithei zat ding kisam mahmah hi. Kawlgam vaigam i
kigawm theihna i ZOLAI ahi hi. LAI in i theih loh kalin
hong na gawmgawm hi. Pau i kitheih loh hangin LAI i
kisimsak thei hi. A sawt loin eile-ei thu neihna hong
khang dinga, khantohna tuamtuam tawh ninam picing,
gam picingte mah bangin i nungta thei ding hi. Mi a om
laiteng lai om ding a, Lai a nuntak laiteng mi om ding hi.
Mi le lai, lai le mi kikhen ngei lo ding hi. Zomite in i neihsa
LAI puah-in zun-in, khanpih ding kisam hi.

- 37 -

Khenpi 4
COPE TOPA LE I ZOLAI
THUKONGHONG
Zomite in Gupkhiat lungdamna thu i theih loh ban-ah,
leitung nuntakna tualniam mahmahin i om laitak, Jesuh
hong gupna thu hong hilh dingin America gam tuiphum
pawlpi pan sangmang kop 8 (1. Rev Arthur E Carson le a
zi Laura Hardin Carson 2. Dr H E East 3. Dr H H Tilbe 4.
Rev Dr Joseph Herbert Cope le a zi Elizabeth Cope 5. J G
Woodin 6. Rev Chester U Strait 7. Rev Franklin O Nelson
le 8. Rev Robert G Johnson) hong pai uh hi.
Cope topa le tonu Khamtung gam hong tunphetin,
Khalkha tunden pah hi. Kumnih sung Carson tonu tawh
kop-in na sem hi. Zokam sin hi. Carson tonu a ciah le
Strait topa hong tun kikal 1920-1925 sungteng Khalkha
ah om uh lobuang 1910 kum November kha ni 1 ni a kipan
a sih dong Tedim khua tenden-in nasem hi.
Khalkha kam, Laizo kam, Sihzang kam, Tedim kam,
Kanpetlet gam Chinbok (Pame Chin) kam-te siam hi.
Khamtung gambup simlemal kawmin zin kawikawi-a,
Pawlpi le sang khempeuh van kawikawi hi. Cope topa zahin Zogam bup a huamzo sangmang dang kuamah om lo
hi. Khamtung gam-ah hunsau a om penpen sangmang
ahi hi.

- 38 -

Cope topa nuntakna, a hanciamna hangin Zolai kip i

neihna, tua Zolai zanga Zolai tanli ciang sangpilna
(Vernacular Education) a kipatna thute a kikhen thei lo
ahih manin a nuaia bangin a tomin kong pulak hi.

Kawlgam zuanin hong ding khia-a, 1908 kum December

21 ni-in Khamtung gam Khalkha khua hong tung hi. 1910
kum November 1 ni-in mission phual thak sat dingin,
Tedim khua hong tung uh hi.

4.1 COPE TOPA I CIHCIH:

4.1.a. A pianna le a sangkahna

High School a kah lai-a, a lawm ngaih nu Elizabeth

Caldwell Smith (a kinophuahna min Bess) tawh 1908
kum September 3 ni-in kiteng uh hi. Cope topa-te nupa
in tapa thum nei uh hi.

4.1.c. Azi le a tate

1882 kum November 21, ni-in, Pennsylvania State,

Philadelphia khua German town-ah a pa Joseph B. Cope
le a nu Elizabeth Danforth Cope sung pan piang hi. A minpi
Joseph Herbert Cope hi-a, unau nga sung panin a lina ahi
hi. A neulai a kipan Pasian it mahmah hi. Pawlhuai in,
kimawlna tuamtuam uk-in kiva hi. It huai, pahtak huai
mahmah hi. A pian zawh kum 17 a phak hun, 1899 kumin
piangthak-a, tui kiphum pah hi. North East High School
pan tan 10 a zawh khit ciangin, 1904 kumin, Philadelphia
khua a om University of Pennsylvania, panin Bachelor of
Science (B.Sc.) degree ngah hi.

4.1.b. Pasian nasem dingin kipia

B. Sc Degree a ngah khit ciangin, kum khat sung UTAH
gamkhen a om Mormon mite kiangah Pasian thuhilh
(Missionary) hi. Kumkhat a kipiak khit ciangin New York
a om Rochester Theological Seminary ah Lai Siangtho sang
kah-a, 1908 kumin Bachelor of Divinity (B.D) degree ngah
hi.

A tapa u pen Joseph Howard Cope hi-a, 1910 kum January

1 ni-in Khalkha ah suak hi. 1980-in America-ah si hi. A
tapa nihna Harry Cope hi-a, 1911 kum November 26 ni-in
suak hi. 1915 kum October 20 ni 4:30 pm in Khalkha-ah
si hi. (HABCM 390) A hanmual Khalkha sangmang han
ah tu ni dong kimuthei lai hi. A tapa thumna Appleton
Danforth Cope hi-a, 1917 kum January 30 ni-in America
gam ah piang a, 1999 kum October 31 ni-in America ah si
hi.
Cope tonu pen Cope topa a sih khit 1938 kum July 23 ni
in, America gamah ciahkik hi. 1941 kum February ni 1 niin Taunggyi khua a om Sangmangte tate sangkahna ah a
makaipi dingin hong kuankik napi, leitung galpi nihna
tawh kituak ahih manin kilehkik hi. Tua hun a kipan
Kawlgam ah khat vei zong hong paikik nawn lo a, 1968
kum December ni 10 ni in Philadelphia ah si hi.

4.1.d. A ngah minphatnate

1908 kum Februtary 17, ni-in American Baptist Foreign

Missionary Society in Kawlgam- khamtung gam-ah
Missionary dingin khensat uh hi. 1908 kum July 7, ni-in,
tuiphumsia (ordination) kipia hi. 1908 kum September
30 ni-in, America gam New York khuapi pan tembaw tawh

Khamtung gam Missionary a sep sung Cope topa in a

hanciamna tungtawn a, a ngah minphatnate a nuaia bang
ahi hi.

- 39 -

- 40 -

4.1.d. 1. Kaiser I Hind

1927 kum November kha-in England kumpi (British
Government) in Yangon khua-ah Kaiser I Hind minphatna sumngo medal pi khat pia hi. Khamtung gam bup
pilna sang khantohna dinga, a cihtakna le a hanciamnate
hangin Mangkang kumpi in a pahtawina hi-a, a min
nungah K.I.H a tuan ciangin mi khempeuh maiah vang
nei mahmah a, angtan huai mahmah hi. (HABCM p. 495)

4.1.d. 2. D.D Minphatna:

Falam khua nuai meitei gun a tun laitak Cope tonu in

Cope topa a sih thu a theih ciangin thum ning mau ning
ci loin,
Mi thum nasep a sem, a gim theilo tawh a kibang
mikhat nuntakna abei taktak hi ta ei. ci hiat bek hi.
Mi thum nasep a sempa cih kammal pen, a angtan huai
mahmah pahtawina minphatna kammal ahi hi.

4.1.c. A SIHNA

1935 kum June kha ni 10 ni-in, New York khua a Colgate

University in Honarary Degree of Doctor of Divinity (D.D)
pia hi. Sang makaipipa (Dean) in a nuai-a bangin
pahtawina thu gen hi.

1938 May kha 24 ni in Mara (Lakher) gam Parko khuaah, Strait topa le Naylor mangpa tawh va pai uh hi. India
gam lam pan hong letsuk Lakher mission (Mr. Lorraine)
le khamtung gam Baptist mission-te gamgi bawl dinga
pai ahi hi.

Kuhkal taka nasepna leh lungkia ngeilo a hanciamna

tawh khamtung mite kam nam 40 val pen nam 4 in
gawmtuah sak hi. Laigelhzia ngeina kip bawlsak a,
Kam namkhat in Lai Siangtho thak letkhiat hi. Pau
namtuamtuam tampi tawh Lai Siangtho thak sung
muntampi letkhia hi.

Hong ciahkikna uh lampi ah, Cope topa in nattun, gilsan

le bukkhuh thuahin nikhat khit nikhat gim semsem hi.
Khalkha khua a tun uh ciangin paisuak zo nawn lo a,
Siavuante tawh kibawl hi. 1938 kum July kha 11 ni
zingsang nai 5:00 A.M hunin Khalkha khua ah si hi.

4.1.d. 3. Mithum Nasep A Sempa

1931 kum November kha ni 2 ni-in, American Baptist
Mission Society pan Secretary a sem Dr. J.C. Robbins in,
Cope topa laikhak a,
Nangin lai hilhpa lai gelhpa le lungdamna thu gen
khiapa na hi-a, mithum nasep thuahkhawmpa na hi
hi. I gamthak nasepna phualte ah, nangmah bang
tektek mi tampi, deihhuai ka sa mahmah hi. ci-in a
gelh hi.
- 41 -

Cope topa a kivui ni-in Naylor mangpa in Hakha khua

kumpi zum khempeuh khaksak a, kumpi lan khuamkim
ciang (Half mast) khaisakin supna dahna lianpi
kilanghsak hi.
Cope topa American gam pan kipan hong dinkhiat panin
a sih dong kum 29 le kha 7 sawt hi. Khamtung gam sung
a om hun khempeuh kum 25 leh kha 7 (ni 9419) sawt hi.
Thangnuai khua pan Rev. Mang Kam in Cope topa sih a
zak ciangin, kuli cial in, Zangzawl khua pan suangsan peek
khat a mualsuang dingin vapuak hi. Gal hun sungin tua
- 42 -

mualsuang kisia a, America pan hong kipuakkik sumngo

mualsuang (a innkuanten a vil nai loh) tungah a nuai a
bangin kigelh hi.
JOSEPH HERBERT
COPE
BORN IN
PHILADELPHIA, PENNSYLVANIA
UNITED STATES OF AMERICA
NOVEMBER 21, 1882
DIED IN
HAKA, CHIN HILLS, BURMA
JUNE 11, 1938

4.2 Zolai Simbu

A taktak in Cope topa pen Zolai bawl ding le Sangukmang
sem dinga Khamtung hong pai hi lo hi. Kha mangthang
veina tawh lungdamna thu gen dinga hong pai ahi hi. Lai
le sang vai tuamtuam hangin lungdamna thu gen man lo
lianga, a manlah ciangin lungnuam loin om thei zel hi.
(1931 February 1, ni laikhak HABCM-p.501). Tua bang
kawmkal ah, a hun om ta leh om ta kei leh ahih theih
zahzahin lungdamna thu tangko den hi.
Tua ahih manin, Cope topa Khamtung gam hong tun
hunin Khalkha le Khuasak bek-ah pawlpi om pan-a, thu
um mi 100 zong pha nai lo hi. Ahih hangin Cope topa a
sih kum 1938 ciangin Khamtung gam-ah Khristian 4647,
pawlpi (Siakhawk) 22 om ta hi. Kumcin sumpi Rs 3000
bang ngah ta uh hi. Sangmang Johnson in a genna ah:

- 43 -

Cope topa pen khamtung mite in Khristian upna

kip a zungkhak theih nadinga na lian a sem penpen
pa ahi hi ci hi.
Judge Miriam (Carson tonu a ciahkik khit-a a tenpih
pasal) in Khamtung gamah cidamna lam nakpitakin
hanciam ding Mission phualpi ah a gen lai-in, Cope topa
in Pilna (Education) le Khristian suahna (Conversion)
in a khel mateng Zomite nuntakzia bangmah kikhel lo
ding hi- nothing much would change until education
and conversion changed the Chins attitude toward, life,
death and illness HABCM-p.493. ci in na nial ngei hi.
Zomite in Zolai kip nei-a, pilna i ngah nading hong
hanciam pihnate a tomin a nuaia bang ahi hi.

4.2.a. Zolai hong bawlsak hi.

Cope topa Khamtung hong tunma 1891 kumin Captain
Rundall in Sihzang (Siyin) pau siksanin Sihzang lai, 1894
kumin Indian Medical Service a, a sem A.G.E. Newland
in Khalkha pau siksan in Khalkha lai na bawl ngei khin
uh hi. Carsonte nupa Khamtung hong tun ciangin, a omsa
Khalkha lai puah uh-a, a lawmpa laisiam (linguist) Tilbe
zong na kihuhsak ngei hi. Ahi zongin Cope topa hong tun
1908 kum hun ciangciang Khamtung gam-ah Zolai
gelhdan ngeina kip kinei cian nai lo hi.
Tua hunin Tedim gam-ah Pau Cin Hau Lai a om khit
hangin mipi zat theih dingin kizel lo hi. Tua bang hun
sungin Lusei gamah Lusei lai kilimzat mahmah khin-a,
Tedim gam-ah zong hong kizelsuk ngei hi. Mi masate-in
na sin uh hi. Tua Lusei lai theihbaih ahih manin nisagih
lai a ci om hi. Mualleguam lupzia zui-in Mizo gam pan
- 44 -

hong khang ahih manin Khuakhang lai a ci zong om-a,

Aizawl lai a ci zong om hi. a, aw, bi caw zong kici hi.
Cope topa in Khalkha panin a theihsa Khalkha lai le Zolai
gelhdan tuamtuamte enkak-in, Khamtung gambup in a
zattang theih ding, laigelhdan kip hong bawlsak hi. Cope
topa bawl Zolai pen ama mai-a kibawl Zolaite bang hi
loin, theih ol hi. Awsang awniam ciaptehna a tuamtuamte
(Diacretical marks) om lo hi. A kipuahpuah a kizunzun
ahih hangin a paizia pi pen Cope topa hong bawlsak Zolai
mah Khamtung mi bupin kizang hi.

4.2.b. A bawlsa lai puahin zun hi

Cope topa bawl Zolai pen thakhat thu-in a hoihpah a
kippah hi lo hi. Khamtung gam a, a om hun (1908-1938)
kum 30 sung bang a puahpuah a zunzun hi-a, a hoihzaw
a kipzaw dingin a laih tohtoh ahi hi.
Tua banga a puah tohtohzia, 1919 pan 1938 sung THE
CHIN HILLS NEWS (Tunung ciangin CHN ci-in tomlak
ding) sungah laimal gawmzia le laigelhzia kikhel dan a
nuaia kammal 7 te siksan in kimu thei hi.
Khrih
= 1919 kumin
Kaji,
1921 kumin
Khaji,
1921 kumin
Khazhi,
1927 kumin
Khazih
Jesuh
= 1919 kumin
Jeshu,
1920 kumin
Jesu,
1923 kumin
Zheishu,
1925 kumin
Zeishu,
1927 kumin
Zisu,
1929 kumin
Zeisu
- 45 -

Pasian

= 1919 kumin
1924 kumin
Leitung = 1919 kumin
1923 kumin
Tapidaw = 1919 kumin
1921 kumin
1922 kumin
Inn
= 1919 kumin
1920 kumin
Yangon = 1919 kumin
1923 kumin

Pashian,
Pasian
Letung,
leitung
Tawpido,
Tapidaw,
Tapidaw
in
inn
Zangvung
Zangun

A tunga a kumkum a laimal gawm kilaihzia i et ciangin

Cope topa in laigelhzia kip i neih nadingin, hun saupi a
na hanciamzia kimu thei hi. Tua bangin a puah a zun
ciangin a ma utthuthu in a puah hi lo hi. Lailam ah Zomite
sangin a khangto masa zaw Luseite laigelhzia tungtawnin
Zolai gelhzia tampi na puah hi.
Khalkhate Sayaci Bawi Hu in Cope topa in Luseite
Haudala kiang pan Zolai gelhdan sin hi ci hi. Haudala a
cih pen R. Dala hizaw hi. R. Dala minpi pen Ral Za Dala
hi a, Kawlgam EFCM pawlpi pankhia pa Pu Lal Than Lian
pianna pa ahi hi. Pu Ral Za Dala pen 1911 kum a kipan
tuni dong a kizomsuak-a Mizo gam Presbyterian pawlpite
laihawm KHRISTIAN TLANGAU editor masa pen ahi hi.
Tua ban-ah Lunglei lam pan Tahan hong lal suk Pu Tuah
Hrang kiang panin zong Cope topa in Lusei lai tampi
theihbeh hi kici hi. Bek tham loin Lusei laigelhzia
bulphuh in a Zolai a puahzia Tedim kam thu kizakna lai
sungah tampi kimu thei hi.
- 46 -

1921, November kha a kihawmkhia CHN kici Tedim kam

thu kizakna lai sungah;
Tunun ciangin Khamtung lai a ki-at ciangin, Lusei
ngeina a kizui ding hi. A tawp lam a awsau ahih leh,
tuma lam a, a ki-at mah bangin, a ki-at lai ding hi.
na kici hi.
Tua hun a kipanin Zolai malgawm ah, ingh, langh, cingh,
cihte kizang pah hi. Tuni dong mah a zangzang om lai hi.
CHN- 1928, April sungah, laigelhdan puahna om leuleu
a,
Mi kimkhat in s, sh, z, zh a kizangna ding a theikei
uh hi. Hi bangin a kizang hi. a, e, o, aw a mai lamah
s, leh z, a ki-at hi. Ahih hangin, ei, i, u, mailam ah,
sh, zh, a ki-at ding hi. A masa in J a ki-at hi. Ahih
hangin a nung ciangin J a ki-at nawn kei hi. Zh a kiat ding hi. Banghang hiam cihleh Lusei ngeina tawh
a kituak zaw hi kici hi.
Tua bang laigelhdan puahna hangin 1923 kum in Jesuh
kammal pen Zheishu na kici ngei hi. Tua ci kei leh Zisu
hi dinga, sim nuam het lo ding hi.

4.2.c. A bawlsa lai a kip nang hanciam hi.

1922 kum Zolai tanli sang neih ding a kivaihawm lai in
Mangkang kumpi in Laisiampa (Linguist) khat tungtawn
laigelhzia thak khat zat dingin vaihawm hi. Hih thu-ah
Cope topa lungkim zo lo hi. Tua bangin ngaihsutna kituak
lo ahih manin, Maymyo thukikupna ah a zat ding lailung
- 47 -

khensat zo lo uh hi. Laisiampa (Linguist) lai lungkim loin

ama bawl Laigelhzia a deih tentanna thu in:
Hih laigelhzia thak tawh Khamtung gamah lai kisin
leh Kawlgam a om Zomite pen Mizo gam le Meitei
gam a om a sanggamte uh tawh kigamla semsem ding
hi, cih a ngaihsutna hang ahi hi.
Tua hangin 1925 kum ciangin Cope topa lai bawl Zolai
tanli sangah kizang a, tu-in simlemal, Kawlgam Vaigam a
om Zomi kici khempeuh in lai kibang a zang ihi hi.
Cope topa in 1913 kumin a masa pen Zolai sinna bu hong
bawlsak hi. Kipuah toto a, tu dong mah a kipuah lai ahi
hi. Kampau nungta khat ahih le a kampau le a lai kipuah
toto a ngeina ahi hi. Hih Cope topa hong patsak laigelhzia
paipi zui in kum 100 a kalsuan ta i hi hi. Lai Siangtho bu i
nei hi. Labu i nei hi. Hih lai mah zangin Magazine a
tuamtuam, Khua tangthu, Beh tangthu, Pawlpi tangthu,
Jubilee laibu, thukizakna lai a tuamtuam i nei ta hi.
Leitung tawh liangko kikimin Email, SMS, cihte i zang
ziahziah hi. Hihte khempeuh Cope hong bawlsak, hong
puahsak Zolai i kep i zun hang ahi hi.

4.3. Zolai tawh Pilsinna

Khamtung gamah sangmangte hong tun ciangin pilna
thupisak mahmah uh hi. Kayin siate tawh kopin sang iin
hong kawikawi uh hi. 1921 kum ciangciang Khamtung
gamah tanli sang guk bang omta a, Sangmangte pat,
sangmangte makaih vive ahi hi. Sangnaupang 280 bang
pha uh a, Kawllai tawh pilna kisin hi.

- 48 -

4.3.a. Falam thuvaihawmna

1921 kumin Burne mangpa (Lt. Col. I. E. Burne; Deputy
Commissioner and Battalion Commander) in Falam khuaah, sangvai thuvaihawmna thupi mahmah khat sam hi.
Khamtung gam sang khempeuh-ah Zolai tawh pilna sin
theih nading vai hi-a, hih thu a zak ciangin Cope topa
nuam mahmah in, 1921 kum June 30 ni a laikhakna ah,
Kumpi in sang laisinna ah, Zolai zat ding deih uh
ahih manin, lungdam mahmah ing. ci hi.
Cope topa in tua thuvaihawmna a theih phet-in Tedim
kam thukizakna lai (CHN 1921 Jun kha) sungah a nuaia
bangin suaksak pah hi.
1. In sawmnga val a om khua khempeuh a Sangin a
om ding hi.
2. Tua Sangin sunga om sangnaupangte in kum li
dongin Jolai a shin ding hi.
3. Laihilhsiate in kha sim 15 a ngah dinguh hi. Amau
khasum kumpinu in pia ding hi.
4. Khalkha khua, Phalam khua leh Tedim khua Sangin
a om lai ding hi. Tua sangin sunga tan sagi a sin
ding uh hi.
5. Khalkha uksung a khalkha lai, Phalam uk sunga
Laijo lai Tedim uksungah Tedim lai a zang ding
hi.
6. Vuandokte in Sangin a uk ding uh hi.

4.3.b. Maymyo thuvaihawmna

1921 kum Falam khua thuvaihawmna khit ciangin 1922
kum October kha in Maymyo khua ah Khamtunggam sang
- 49 -

vai thukikupna om leuleu-a, a CHN Jan 1923 sungah a

nuaia bangin na ciamteh hi.
October kha sangmangpa in Kumpi nu sangin Menzi
pa tawh vaihawm dingin Meimiu khua a pai hi. Tu
dongin khamtung ah sangnaupangte in Kawllai bek
a sin uh hi. Ahih hangin Menzi pa in Zo lai shin na
dingin a lungngai hi. Tua ahih ciangin Zolai shin na
ding thu a vaihawm hi. A vaihawmte in sawm bang a
pha uh hi. Amaute in Menzi pa thu bang a kihkim uh
hi. Kawl lai sangin Zolai leh Mangkang lai shin ding
a kituakzaw hi, a ci uh hi. Kua in sangin a uk ding
hiam a vaihawm kei uh hi. Laimal thu a vaihawm
ngam kei uh hi. Bang hang hiam cih leh a mau thu
kihkim kei hi. Mi kimkhat in sangmangpa a piangsak
lai a deih hi. Kim khat in a thak a piangsak nuam hi.
Tua ahih ciangin Zangun Menzi pa in bangthu a pia
ding hiam ih thei kei hi. Sagain Menzi pa in Phalam
khua ah a vaihawm kik nuam hi. A hih hang in laimal
thu ih thei lo laitak in laishin ih ki pan zo kei hi. kici
hi.
Maymyo thukikupna ah (1) Laizo kam pen Zo gam ah
kizang tang dingin ki sin ding, (2) A deihthuahte in
Kawllai leh Manglai sin thei ding, laigelhzia pen
laisiampa (Linguist) bawl bang zuih ding , cih thute
kilimkup mahmah uh hi. Laisiampa (Linguist) a cih kua
taktak hi ding hiam cih kithei lo hi. Hih thu kikupnate
tungtangah Cope topa lungkim zo lo hi. Tua bangin
ngaihsutna kituak lo ahih manin, Maymyo thukikupna
ah a zat ding lailung khensat zo lo uh hi. Khamtung gam
sangte ah Tedim kam le Laizo kam zat ding, Cope topa
- 50 -

bawl laigelhzia zat ding thu, kumpi tungah ngen hi. Hih
bang teng hangin, hun sau veipi a thu kidiah hi.
Laisiampa (Linguist) lai lungkim loin ama bawl laigelhzia
a deih tentanna thu in:
Hih laigelhzia thak tawh Khamtung gamah lai kisin
leh Kawlgam a om Zomite pen Mizo gam le Meitei
gam a om a sanggamte uh tawh kigamla semsem
ding hi, cih a ngaihsutna hang ahi hi.
Tua hangin 1925 kum ciangin Cope topa lai bawl Zolai
tanli sangah kizang a, tu-in simlemal, Kawlgam Vaigam a
om Zomi kici khempeuh in lai kibang a zang ihi hi.

4.3.c. Burne le Cope kimu

1924 kum April kha ciangin, Cope topa omna Khalkha
khua ah Burne mangpa pai-in Cope topa tawh kimu uh-a,
Sang ah Zo kam namnih: Tedim gam ah Kamhau
kam, Phalam gam le Khalkha gam ah Laizo kam
kizang ding, Sang laisin bu kampau nam nihin bawl
ding, Yagon pilna phungpi pan thukimpihna ngah
nadingin Cope bawl lailung kikhaksuk zo, tu laitakin sangte sangmangte khut nuaiah kikoih lai ding,
lai sinbu a kingah ciangin laihilh ding siate Falamah kisam dinga, laihilh dan kisinsak ding, cih thute
kuppih hi.
1924 kum May kha ciangin Cope topa kiangah, Burne
mangpa hong paikik leuleu a, a nuai a thuliante kipsak
uh hi.
(1) Kumpi in sangvai a thak in hawm leh
sangmangte in, mission sang a tuamin na nei lai ding
- 51 -

uh hiam? a cih ciangin, Cope topa in, Tuam neih

lo-in kumpi tawh ka vaihawm khawm ding uh hi.
ci-in na dawng kik hi.
(2) Sang uk mangpa (Honarary Inspector of Schools)
dingin, hong kikoih leh nong mangzo ding hiam? a
cih ciangin, Cope topa in, Nong seh uh leh ka
lungdam ding hi, ci kik hi.
(3) A tawpna ah Mangpa in Sang 12 bang pha ding
ahih manin, sum beizah ding le lai sindingte na geel
khol in. Kampau namnih-in, sang laisinbu na gelh
in ci-in kiho uh hi.
Hih bang thute tawh vai a kihawm toto hi a, a sawt loin
Yangon pan Cope bawl lai zat theih nading phalna thukip
kikhensat hi. Hih thu CHN Nov 1924 sungah:
Zangvun Menzi pa in eite lailung a thukim manin
Tedim Labu thak leh Sizang Labu thak kih bawl thei
hi. Tedim Lai Siangtho zong kih bawl thei hi

4.3.d. Zolai tanli sang kipan tatak

1925 kum ciangin mission sang khempeuh (Taungphila a
kihel sang thum lo buang), kumpi sang kisuaksak-a, Zolai
tawh tanli ciang kisin taktak ta hi. Cope topa in
sangukmang sem hi.
Cope topa in 1925 kum January 27 ni a laikhakna ah;
1924 kum bei kuanin, thu thak khat ka za uh a, 1925
kum kipat a kipanin, sang lai sin zia vaihawmna thak
kipan ta ding hi. Mangpipa in a genna ah,
sangmangpa in khasum sang loin, kumpi
- 52 -

sangukmang hi dinga, sang khempeuh van khin ding

hi. ci-in kigelh hi.
Ninih kihal a laikhak (1925 kum January 29 ni) na ah:
1925 kum a kipan sang laisinzia a thak in vaihawm
ding cih 1924 bei ciangin thu hong tung hi. Mangpipa
in sangmangpa in khasumsanglo sangsitpa panmun
sem ding a, sang khempeuh uk ding hi ci hi kici hi.

4.3.c. Cope topa le Sangmangpa

Cope topa in Sangukmang a sep sungin, khasum a ngah
loh hangin, khualzin man (TA) ngah hi. Sangmangte sum
haksat hun tawh kituak ahih manin nuamtuam mahmah
banah Tedim kam thu kizakna lai zong tawlkhat sung
ama TA ngah tawh hawmkhia hi, kici hi.
Mi tampi in SANGMANG cih kammal pen, Cope topa in
sangukmang (H.I.S.) a ngah ciang a kipan hi, ci uh hi.
SANGMANG cih kammal hong kipatna i theih loh hangin,
Cope topa in 1919 kum The Chin Hills News a
hawmkhiat issue masa pen-ah amah le amah,
SANGMANGPA na kici khin hi. Tua hi-a, Cope topa in
Sangukmang a sep ma kum 6 lai-in SANGMANG cih
kammal a kizat khitna thu teltakin kimu thei hi.
SANGMANG cih le Sangukmang panmun kimemat kha
lo hi.
Zolai tanli sang a kipat taktak theih nadingin sangsia sinna
om a, hih thu CHN Mat le Epi 1925 sungah:
Tu kum Zolai sin dingin Menzi pa in thu a pia hi.
Pibuaizi kha le Mat kha in Tedim sia 10, Falam sia 7
le Khalkha sia 9 in sangmangpa in ngeina thak a sin
- 53 -

uh hi. Zolai bek a sin kei hi. Thuhilhna ding zong a

sin uh hi. ci in kiciamteh hi.
Zolai tanli laisimbu
Tua hun lai a kisin laibu te in;
1. Nasimna bu (readers)
2. Geography of Chin Hills and Burma
3. Arithmatics
4. Habits of Health
5. Nature Study cihte ahi hi.

4.4 Laibu bawlpa Cope

Cope topa in Tedim kam, Sihzang kam, Falam kam,
Khalkha kam le Chinbok kamte tawh Lai Siangtho, Labu,
Sang laibu, Khristian biakna laibu le Chin Hills News
(Tedim kam le Falam kam) te tatsat loin bawl hi. Cope
topa kihel ngeina le a mah tektek in a bawl laibute a nuai
a bang ahi hi.
Laibu minte
1. Chin Primer No.I
2. Chin Primer
3. Gospel of Matthew
4. Gospel of Mathew
5. Gospel of John
6. Chin Primer (Large)
7. Chin Primer (Small)
8. Readers (Nasimna bu)
9. Readers (Nasimna bu)
10. Readers (Nasimna bu)
11. Readers (Nasimna bu)

Kampau
Tedim
Siyin
Tedim
Siyin
Kamhau
Kamhow
Kamhow
I
II
III
IV

- 54 -

Kum
1913
1914
1915
1916

1927
1927 ff
1927 ff
1927 ff

12. Readers (Nasimna bu)

V
1927 ff
13. Readers (Nasimna bu)
VI
1927 ff
14. Geography of Chin Hills and Burma
1926
15. Arithmatic
I
1927
16. Arithmatic
II
1927 ff
17. Arithmatic
III
1927 ff
18. Arithmati
IV
1927 ff
19. Arithmati
V
1927 ff
20. Arithmatic
VI
1927 ff
21. Readers I
Chinbok
1932
22. Readers II
Chinbok
---23. Habits Health (Cidamna thu)
1931
24. Nature Study (Nate thu)
I
1933
25. Nature Study (Nate thu)
II
1933
26. Many School Text books Laizo*
---27. Many School Text books Hakha*
---28. Geography
Chinbok
---29. Hymn book (300)
Tedim
1927
30. Hymn book
Siyin
1927
31. Hymn book
Laizo
1931
32. Hymn book
Zaniat
1937
33. Lai Siangtho thak
Tedim
1932
34. The Pilgrims Progress
Tedim
1933
35. Matthew, Acts and Corinthians(Laizo)
1933
36. Chin Hills News (monthly) Tedim
1919- 1938
37. Chin Hills News Laizo
1928---38. Revelation and part of Hebrew
Manuscript
39. Gospel of Matthew
Laizo
Manuscript
40. O.T. Pentateuch
Laizo
Manuscript
41. N.T. Books
Laizo
Manuscript

Cope topa in laibu nam 36 gelh hi, cin kiciaptehna tampi

om-a, kei ngaihsutna ah nam 36 sangin tamzaw hamtang
ding hi, ci-in ka um hi. Laizo kam le Khalkha kamin
laisinbu bangzah kigelh cih kitheician lo hi.

- 55 -

- 56 -

4.5 Menzipa in sang hong vil

1925 kum a kipan in Cope topa gelh Laisinbu zangin Zolai
tanli pilna kisin pah ngekngek hi. Cope topa in
sangukmang sem a, Magwe Menzi pa in zong vaithak khat
ahih manin na kinbawl mahmah hi.
CHN-1926 Mei kha sungahPiphuazi kha ah sanginn uk Menzipa leh a zi
khamtungah hong kah hi. Sangnau pangte laigelh a
muh ciangin tumdang a sa hi. Khamtung
sangnaupangte mengmeng in lai a siam thei hi.
Manglai a sinte zong a siam a sa hi, Kawlgam ah
kumthum a sin tawh a kih bang a siam hi. a ci hi
CHN-1926 Augu kha sungahNikum ciangin khamtung laisin naupang leh
numeino 1000 val pha hi. Kawllai a sin laitakin 400
bang a sin hi. Khuasak khua ah numeino zong lai a
sin hi.
Zolai tawh pilsinna lawhcing mahmah hi. Ahih hangin
tua hun lai Zogam makaite in Zomite in Zolai bek tawh
pilna ngah leh kicing lo ding cih na mu khol uh hi. Tua
ahih manin tua hun lai-a Ukpi le hausate thusau muhna
zong CHN-1930 Epi, Mei, Jun kha sungah a nuai-a bangin
kiciamteh hi.

Zannuaizi leh Pipuaizi kha laitak in sanginn uk

Menzipa a ukpa in Khamtung sanginn en ding a zin
kwai hi. Tedim khua ah Nawmal a sinte ahuh dingin
tua khua ah a sawt veipi a tam hi. Tonzang innpipa,
Mualbem hausapa leh Thuklai hausapate in Kawllai
a mau khua ah sin ding a ngen hi. Tuate in Zolai a
phiat nuam kei uh hi. Zolai tawh Kawllai a sin khawm
nuam uh hi. A maute in, Kawlkam siam lo hi leh
Kawlgam ah nasep ka ngah zo kei ding uh hi. Khalkha
mite Phalam mite kiangah lai ka khak thei kei ding
uh hi. Ka khual zin thei kei ding uh hi. a ci hi

4.6 Sang tawh kipan sang a tawp

Cope topa in Pilna le Khristian suakna bek in Zomite
khangtosak ding hi, cih um hi. Khamtung gam a om
hunsung hun khempeuh sangvai tawh manlah den a, a
sih madiak 1938 kum May 31 ni (ni 11 bek nungta lai)
tonu a laikhakna ah, dam loh thu gen loin, sang thu mah
gen hi.
Strait in tukum sangnaupang kiam mahmah ci ahih
manin, sangte vil kawikawi manleng cih thu
lunghihmawh belin nei ing. Hong it Herbert. ci ziau
zen hi.
Zomite pilna ding hong deihsak luat manin, sang tawh
ma a pan, sang tawh hun tamzaw a bei, sang tawh mazial
a, sangthu lung hihmawhna tawh a nunung pen hu a sang
sangmangpa ahi hi.

- 57 -

THUKHUPNA
Tua hi-a, Zomite tangthu a kisut sialsial-in Cope topa thu
kimangngilh ngeilo ding hi. Laikawi khat zong a nei nai
lo Zomite laikip i neih nang hong bawlsakin hong pantah
hi. Zolai simbu le Zolai tawh tanli ciang pilna (Vernacular
education) sin theih nading Mangkang kumpi tawh kopin
laisinbu hong bawlsak hi. Zomite kha thu-ah khuavak muin, hun khat lai-a, kenkawm mualkawm-a, gamzawngte
abang Zomite tu-in leitung mipil mikhangto pente tawh
hong kikhawlsak hi. Khristian upna laigil hong muama,
tawntung nuntakna lampi hong tawnsak hi. Tua ahih
manin, Cope topa pen Pasian in Zomite a dingin a tuam
vilvel a sathau a nilh, mi lamdang pasal pha khat ahi hi.
A neu pau a lian pau in Cope topa Cope topa i cih buangin
a kimu thei kum 100 cin mualsuang ban ah, minam i itna
le Cope topa i zahtakna in:
(1) Zokam, Zolai thupisak semsem ni.
(2) Lai gelh-in, laibu bawl ni.
(3) Lailam tungtuang Cope pahtawina Cope
Literature Award cih vaihawm in a siamte pahtawina le
khang thakte thapiakna nei ni.
(4) Zo khua cin-ah Cope Laibusaal Cope memorial
Library neih huai hi.

- 58 -

simbute a khen kik ding tavuan la om lo ahih manin 1964

le 1976 kikal kum 12 sung teng tan nih pan tan li dong
Zolai Simbu zat ding om lo hi.

Khenpi 5

5.2 Zogam bup ading Zolai Simbu

COPE TOPA KHIT I ZOLAI

Cope topa khit Zolai simbu thu pen Siapi Suan Khan Mang
in a kaihkhop Zolai simbu kum 85 cin laibu siksan in
kong suahsak kik ahi hi. I Zolai simbu tan khat pan tan li
ciang i neih i puah, i kepzia tangthu ahi hi.

5.1 1925 ZOLAI TANLI

1925 kum Tedim kam tawh lai sinbu gelh ding khensatna
a om khit ciangin Rev. J. H. Cope in hih a nuai-a sang lai
sinbu teng hong bawl khiatsak hi.
(a) Nate thubu (General Science)
(b)Cidamna thubu (Hygiene)
(c) Ganan bu (Arithmetics)
(d)Zolai Simbu (Reader)

bu 4 Tan 1-4
bu 3 Tan 2-4
bu 4 Tan 1-4
bu 4 Tan 1-4

Cope topa in lai sinbu nam 15 hong bawlsak a, hih lai

sinbute Tedim gambup ah 1924 June sang hon panin
kizang hi. 1952-53 kum dong Rev. J. H. Cope gelhsa lai
sinbute khelna, puahna om loin kum 28 sung a bukimin
kizang suak hi. 1953 kum June kha sang hon a kipanin
Zolai Simbu (Reader) teng losiah a bu dangteng kizang
nawn loin, Kawllai a kigelh kumpite geel lai sinbute
(Prescribed Text books) kizang ta hi. Cope topa bawlsa
Zolai Simbu teng 1970-71 dong kizang ahih manin kum
47 sung (1924 1971) puahpha lo, khiam lo, behbap loin
kizang to suak hi. 1971 kiim in tan langte zat ding lai simbu
a thak kibawla, a dangteng kizang suak lailai hi. Lai
- 59 -

Taw-lan-ye (awmfvSefa&;) kawngcil (Revolutionary

Council) kah zawh ciangin Zogam buppi ah Pautaang
deihna tawh Zolai Simbu a kithu khat (Uniform) ding
deihna om ngei hi. Tua tawh kizomin 1964 kum a kipan
Zolai Simbu puahphat ding vaihawmna kinei hi. Siapi Pu
P. Gin Khaw Thang (B.A., B.Ed., B.E.S,) le Pu Mang Khaw
Nang (B.A., B.Ed.,) te sang lam pan mawhpua zaw deuhin
hong semkhia masa uh hi. Tua ban zomin 1967 kum
ciangin Siapi Pu Pau Do Nang (B.A., B.Ed.,) in hong zomto
leuleu in Chin Affairs Council zum Hakha ah puak dingin
tan lang pan tan li dong na khen khia uh hi. 1970 kum
ciangin Siapi Pa Vungh Cin Thang (B.A., (Ed), B.Ed., B.E.S)
in tavuan hong la hi. 1964 pan 1970 kum ciang kum 7
sung puahna le kikupna le Zogam bup lai sinbu kithukhat
nading deihna tawh mainawt theihna om loin hunte
pammaih takin hong beito hi. Hih hun sungin Kawllai
mal tawh Zolai gelh ding deihna peuh hong om nenuk se
lai hi.

5.3 Zolai Simbu khatvei puahna (1971)

1970 kum December kha ciangin anuaia makaite
aihawmna tawh tan lang Zolai Simbu puahkik khatveina
kinei-a, 1971 kum June kha ciangin kizang pah hi.
(1)
(2)
(3)

Pa Vungh Cin Thang (B.A., B.Ed., B.E.S)

Pa Mang Khaw Nang (B.A., B.Ed.)
Pa Dam Khaw Hau (B.A.)
- 60 -

(4)
(5)
(6)

Pa Gin Za Kam (B.Ag.)

Pa Theu Za Kap (B.A (Ed), B.Ed.)
Pa Dal Za Khup (Member of Chin State Peoplle
Inspectorate, Haka)
(7) Pa Khai Za Kham
(8) Pa Thawng Khaw Thang (Sangsia pension)
(9) Pa Kam Than Thang - 3, Ngennung khua
(10) Pa L.M. Peter Khup Lam Thang
(11) Pa H. Gin En Cin (gec)
(12) Pa Kham Go Pau B.Sc (Zoology)
(13) Pa Ngul Khaw Pau
(14) Pa Cin Za Thawn (Limsuai)
(15) Pa Cin Khan Vungh (Limsuai)
(16) Pa Let Khan Hang te ahi uh hi.
Tan lang bu ah Sinna (lesson) 21 dong kikoih in sinna
khat sungah laigual giat pan sawm le nih ciang kikoih hi.

5.4 Zolai Simbu nihvei puahna (1975)

1975 kum ciangin a nuaia makaite vaihawmna tawh Zolai
tan lang bu nihvei puahphatna kinei leuleu hi.
(1) Pa Lam Za Tinh (B.A. (Ed), B.Ed.)
(2) Pa Vum Za Dal (B.A. Dip, Ed.)
(3) Pa Suan Khan Mang (B.Sc. (Physics), Dip, Ed.)
(4) Pa L.M. Peter Khup Lam Mang
(5) Pa Thawng Khaw Thang
(6) Pa H. Gin En Cin te ahi uh hi.
Tan lang bu bawl nangin Sia Khup Lam Thang tavuan
kipia hi. Sia Khup Lam Thang in a limteng Block a bawl
dingin, (1) Tg. Thang Khan Suan (Sakollam), (2) Tg. Sian
Za Thawng (Sakollam), (3) Tg. Cin Lian Thang (Myoma)
te lim na suaisak hi. Lim suaihsateng pen Mandalay
- 61 -

University a sia sem Pa J. Hang Khan Pau (Tonzang) B.Sc

(Geol), Geology Department in block bawl tavuan la hi. A
limte block a bawlna le laidal haksatna, thu kizakna a
gamlatnate hangin 1976 kum sang hon cianga zat dingin
kibawl khia zo pan hi. Laibu pen Kalaymyo Cathollic Press
Manager, Pa Tuang Khan Thang hanciampihna tawh bu
4,000 kibawl hi.
1976 kum sungin tan khat pan tan li laibu bawlna sungah
kawmiti-te kikupna sawmvei kinei hi. Kikup ciangin thu
taktak ahih manin ni thapai mah kikupin om den hi.
Thulu, laigualhzia le a thu mahmah kigeel hi. Hih bang
hun ciang a kihel dente in, Pa Lam Za Tinh, Pa Thawng
Khaw Thang, Pa Kam Khan Thang, Pa H. Gin En Cin le Pa
Suan Khan Mang-te ahi uh hi. 1976 kum a liveina kikupna
ah Pa Vum Za Dal hong kihel in, a nga veina kikupna-a
kipan Pa H. L. Neng Khen Thang hong kihel den thei hi.
Hih Zolai Simbu bawlna-ah Rev. J. H. Cope bawlna sungate, tuhun tawh kituaklo teng puahphatna le a om kha lo
teng hih a nuai-a min om tengin hong geel masa uh hi.
(1) Pa Kam Khan Thang

(2)
(3)
(4)
(5)
(6)

Pa Vul Za Thang
Dr. Sian Za Kam
Pa J. Gin Za Tuang
Rev. Hau Lian Kham
Pa T. Suan Khan Mang

- 62 -

Kihutcilna le i la nam
tuamtuamte
Ka sang inn thu
Ka bil thu le ka ha thu
Singkung thu
Ka nu thu
Aksi thu, kha de,
kiam, kha khan le
kha likna thusa kikhat

(7) Rev. S. T. Hau Go

Bang i ci gamtat ding

hiam?
(8) Pa H. Gin En Cin - Nai khau thu, laikhak, Na
khempeuh in hun nei, cikhum
thu, limlangh thu, nute pate
mawhna le Cope gelhsa kikhat puah kikna.
-Munei Thang Dal le Cing
Khup le Ngam Bawm tang
thu, Pi Zing Khaw Hau (lokho
zum a Pa Dai Khan Pau nu)
dongin, a omsa sangin a
kicing zaw-in hong puahpha
hi.
Kawmiti in thupi ngaihsut mahmah
Tulai khua hun tawh kituak ta kei leh i tangthu i tuanthute
a manthan loh nading ngimna tawh tan thum le tan li ah
kiguang hi. I sang lai sinbu sungah guang kei leng a tuamin
lah kuamah in bawl zo lo ding banah, kikhawng lo lai ding
hi. Zolai ah kigelh leh kilei veve ding a, bu 1000 lakah bu
nih le thum bang kikem leh zong nidang teh i tangthu
manphate kan nop hun a om ciang kan zawh nading cih
deihna bulpi ahi hi.

5.5 Lai sinbu khetna le thu tuamtuam

Tan khat le tan nih lai simbu pen bawlkhatin kibawl
khawm nuam ahih hang, sum om lo ahih manin, vai
khempeuh hong sumit cip pahpah hi. Ahi taktak thu a tel
lo le a kan lote in lai sinbu bawlte met nading na gal
tuatsak thei uh hi. Hih nasep pen a sum met ngahna hi lo
banah, a uuk ding, a sem thei ding kisam hi.
- 63 -

Lai i cih pen utut-a khet theih, gelh theih hi loin a kinai, a
kihal, husanna (comma) ngaklang (semi-colon), ngakna
(colon), tawpna (fullstop), dotna (interrogative), phawnna
(exclamation), kam-umna (quotation), thekna (dash),
gitphei (hyphen), kualte (brackets) le taanglak
(apostrophe) te in thupi mahmah hi. Hi ci bangte mikimin thei lo a, a diakdiak-in 1964 pan tuhun ciang dong a
sangnaupangte in tam theih loh zaw hi. A hilh sia in lah
thei lo, a sin sangnaupang in lah thei lo ihih manin lai-at
dan i siam kei pah hi.
Laibu bawl cil 1970 a kipan tuni dong Zolai Simbu tatsat
lo a hong suak na dingin a mapang den, Pa H. Gin En
Cin pen ei mite in minphatna le pahtawina a piakhuai
mahmah ahi hi. Hih a tungah i gen thute tawh kizomin
laibu bawl kawmiti in zong a kingaih sutsut ciangin, a
kilawmpen (The right men at the right place, in the right
time) ding ci-in Pa H. Gin En Cin (gec tu in Dr H. Gin
En Cin) pen 22.3.76 ni thu kikupna (3/76) ah tavuan kipia
hi. A ki-ap laitakin tan khat pan tan li dong laipeina tawh
pei ding, laitui, laidal mante tuatsakin, laibu man ding
kawmiti in sehsak hi.
Tan khat lai sinbu sunga, lim omte pen Tedim Baptist
Association (TBA tu in TBC) in khangham laisinna a
zat ding, a bawl sung pan a kila ahih manin TBA zong lai
simbu bawlna-ah Rev. J. H. Cope hun a kipan tu dong
peng cih om nai tuan mahmah lo hi.

5.6 Namkim Bu Thu

1971 kum in DIS a sem Pa Vum Za Dal in Tedim gam
sung sangnaupangte omzia a muhnate Tan lai sang siapi
(Middle Head) teng tawh kikumin a min vawh nai loh in
- 64 -

thu tuamtuam kholkhopna (paunak, lakam) laibu khat

hong bawlkhia hi. Pa H. Gin En Cin in Kammalte kici
kammal thuk nono 350 zong kaihkhop sak hi. Pa Vum Za
Dal in a patkhiatsa lai kaihkhop pen puah toto in Pa H.
Gin En Cin in tavuan hong la hi. Laibu hong bawl a laibu
min dingin NAMKIM BU ci-in a min vawh hi. Ka zak
tungin hoihsa pha lo napi-in tun ka zakzak leh hoihsa in
zaknop ka sa semsem a, kituak zong ka sa mahmah hi.
Ciangtan nei lo puah tohtoh, behlap tohtoh ding laibu hi
ngeitah-a, eimi adingin a kituak pen laibu min hi takpi
khong ka cici hi. Zomite Almanac Zomite Encyclopaedia
peuh hong hi dektak hi.

5.7 Zolai Simbu thumvei puahna (1981)

Hih anuai-a min kihel tengin tan lang pan tan nih dong
nihvei etna (nih vei puahkikna) hong nei kikleuleu uh a,
1981 kumin a hampi hong zo uh hi.
Kawmiti teng:
(1) Pa Kam Do Thang, Chairman (B.Sc.)
(2) Pa Salai Htun Hlaing
(3) Pa Kum Za Hau
(4) Pa Kham Khan Thang
(5) Pa H. Gin En Cin
(6) Pa Ngin Suan
(7) Rev. Cin Kam
(8) Rev. Kai Sawm Sing

5.8 Zolai Simbu Livei Puahna (1984)

1986 kum July ni 7 ni Tedim Township Peoples Council
Executive Committee in thukhensatna 4/33 (12) tawh
Zolai Simbu bawl Kawmiti a nuai a bangin phuan hi.
- 65 -

(1) Pa Hau Za Dal

Chairman
(EC Member)
(2) Pa Salai Htun HlaingVice Chairman
(TEO)
(3) Pa Lian Khan Mang Member (No. (1) BEHS)
(4) Pa Bawi Hu
Member
(No. (2) BEHS)
(5) Pa Suan Khan Mang Member (BEMS Mualbem)
(6) Pa Sian Khaw Pau Member
(BEPS Myoma. 2)
(7) Pa. H. Gin En Cin Member
(Laibu bawl)
(8) Pa J. Gin Za TwangMember
(H/A Retired)
(9) Pa Kim Za Hau Member
(ATEO)
Hih Kawmiti tengin meeting 7 vei nei a, tan li Zolai Simbu
puah ding tan thum Zolai Simbu a lui banga kipsak dingin
vaihawm uh hi. Tan li Zolai Simbu sung pan a nuai-a thulu
6 teng kipsak uh hi.
(1) Lengtong hoih tangthu
(2) Neino Tangthu
(3) Galngam Tangthu
(4) Thang Ho le Lian Do Tangthu
(5) Kumpipa Ze-etna Thu
(6) Cidamna ding Thu- te ahi hi.
A dang zon beh ding thulu le a zong ding tavuan a kipiate
a nuai-a bang ahi hi.
1. Pa J. Gin Za Tuang
- Zomite piankhiatna thu
- Zomite taang inn thu
- Zomite le Galpi a khatna
- Zomite le Galpi a nihna
2. Pa Hau Za Dal
- Khuado pawi thu

- 66 -

Pupa Ngeina: (1) Kingaihna (2) Zuthawl piakna

(3) Taang hawmna (4) Taang aihna (5) Kitenna
(6) Minphuahna (7) Man piakna (8) Inntuanna
(9) Zununna (10) Galaihna (11) Sa-aihna (12)
Tonna (13) Si vuina

3. Pa Lian Khan Mang

- Vok Khawina
- Ak Khawina
- Khuai Khawina
4. Pa Kim Za Hau
- Sial Khawina
- Coffee Ciinna
- Niangteh Ciinna
- Siallum kulh galdona
- Khuado khuailakna
- Tulak thu
- Sun le zan thu
- Nate thu laibu pan pawlkhat
5. Township Agricultural Department
- Nailung Khawina
- Apple Ciinna
6. Pa T. Suan Khan Mang
- Zalui khuaphelep meithu
Tavuan nei upate in amau thulu ciat a zon khit ciangin
October 1, 1986 ni zing nai 10 in Tedim sangpi zumah
Tedim Myone sung a om sangsia khempeuh tawh
thukikupna kinei hi. Hih thu kikupna panin, Khuado
thu pen khua tuamtuam a i zatdan kibang lo ahih manin
a kigelhsa teng sang khempeuh ah hawmin siate ki-en
- 67 -

phasak kik a, sang 22 pan amau muhna ciat hong puakkik

uh hi. Tua teng gawm tuah in Khuado pawi thu ki-at phain, kikipsak hi. Tua banah a tunga kigelhsa thulu 14 sung
pan a nuai-a thulu 8 teng tan li Zolai Simbu thak sungah
guan dingin kikipsak hi.
1. Zomite piankhiatna thu
2. Khuado pawi thu
3. Pupa ngeina
4. Khuaikhawi na
5. Coffee ciinna
6. Siallumkuh thu
7. Zalui khuaphelep mei thu
8. Sun le zan thu
Tan 4 Zo lai simbu thak sungah a khiatna a kitel
mengmeng lo a nuai-a, kammalte zong gen cianna
(footnote) gelh dingin kithukim hi.
1. Zaangdawh
2. Mankaang
3. Manpi
4. Tamsipa gatang kaihna nam 10
5. Pu
6. Sanggam (bangkua, thalloh)
7. Thusa (sabal)
8. Sasem (beh sabawl, sung sabawl)
9. Tanu (haitawi, tuitaak, sawlla)
10. Nuphal
11. Zawl
12. Taanghawmna (tulpi/siampi)
13. Sialsawm (lawm annek)
14. Sawng thu
- 68 -

Tan lang pan tan nih ciang Zolai Simbu le tan 4 Zolai
Simbu thak sungah thu dotna nam nga ta koih ding le tan
nih laibu sungah (Objective test) nam 5 ta koih dingin
zong kivaihawm hi. Tan lang Zolai Simbu sunga alphabette zong CHART a bawl dingin kikhensat hi. 1988 pan 1989
kum sungin Zolai Simbu a tan zui-in a nuai a zah bawl
dingin kivaihawm hi.
1. Tan lang bu bu 3000
2. Tan khat bu bu 2000
3. Tan nih bu bu 2000
4. Tan thum bu bu 1500
5. Tan li bu
bu 1000.
Hih vaihawmnate sung panin Zolai Simbu tan li a thak
kivaihawm pen kizo suak a kizang pah hi. A dangdang
vaihawmnate 1988 kum gam sung buaina hangin Kawmiti
in thu nei nawn lo ahih manin kizom thei nawn loin kidin
khawl hi.

5.9 Education Department in maban zom

1988 pan in Township Education Department in hong
makai leuleu a Committe a thak phuan in maban hong
zom uh hi. Tua Kawmiti a nuai-a bang ahi hi.
1. Pa Thang Khaw Pau Chairman
(TEO)
2. Pa Thang Za Suan Secretary
(ATEO)
3. Pa Lian Do Kham Member
(ATEO)
4. Pa Thang Khawm LianMember (No. 1 BEHS)
5. Pa Gin Za Pian
Member
( No. 2 BEHS)
6. Pa Tuang Do Kham Member
(BEMS Saizang)
7. Pa Vungh Cin KhamMember(BEPS Sakollam)
8. Pa Lian Khan Mang Member
(PTA Delegate)

- 69 -

Hih bangin Kawmiti in hanciamin hong sem zom uh a,

1994 kum in Zolai Simbu tan li sungah thulu nih: Gambup
ni le laikhak thu, guanbeh in thulu 16 tawh Computer in
khen in hong ha.wmkhia uh hi.
1996 kum Siapi Thang Khaw Pau pension a lak ciangin
TEO thak ahi, Siapi Gin Khen Thang in Chairman tavuan
la hi. 1998 kum Siapi Gin Khen Thang a zakhan ciangin
TEO thak a hi, Siapi Paul Thang Thai in Chairman tavuan
la hi. 1998 le tu kikal thu kanbeh in aban zom lai ni.
Thukhupna
Tu in Zolai Simbu i neih zawh kum 100 a cing hi ta a,
Zolai tawh tan li pilna i sintheih zawh kum 83 bang a cing
hita hi. Hih hun saupi sung tangthu hi a, tangthu dang
bang loin, tat dekdek zel ki-awh zel, mit dekdek zel
kuangkikzel ahih manin, kikan kikkik kei leh a mangthang
thei ding tangthu ahi hi.
Tu in Kumpi sangte bek ah hi loin, biakna pawlpite in
khuakhal hun sung Zolai sinnate ah i Zolai Simbute mah
a kizang gige ahi hi.
I Zolai mit lo a, khangthakte tungah gam a kiluah suksuk
theih nading a kuama ciat in thupi ngaihsut ding hoih ka
sa hi. I mai-a, a paisa i pu i pa, i u te maban zom a, i Zolai
Simbu tungtawn in i Zolai puah toto in gia bang i zunzun
ding Zosuan momno khat ciat i mawhpuak ahi hi.
Mai lamah kumpi kikhelna tawh kizui-in suahtakna hong
om semsem dinga, Khamtung gam le i tuntunna gam ciat
pan Zolai i sin ziahziah hun hong tung ding hi. Lai sim
thei ciang maimai hi loin, Zolai mahmah BA MA dong i
sin theih hun hong tung ding hi.
- 70 -

6.1 Laigelhzia thu tawphah

Khenpi 6
LAIGELHZIA
Thukong hong
A beisa hun: Laigelhzia i kikup ciang, deihzia a kibat loh
hun le a hoih pen ding i kituh ciangin, Rev Dr Kam Khaw
Thang in Eite a kibang vive hilel hang, nikhat ni ciangin
i Laigelhzia tawh kisai misiam PhD bang hong om-a, hi
cih ding hi hong cih mateng i gelhngei bangin gelhlel ni
a cih ciang kikhawl zel dan ahi hi.
Laigelhzia tawh kisai-in, ei Tedim Kampau Zomite a buai
het lozaw ihi hi. I sanggam dangte in hong eng mahmah
uh hi. Falam, Khakhate Laigelhdan, ei a sangin bulkip lo
zaw hi kici a, a dang Zolai (Zomi dangte lai) tuamtuamte
bel genvet loh ding ahi hi. A taktak-in: Laigelhzia a kip
ding haksa mahmah a, kikupkup ding, puahpuah zunzun
ding hizaw hi. Kawlte bangin zong puahpuah uh a, owfykHusrf;
bang a thakthak bawl lai uh hi.
Tedim kampau Zomite Laigelhzia thu ah, paizia pi khat a
nei tawh kibang napi hang, utut a, laigelh tampi om lai hi
hang. Khat le khat tung pan a hoihzaw thute kisin ding
sangin khial phial taleh ei deihdeih in lai i gelh pen a dah
huai thu ahi hi.
Hih thulupi siksan in (1) Laigelhzia thu tawpha, (2) Laimal
gawm le (3) Kammal gawm thu kikum ni.
- 71 -

Laigelhzia a dik le a hoih neih theih nadingin ngaihsut

ding le zuih ding thu tawphah pawl khat om hi. Tuate ban
et dih ni.

6.1.a. Laigelhzia i cih ciaptehna ahi hi.

Laigelhzia i cih pen Mangkam in orthography cih ahi
hi. Leitung-ah kampau tuamtuam a om mah bangin
Lailung (Script) zong a tuamtuam - Hebia lai, Greek lai,
Sen lai, Arabic lai, Japan lai, Sanskrit lai, Hindi lai - om
hi. A vekpi-in amau paizia tuak tawh a tuamkai ciat ahi
hi. Gentehna in: Zolai /A/ le Kawl lai /t/ a awsuah a
kibang linlian ahi hi. Laimal pawlkhatte a Aw ciaptehna
hi a, pawlkhatte a Thu ciaptehna ahi hi. Zolai pen a aw
bek a kiciamteh laimal nam hi-a, Senlai pen a thu a
kiciamteh laimal nam ahi hi.
Laigelhzia i cih pen ciaptehna lim (symbolization) liuleu
ahi hi. Zomite in i Zo kampau pen Roman alphabet zangin
a ciamteh ihi hi. Ei ciapteh bangbang ei laigelhzia hipaha,
mi ciapteh bangbang mite laigelh-zia hipah hi. Zomite in
A tawh i ciapteh aw pen Kawlte in /t/ tawh a ciamteh uh
ahi hi. Roman alphabet a zang veve lak ah Zolai in /th/
pen sanggam Kachinte in /ht/ ci uh hi. A khial kuamah
om lo hi. Zatnop bang-bang zat theih ahi hi.
I ci tateu zongin, ahih theihliai leh kampau kibang minam
khat in Laigelhzia kibang a neih ding thupi mahmah hi.
Laigelhzia namkhat bek neihna in minam hong kipumkhat
saka, lai nasemte vai tampi dawn hi. Mipi lungkim a i zat
khop liailai laigelhzia pen a hoihpen laigelhzia ahi hi.
- 72 -

6.1.b. Laigelhzia ah Science leh Art kigawm

6.1.c. Ahoih laigelhzia

Science in theory, fomula, equition, nei hi. 2+2 = 4 hi

napi, 2+2=3.9 ahih keileh 2+2=5 zong hi thei cih bang
om lo hi. A result nih om thei lo hi. Tua in Science paizia
ahi hi. Zolai gelhzia ah zong aw suak bang lianlian in
gelh ding hi a cite in Laigelhzia pen Science bang a
(Orthography as a Science) a mute ahi hi. Tuate in Gua,
Gawpum cih ding hi, ci uh hi.

Lailam thukansut siam (Linguist) William Smalley in

laigelhdan hoih a kicite pianzia ding thu nga na gen
ngei hi. Tuate in:
(1) Maximum acceptability, San theih kim hi ding
(2) Maximum representation, Awmalkim ading
laimal om ding
(3) Maximum ease of learning, Sin ol ding
(4) Maximum ease of transfer, Lai dang kisinbeh
thei ding
(5) Maximum reproduction, Kizang thei lianlian
ding hi ci hi. Smalleys Five Maximum ci-in
kiciamteh hi.

Khatlam-ah Art i cih pen, a kituatthei namte hi lo a, a gen

pa khat dinmun pan a maan mahmah napi, midang khat
in a tuamdeuh in gen leh a kinial thei tuan lo namte ahi
hi. Khial kici thei tuan lo hi. A kiphelkham lam pan a en
pa a dingin guaphel hi a cih pen a pum lam pan a en pa
in guapum hi a cih theih bang ahi hi. Gua, Guapum cih
ding hi ci uh hi.
Laigelhzia ah Science le Art a kisawhhel ngiingei ahi hi.
Awsuah (Phonetics) zui a gelh ding hi napi, paumal
(Phonemic) zui-a a kikhel thei thu ahi hi. A tawntungin
tua bang lah hi kinken lo zel hi.
Gentehna:
Awsuah zui : Ngen nget, Kiu kiuh,
Awsuah zuilo: Khua khuapi, si sisan,
Manglai bang lawhmawh phadiak hi. Koici banga lawh
mawh hiam cihleh gentehna in, /u/ laimal khat bekbek
aw tuamtuam suaksak thei uh hi.
/u/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [put]
/i/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [busy]
/a/ aw a suak u: Gentehna [but]
/iu/aw a suak u: Gentehna [music]
- 73 -

Nengkha genbeh lai leeng:

Maximum acceptability: Santheih kim pen hi ding
cih pen a zang ding mipite santheih laigelhzia ahih ding
thupi mahmah hi. Hoih pen taleh a zang ding mipite in a
zatnop kei leh a mawkna ahi hi.
Maximum representation: Awmal kim ading
laimal om ding Awmal kim tawh a kituak lianlian laimal
a om ding thupi mahmah hi. I gensa Manglai a, /u/bang
ahih loh ding thupi hi.
Maximum ease of learning: Sin ol ding, Zolai pen
mi masate in nisagih lai na ci liang uh a, tua manin i gam
i lei ah na kizel pah hi. Pau Cin Hau lai pen sin ol hileh
kilimzat mahmah ding hi.
Maximum ease of transfer: Lai dang kisinbeh thei
ding Leitungah lai a tuamtuam om-a, ei lai i siam manin
namdangte lai zong a kisiam baih tuam ahih ding thupi
- 74 -

hi. Lai hoih mahmah napi leitung pilna siamna sinbeh

nadingin phattuamna a om kei leh a mawkna ahi hi.
Maximum reproduction: Kizang thei lianlian
ding Lai khet ciangin type writer, computerte ah zat theih
lianlian ahih ding thupi mahmah hi. Zolai i neih manin
email, internet khawng i zat theih ziauziau pen Cope topa
thupha ahi hi.
Stubbs kici mipa in zong laigelhdan hoih a pian theih
nadingin nam nga mah na gen leuleu hi. Ama gen thu
zong a thupi mahmah ahi hi.
Tuate in:
(1) Linguistic factor: Kampau kilamzia,
(2) Psycholinguistic factor: Lai le lungsim kimematzia,
(3) Educational factor: Pilna dinmun
(4) Sociolinguistic factor: Lai le mihon-nunzia
kimematzia,
(5) Cultural and technological factor: pupa ngeina le
leitung siamna tuamtuamte dinmun cihte kisam
hi ci hi.

6.1.d. Ka cihsa ka cihsa ci tentan lo ding

Zomite in Mitaw sialkhaulet a cih, Kawlte in Tukkhial
kha tusukvet a cih bang om thei hi. I zatsa khat hunzui
a kikhel a om leh kheltheih, laihtheih ding a thupi
mahmah ahi hi. I Zolai gelhzia tangthu kan le hang, a
hunhun a kikhelkhel ahihna kilang mahmah hi. Midangte
in hong zatpih kei leh, ei zatzat laigelhzia a ngaihsuthuai
ahi hi. Kei gelhzia a maanpen cih lungsim nei loin
midangte tawh kikum khawma, vaihawm khop ding ahi
hi.
- 75 -

6.1.e. Zongsatsa khel ding haksa mahmah

Hunsau pi i zatsa, i zongsatsa laigelhzia pen a khial
mahmah ahih kei leh khelkhel ding hoih lo hi. Bang hang
hiam cih leh mihingte lungsim sungah zongsatsa thu
khat khel ziauziau ding ol lo hi. Ein hoih pen ci in khel
napi a zang ding mipite in hong khel kei leh a mawkna
teitei ahi hi.
Hih a tunga thulubul 4 teng lungngai kawm-in Laimal
gawm le kammal gawm thu pawl khat kikum ni.

6.2. Laimal gawm

Awmal zui-in laimal a kigawm hi a, thubulpi tampi gen
kul lo dingin ka lamen hi. Ahi zongin theihtheihsate kawm
kal pan a nuaia thu 5 te a banbanin kikum ni. Tuate in:
1. H zatzia
2. A zatzia
3. in zatzia
4. ia le ua vai
5. Kammal kikhelte (word alternation)

6.2.1. h zatzia
H laimal pen Zolai gelhzia ah namthum in kizang hi.
Tuate in:
1. /[/ banga kizang H Gentehna: Hai, Ha, Hahkat,
2. /Th/, /Kh/, /Ph/ munte a kizang h leh
3. Awtom-awniamsakna h te ahi hi. A tunga nam thum
sungah a thumna thu gen ni.

- 76 -

Kammal tawpna laimung (Final consonant) dingin /h/ i

zatzia kibangkimlo hi. A nuaia bangin zang khawm thei
leeng:
(1) Paulap khat peuh gennop (Conditional or if
clause) cianga kizang leh gelh ciangin h om
hamtang ding hi.
Gentehna in: Na ut leh ciah ta ni.
Hong itlo hi leh,
(2) A piangkik thute gentelna ah leh zat ding ahi hi.
Gentehna in: kilehkik, Zuthawl leh, lehkuan
(3) Khiatna khat nei a, kamkop bang a zatkhop
kammalte /leh/ hi loin /le/ tawh gawm ding a,
kammal zong kimat ding hi.
hilo-in silesa (flesh)
si leh sa
Nu leh pa
hilo-in Nulepa
(Gender or sex)
Mun leh mual
hilo-in Munlemual
Khat leh khat
hilo-in Khatlekhat
(4) Min malgawm kibang awsuah kidangte i gelh
ciangin a kikhen thei dingin /h/ zat ding ahi hi. A
kisap keileh zathamtang ding hi lo hi.
Gentehna in:
Cing (kicing) le Cingh (pianuam)
Vung (Tuivung) le a dang Vungh Khai
Lang, Cin, Lam, Than, ing, ung, hang cihte ah
telkhialh ding om lo ahih manin h kulse lo hi.
Lai hong khak ing (ingh), hong lamen ing (ingh).

- 77 -

(5) Ihmu cih ciangin ih zathuai-a, ahih hangin ih

nu ih pa ci nawn selo-in, i nu i pa cih ding ahi hi.
Mi tampi in hi ci in gelh khinta a, mi a tamzaw in
hoihsa in kizuizui ta hi.
Gentehna in: i lawmte tawh ihmut nuamdiak hi.

6.2.2. A zatzia
Tedim kampau pen a a limzat mahmah kampau khat
ahi hi. Pasian in leitung mite hong it mahmah ahih
manin ama Tapa a um mikhempeuh si nawnloin a hin
tawntung theihna dingun a Tapa neihsun a hong piak
dongin a hong itna a hong lak hi Johan 3:16
A kizatna a tawm pen namthum om hi. Tuate in:
1. Mintang (pronoun) dinmuna kizang a
Hih dan a kizang a peuhmah tangdin den ding hi.
a lawmnu, a ballpen, a lungsim.
2. Kamzopna (conjunction) a
Kamzopna khempeuh tuamdin lo dinga, awpheikop
tawh a kinai leh thekna tawh kidei ding hi. Kamzopna
hi a, kamvui tumtawng ahih manin, a khit ciang coma
/,/ in zui den zaw hi.
dinga, hong pai-a, khituite a luang dinga,
3. Mangkangte in copula verb a cih a
Hih kammal pen pawlkhatte in mintang (pronoun)
hi-a, tangdin ding hi ci uh hi. A hi, na hi, ka hi:
dinmun in laleng ahi ding bang napi, ngaihsun phapha
leeng hikhin lo hi. Mangte is, Mizote ani, Falam/
Hakhate asi tawh kibangzaw hi. Tua ban ah, asia
- 78 -

apha, asuk ato cih kammalte ah a pen pronoun hi het

lo hi. Tua ahih manin hih bang munte ah a tangdin
kei leh hoihzaw hi.
ahi hi, ahih hangin, asia apha, asuk ato,

6.2.3. in zatzia
Tedim kam ah in kizatna tam mahmah hi. (Inn (house)
pen hun masa lai-in in ci-in kigelha, Mizote in tuni dong,
in ci-in gelh lai uh hi. Cope topa hun lai a kipan-in, inn,
tuu cihte a tuam vilvel (exceptional) in a na zat, i zuihsuak
ahi hi.) in kizatna tuamtuamte endih ni.
1. Sawlna (Imperative particle) khat-in a din ciang,
kamvuicing dawn ah om ding a, tuam din ding hi.
- Hiah tu in la, pau kei in. Mei kiangah tu kei in.
2. Kamzopna (conjunction) in a din ciang, a ma-a,
kammal tawh kimat dinga, coma (,) in zui ding hi.
-Pasian in hong itin, hong honkhia hi. Hong pai
ciangin, Japan gallai-in, Khomun a lakkhit ciangin,
Tedim pai-in,
3. A semkhia pa/nu dinmun (Subject marker)
genna-in, a kizat ciangin, tuam din dinga, coma tawh
kidei lo ding hi.
- Sai in keel mawlpih leh, keel in thuak zo lo ding hi.
Pasian in ki-itna ahi hi. Jesuh in Topa hi.

6.2.4. ia le ua zatzia
Tedim mite i pau ciangin kammal pawlkhat kikhel se hi.
Pia hinapi kammal khat tawh a kinai ciangin pe ve ci-in
kisim hi. Ahih hangin pia in kigelh hi. Ei Tedim mite in
ngaihsutsut kul loin, ama thu-a, kikhel ziauziau ahi hi.
- 79 -

Minam dangte in Tedim kam hong sinsawm leh telhaksa

mahmah dinga, nawngkai zong sa mahmah ding hi.
Hih bang dan-a, kammal kikhelte pen vowel assimilation
Lai-aw lamban kici hi. Kammal bul khat om khin gige
napi i paukhiat ciangin a kikhelte ahi hi. Tedim kam ah a
kituaci khel lai-aw kop kopnih om a, tuate in ia le ua
ahi hi. Hih lai-aw-kop (glide) te Tedim lei in asuk ato zui
selo-in, lamban tawn hi. Tua bangin lamban a tot ciangin,
a aw kikhela, ia pen e, ua pen aw suak hi. Gentehna:
ia pen e in kikhel hi.
Bia =
Gia =
Kia =
Khia =
Pia =
Phia =
Sia =
Zia =

Eite in dawi i be (bia) kei hi.

Ak ge (gia) nel tawh sawnkai kibawl hi.
Na laikung ke (kia) sak ken.
Na vangikte khe (khia) suk in.
Pasian in a tapa hong pe (pia) lo hi leh
Khawphe (phia) lep mei i kisam hi.
Zu in na pumpi hong se (sia) sak thei hi.
Ze (zia)-etna pan
Ze (zia) kai lo-in hong kikhelkik in.
ua pen aw in kkhel hi.
Bua=
Si kibaw(bua) lo in mawhna mai theilo hi.
Gua = Gaw (gua) dawn ah vaphual tuang hi.
Hua = A ki-itte kihaw (hua) lo hi.
Kua = Zusa kaw (kua) sungah gullut hi.
Khua = Khaw (khua) Cin innpi kuan luah hiam?
Lua =
Luak a suak leh law (lua) khia vet in.
Pua =
Mawhnate Jesuh kipaw (pua) sak hi.
Vua =
Hong vaw (vua) kha ning peuh cikha ken.
Hih awphei lamban (vowel Assimilation) thu ah
- 80 -

(1) CVV aw kilamzia bek ah om thei hi.

(2) Lai-aw kop CVV dingin V nunung pen /a/ hi
hamtang ding a, V masa pen /ia/ ahih keileh /ua/
hi ding hi.
(3) /ua/ ci ding kimlai lei in lamban a tot ciang /aw/
suak hi.
(4) /ia/ ci ding kimlai lei in lamban a tot ciang /e/ aw
ia le ua dapphah a, Tedim kampau awmal kikhelna thu
a tomin hizah ciphot ni. Awmal kikhel napi laigelh ciangin
khel sese kul lo hi. Ahih hangin sim ciangin a kikhel
awmal bangin kisim hi
Tedim kam laigelhzia ah zatzia tuamkai namnih bang
kimu thei hi.
Mai

Nung

Cip
i
u
Lai
e
aw
Ka
a
Tedim kam lai-aw lamban lahna
Nidang in mingelhna ah Khua pen awsuak bulphuh in
kigelh a, laimalgawm tuamtuam kizang hi.
Khua = Khaw: Rev Dr Kam Khaw Thang
Khua = Kho:
Rev Cin Kho Gin
Khua = Ko:
Dr Vum Ko Hau

in awsuak bangin gelhlo-in, a kammalbul bang a gelh i

hi hi.

6.2.5. Kammal kikhelte (word alternation)

Kammal kikhel cih pen Mangkangte in Word alternation

ci uh hi. Kammal kikhel cih pen gentehna:
Ngen un, na nget uh leh na ngah ding uh hi. Zong
un, na zon uh leh na mu ding uh hi. Kiu un, na kiuh
uh leh kongkhak hong kihon ding hi.
Hih ci banga kammal kikhel bualbual a koi ci hiam? cih
thu tawm kikum dih ni.
Tedim kam-ah kammal khat (a) min (nominalized word)
a suah ciangin, kikhel hi. mangthang pen manthanna.
Tua ciangin (b) adverbial clause a, a kizat ciang leh kikhel
leuleu hi. ngen un, na nget uh leh. (c) kammalzem tawh
a kimat ciangin kikhel hamtang hi. Ngetbeh, lupsan,
Hih banga kammal kikhel pen (a) Tatna kammal zong hi
thei a, (Verb alternation) Gentehna:
Pai paina, (laimal kikhel lo aw kikhel)
Muang Nong muan leh (laimal le aw kikhel),
Tu tutna (laimal le aw kikhel),
Mangthang manthanna (laimal le aw a kop in
kikhel)

Tua ciangin ziaetna ding hinapi ze-etna kici a, tuni dong

mah zang suaksuak hi hang. Tua bangte lo buang a huampi

Tua ban-ah (b) Pianzia kammal kikhel (adjective

alternation) zong hi thei hi. Gentehna:
LimAn a lim leh (laimal kikhel lo, aw kikhel),
Lian Naupang a let ciangin (laimal le aw kikhel),
Siang sianthona (laimal le aw kikhel).

- 81 -

- 82 -

Tu nainai ciangin min gelhna ah Khua a zang om hi.

Zo kam-ah kammal a kikhel ciangin, pawlkhatte (1)

Awmal khakna Laimung (final consonant) kikhel hi.
Pawlkhatte (2) awphei (vowel) kikhel hi.
Awsang-awniam a kikhel ciangin a sangte a lai ah,
a laite a niam ah, a niamte a tom ah dawlkhat ta kia
hi.
Hih kammal kikhel pen Henderson in Form I le Form
II na ci hi. Aman bel tatna (verb) bekah gen-a, pianzia
genna (adjective) ah zong kimu thei hi. Awkia (Falling
tone) peuhmah kammal awmung tawh kikhak hi. Tatna
le pianziate kammal namnih in kikhen thei den hi.
Kammal bul pen Form I regular kici a, tua form I regular
a kikhel ciangin Form II irregular suak hi. Awmal luanzia
thukhun (phonological rule) tawh zong kituak hi.
Awphei nam Abul

Kikhel

CVVC Luang
Luan
CVC
Sat
Sat
CVV
Pai
Pai
CV
Na
Nat
Kammal zuia kikhelte
Laimung khak kikhel
sum
sup
Suplebai
man
mat
Galmat samat
lam
lap
Salu lap
sem
sep
Sep hi lo
cim
cip
Mencipna
hom
hop
Hoptak sa keng
sin
sit
Anbel na sit khit ciang
kun
kut
Kikutkut kul kilkel kei
kem
kep
Keplekhoi kullo hi.
- 83 -

Laimung khak kikhiam

lang
lat
Jesuh hong kilat ciang
beng
bet
The betkhiat bang ei
dong
dot
Tong dot bu
tang
tan
Nang na tan leh
deng
den
Mo den ni
hong hon
Na kongza hon in
nung nun
Huihnunna
Hiam hep
Hiam mah e, hep kul ken
Nuam nop
a nopna
Zawn zot
Kong zot laitak in
Laimung khak kibelh
Ba
bat
Bat dang kei nei
Hu
huk
A vang huk na ding
De
det
Mei hong det ve
Ci
cih
Kituacih se dah ni.
va
vak
Ka kivakna hi kei
ne
nek
Nekna dawnna
zo
zoh
Zohthawh thutawh
Aw kikhel-in /h/ kibehlap
Lawi
loih
In loih ding hoih lo hi.
nei
neih
Neihlelam
kui
kuih
Hong kuih khak leh
hau
hauh
Hauhna-manna
go
gawh
Gawhlelup
kal
kalh
Pasian hong kalh thu
bel
belh
Belh le muan
vul
vulh
Vok hulh kimeet kei.
gual
golh
Kigolh laitak
sial
selh
Kiselh nang om kei
- 84 -

kap
phop
hak
nek
bawk
giak
gik
suak

kah
phoh
hah
neh
bawh
giah
gih
suah

Aw bek kikhel
Hal
hal
Phul
phul
Khual khual
Mial
mial
Khop khop
Bak
bak
Siak
siak
Phum phum
Pho
pho
Pai
pai
Dik
dik
Nuak nuak
Dei
dei
Tui
tui
Gau
gau
Do
do
zan
zan
kham kham
khem khem
gim
gim
tom
tom

Ka kahna khitui
Puan ka phoh laitak
Zan hah nitak
Hong nehneh ken
A bawhvak laitak
Giahphual sat
A gih leh khe ve.
Na suah ni ciang

Gam kihalna
Huang a phul leh
Na kithukhualsak leh
Khua a mial ciang
Van na khop leh
Zuha na bak ciang
Na siak khit ciang
A kiphumna hankhuk
An ka pho ciang
Hong pai ciangin
Huih ka dik laitak
Nuakna bawl uh hi.
Inn dei tungnung ah
Ak a tui leh
Vaimim a gau ciang
Gal kidona
A zan dikdek ciang
An na kham leh
Kong khemna hi.
Gimna tawlna
Khan tomna thu
- 85 -

cim
sin
tun
tuan
pi
zai
tuk

cim
sin
tun
tuan
pi
zai
tuk

Gencim thei keng

Zolai sinna
Sunsiah tunna
Tuantuan ken
Mopi pawi
A zaina
Thaltuk kha ing

6.2.6. Awsang le awniam (Tone)

Tedim Zopau pen awsang-awniam nei kampau nam (tonal
language) ahi hi. Ahih hangin aw-ciaptehna (tone mark)
omlo-in lai kigelh hi. Tua bangpi mahin, kum 100 phial
bang kizang khin hi. Awsang awniam a kibulhloh hangin
atung-anuai enkak peuh leng kitel thei hi. Kammal
khempeuh in awsang-awniam nei kima, awmal (tone
mark) kibulh kim thei hi. Ahih hangin bulhkim leeng
buaihuai mahmah dinga, mipi in kisangkim zolo ding hi.
Ciaptehna a omloh mana, a kitelkhial ding kammalte
pawlkhat om hi. Tam lo hi. Neihhuai napi, neihloh
phamawh (heavy functional load) hilo cih ding ahi hi. I
neihloh mana, a buaihuaina sangin, i neih mana
buaihuaina lianzaw hi.
Tedim kampau awsang-awniam neihzah tawh kisai in
ngaihsutna nam li bang om hi. Tuate in:
(1) S. T. Hau Go (1983:vi) in Kei ka pai hi cih kammal
li bulphuh in Tedim kam ah aw bul li om hi ci in
Xristian La (Tedim Kam) thu patna ah gelh hi
Kei
= kahto
=rising
ka
= kiasuk
=falling
- 86 -

pai
hi.

= pheipai
= sawikah

=mid
=

(2) Vul Za Thang le J. Gin Za Tuang (1975: vii) in awlaiawsau le awtom kigawmin, kua phasak uh hi.
(3) ZCLS Linguistic Conference (1984) in aw-thum na
phasak uh hi. Zomite in kibik (kilong) tawh thu
gen thei i hih manin kilong bukhat zah, a bul a lai
a eu Tedim kampau ah aw sang aw niam le aw lai
namthum om hi, na ci uh hi. Henderson (1965:19),
Ostapirat (1998:235) le Luce (1959) te in zong aw
thum mah hi na ci uh hi.
(4) Huan ah zulei a tai hi cih kammal tungtawn
in Tedim mite Zokam ah awsang-awniam nam nga
om dingin ka um hi. Tuate in, aw niam, aw lai, aw
sang, aw kah, aw kia cihte ahi hi.
Huan = aw kia
= falling
=
1
ah
= aw niam = low
=
2
=
3
zu
= aw sang = high
lei
= aw kah
= high rising =
4
a
= aw niam = low
tai
= aw lai
= mid
=
5
hi
= aw kia
= falling (high falling)
Awtom, awsau le awsang awniam-te a tonkhawmkhawm
ahih manin amau kizatdante a nuaia bang ahi hi.

Aw sang
Aw lai

tang

A khiatna/ a kizatna

aw tom
aw sau
aw tom

Thau tang, ankam tang

Tang = aiawh, sa tang hawl,
Antang=an nelo, tang= kawi lo
- 87 -

Aw niam

aw sau
aw tom
aw sau

Nitang, tang le vaimim

tang natna, za tangkhat, leitang
kiplo = kiling, vaimim tang khat

6.3. Kammal gawm

Zolai gelhzia ah a kisam mahmah khat in Kammal
gawmzia ahi hi. Lai a kigelh ciangin lai simte in olno tak
a, a sim khiat theih ding thupi mahmah hi. Kammal gawm
siam loh manin khiatna tuam dang a neih khak ding
ngaihsut huai hi. A kigelh bang lianlian (encoding) a kisim
khiat theih ding (decoding) kisam hi. Gentehna in:
= Ka tanu mei kiangah tu kei in.
= Ka ta numei kiangah tu kei in.
A tanu kiangah mei kianga tu lo dinga a sawl maw, ahih
kei leh a tapa kiangah numei kianga tu lo dinga a thuhilh
maw cih kikhen thei lo hi.
Kammal gawmzia ding ngaihsut piakna nam 7 kikum ni.
1. Khiatna khatnei awmalte gawm ding,
2. Kammal kithuapte gawm ding,
3. Pauzepna kammalte gawm ding
4. Mathuapte a zom kammal tawh kimat ding:
5. Nungthuapte a mai a kammal tawh kimat ding:
6. Nungthuap-mathuap kikopte gawmkhawm ding
7. Kammal saute thekna tawh khen ding

6.3.1. Khiatna khat nei awmalte gawm ding

Khiatna nei kammalte i gelh ciangin awmal (syllable)
khatval a phak leh a kopin gelh ding ahi hi. Khiatna khat
nei cih ciangin Kawlgam, Mangkam zatzia khawng tawh
zong kingaihsun thei hi. Gentehna in, SA cih ciangin
- 88 -

Voksa, Aksa om hi. KHI cih ciangin ngawng-a ki-awh

khi om hi. Ahih hangin SAKHI cih ciangin i gensa thute
tawh a tuamtuak hi-a, Sa le Khi kigawm maimai hi nawn
lo hi. Ganhing Sakhi cihna hi-a, khen hi lo-a, gawm ding
ahi hi.

6.3.2. Kammal nih a kithuapte gawm ding

Zo kampau ah kammal kithuap tam mahmah hi. Tua bang
kammal kithuap peuhpeuh gawm pahpah lel leng kikhial
lo hi. Tatna zem, pianzia zemte tawh kibang cih ding ahi
hi. Tatna zem pianzia zemte pen awmal khat bek hi loin
awmal kihualte a kopa kizang zong om hi. Gentehna in:
Pai pahpah, khang toto, hoih mahmah, pai sese
Pai lanlan, Tu kheukhau, Tai zaza, ding zeza

6.3.3. Pau zepna kammal (particle) te gawm ding

Pau zepna kammal cih ciangin Mangte in (Particle) acihte
ahi hi. Zokam ah tampi om hi. Gentehna in:
zawzen, zawsop,
zawlai,
aive
tazen,
Mataw,
khiamawk,
tanghial, laidep,
Mate,

6.3.4. Mathuapte a zom kammal tawh kimat ding:

Mathuap (prefix) kammal ki-, pi-, te a kipan a om peuhpeuh a zom kammal tawh kimat ding hi. A kimat manin a
khiatna a kitelkhial thei dingte thekna tawh kikhen ding
hi.
ki-: kideih, kiho, kilukhuh, kimawl, ki-um, ki-it
pi-: pibawl, picing, pimuh, pingaihsut, pisuah,

6.3.5. Nungthuapte a mai kammal tawh kimat ding:

- 89 -

Tedim kam ah nungthuap (suffix) kammal tam simsim

om hi. Tuate in bawl, dan, -huai, -kha, -khia, -khial, lam, -pi, -pih, -sa, -sak, -tan, -vai, ahi uh hi. A dang zong
omlai ding hi. Hih kammalte a kizat ciangin a mai a
kammal tawh kimat ding hi. A khiatna a kitelkhial thei
dingte thekna tawh kikhen ding hi. Gentehna in:
-bawl: cilbawl, khembawl, pawlbawl, deihbawl
-dan: bawldan, itdan, muhdan, omdan, zatdan
-huai: dahhuai, haihuai, ithuai, pahtak-huai
-kha: genkha, khialkha, lawngkha, nekha, sukha
-khia: genkhia, honkhia, lakhia, mukhia, lawnkhia
-khial: enkhial, mukhial, paukhial, telkhial,
-lam: deihlam, gollam, hauhlam, khanlam, teklam
-pi:
bulpi, huihpi, innpi, lianpi, lopi, papi, tampi
-pih: hopih, lungdampih, paipih, sihpih, tonpih
-sa: baihsa, neksa, luaksa, sepsa, mokhaksa
-sak: damsak, deihsak, maisak, siasak
-tan: kuaitan, nawktan, paltan, pektan
-vai: cilvai, haivai, khantohvai, naupangvai
-san: Paisan, taisan, ciahsan
-sat: Kapsat, khensat

6.3. 6. Nungthuap-mathuap kikopte gawm ding

Mathuap le nungthuap a kopa kithuah khawm kammalte kimat ding hi. A kitelkhial thei dingte thekna tawh
kikhen ding hi. Thekna tawh a kikhen ciangin a kammal
khiatna ngaihsun in khensiam ding kisam hi.
ki- -bawl
kihaibawl, kikhembawl, kilelhbawl
ki- -dan:
kideihsakdan, ki-itdan, kikep-dan
ki- -kha:
kipalkha, kiphukha, kisukha
ki- -khia:
kihawlkhia, kikhahkhia, kilawnkhia,
- 90 -

ki- -khial:
ki- -pih:
ki- -sak:

kitelkhial, kitheikhial, kizangkhial

kiciahpih, kinuampih, kithuahpih,
kideihsak, kiphasak, kikhaisasak

6.3. 7. Awmal saute thekna tawh khen ding

Awmal thum val pha-a, a sauluate khen nih suahin,

thekna tawh kipeh thei hi.
Gentehna.
sakhi-tuihup,
pheituam-sungten,
khuasia-meide,
va-singdangtu
kihehpih-huaisakna
kisimmawh-bawlna
Awmal sau mawkmawk hilo-a, Zomite i neih Kamkop
mal-lite thekna tawh peh ding hi.
annek-tuidawn
cimawh-genthei
gilkial-dangtak
huansak-huankhang
ankhing-tuibuk
Kawlgam-vaigam
innma-loma
innmun-logam
khualu-khuataw
nungak-tangval
pitek-putek
singkung-lopa
sungta-putu
zusa-vasa
hawhna-ciahna
thucin-thutang
cidam-mulmam
khamtheih-guihtheih
Thukhupna
Hih thulu 7 teng banah kikup theih ding thulu tampi om
lai hi. Tua ahih manin mailam ah zomzom lai-a, a hoih
semsem ding le sauvei a kizang toto dingin zun lailai ding
hi hang.

- 91 -

Khen 7
ZOMI CHRISTIAN LITERATURE SOCIETY
Thumasa
Tedim kampau Zomite ZCLS a thei lo kuamah ki-om lo
hi. Ahih hangin ZCLS koici pian a bang sem hiam cih a
bul theih kitawm mahmah kha ding hi. Tua ahih manin
ZCLS hong kipat zia le a nasepte a tomin kong pulak hi.
Zolai a khantoh nadingin mapang bulpi in ZCLS hi a, a
ban zomin ZOLUS zong mapang pi khat ahi hi.

7.1 TBA zawhngeu upat

Cope topa hun laia kipanin khamtung gambup lai le sang
laibu khet khiatna dingin Tedim khua in phualpi ahi hi.
1948 kum TBA, FBA, HBA hong pian ciangin Falam
saksiah Kham tunggam saklam khempeuh a kigawm
tuahna phungpi in TBA ahi hi. Tua huna kipanin Lai
Siangtho, Labu le Biakna laite TBA in sem hi.
Ahi zongin Pawlpi khangtoto in kumpi ki-ukna in gam
hong khen ciangin, 1962 kum in Zo Baptist Association,
1975 kumin Tonzang Township Baptist Association, 1977
kum in Siyin Region Baptist Association hong piang hi.
Tua banah Zogam panin gamnuam a zuan Zomite in Kawl
zang le Tamu zang dung suk tengah kiphalh suk in KVBA,
KZBA, TVBA te hong piang hi. Hih bang teng hangin TBA
pen a masa laia sangin a thahatna seh thum suah seh
khat bang kiam na, zawhngeu upat bang bek hi-in biakna
lai lam sang TBA bek in vai hawm khinzo nawn lo hi.
- 92 -

7.2 Thuhilh siate kipawl khawm nuam:

TBA pan Association tuamtuam a kikhen ciangin thuhilh
siate kimuh khopna hong vang semsem hi. I mun i phual
ciat pan ki-itin, kikhialahin om uh ahih manin Khamtung
gam Saklam Thuhilhsia Kipawlna (KSTSK) na phuan uh
hi. 1980 kum ciangin, Zomi Thuhilh Sia Kipawlna
(ZTSK) na ci leuleu uh hi. Hih maban zomin TBA in tuni
dong TSK min tawh kipawlna neisuak lei uh hi. Hih
kipawlna in ZCLS hong pian nang lam a sial khol ahi hi.

7.3 ZBC kikhop (Kalaymyo) lai-in:

1980 kum in ZBC Trienial kikhop Kalaymyo ah kibawl hi.
Tua hun lai-in Rev. Paul Thuam Thang pen TVBA General Secretary hi a, Falam Lai Siangtho sangah sangsia a
sep hun a kipan kum 20 sung bang ZBC vaihawmna
khempeuh ah kihel denpa ahi hi. Amah in ZBC gamsung
Tedim kampaute kithuhual ding a deihluat manin mipi
zintun nitak in meeting khat sam hi. Seikkantha a Pa Ngin
Khaw Thang inn-ah a nuaia upateng na kimu uh hi.
1. Rev. Sein Twe
2. Rev. Mang Cin Thang
3. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap
4. Rev. Thang Khaw Khai
5. Rev. Thuam Khan Do
6. Rev. Cin Kam
7. Rev. Thang Kam
8. Rev. Son Khaw Kham
9. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau
10. Rev. Thawng Khaw Hau
11. Rev. Kap Luia
- 93 -

KBCA
KCBA
KVBA
KVBA
KVBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
SRBA
SRBA
TTBA

12. Rev. Khup Khen Thang

13. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang
14. Rev. Mang Cin
15. Cin Min Thang
16. Rev. Kai Khaw Thawn
17. Rev. Pau Khaw Let
18. Rev. Vang Khaw Sei
19. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang
21. Pa Thang Khaw Tuan
22. Pa Lian Khan Dal

TTBA
TTBA
ZBAII
ZBA II
KCBA
KCBA
KVTBA
TVBA
TVBA
TVBA

Hih meeting tungtangah bangmah thukhensatna om thei

nai lo a, kipawlkhop ding lunggulhna le pianthak thu
hanga pawlpi sung buainate kikupkhop theih nading
deihna thu tampi kikum uh hi. Khalkha khua a kibawl
ding ZBC Ministers Conference ah khat vei kimu kikin,
vaihawm khawm ni, ci-in kikhen uh hi.

7.4 Hakha khua U Lian Ci inn-ah

ZBC Ministers Conference Khalkha khua ah kibawl 1980
kum April kha sung kibawl takpi a, Kawlpi pan thu kivai
khak na om bangin a nuaia makaiteng U Lian Ci (Chin
State Party Unit member) innah April 24 ni nitak 6:30
hun-in thu kikupna lianpi khat na nei uh hi.
1. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang
TVBA
Secretary Temporary Chairman
2. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap
KVBA
Secretary Recording Secretary
3. Rev. Thang Za Pau
TBA
4. Rev. T. Vang Khaw Sei
KVTBA
5. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau
SRBA
- 94 -

6. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang

7. Rev. D. Kap Luia
8. Rev. Khup Khen Thang
9. Rev. Cin Kam
10. Rev. Kam Khaw Thang
11. Rev. Thang Kam
12. Rev. Cin Khan Dal
13. Rev. Son Khaw Kham
14. Rev. Khup Lian Thang
15. Rev. Cin Pau
16. Rev. P. Thian Khaw Let
17. Rev. Do Ngam
18. Rev. Mang Cin Thang
19. Rev. Gin Khaw Kam
20. Saya Hau Khan Eng
21. Saya Pum Hau
22. Saya Son Cin Pau
23. Saya Suang Cin Pau

TTBA
TTBA
TTBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
TBA
KCBA
KCBA
KBCA
KBCA
KBCA
SRBA
SRBA
SRBA

Hih makaitengin Tedim Literature Society neih dingin

thukim uh a, Constitution and By-law a gel ding le vaikip
vaihawm dingin a nuaia upateng kiseh pah hi.
1. Rev. Simon Pau Khan En, Convenor
2. Rev. D. Kap Luia
3. Rev. Cin Kam
4. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang
5. Rev. C. Tuang Khan Kap
6. Rev. Mang Cin Thang
7. Saya Joseph Pum Hau

- 95 -

7.5 Committee ten Leipi ah vaihawm

A tunga Committee-te 1980 kum August 9-11 sung
Kalaymyo Leipi Tuiphum pawlpi ah kimu khawm uh a,
Constitution and By-law na gel uh hi. Tua ban-ah nipi
sang thusin ding laibu 23 le a dangdang bu 12 tei ding le
panmun len ding gel kholhna teng na vaihawm uh hi. Gelsa
teng mipi tawh kipsakna dingin KSTSK meeting ah mipi
sap khop dingin na khensat uh hi.

7.6 Tedim khua-ah ZCLS piang taktak

KSTSK kikhop 1980 October kha 24-26 ni-in ZCLS kipat
nang meeting kisam hi. Tua tung in KSTSK pen ZTSK ciin kilaih hi. Constitution and By-law kipsak uh a, Khalkha
a Tedim Christian Literature Society (TCLS) kici pen Zomi
Christian Literature Society (ZCLS) dingin lungkimna nei
uh hi. Laibu bawl dingte kipsak uh a, panmun len ding
kitel pah hi. Tedim meeting a ZCLS a phuankhia
mimalteng a nuaia bang ahi hi.
1. Rev. Paul Thuam Thang
2. Rev. Simon Pau Khan En
3. Rev. Son Khaw Kham
4. Rev. Thang Khaw Khai
5. Rev. Thawng Khaw Nang
6. Rev. Khup Khen Thang
7. Rev. Thang Za Pau
8. Rev. Tuang Khan Kap
9. Rev. Thuam Khan Do
10. Rev. Tual Khan Thang
11. Rev. Do Sian Thang
12. Rev. Mang Khaw Pau
- 96 -

13. Rev. Khaat Khaw Gin

14. Rev. Zam Khan Khual
15. Rev. Lian Cin Mang
16. Rev. Mang Cin Thang
17. Rev. Sein Twe
18. Rev. Thang Kam
19. Rev. Cin Kam
20. Rev. Cin Pau
21. Rev. Mang Cin
22. Saya Suang Cin Pau
23. Saya Thang Hen Pau
24. Saya Kai Sawm Siing
25. Saya Nok Sian Pau
26. Saya Gin Khaw Kam
27. Saya Twel Khan Nang
28. Siama Ngiak Za Dim
29. Siama Zen Khan Cing
Observer
30. Sia Pau Cin Thang
31. Saya Cin Lian Sum
32. Saya Gin Khan Nang
33. Saya Neng Za Sawm
Akiseh thak makaiteng 1980
Thu ukpi
Rev. Mang Cin Thang
Thu ukpi huh 1
Rev. Tuang Khan Kap
Thu ukpi huh 2
Rev. Thang Za Pau
Thu zeekpi
Rev. Paul Thuam Thang
Thu zeekpi huh 1 Rev. S. Pau Khan En
Thu zeekpi huh 2 Rev. Cin Kam
Sumkem
Rev. Thang Khaw Khai
Sumsazian kem
Rev. Sein Twe
- 97 -

7.7. ZCLS NASEP THUPITE

(1) Nipi sang le Upa thusinna
ZCLS kipat cil lamin i gam sungah sanzia upzia tuamtuam
hangin pawlpi kikhenna a om banah, Lai Siangtho
lamlahna kisam kisa ahih manin thusinna 1983 kum a
kipan 1987 ciang kumsimin kinei ngailhngelh a, kiphat
tuam pih mahmah hi.
(2) Zolai khantoh nang kikupna
Lailam kipawlna ahih mah bangin Zolai gelhna puah le
zun ding lunggulhna tawh anuai a bangin kimuh tuahna
kinei a, phattuam na tampi kineih lawh hi.
1982 kum February 2-5 sungin Kalaymyo ah Tedim,
Linguistic Conference kibawl a, Zopau le Zokambul
kanna laibu hong piang hi. 1982 October 15-17 sung
Lai Siangtho pawipi lai-in upa thusinna le linguistic
Research kibawl hi.
1986 April 7-8 sungin Tedim khua ah Editors Conference kinei hi.
1987 February 16-19 sung Tedim ah Laigelhte thu
kikupna ki nei hi.
1994 October 20-24 sung Leipi Pawlpi ah Zolai Seminar kinei a, Zolai malgawmzia le lai paizia cih laibu
hong piang hi.
Zolai seminar le thulu tuamtuam tawh thusinna banah, Zomi concert ci-in lasa siam minthangte lasakna
hunpi kibawl toto-in a 12 veina ciang kibawl khin ta
hi.
- 98 -

(3) Laibu tuamtuam kibawl

ZCLS in a bawl laibu thupite,
(a) Gambupin i zat naupang pattahna Church School
Laibu (CEEFI) 15 kibawl a, khangthakte in tampi
hamphat lawh uh hi.
(b) William Barlcay gelh nisim Lai Siangtho simna
laibu (Hilhcian) a banban a bawl ding kigel a, tuin
hilhcian bu 11 kizo ta hi.
(c) A hunhun in Magazinete le khathum sim a kibawl
Zolai Zunna kibawl hi.
(4) Lai Siangtho le Labu
Hun khat lai-in TBA in maban thupi a a neih, ZCLS i neih
ciangin ZCLS maban hong suak ta hi. TBA tungtawnin
maban i zop nasep thupi i neih in, Lai Siangtho bu khetna
puahna le hawmkhiatna, Laibu puahna, khetna le hawm
khiat nasep ahi hi. ZCLS om kei leh zong Lai Siangtho le
labu i nei veve phial zongin, ZCLS i neih manin thupha hi
cileng i khial het kei ding hi. 1984 pan kipan Rev. Kam
Khaw Thang in hunbit laitei nasep sem hi.

Pinlong 8 a om i leitang pen ZCLS inn mun dingin

kikipsak hi. Tu in ZO SIAN MUNG kici zum innkhat le Zo
innpi (Museum) khat anei ihi hi.

7.7 Hunbit Secretaryte

ZCLS nasepna ah panmun bucing takin kiguang hi a,
hunbit Secretary te nuaia bang ahi hi.
Rev. P. Thuam Thang Secretary 1981-90
Rev. Go Khen Thang Secretary 1990-96
Rev. Thawng Khan Cin (telcing napi sem man lo)
Rev. Khoi Lam Thang Secretary 1996-99
Rev. Suan Khen Mung
1999-2008
Rev. Lian Khen Pau
2008-tuni dong

7.8 Hunbit laitei

ZCLS nasepna ah hunbit laitei nasep pen Lai Siangtho bu
le Sunday School laibu ading a thupi mahmah hi a, Rev
Dr Kam Khaw Thang in 1984 pan 2003 dong sem hi.

7.9 Tulaitak ZCLS

ZCLS kipat a kipanin bulkip dingin a kigel ahi hi. 1984

kum July kha in Pa Tuang Zamte innkuan in Kyats
25,000/- hong pia a, Kawlpi khuanawl, Leipi veng tawh a
kizom Sanpya munah leitang lian mahmah khat kilei hi.
Kumpi in hong laksak a, a dang innmun nih hong pia kik
hi. Bogyoke lam dungah innmun neih ding makai masate
in a geel den ahih mah bangin, a nga veina Trienial in

ZCLS nasepna ah ikipat lai zahin innkuan kikim nawn lo

hi. Ahih hangin mimal le sumlepai kikhang semsem a,
nasep a lian zawzaw a sem thei dingin Pasian in thupha
hong pia hi. Hong kipawl teng:
1. Tedim Baptist Association
2. Tonzang Township Baptist Association
3. Tamu Valley Baptist Association
4. Tahan Pastor Area
5. Leipi Baptist Pastor Area
6. Pyidawtha/Yaukchokwin Pastor Area
7. Zozang Pastor Area

- 99 -

- 100 -

(5) Neihsa innlelo

8. Munlai Pastor Area

9. Emmanuel Baptist Church
10. Phualpi Baptist Church
11. Tedim Baptist Church - Yangon
12. Tedim Association of Baptist
13. Northern Tedim Baptist Association
14. Southern Tedim Baptist Association
15. Zanggam Zomi Baptist Association
16. PCM - Phai
17. CBCM - Tahan
18. AG Tedim Section
19. Kalaymyo Baptist Church
20. Sawbwa Baptist Church
21. FGA - Nahnuai
22. Grace Baptist Church
23. AG - Section 2, Kalaymyo
24. Kansauzang Tedim Baptist Church
25. Bethel Zomi Baptist Church
26. Heilei Baptist Association
27. Bethany Zomi Baptist Church
28. Zosuan Baptist Church (NKVBA)
29. Mingaladon Zomi Baptist Church
30. Mandalay Zomi Baptist Church
31. Cikha Township Baptist Association
32. BCJC Zozang

Asipna
Hih ZOKAM LE ZOLAI laibu neu tungtawn in Zolai
simbu kum 100 cin ading theihhuai pawl khat i ngah ding
ka lamen hi. Deih-el-lam taktak zo lo hi. Ahi zongin hih
dapphahin puah-in zun toto ding hi hang.
Ei Zomite in Leitung bup ah, Kawlgam ah, i Zomi pih
tuamtuamte lak-ah bang dinmun taktak cih lungngai-in
ei bangkua sung bangci kipumkhat thei ding cih vaipi-in
pua khawm ni.
Mitkeuh zawh kum 100 a cing liailiai Zomite in i Zolai
nungtasak-in phungphasak ni. Ei kam, ei lai hi a, midangte
in hong lainat pih lo ding hi.
Jer 1:10; 29:11
Gam khempeuh le kumpi khempeuhte tungah
a totkhia ding le a phelkhia dingin ahi zongin,
a susia ding le a lawnkhia dingin ahi zongin,
a lam ding le a phut dingin ahi zongin,
tuni-in za, nang kong piazo hi, hong ci hi.
Jer 29:11
Bang hang hiam cih leh Topa in kong cihin-ah,
mai lamah lametna note kong piakkik ding,
na siatna ding uh hi loin na phattuamna ding uh geelna
ka neihte kei bek in ka thei hi.

Thukhupna

Puah kawm, Zun kawm-in Mainawt khawm ni

Zolai a khantoh nading le Zolai tungtawn in Khristian

nuntak picing i neih theih nadingin Pasian in makai
masate na zang hi. A maban khangthakte liang ko tungah
hong kisuan hi. Pasian in ZCLS thupha hong pia ta hen.

Kum 100 cin pan mai lam kum tampi dong Zokam le Zolai
nungta-in khangto ta hen.

- 101 -

- 102 -

Etkak laibute
Bhaskararao, Peri. 1989. The process of chimming in
Tiddim Chin. LTBA 12.1: 110-33.
Burquest, Donald. A. and David L. Payne. 1993.
Phonological Analysis: A functional Approach.
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ZCLS Zolai simbu kum 85 cin laibu, 1999. Kalaymyo
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KIKUP HUAI THUTE

1.

Zokam, Zopau i cih ciang khum ngutngut hi. Lim

ngaungau hi. I Zomi pih dangdangte tawh hong kisap
khop nading min bang hoih pen dingin na um hiam?
= Kamphen kul lo ei Zomite sungah Zokam Zopau
i cih ciangin huaikim zo taktak na sa hiam? Hong
huaikim theih nadingin koici kalsuan ding i hiam?
____________________________________
____________________________________
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2. Zokam killamzia tungtawn in na phawk thak thu khat

peuh a om hiam?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
3. Zolai gelhzia tungtawn in na phawk thak thu khat
peuh a om hiam?
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____________________________________
____________________________________
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4. Cope topa hanciamna le nuntakna tungtawn in na

phawk thak thu khat peuh a om hiam?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
5. Kum 100 a cing Zolai Simbu maban puah ding, zun
ding bangteng om nasa hiam?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
6. Tu zawh kum 100 hong cin kik ciangin Zomite le i
Zokam, i Zolai bangci dinmun taktak ah om dingin
sunmang na nei hiam?
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
____________________________________
7. Zolai Simbu kum 100 cin mualsuang dingin bang hih
huai na sa hiam?
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____________________________________
____________________________________
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