RFID based Security Systems

 Introduction
 RFID stands for Radio Frequency identification.
 Radio Frequency means radio waves are used as carrier for
transmission of data over wireless medium.
 Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) is a system that facilitates
the tracking of objects, primarily for inventory tracking, via a three
part technology comprised of a reader, a transceiver with decoder
and a transponder (RF tag).
 The reader emits a radio signal that activates the tag and reads and
writes data to it.

 As products are shipped, received or stored, the information

(encoded on a bar code like tag) can be read and received by the
reader, which is attached to a computer.
 RFID has been integrated into the EPC global network and uses
the EPC (Electronic Product Code).
 The EPC is a unique number that identifies a specific item in the
supply chain. The EPC is stored on a RFID tag , which combines a
silicon chip and a reader.
 Once the EPC is retrieved from the tag, it can be associated with
dynamic data such as the origin of an item or the date of its
production.

 The development of RFID was spurred by the need to enhance

tracking and access applications in the 1980’s in manufacturing
and other hostile environments. This non contact means of
gathering and tracking information proved to be resilient. RFID is
now an established part of specific business processes in a
variety of markets.

 Passive tags can be low frequency (LF) or high frequency (HF).

 LF tags operate at 125 KHz, are relatively expensive, and have a

low read range (less than 0.5 meters).

 RFID readers or receivers are composed of a radio frequency

module, a control unit and an antenna to interrogate electronic tags
via radio frequency (RF) communication.
 Many also include an interface that communicates with an
application (such as the library’s circulation system).

 Readers can be hand-held or mounted in strategic locations so as to

ensure they are able to read the tags as the tags pass through an
“interrogation zone.”

 The interrogation zone is the area within which a reader can read
the tag.

 The size of the interrogation zone varies depending on the type of

tag and the power of the reader.
 Passive tags, with shorter read ranges, tend to operate within a
smaller interrogation zone.
 RFID Reader

 It consists of a RFID reader IC which is used to read tag.

 A coil is used to generate magnetic field which powers up RFID

tag.

 It uses one of its pin to transmit data serially to microcontroller.

 The microcontroller then cross examines it with ID’s present in its

database .

 If it is a valid ID then microcontroller allows access to a person.

 If it is not a valid ID then microcontroller sounds alarm.
 Power Supply

 Power Supply is derived from 230V ac supply.

 It is stepped down to 12V using step down transformer.

 By the use of 4 IN4007 diodes the ac voltage is rectified to DC

voltage.

 Using a 7805 regulator IC 5V is regenerated which is used as a

power source for 8051µc and rfid reader.
 Block diagram of RFID system
 RFID Antenna
 The antenna in an RFID tag is a conductive element that permits
the tag to exchange data with the reader.

 Passive RFID tags make use of a coiled antenna that can create a
magnetic field using the energy provided by the reader's carrier
signal.

 Passive RFID Tag (or Passive Tag)

 A passive tag is an RFID tag that does not contain a battery; the
power is supplied by the reader. When radio waves from the reader
are encountered by a passive rfid tag, the coiled antenna within the
tag forms a magnetic field. The tag draws power from it,
energizing the circuits in the tag. The tag then sends the
information encoded in the tag's memory.

 Advantages of a passive tag

 The tag functions without a battery; these tags have a useful life of
twenty years or more.

 The tag is typically much less expensive to manufacture

 The tag is much smaller (some tags are the size of a grain of rice).
These tags have almost unlimited applications in consumer goods
and other areas.

 Disadvantages of a passive RFID tag

 The tag can be read only at very short distances, typically a few
feet at most. This greatly limits the device for certain applications.

 It may not be possible to include sensors that can use electricity for
power.

 The tag remains readable for a very long time, even after the
product to which the tag is attached has been sold and is no longer
being tracked.
 Summary on RFID tag
RFID Reader IC

 IM283 is a fully-integrated 125 kHz RFID reader circuit. It is

specially designed for being a space and cost efficient kernel IC of
an RFID reading and writing base station.

 IM283 is accessible by a standard micro - controller as an

intelligent front - end peripheral device.
Features of IM283

 Low-voltage circuit.

 Read and Write capabilities

 Supports most 125kHz tags on the market.

 Supported frequency range: 100 to 150 kHz

  Operating temperature range: -40 to +125°C

 RFID reader collision

 Reader collision occurs in RFID systems when the coverage area
of one RFID reader overlaps with that of another reader.
This causes two different problems:
Signal interference:
The RF fields of two or more readers may overlap and interfere. This
can be solved by having the readers programmed to read at fractionally
different times.
Multiple reads of the same tag:
The problem here is that the same tag is read one time by each of the
overlapping readers. The only solution is to program the RFID system to
make sure that a given tag (with its unique ID number) is read only once
in a session.
 RFID system with EPC network

Transponder for RFID

 An RFID transponder is a special kind of radio transmitter and
receiver. It is activated when it receives a signal of a specific kind.
RFID transponders are present in smart cards and Radio
Frequency Identification tags.
  Tag collision
 Tag collision in RFID systems happens when multiple tags are
energized by the RFID tag reader simultaneously, and reflect their
respective signals back to the reader at the same time.
 This problem is often seen whenever a large volume of tags must
be read together in the same RF field. The reader is unable to
differentiate these signals; tag collision confuses the reader.

 Solution to tag collision

 Different systems have been invented to isolate individual tags; the
system used may vary by vendor.
For example, when the reader recognizes that tag collision has taken
place, it sends a special signal (a "gap pulse").

 Upon receiving this signal, each tag consults a random number

counter to determine the interval to wait before sending its data.
Since each tag gets a unique number interval, the tags send their
data at different times.
 Disadvantages of RFID
 Dead areas and orientation problems - RFID works similar to the
way a cell phone or wireless network does. Just like these
technologies, there may be certain areas that have weaker signals
or interference. In addition, poor read rates are sometimes a
problem when the tag is rotated into an orientation that does not
align well with the reader. These issues can usually be minimized
by properly implementing multiple readers and using tags with
multiple axis antennas.
 Security concerns - Because RFID is not a line of sight technology
like bar coding, new security problems could develop. For
example, a competitor could set up a high gain directional antenna
to scan tags in trucks going to a warehouse. From the data
received, this competitor could determine flow rates of various
products. Additionally, when RFID is used for high security
operations such as payment methods, fraud is always a
possibility.
 Ghost tags - In rare cases, if multiple tags are read at the same time
the reader will sometimes read a tag that does not exist. Therefore,
some type of read verification, such as a CRC, should be
implemented in either the tag, the reader or the data read from the
tag.
 Proximity issues - Tags cannot be read well when placed on metal
or liquid objects or when these objects are between the reader and
the tag. Nearly any object that is between the reader and the tag
reduces the distance the tag can be read from.
 High cost - Because this technology is new, the components and
tags are expensive compared to barcodes. In addition, software and
support personnel that are needed to install and operate the RFID
reading systems (in a warehouse for example) may be more costly
to employ.
 Vulnerable to damage - Water, static discharge or high power
magnetic surges (such as from a close lightning strike) may
damage the tags.
 RFID Based
Security Systems

PRESENTATION
REPORT

Submitted By:
ARPIT GOSWAMI
SG6508
ECE 8TH SEM.