Building Science Report

Subject
Building Science 2 (ARC 3413])/(BLD61303)
Project
Evaluation and Design]
Project 1 [Lighting & Acoustic Performance
Tutor
Mr. Siva
Group Members
Chin Jovi
0317924
Edwin Ho Khai Vun
0314846
Evon Low Siew Cheng
0318156
Koay Hui May
0317986
Lim Li Ern
0318327
Ng Wan Zew
0317746
Table of Content
Abstract
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Aim and Objectives
1.2
Site Introduction
2.0
Measured Drawings
2.1
Floor Plan
2.2
Section A-A
2.3
Section B-B
3.0
Lighting
3.1
Literature Review
3.1.1 Abstract
3.1.2 Project Background
3.1.3 Case Study
3.1.4 Research Methodology
3.1.5 Measure Result Analysis
3.1.6 Conclusion
3.2
Research Methodology
3.2.1 Measuring Devices
3.2.2 Data Collection Method
3.2.3 Limitations and Constraints
3.3
Identification of Existing Conditions
3.3.1 Lighting Condition on Site
3.3.1.1
Daylighting
3.3.1.2
Artificial Lighting
3.3.2 Material Reflectance on Site
3.3.3 Light Fixtures and Specifications
3.4
Lighting Analysis
3.4.1 Tabulation of Data
3.4.2 Ecotect Daylight Simulation
3.4.3 Daylight Factor Analysis and Calculations
3.4.4 Artificial Lighting Analysis and Calculations
3.4.5 Artificial Light Indication and Specifications
3.5
Conclusion
4.0
Acoustic
4.1
Literature Review
4.1.2 Case Study
4.1.3 Measurement Result
4.1.4 Integrated Acoustic Solutions
4.1.5 Conclusion
4.2
4.2.3 Procedure of Data Collection
4.2.4 Limitation and Constraints
4.3
Identification of Existing Conditions
5.0
6.0
1.0
4.3.1 External Noise Sources

4.3.2 Internal Noise Sources
4.4
Acoustic Analysis
4.4.1 Tabulation of Data
4.4.2 Sound Pressure Level (SPL)
4.4.3 Sound Reduction index (SRI)
4.4.4 Reverberation Time (RT)
4.5
Conclusion
Conclusion
Reference list
Lighting Analaysis
1.0
Introduction
1.1
Aim and Objectives
Aim & Objective The objective of this assignment is to enable students to have a deeper
understanding and determine the characteristics of acoustic and lighting of a space and their
requirement in an intended space. Lastly, students are required to produce a documentation of
the analysis conducted in the chosen site.
1.2
Site Introduction
Figure 1.2a: Perspective view of site, Bow Wow Caf

The site that was chosen for Project 1: Lightning and Acoustic Performance Evaluation and
Design is Bow Wow Caf which is located in the bustling part of Puchong, Selangor. The caf is
a dog themed caf which customers can bring their pet dogs to this caf. The study area
consists of the whole floor of the caf. The faade of the caf is mostly covered with glass
panels which allows natural lighting to penetrate into the caf and lit up the interior space.
Besides, it also allows the customers to look outside which is the view of the busy streets. The
caf is located on the first floor of a corner lot which is next to the main junction into the street,
therefore, this has significantly affect the acoustic values.
2.0
Measured Drawings
Figure 2.0a: Zone 1 - Mass Dining Area
Figure 2.0b: Zone 2 - Private Dining Area
Figure 2.0c: Zone 3 - Smoking Area
Figure 2.0d: Section D-D
3.0
Lighting
3.1
Literature Review

An important issue today is the mitigation of the energy consumption of buildings,
which contributes in a very significant way to global warming. Within this framework
electric lighting is responsible for a large fraction of the electricity consumption of
office buildings in Europe (46%), despite the growing electricity demand of other
electrical appliances, such as computers (34%), ventilation (7%) and air
conditioning (8%); it is very significant for non-residential buildings in Switzerland,
such as commercial and industrial buildings. An optimal lighting system should
contribute to enhance the task contrast and discrimination, leading to better visual
performance and comfort for users.
3.1.2 Case Study
Figure 3.1.2a: Exterior of LESO building in Lausanne, Switzerland.
Figure 3.1.2b: Cross-section of the anidolic zenithal collector showing raytracing of the diffuse daylight component through the system (rays emitted
by the sky vault.)
The visual comfort assessment of integrated daylighting and electric lighting
systems was carried out in an office room (W x D x H: 3.40 x 5.00 x 2.80m) of the
LESO solar experimental building located on the EPFL campus in Lausanne,
Switzerland. The room facade, oriented due south, is equipped with a wooden
framed double glazing window (3.20 x 1.00m) and a clearstory (3.20 x 0.70m)
located above an external light-shelf (Figure 3.1.2c). An anidolic daylighting system
is placed next to the upper window and works as a zenithally daylight collector.
Most of the captured light flux, which includes both diffuse and direct daylight
components, is reflected and redirected towards the room ceiling and the back wall
(see Figure 3.1.2d).
The visual comfort assessment was carried out from the current users workplace; it
was realized while the subject actually performed visual tasks under his preferred
lighting conditions. The external textile blinds were controlled in order to prevent
glare due to sun patches on the work plane. The desk and the VDT screen placed in
front of the user were the main objects visible on the CCD camera images (see
Figure 3.1.3a): snapshots were taken under different lighting conditions.
Figure 3.1.2c: View of the southern facade of the LESO solar experimental
building
Figure 3.1.2d: Cross-section of the southern facade of the LESO solar

experimental building: (left) anidolic daylighting system inoperation; (right)
anidolic daylighting system non-operating (covered by a black curtain)
3.1.3 Research Methodology

Four different sky conditions, corresponding to clear sky, intermediate sky, overcast
sky and night time, were considered during the visual comfort assessment. The
specific contribution of the anidolic daylighting system to room illumination, leading
to a better luminance balance through a lighter ceiling, was examined by means of
a particular experimental set-up: a thick-black curtain was placed for that purpose
on the reflective surfaces of the device from time to time (see Figure 3.1.3a, right)
in order to eliminate temporally the light flux issuing from the daylighting system.
Users switched the electric lighting system on during dimmed daylighting conditions
in order to obtain the required desk illuminance on the work plane.
Figure 3.1.3a: Location of different targets in the view field of the observer
Figure 3.1.3b: View of the working space within an office room of the LESO solar
experimental building; a CCD digital camera and a point-to-point luminance meter
are located at the users place (observer)
Figure 3.1.3c: Marked area of windows, desk, walls, workplace and VDT screen
created for luminance mapping
3.1.4 Measurement Result Analysis
Luminance contrasts
The luminance contrast occurring on the different surfaces in an office room is a
very important factor with regard to the assessment of visual comfort and the
evaluation of glare risks. It can be applied to both direct and indirect (reflected)
components of daylighting and electric lighting, which can also induce glare
sensations. The different luminance contrasts, which occurred in the office room,
were monitored and analysed accordingly, serving as a first step for more
comprehensive visual comfort assessment.
Vertical and work-plane illuminances play an important role in an office
environment; this is particularly true in office rooms equipped with VDT screens,
which are characterized by low screen luminance (100cd/m2). To avoid excessive
luminance contrasts in office rooms (in between the VDT screen and its immediate
surroundings), the different room surfaces luminance must be kept low enough.
Glare rating
Discomfort glare is a sensation of annoyance or pain caused by high luminances
located in the view field, which does not affect visual performance. Two causes of
glare have been identified so far: excessive luminance contrasts in the view field
and saturation of the visual system. Excessive contrasts are usually caused by very
bright surfaces, which are perceived in a much darker environment (such as a
pocket light spot on the floor in a cellar for instance). Saturation affects the visual
system when the retina is stimulated by a too large amount of light (such as a
pocket light beam oriented towards the eyes for instance). Daylighting within
buildings can cause either effect or each of them in an individual manner. In any
case, glare calculations do not distinguish between these two effects.
Nowadays none of the formulae, which are available for daylight discomfort and
glare rating, is unanimously recognized as a standard at the international level. The
most cited one is the daylight glare index (DGI) (Equation 3).
The latter is a modified version of the IES glare index formula (IES GI) (Equation 1) is
suggested by Hopkinson for large glaring sources. The relationship in between the
two glare indexes (DGI and IES GI) for a given light source is expressed by (Equation
2). Because the tolerance to glare is higher for daylighting than for electric lighting,
as shown by several authors, a more specific formula was elaborated for daylight. It
has been shown, moreover, that the glare sensation caused by a single window
does not depend on its size and the distance to the latter: it is a function of the sky
luminance perceived through the window.
The modified glare formula DGI, expressed by (Equation 3), was created accordingly
for large-area glaring sources, such as windows; its use was recommended for
daylighting conditions.
Equation 1, 2, 3 and 4
Another glare index, recommended by the CIE is the UGR (Equation 4), which was
considered for electric lighting conditions. This formula is widely used for visual
comfort analysis of office rooms under electric lighting conditions.
Glare rating of Daylighting System
Table 3.1.4a: Luminance contrasts observed for different lighting modes
Table 3.1.4b: IES GI, DGI and UGR glare rating scales
Table 3.1.4c: Visual comfort and glare risks assessment for 13 different lighting
modes
The luminance contrast values for paper and VDT tasks observed under certain
daylighting conditions, such as clear and intermediate skies, are generally larger
than the CIE-recommended values, as shown in Table 3.1.4a, this is mainly due to
the low luminance of the VDT screen compared to the high luminance of the white
sheet of paper lit by daylight and the high luminance of the window (Table 3.1.4c).
More reasonable values were observed for overcast skies and night time conditions
due to the lower luminance of the room environment (Table 3.1.4a).
It was also observed that the anidolic system reflects most of the daylight flux
towards the ceiling, where the light bounces and is diffused towards the room
surfaces during clear sky conditions. The luminance contrast between the VDT
screen and the ceiling is much larger in this case than for other sky conditions.
However, the glare indexes (Table 3.1.4c) indicate that the luminance of the ceiling
produces lower glare sensations in this case than for intermediate and overcast
skies due to the more balanced luminances on the work plane. One concern
remains, however: the reflection of the bright ceiling on the VDT screens, in
particular in the case of using a glossy cathode ray tube monitor.
Apart from that, the presence (or absence) of a daylight flux due to the anidolic
daylighting system had no significant impact on luminance contrasts: it contributed
moreover to improve the latter for clear and intermediate skies, as shown in Table
3.1.4a (configuration I-b vs. I-a for instance). The contribution of the anidolic
daylighting system (together with the side windows) plays, however, a significant
role regarding visual comfort. Higher glare indexes were generally observed for
daylighting conditions compared to electric lighting, as shown in Table 3.1.4c.
Table 3.1.4c shows that the anidolic daylighting system leads to lower DGI values in
comparison to a side window (which means better visual comfort): DGI values of
25.5 (instead of 26.8), 25.4 (instead of 26.6) and 16.9 (instead of 18.4) were
observed for clear, intermediate and overcast sky conditions, respectively. This can
be explained by the better luminance balance, leading to lower luminance
contrasts, which is achieved due to the daylight flux collected and redirected deep
into the room by the anidolic system. For the same reasons, DGP values for the
office room equipped with the anidolic system, assessed using Evalglare, were also
lower than those of the side window.
Integrated daylighting and electric lighting systems

Using the electric lighting under overcast sky improves the visual comfort of a
lighting environment: this is why users generally decide to turn the artificial lighting
on. The electric light flux provides a more homogeneous luminance distribution on
room surfaces for rather smooth daylight conditions. Combining electric lighting
with daylighting may also contribute to mitigate glare risks, the artificial light flux
lowering the contrast between the bright sky luminance and the indoor
environment. Sound DGI values were also found in this case, as illustrated in Table
3.1.4c: they were all significantly lower than those observed for identical daylighting
conditions in the absence of electric light.
Electric lighting system

Indirect lighting modes based on floor lamps with compact fluorescent tubes
improve visual comfort in the presence of VDT screens, even during night time. The
luminance contrast between the VDT screen and the surrounding walls is
compatible in this case with CIE recommendations; this is not the case for the direct
lighting mode.
The contrast between VDT and the window for a direct lighting system is obviously
higher due to the brightness of the room. UGR values were significantly lower for
indirect lighting modes (which mean an improvement of visual comfort) than for
direct lighting (Table 3.1.4c): UGR values of 13.2 were observed in the first case vs.
23.4 in the second case. Task lighting did not improve the situation: the use of two
60W incandescent lamps led to the poorest observed visual comfort and highest
luminance contrast. The desk illuminance, observed during night time for the
indirect lighting mode, is comparable to the one observed with daylight under
overcast sky conditions: no significant discomfort glare was pointed out in both
cases, indicating rather optimal lighting conditions
3.1.5 Conclusion
The anabolic daylighting system delivers definitively a larger light flux into an office
room than conventional side windows. This led to larger work-plane illuminance (in
the working space) and also contributes to improve the luminance balance in the
whole room (mainly through light redirection on the ceiling and walls). Luminance
contrasts between the work plane, the room surfaces and the sky perceived through
the windows are reduced accordingly, also lowering glare risks; this is particularly
true for clear and intermediate sky conditions. Sun shadings, such as Californian
blinds for instance, remain, however, necessary to avoid glare due to an excessive
daylight flux.
Electric lighting remains necessary for very dark lighting conditions (e.g. late
afternoon in wintertime for instance); this is also true for nightshift work. Among the
lighting modes considered in this study, indirect lighting provided better visual
comfort in an office room, as demonstrated through the assessment of different
glare indexes and luminance contrasts. Indirect lighting is probably for that reason
the preferred lighting mode in an office space, especially when VDT screens are
used. The direct lighting mode, based on high-efficacy fluorescent tubes and
efficient luminaries, remains the most energy-efficient lighting mode. It will probably
be so until other advanced light sources, such as LED, reach a comparable luminous
efficacy (up to 6090lm/W for fluorescent tubes). Combining different lighting
modes, aiming towards efficient task lighting, is another possible alternative.
3.2

A Digital Lux Meter
Figure 3.2.1a: Digital Lux Meter

FEATURES
Sensor used the exclusive photo
Built-in low battery indicator.
diode and multi-color correction
filters, spectrum meet C.I.E.
standard.
Sensor COS correction factor meet
LSI-circuit use provides high
standard.
reliability and durability.
Separate light sensor allows user
LCD display provides low power
take measurements of an optimum
consumption.
position.
Precise and easy readout, wide
range.
High accuracy in measuring
Compact, light-weight, and excellent

operation.
LCD display can clearly read out
even of high ambient light.
Table 3.2.1a: Features of Digital Lux Meter
Display
Ranges
Zero
Adjustmen
t
Overinput
Sampling
Time
Sensor
Structure
Operating
Temp.
Operating
Humidity
GENERAL SPECIFICATIONS
13mm (0.5) LCD
Power
DC 9V battery. 006P,
Supply
MN 1604 (PP3) or
equivalent.
0-50,000 Lux. 3 Ranges Power
Approx. DC 2 mA.
Consumpti
on
Internal Adjustment
Dimension
Main Instrument:
108x73x23 mm
Indication of 1
0.4 second
Weight
Sensor probe:
82x55x7 mm
160g with batteries
The exclusive photo

diode and color
correction filter
0 to 50C
Accessories
Included
Instruction manual
Carrying case
Less than 80% R.H
Table 3.2.1b: General Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

ELECTRICAL SPECIFICATIONS (23 5c)
Range
Resolution
Accuracy
2,000 Lux
1 Lux
(5% + 2d)
20,000 Lux
10 Lux
(5% + 2d)
50,000 Lux
100 Lux
(5% + 2d)
Note:
Accuracy tested by a standard parallel light tungsten lamp of 2856k
temperature
The above accuracy value is specified after finis, the zero adjustment
procedures
Table 3.2.1c: Electrical Specifications of Digital Lux Meter
B Camera
Figure 3.2.1b: Camera

It is used to capture the light condition within the area. It is also to capture
the lighting appliances.
C Measuring Tape
Figure 3.2.1c: Measuring
Tape
Measuring tape is used to measure the height position of the lux meter at 1m
and 1.5m to ease the data collection for light illuminance level. It is also used
to measure grid line on floor while taking the readings.
Figure 3.2.2a: Data
Collection Method
In prior to data collection, 2m x 2m gridline are drawn in plan as a guideline

to record readings. The data collections are taken on 9 April 2016 and 12 April 2016
at time 1400 and 2000 respectively. Data with lux meter (cd/m2) was achieved by
placing the photo-detector and the device at the chosen position with the height of
1.5m and 1m. Readings are then taken noted. Each record was done by facing the
similar direction to synchronize the result.
Procedure of Data Collection
1. Identify
2mx2m grid
line and the
position of
the reference
point
2. Hold the
lux meter at
1m and 1.5m
height at
each
reference
point
4. Specify the
variables
(light
sources) that
affect the
data
collected
5. Repeat
steps 1 to 4
for day time
and night
time readings
to collect 2
sets of data
for
comparison
3. Record the
readings of
the lux meter
at each
reference
point
6. Tabulate
and calculate
the data
collected
which will
then be used
to determine
the light
quality
according to
MS 1525
Human Error:
Shadows play and important role when operating the lux meter. These shwdows
might affect and alter the meter readings causing an inaccurate reading. Besides
that, the position and angle in which the sensor is held, in height or direction would
also affect the readings. To lessen the effect of this error, the number of readings
taken at a specific spot was taken multiple times and the average reading was
calculated in order to ensure a more accurate reading.
Device Error:
The lux meter, being an electronic device, may take a few seconds for the reading
to be stabilized. This is due to the high sensitivity of the sensor which may cause a
delay in displaying the exact reading. Readings taken before the stabilization value
may cause readings taken to be inaccurate and leave a large gap or difference
between readings. The discrepancy caused by this error was overcome by waiting a
few seconds until the reading has stabilized before recording data, and also by
taking more readings and calculating the average.
Natural Causes:
Weather can cause a major difference in the readings taken. Weather changes
during the period of data collection would affect the data collection. Therefore, Data
was taken during different times of the day when the weather was constant and the
average value was calculated.
3.3
Identification of Site Condition
3.3.1 Light Condition On Site

3.3.1.1 Day Lighting
Figure 3.3.1.1: Site Condition in the morning

During the day, sunlight streams into the space from the large windows that cover
almost 50% of the front faade. The effect of daylight can be felt mostly in the mass
dining, private dining and smoking zones. This light seems almost too bright and
glaring as some blinds installed along the large windows are used to control and
reduce the amount of sun entering the space. They are usually pulled halfway down
in the afternoon to reduce the contrast of light intensity from the outside with the
artificial lights within the shop. The smoking area has no blinds installed and can be
too bright in the daytime. The spaces located slightly further away from the window,
such as the counter area and the rear end of the mass dining area however, feels
rather comfortable as they are lit with the combination of the less intense sunlight
and artificial lighting. The kitchen and toilet areas are unaffected by the presence or
absence of daylight, as they are not in close proximity of any windows and area
solely lit by artificial lighting.
3.3.1.2
Artificial Lighting
Figure 3.3.1.2a: Site Condition at night

During the night, the artificial yellowish light gives off provides a hazy and relaxed
mood rather than a focused and tense one, as tables are carefully placed between
lights and not directly below them, so as not to cause glare from the reflection of
the glossy tabletop. The shop area is relatively well and uniformly lit, with no
obvious dark areas or bright areas at sitting level. The smoking room however is
rather poorly lit and can be rather dim at night.
Figure 3.3.1.2b: Kitchen Condition at Site

The kitchen is lit by fluorescent lighting and therefore is unaffected by the presence
or absence of daylight, ensuring that the kitchen staff can fully concentrate on their
jobs without any fluctuating lighting levels.
3.3.2 Material Reflectance on Site
Component
Material
Colour
Surfac
e
Finish
Matte
Light
Reflectance
Value (%)
20
Wall
Red Brick
Table
Top
Dark
Timber
Gloss
10
Table
Leg
Steel
Gloss
30
Chair
Plastic
Matte
60
Backrest
Light
Timber
Gloss
75
Flooring
Concrete
Gloss
25
20
Cushion
s
Fabric
Matte
30
15
Picture
Frames
Plastic
Gloss
80
10
Artificial
grass
Plastic
Gloss
25
Chair
Light
Timber
Gloss
75
Chair
Cushion
Dark Fabric
Matte
10
Partition
Light
Concrete
Matte
30
Wall
Paint
Matte
13
70
Counter
Glass
Gloss
3.3.3 Light Fixtures and Specifications

Product Brand
Types of Lights
Types of Fixture
Types of Luminaries
Power (w)
Luminous Flux (lm)
Color Temperature (k)
Color Rendering Index
Average Life Rate
Product Brand
Philips Evolution LED 3

Artificial Light
LED Adjustable Downlight
Wide Flood
19
1000
3000
90
60000
Types of Lights
Types of Fixture
Types of Luminaries
Power (w)
Luminous Flux (lm)
Average Life Rate
Philips LyteCaster LED

Accent
Artificial Light
LED Accent Downlight
Spot
120
800
3000
90
50000
Product Brand
Types of Lights
Types of Fixture
Types of Luminaries
Power (w)
Luminous Flux (lm)
Average Life Rate
Philips NA Angle T8 strip

Artificial Light
Linear Lighting
White Light
40
120
8000
80
12000
Product Brand
Types of Lights
Types of Fixture
Types of Luminaries
Power (w)
Luminous Flux (lm)
Average Life Rate
Philips Candle LED

Artificial Light
Candle Light
Flood Light
3.5
530
2700
80
25000
Figure 3.3.3: Indication of Light Fixtures
3.3.4 Indication of Light Fixtures

Zone A Public Dining Area
Figure 3.3.4a: Pubic Dining Area highlighted on plan.

Indication
Picture
Type of
Artificial Light
Numbers of
Unit
Philips
Evolution LED
3
41
Light
Distribution
description
LED
adjustable
down light
with wide
flood
Philips
LyteCaster
LED Accent
Philips Candle
LED
14
Table 3.3.4a: Type of Light in Zone A
Zone B Private Dining Area
LED accent
down light
with spot light
Candle Light
with flood
light
Figure 3.3.4b: Highlighted Private Dining Area in plan

Indication
Picture
Type of
Artificial Light
Numbers of
Unit
Philips
Evolution LED
3
41
Table 3.3.4b: Type of Light in Zone B
Light
Distribution
Description
LED
adjustable
down light
with wide
flood
Zone C Smoking Area
Figure 3.3.4c: Highlighted Smoking Area in plan

Indication
Picture
Type of
Artificial
Light
Philips
Candle LED
Numbers of
Unit
Table 3.3.4c: Type of Light in Zone C
Light
Distribution
Description
Candle
Light with
flood light
Figure 3.3.4d: Section diagram showing the distribution of artificial light from the
lighting fixtures placed in specific points in the interior to illuminate the space
Figure 3.3.4e: Section diagram showing the distribution of artificial light from the
lighting fixtures placed in specific points in the interior to illuminate the space
3.4
Data Tabulation
Light Data (x10 lux)

Date: 4 April 2016
Time: 1400
Weather: Sunny
Height: 1.5m
Grid
A
B
C
D
E
F
G
1
2
750
140
800
200
360
350
3
300
850
350
500
520
55
55
4
110
100
110
80
450
1390
100
5
300
200
50
300
1200
120
50
6
1900
45
60
100
150
850
235
7
80
20
17
15
120
70
30
8
1500
600
370
850
450
650
200
9
1340
500
10
160
200
11
155
156
12
Table 3.4a: Light Data on 4th April at 1.5m

Date: 4 April 2016
Time: 1400
Height: 1.0m
Grid
A
B
C
D
1
2
1350
400
770
3
790
1050
440
440
4
900
450
250
120
5
450
95
70
480
6
1100
125
230
130
7
100
80
80
54
8
1800
740
305
430
9
1800
900
10
130
250
11
122
200
12
Weather: Sunny
E
360
730
750
800
130
130
480
500
120
1100
220
725
80
630
210
50
75
80
165
35
190
Table 3.4b: Light Data on 4th April at 1.0m

Figure 3.4a: Lighting Data at 2pm
3.4.1 Light Data at 6pm

Date: 12 April 2016
Time: 2000 Weather:
Height: 1.5m
Grid
A
B
C
D
E
1
2
250
300
90
210
3
4
250
90
230
1300
4
290
250
44
230
220
5
20
80
410
125
29
6
1120
200
445
120
100
7
630
22
1950
82
185
8
37
110
282
345
242
9
35
40
10
45
39
11
36
33
12
Sunny
F
300
11
400
80
174
150
300
335
280
23
30
490
40
110
Table 3.4.1a: Light Data on 12th April at 1.5m

Date: 12 April 2016
Time: 2000
Height: 1.0m
Grid
A
B
C
D
1
2
45
355
230
3
30
266
230
240
4
280
130
64
145
5
89
132
395
190
6
589
144
290
138
7
274
58
960
152
8
38
78
32
261
9
33
19
10
33
32
11
30
29
12
Weather: Sunny
E
260
915
275
127
135
200
155
356
55
630
85
210
25
28
280
32
67
130
78
82
50
Table 3.4.1b: Light Data on 12th April at 1.0m
Figure 3.4.1a: Lighting Data at 6pm

Lighting and Data Analysis
Average Luminance Calculation

Zone A (Public Dining Area)
Time
Weather
Luminance
lx (1.0m)
1400 - 1500
2000 - 2100
Sunny
Clear Sky
54 - 1800
30 - 900
Average
Luminance
lx
331.81
141.35
Luminance
lx (1.5m)
Average
Luminance
lx
433.89
339.33
Luminance
lx (1.5m)
Average
Luminance
lx
565.33
29.33
Luminance
lx (1.5m)
15 - 1500
4 - 1120
Average
Luminance
lx
285.04
195.12
Zone B (Private Dining Area)

Time
Weather
Luminance
lx (1.0m)
1400 - 1500
2000 - 2100
Sunny
Clear Sky
50 - 1100
32 - 915
55 - 1390
11 - 1300
Average
Luminance
lx
386.67
369.89
Zone C (Smoking Area)

Time
Weather
Luminance
lx (1.0m)
1400 - 1500
2000 - 2100
Sunny
Clear Sky
200 - 1800
19 - 33
155 - 1340
33 - 45
Average
Luminance
lx
418.5
38
Daylight Factor Calculation

Average lux reading
At 1.0m working plane
(sitting position), lx
(standing position), lx
Average lux value, lx
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (morning) =

331.81
141.35
285.04
195.12
308.43
168.24
; where E (external) was measured to be 30000 lx
308.43
100
30000
=1.03%
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (evening) =
168.24
100
30000
=0.56%
As shown from the table and calculations, the public dining area has the daylight
factor of 1.03% (average) in the morning and 0.56% (poor) in the evening. This
indicates that there are insufficient daylighting systems or daylighting design
aspects being implemented in this caf. The only means of daylight entering the
space would be from the curtain wall that covers the front faade of the shop that
faces the street. However, during the day, the employees usually pull the window
blinds half to three quarters the way down and rely more on artificial lighting to
illuminate the space. This action on their part is highly inefficient as it wastes
electrical energy when daylight could just be let into the dining area during the day
to illuminate the space.
Daily Intensity in Different Condition

Illuminance
120,000 lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1000-2000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
<1 lux

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Shade illuminated by entire clear blue sky
Typical overcast day midday
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, midday
Sunrise, sunset on clear day (ambient illumination)
Fully overcast, sunset or sunrise
Extreme of darkest storm clouds, sunset or sunrise
Daylight Factor
DF (%)
>6
3~6
1~3
0~1
Distribution
Very bright with thermal and glare problem
Bright
Average
Dark

Average lux reading
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (morning) =

433.89
339.33
386.67
369.89
415.28
354.61
410.28
100
30000
=1.36%
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (evening) =
354.61
100
30000
=1.18%
factor of 1.36% (average) in the morning and 1.18% (average) in the evening. This
indicates that there are somewhat adequate daylighting systems or daylighting
design aspects being implemented in this space. The space is rather small and
faces one of the front curtain walls of the shop. However, the window blinds were
adequately controlled to allow just the right amount of sunlight to enter the space
without it being too bright or too dark. However, the morning and evening readings
to not differ too much in this space, indicating that daylight does not affect the
illumination too much as windows only cover one side of the space and it is more
reliant on artificial lighting to illuminate the space.

Illuminance
120,000 lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1000-2000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
<1 lux
Zone B (Public Dining Area)

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Daylight Factor
DF (%)
>6
3~6
1~3
0~1
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark

Average lux reading
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (morning) =

565.33
29.33
418.28
38
419.92
33.67
308.43
100
30000
=1.64%
DF =
E (internal)
100
E (external)
DF (evening) =
33.67
100
30000
=0.11%
factor of 1.64% (average) in the morning and 0.11% (poor) in the evening. This
indicates that there are somewhat adequate daylighting systems or daylighting
design aspects being implemented in this space. However, the space might be too
reliant on sunlight as the difference in the readings between morning and evening
area are rather large. This situation can be rectified by increasing the number of
lights in installed in this space.

Illuminance
120,000 lux
110,000 lux
20,000 lux
1000-2000 lux
<200 lux
400 lux
40 lux
<1 lux

Example
Brightest sunlight
Bright sunlight
Daylight Factor
DF (%)
>6
3~6
1~3
0~1
Distribution
Bright
Average
Dark
Artificial Light Calculation

Location
Area
Height of Luminaries
Height of work level
Vertical distance from work place to
luminaries
Standard illuminance
Reflection factors
Room index
Zone A (Mass Dining Area)

153.24 m
3.1m
0.8m
2.3m
100 lux
Ceiling: Black paint (0.3)
Wall A: Glass (0.9)
Wall B: White (0.85)
Wall C: Exposed Concrete (0.3)
Wall D: Red Brick (0.2)
LW
( L+W ) H
153.24
( 28.045 ) 2.3
2.38
Utilization factor (Base on given
utilization factor table)
Maintenance factor
Type of light
Number of lighting fixture
Illuminance level required
0.65
0.8
1000lm, yellow light(3000k)
49
E=
N F UF MF
A
49 1000 0.65 0.8

153.24
166.28lux
166.28lux100 lux=66.28 lux

According to MS1525, Zone A is 66.28 lux
more than the requirement.
Number of light required
N=
E A
F UF MF
100 153.24
1000 0.65 0.8
29.47 lamps
30 lamps
According to MS1525, Zone A needs 30
lamps to fulfill the requirement.
49 lamps30 lamps=19 lamps

According to MS1525, Zone A is 19 lamps

Location
Area
luminaries
Reflection factors
Room index

28.62 m
3.1m
0.8m
2.3m
100lux
Ceiling: Black paint (0.3)
Wall A: Glass (0.9)
Wall B: Red Brick (0.2)
LW
( L+W ) H
28.62
( 11.15 ) 2.3
1.11
Maintenance factor
Type of light
0.52
0.8
1000lm, yellow light(3000k)
9
E=
N F UF MF
A
9 1000 0.52 0.8

28.62
130.82lux
130.82lux100 lux=30.82 lux

According to MS1525, Zone B is 30.82
lux more than the requirement.
N=
EA
F UF MF
100 53.62
1000 0.52 0.8
6.88 lamps
7 lamps
According to MS1525, Zone B needs 7

9 lamps7 lamps=2 lamps

According to MS1525, Zone B is 2 lamps

Location
Area
luminaries
Reflection factors
Room index

38.18 m
3.0m
0.8m
2.2m
150 lux
Ceiling: White Plaster (0.85)
Wall A: Glass (0.9)
Wall B: White (0.85)
LW
( L+W ) H
38.18
( 5.36+7.168 ) 2.2
1.39
Maintenance factor
Type of light
0.52
0.8
Philips Candle LED
Neutral white(4500k)
5
E=
N F UF MF
A
5 530 0.52 0.8

38.18
28.87 lux
150 lux28.87 lux=121.13lux

According to MS1525, Zone C lacks of
121.13 lux to fulfill the requirement.
N=
EA
F UF MF
150 38.18
530 0.52 0.8
25.98lamps
26 lamps
According to MS1525, Zone C needs 26
26 lamps5lamps=21 lamps
According to MS1525, Zone C lacks of 21
Afternoon and Night Light Contour Plan (diagrams and description)
As seen from this diagram, sunlight streams into the space from the large windows
that cover almost 50% of the front faade. The effect of daylight can be felt mostly
in the mass dining, private dining and smoking zones. The spaces located slightly
further away from the window, such as the counter area and the rear end of the
mass dining area however do not receive any direct sunlight as they have no other
openings to the street or skylights.
Artificial lights installed in the space were the Philips Evolution LED 3 down lights
that effectively brighten the spaces that are further away from the window,
especially the counter and smoking areas to allow for better illumination of the
internal spaces.
As shown is a combination between the artificial lighting and natural lighting in the
space. The lamp distribution is adequate, or in some areas, rather excessive
artificial lighting, especially in the internal spaces.
3.5 Conclusion
Lighting is of utmost importance in a restaurant as it serves to set the mood
and atmosphere of the dining area and is required for the staff to work in an
efficient manner. The usage of warm spotlights in the dining area adds to the
atmosphere of the space but the narrow light spread might be insufficient to
efficiently illuminate the space.
From our observation and data, the Mass Dining and Private Dining Areas
receive an adequate to large amount of daylight that can be controlled by the
means of some adjustable window blinds that cover at least 2 sides of the zone.
However, the blinds are usually pulled a bit too low and the amount of daylight
entering the space is too little as the staff rely more on artificial lighting that overilluminate the space in the day and result in energy wastage, where, they could
very well take advantage of the daylight that would illuminate the area. This action
by the staff might be to minimize thermal gains by sacrificing the lack of
daylighting, but by installing excessive luminaires, they are also contributing to
thermal gains to the internal spaces. Ideally, thermal gains and daylighting should
be thought out and planned to achieve a balance without eliminating one element
for the other.
Figure 3.5a: The blinds that cover most of the windows on Mass Dining Area
From our calculations we have also discovered that the lighting choice at Bow
Wow Caf is far from ideal. Even though they currently have 19 lamps exceeding
the standard, they chose to use spotlights that have a rather narrow beam. Any
reduction in number of lights would result in an environment that has a large
number of areas that are either too dark or too bright. Thus, our suggestion would
be to use lights that have a wider beam or diffused lighting to avoid dark or bright
spots.
Figure 3.5b: The narrow beam emitted by the spotlight in Dining Area, Philips
Evolution LED 3.
Figure 3.5c: Light proposal with wider beam.
The smoking area on the other hand, relies too heavily on natural lighting as
it is far too dim at night and requires an additional 21 lamps to meet the MS1525
standard. It also uses lamps that are too weak as adding 21 lamps into such a small
area would not be efficient or visually desirable, we would suggest the usage of
more powerful lamps or lamps that have a higher F (luminous flux) value so that the
number of lamps can be reduced.
Figure 3.5d: The dim beam emitted by the spotlight in Smoking Area, Philips Candle
LED.
Figure 3.5e: Light proposal with stronger beam.

Overall, this caf is well lit but relies far too much on artificial lighting that
result in energy wastage due to their efforts in avoiding thermal gains from daylight
entering the space. Making small changes to the light type and distribution however
would solve most of the problems experienced, for example, reducing the number
of lights in the dining area and allowing more daylight to enter the space especially
during the day, and switching the light type in the smoking room to a more powerful
lamp, reducing its reliance on daylight and avoiding the addition of too many
luminaires in a small space, all while having a more uniform distribution of
luminaires.
4.0
Acoustic Analysis
4.1
Literature Review
Acoustic comfort is an important consideration in the design and construction of

office buildings. Since the acoustic performance of a building will affect its
inhabitants psychologically, sociologically and physiologically, post-occupancy
evaluations of acoustic performance are often necessary to ensure that acoustic
design features are effective. Since acoustic quality is often affected by the
interplay among the building's interior, structural, envelope and mechanical
systems, it is critical to assess acoustic quality in an integrated manner. Subjective
views of occupants regarding acoustic quality in the office and warehouse spaces
are also sought. It was found that both objective and subjective data support each
other. By understanding how these problems are caused by the interactions among
the different building systems, specific solutions were proposed. This project is
motivated by an effort to promote workplace comfort and sustainability within the
framework of corporate social responsibility.

Since provision of acoustic comfort can be considered as a form of employee
welfare and a decisive factor of workers productivity, many companies in Singapore
are paying more attention to enhancing workplace acoustics. Kua (2009) devised a
set of guidelines on corporate social responsibility, known as Corporate sustainabledevelopmental responsibility (CSdR), in which acoustic parameters are considered
as one of the measures of the social aspect of corporate-level sustainability. Three
Singapore based multi-national companies participated in the project and adopted
these guidelines in a trial.
4.1.2 Case Study
Figure 11: SKF Office Building located on Changi South Lane, Singapore.
This detailed acoustic evaluation was conducted on the main office building of one
of the companies. The building is located in Singapore. It is three-storeyed and has
two mezzanine floors. The floors at the warehouse are built as flat floors for trucks
movements within the storage facility. The building is built with post-tension
reinforced concrete slab (thickness of 310mm) at the first and second storeys, and
metal truss roofing at the third storey. The average column span is 8.1 and 13.6m,
and columns are positioned centre-to-centre of the grid. The floor-to-floor height is
generally 4.4m. The building uses a variable refrigerant volume system for airconditioning with the outdoor units located on the roof; the end unit is in the form of
a fan coil unit (FCU) in the office.
4.1.3 Measurement Result

Locations A D (refer to Figure 2) were found among the highest measured noise
levels during the boundary noise measurements. Noise measurements were carried
out for a period of 15min at each location with a 5min interval. The measured
maximum noise levels (LAeq,5min) within the 15min interval were found to be
within the specified limit of 75dBA LAeq according to the guidelines by NEA. The
corresponding statistical acoustical quantities are presented in Table 1. The indoor
noise map for the 1M, 2M and second floor warehouse (presented in Figure 3)
showed that the noise levels were all within the maximum permissible level of
85dBA LAeq set by the MOM. Instantaneous noise measurements were carried out
at various locations in the office. It was observed that the average instantaneous
SPL fluctuation was in the range of 3dBA. It was therefore considered that the
overall noise level was generally steady. Spot measurements (LAeq,1min) were later
taken at several locations to create a noise map for different office spaces. The
results are summarized in Table 2. Even though the statistical acoustical quantities
for evaluation of the space at each specific measurement location were not studied,
the variation of the SPL within the indoor space illustrated the fluctuation of
acoustic pressure over the entire office space during the time of measurement.
Figure 12 | Boundary noise measured at four different locations
Table 11 |Summary of boundary Noise Measurement
Figure 13 | Noise map for second floor office
Table 12 | Summary of indoor noise measurements
4.1.4 Intergraded Acoustic Solutions
A building can be divided into four main systems: the structural, interior, facade (or
envelope) and mechanical systems. The prescription of acoustic solutions is done in
an integrated manner; that is, modifications are made to either all or a few of these
four building systems so that they result synergistically in better acoustic quality in
the building.Furthermore, the improvement of acoustic quality should not be
achieved at the expense of thermal comfort, indoor air quality, spatial quality, visual
quality and building integrity.
The control of overall outdoor noise was poor according to the above measurement
as the outdoor vehicle noise is considered as one of the most obvious. Such
insufficient sound isolation can be effectively addressed by improving both the
envelope and interior systems: that is, looking at the envelope and interior systems
as constituting an integrated solution. Presently, the provision of a single glazing
window only provides a moderate range of sound insulation (approximately 10dBA).
Re-application of some of the window seals around numerous windows was
therefore recommended. The company is currently considering the use of double
glazing windows for office areas facing major road traffic. The use of the double
glazing window with an air gap in between provides a better control of outdoor lowfrequency traffic noise. A double-glazed window with 4 16 6mm will typically
achieve a minimum of 2530dB sound reduction.
The improvement on the structural system can be done via the use of an acoustical
ceiling and an absorptive wall surface to provide improved speech intelligibility and
control of echo in the office spaces was suggested. Secondly, higher workstation
partitions were recommended (around 1.72m) to replace the existing systems.
The recommendation for improving to the interior and mechanical systems are
made for the company. Firstly, background noises from air-conditioner diffuser units
could be controlled through the use of a low-noise fan and by controlling the fresh
air speed. Secondly, further improvement could be made by the application of
absorptive lining in the duct. Generally, a rectangular duct lined with a 100mm thick
rock wool blanket (nominal density 80kg/m3 ) and an airspace of 300mm has a
typical attenuation of 3 9dB/m for frequencies ranging from 125 to 500Hz, 9
6dB/m for frequencies ranging from 500Hz to 2kHz, and 6 1dB/m for frequencies
ranging from 2 to 4kHz.
4.1.5 Conclusion
This article presents an assessment of the acoustical quality of an office building.
Objective measurements show the degree to which the chosen buildings working
environmental conditions satisfy the evaluation criteria.
The FCU of the HVAC system was identified as a possible noise source within the
office space. Sound insulation was an even greater challenge, considering that the
offices are situated next to warehouses. The interior designs of the office space
were responsible for poor RT and low speech intelligibility and privacy. The choice of
partial height partitions (even though acoustically insulated) also contributed to
negative acoustical performance within the office space. The perimeter closed
offices were also affected by traffic noise on the roads outside the building and
vehicles at the loading and unloading bay within the building.
4.2
Issues on Acoustic Design
4.2.1 Acoustic Comfort

Acoustic comfort greatly affects the mood of the inhabitants within one
building. Indoor noise and outdoor noise directly dictate the acoustic comfort
or discomfort. Generally, indoor noise is associated with human activities in
the premise:; outdoor noise emanates from traffic as well as activities
conducted outside the building.
4.2.2 Acoustic and Productivity
Spatial acoustics may contribute to productivity in particular building.
Unconducive acoustic environments may dampen productivity. The
productivity also depends on the buildings functions as well as the type of
patrons that occupy the building, Acoustical comfort is achieved when the
workplace provides appropriate acoustical support for interaction,
confidentiality and concentrative work (GSA, 2012).
4.2.3 Acoustical Discomfort and Health
Noise is an increasing public health according to the World Health
Organizations Guideline for Community Noise. Noise can have several
adverse health effects, hearing loss; sleep disturbances; cardiovascular and
psychophysiological problems, etc. Articulate measures have to be carried
out to ensure that acoustical discomfort does not exist in spaces where there
is human occupation.
4.3
a)
Sound Level Meter

The sound level meter is an instrument used to measure sound
pressure level commonly used in noise pollution study in the
quantification of different variety of noise especially in industrial,
environmental and noise.
Standard References
Grade of Accuracy
Quantities Displayed
Display: LCD/ Display
Resolution
Frequency weighting: A/
Time weighting Lp
Time Integration
Measurement Range
Linearity
Overload
Dimensions/ weight
Battery
Environment: Relative
Humidity
Temperature
IEC 804 and IEC 651

Not Assigned
Lp, Lp Max, Leq
1dB
Fast
Free or user defined
30-120dB/ Range: 30 90 & 60 -120
1.5 dB
From ( 1.5dB max) 93dB and 123dB
Peak
160 x 64 x 22mm / 150g without
batteries
Alkaline 6LR61
Storage < 90%/ measurement< 90%
b)
Ca
m
er
a
Figure 14: Sound

Level Meter
Storage < 55 C /0 C measurement<

50 C
CE marking
Comply with EN50061 1and EN
50062 -1
Camera is used to capture sources of noise and the components that
will affect the acoustic performance on site.
c)
Measuring Tape
Measuring tape is used to measure the height of the sound level meter
at a constant 1 meter high.
4.3.2 Data Collection Methods

To obtain accurate reading, the sound level meter was placed at the same height
from floor at every point which is 1.5m. This standard is being used as it enables the
reading of sound level meter to be more accurate. The person holding the sound
level meter will not talk and make any noises to ensure the readings will not be
affected during data collection. Each recording was done by facing the similar
direction to synchronize the result. Plans with a perpendicular 2m x 2m grid line are
used as a guideline while recording the readings and plotted on the plan. Same
process is repeated in each zone as well as different time zone (peak and non-peak
hour)
1. Identify
2mx2m grid
line and the
position of
the reference
point
2. Hold the
sound level
meter at 1m
height at
each
reference
point
4. Specify the
variables
(noise
sources) that
affect the
data
collected
5. Repeat
steps 1 to 4
for peak and
non-peak
hours, to
collect 2 sets
of data for
comparison
3. Record the
readings of
the lux meter
at each
reference
6. Tabulate
point
the data to
determine
the sound
quality based
on
Chartedred
Institution of
Building
Services
Engineers
(CIBSE)
Standard
Figure 14: Procedure of Data Collection for Acoustic

Human Limitation
The digital sound level meter device is very sensitive to the surrounding with
ranging of recording between data difference of approximately 3-4 of stabilization.
Hence, the data recorded is based on the average data shown on the screen. The
device might have been pointed towards the wrong path of the sound source, hence
causing the readings taken to be slightly inaccurate.
Sound Sources Stability

During peak hours, the vehicles sound from the main street varies from time to
time, influencing the data collection process.
4.4
Case Study
4.4.1 External Voices
Jalan Kenari
18a
Jalan Kenari
19a
Jalan Kenari 5
Jalan Kenari
19
Jalan Kenari
18
Figure 15: Noise sources at Bow Wow cafe
Located in Jalan Kenari 19, Bandar Puchong Jaya. Bow Wow Cafe is
sandwiched by two busy streets, Jalan Kenari 19 amd 19a. Vehicular movements is
the prominent factors that contributes to the external noise. During peak hour,
traffic alone has contributed the noise fluctations at 75 85 dB as well as 55 -60 dB
at non-peak hour.
Besides, the junction at Jalan Kenari 18 and 18a both contributes to the
increase of noise level around the vicinity of the compound.
Figure 16: Junction in front of Bow Wow Caf
4.5
Interior Noise Sources
4.5.1 Zone 1: Mass Dining Area
CEILING AIR
COFFEE
CASHIER
STEREO
BASIN
HUMAN
4.6
CEILING AIR
COFFEE
CASHIER
STEREO
BASIN
HUMAN
4.7
CEILING AIR
COFFEE
CASHIER
STEREO
BASIN
HUMAN
4.8
CEILING AIR
COFFEE
CASHIER
STEREO
BASIN
HUMAN
4.9
CEILING AIR
COFFEE
CASHIER
STEREO
BASIN
HUMAN
4.10
Materials on Site
4.11 Acoustic Analysis

4.11.1Tabulation of Data
Zone 1 Mass Dining Area)
70 - 67
66 - 63
62 - 59
58 - 55
54 - 50
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
56
57
52
54
51
53
55
59
54
57
55
59
56
C
58
57
57
54
54
57
54
59
D
57
53
56
58
63
59
64
61
65
55
64
61
62
58
60
56
60
60
64
64
54
56
(Zone 2 Private Dining Area)
(Zone 3 Smoking Area)
70 - 67
70 - 67
66 - 63
66 - 63
62 - 59
62 - 59
58 - 55
58 - 55
54 - 50
54 - 50
Grid
1
Grid
2
1
3
2
4
3
5
4
6
5
7
6
8
7
9
8
9
10
11
12
A
A
B
B
C
C
56
54
55
54
50
52
53
52
52
53
52
50
D
D
E
59
E
52
57
F
57
F
52
56
54
G
58
G
53
52
52
(Zone 4 Kitchen)
70 - 67
66 - 63
62 - 59
58 - 55
54 - 50
Grid
1
2
3
4
5
6
7
8
9
10
11
12
68
64
62
69
68
63
70
65
65
References List
McMullan, R. (1998). Environmental science in building. Basingstoke, England:
Macmillan.
Pohl, J. (2011). Building Science: Concepts and Application. Hoboken: WileyBlackwell.
Stein, B., Reynolds, J., & McGuinness, W. J. (1992). Mechanical and electrical
equipment for buildings. New York: J. Wiley & Sons.
Code of practice on energy efficiency and use of renewable energy for nonresidential buildings (first revision). (2007). Putrajaya: Department of Standard
Malaysia.
Professional Lighting Fixtures & Controls | Philips Lighting. (n.d.). Retrieved April 14, 2016,
from http://www.lightingproducts.philips.com/
DIGITAL LUX METERS. (n.d.). Retrieved May 5, 2016, from
http://tmi.yokogawa.com/products/portable-and-benchinstruments/luxmeters/digital-lux-meters/

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Building Science 2 (ARC 3413])/(BLD61303)

Project 1 [Lighting & Acoustic Performance

Edwin Ho Khai Vun

Evon Low Siew Cheng

Koay Hui May

4.3.1 External Noise Sources

Aim and Objectives

Figure 1.2a: Perspective view of site, Bow Wow Caf

Figure 2.0a: Zone 1 - Mass Dining Area

Figure 2.0b: Zone 2 - Private Dining Area

Figure 2.0c: Zone 3 - Smoking Area

Figure 2.0d: Section D-D

3.1.1 Project Background

Figure 3.1.2a: Exterior of LESO building in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Figure 3.1.2d: Cross-section of the southern facade of the LESO solar

3.1.3 Research Methodology

Table 3.1.4a: Luminance contrasts observed for different lighting modes

Integrated daylighting and electric lighting systems

Electric lighting system

3.2.1 Measuring Devices

Figure 3.2.1a: Digital Lux Meter

Compact, light-weight, and excellent

Table 3.2.1a: Features of Digital Lux Meter

The exclusive photo

Less than 80% R.H

Table 3.2.1b: General Specifications of Digital Lux Meter

Figure 3.2.1b: Camera

Figure 3.2.1c: Measuring

3.2.2 Data Collection Method

Figure 3.2.2a: Data

In prior to data collection, 2m x 2m gridline are drawn in plan as a guideline

Procedure of Data Collection

3.2.3 Limitations and Constraints

Identification of Site Condition

3.3.1 Light Condition On Site

Figure 3.3.1.1: Site Condition in the morning

Figure 3.3.1.2a: Site Condition at night

Figure 3.3.1.2b: Kitchen Condition at Site

3.3.2 Material Reflectance on Site

3.3.3 Light Fixtures and Specifications

Philips Evolution LED 3

Philips LyteCaster LED

Philips NA Angle T8 strip

Philips Candle LED

Figure 3.3.3: Indication of Light Fixtures

3.3.4 Indication of Light Fixtures

Figure 3.3.4a: Pubic Dining Area highlighted on plan.

Table 3.3.4a: Type of Light in Zone A

Zone B Private Dining Area

Figure 3.3.4b: Highlighted Private Dining Area in plan

Table 3.3.4b: Type of Light in Zone B

Zone C Smoking Area

Figure 3.3.4c: Highlighted Smoking Area in plan

Table 3.3.4c: Type of Light in Zone C

Light Data (x10 lux)

Light Data (x10 lux)

Table 3.4b: Light Data on 4th April at 1.0m

3.4.1 Light Data at 6pm

Light Data (x10 lux)

Table 3.4.1a: Light Data on 12th April at 1.5m

Table 3.4.1b: Light Data on 12th April at 1.0m

Figure 3.4.1a: Lighting Data at 6pm

Average Luminance Calculation