Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
2016v37n3p1539
Profs., Universidade Federal do Tocantins, Escola de Medicina Veterinria e Zootecnia, Colegiado de Zootecnia, Araguana, TO,
Brasil. E-mail: danilovargaszoo@mail.uft.edu.br; mariluzoo@hotmail.com; acmconti@hotmail.com
2
Discentes de Doutorado, Universidade Federal da Paraba, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Programa de Doutorado Integrado em
Zootecnia, Areia, PB, Brasil. E-mail: thiagosoumelo@hotmail.com; danilo.zootec@hotmail.com
3
Profs., Universidade Federal da Paraba, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Colegiado de Zootecnia, Areia, PB, Brasil. E-mail:
vilardasiva@yahoo.com.br; perazoo63@gmail.com
4
Prof., Universidade Federal do Sul da Bahia, Teixeira de Freitas, BA, Brasil. E-mail: mrlmatheus@gmail.com
5
Ps-Doutoranda, Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Alegre, ES, Brasil. E-mail: talitabonaparte@
gmail.com
6
Prof., Universidade Federal do Esprito Santo, Centro de Cincias Agrrias, Colegiado de Zootecnia, Alegre, ES, Brasil. E-mail:
josegeraldovargas@yahoo.com.br
*
Author for correspondence
1
1539
Vieira, D. V. G. et al.
Resumo
Trezentos e vinte e quatro galinhas poedeiras DeKalb White com idades de 42 semanas foram distribudas
em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com nove tratamentos e seis repeties de
seis aves em cada tratamento. O experimento teve durao de 112 dias. As dietas foram: T1 = 16,02% PB [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val]; T2 = 14,02% PB [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val]; T3 = 14,02%
de PB [sem suplementao de aminocidos]; T4 = 14,02% CP [Met + Lys + Thr + Trp]; T5 = 14,02% CP
[Met + Lys + Thr]; T6 = 14,02% CP [Met]; T7 = 14,02% CP [Lys]; T8 = 14,02% CP [Thr]; T9 = 14,02%
CP [Trp]. Em relao qualidade dos ovos, a porcentagem de gema e albmen, espessura de casca e a
unidade Haugh no foram afetadas pelas dietas diferentes. A percentagem de casca, gravidade especfica
e altura do albmen mostraram diferenas significativas. Verificou-se que a suplementao de apenas
um aminocido na dieta (T7; T8 ou T9), com a exceo de metionina (T6), piorou o desempenho das aves
em relao a aves que consumiram a dieta controle. A suplementao de trs aminocidos (metionina,
lisina e treonina; T5) ou quatro aminocidos (metionina, lisina, treonina e triptofano; T4) agravou a
produo de ovos e converso por massa e por dzia de ovos; no entanto, o consumo de rao e peso
dos ovos e massa de ovos, o desempenho foi semelhante ao tratamento controle T1. Quando todos os
aminocidos (metionina, lisina, treonina, triptofano, isoleucina e valina; T2) foram suplementados a
dieta, o desempenho foi semelhante ao tratamento de controle em todas as variveis. A suplementao
de metionina, lisina e treonina essencial para as aves na fase de colocao, no entanto, a adio de seis
aminocidos essenciais (lisina, metionina, treonina, triptofano, valina e isoleucina) dieta de galinhas
poedeiras importante para um bom desempenho produtivo comparvel com o tratamento controle. No
entanto, a incluso dos dois ltimos (isoleucina e valina) s se justifica o custo de produo menor.
Palavras-chave: Aminocidos limitantes. Desempenho. Excreo de nitrognio. Poedeiras comerciais.
Qualidade dos ovos.
Introduction
The use of synthetic amino acids in the diet
allows for improved efficiency in the use of
dietary protein (SABINO et al., 2004), reducing
the energy spent on the maintenance of the animal
by decreasing the calorie gain generated from
crude protein metabolism (LEESON; SUMMERS,
1997; SILVA et al., 2006; MATOS et al., 2011).
Moreover, there is lower nitrogen output (KERR;
EASTER, 1995; SABINO et al., 2004) and
improved environmental impact (PAVAN et al.,
2005) due to a reduction in the excretion of intact
protein (COSTA et al., 2004).
The protein requirements of layer hens are
conditioned mainly to the components of production,
maintenance, growth of body tissues and level of
feathers (FARIA; SANTOS, 2005). Layers depend
on the daily ingestion of protein because their ability
to store it is low. According to Patterson and Adrizal
(2005), only 51.1% of the nitrogen ingested by birds
is retained in the carcass.
1540
Semina: Cincias Agrrias, Londrina, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1539-1550, maio/jun. 2016
Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens
7
8
Vieira, D. V. G. et al.
Table 1. Nutritional and chemical composition of experimental diets for commercial layers1.
Ingredients
Corn
Soybean meal
Limestone
Soybean oil
Dicalcium phosphate
Common salt
DL-methionine
L-isoleucine
L-lysine HCL
L-threonine
L-tryptophan
L-valine
Potassium carbonate
Choline chloride 60%
Vitamin premix2
Mineral premix3
Antioxidant
Total
T1
61.358
24.083
9.255
2.990
1.087
0.506
0.262
--0.052
0.047
0.008
0.061
--0.100
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
T2
68.417
17.427
9.255
1.691
1.143
0.506
0.318
0.093
0.254
0.134
0.044
0.170
0.259
0.100
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
T3
67.261
19.283
9.256
2.175
1.125
0.505
------------0.107
0.100
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
Crude protein5
Metabolizable energy6
Arginine5
Phe + tyrosine5
Isoleucine5
Leucine5
Lysine5
Methionine + cistine5
Threonine5
Tryptophan5
Valine5
Calcium5
Choline5
Available phosphorus5
Potassium5
Sodium5
Electrolytic balance7
16.02
2.900
0.927
1.254
0.609
1.320
0.777
0.707
0.591
0.179
0.738
3.900
0.360
0.291
0.618
0.218
151.3
14.02
2.900
0.785
1.046
0.591
1.171
0.777
0.707
0.591
0.179
0.738
3.900
0.400
0.291
0.662
0.218
151.3
14.02
2.900
0.840
1.109
0.531
1.220
0.623
0.413
0.484
0.145
0.601
3.900
0.351
0.291
0.608
0.218
151.3
T4
T5
T6
67.970 67.886 67.556
17.977 18.106 18.831
9.255
9.255
9.256
1.887
1.921
2.009
1.138
1.137
1.129
0.505
0.505
0.505
0.312
0.311
0.304
------0.263
0.232
--0.126
0.125
--0.041
----------0.236
0.232
0.120
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.100
0.075
0.075
0.075
0.010
0.010
0.010
100.0
100.0
100.0
Chemical composition4
14.02
14.02
14.02
2.900
2.900
2.900
0.801
0.804
0.826
1.065
1.069
1.094
0.508
0.510
0.523
1.186
1.188
1.208
0.777
0.777
0.612
0.707
0.707
0.707
0.591
0.591
0.478
0.179
0.139
0.143
0.579
0.580
0.593
3.900
3.900
3.900
0.397
0.396
0.351
0.291
0.291
0.291
0.658
0.658
0.608
0.218
0.218
0.218
151.3
151.3
151.3
T7
67.322
18.857
9.255
2.133
1.310
0.505
----0.209
------0.120
0.100
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
T8
67.389
19.068
9.256
2.147
1.127
0.505
------0.111
----0.113
0.100
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
T9
67.327
19.206
9.256
2.149
1.126
0.505
--------0.034
--0.109
0.10
0.100
0.075
0.010
100.0
14.02
2.900
0.827
1.094
0.523
1.208
0.770
0.408
0.478
0.143
0.594
3.900
0.392
0.291
0.653
0.218
151.3
14.02
2.900
0.833
1.102
0.527
1.214
0.618
0.410
0.591
0.144
0.598
3.900
0.351
0.291
0.608
0.218
151.3
14.02
2.900
0.837
1.106
0.530
1.218
0.621
0.412
0.483
0.179
0.600
3.900
0.351
0.291
0.608
0.218
151.3
Recommendation of Rostagno et al. (2011). 2Composition kg-1 product: Vit. A - 12,000,000 IU; Vit. D3 - 3,600,000 IU; Vit. B1 - 2.5
g; Vit. B2 - 8 g; Vit. B6 - 3.0 g; Pantothenic acid - 12 g; Biotin - 0.2 g; vit. K - 3.0 g; Folic acid - 3.5 g; Nicotinic acid - 40 g; vit. B12
- 20 mg; Se - 0.13 g; Excipient q.s. - 1,000 g. 3Composition kg-1 of product: Mn - 160 g; Fe - 100 g; Zn - 100 g; Cu - 20 g; Co - 2 g;
I - 2 g. Excipient q.s. - 1,000 g. 4 - Formulations in digestible amino acids. 5 - Expressed in percentage (%). 6 - Expressed in kcal
kg-1 diet. 7 - Expressed in mEq kg-1 diet.
1
1542
Semina: Cincias Agrrias, Londrina, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1539-1550, maio/jun. 2016
Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens
Table 2. Feed intake (FI), egg production (EP) and egg weight (EW) of white hens fed diets with levels of protein
reduction and amino acid supplementation.
Treatments
T1 - 16.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val
T2 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val
T3 - 14.02% CP - no supplementation of amino acids
T4 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp
T5 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr
T6 - 14.02% CP + Met
T7 - 14.02% CP + Lys
T8 - 14.02% CP + Thr
T9 - 14.02% CP + Trp
Probability
CV (%)
N
Mean
STD
FI (g bird-1 day-1)
105.27a
104.46a
97.30cd
104.46a
104.13a
102.72ab
95.82d
96.83d
99.71c
0.001
3.73
54
101.79
3.778
EP (% bird-1 day-1)
86.87a
84.59ab
67.61f
82.30bc
81.45c
81.32c
77.62d
72.23e
72.03e
0.001
3.20
54
78.45
6.507
EW (g egg-1)
64.61a
64.08a
59.58b
65.69a
64.47a
63.30a
58.08bc
58.07bc
60.04b
0.001
3.59
54
61.99
3.022
Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column are significant by the SNK test; CV = coefficient of variation. Source
of the author. N - Total number of data. STD - Standard deviation.
a,b
1543
Semina: Cincias Agrrias, Londrina, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1539-1550, maio/jun. 2016
Vieira, D. V. G. et al.
1544
Semina: Cincias Agrrias, Londrina, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1539-1550, maio/jun. 2016
Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens
Table 3. Egg mass (EM), conversion per mass (CEM) and per dozen eggs (CDZ) of white hens fed diets with levels
of protein reduction and amino acid supplementation.
Treatments
T1 - 16.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val
T2 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val
T3 - 14.02% CP - no supplementation of amino acids
T4 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp
T5 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr
T6 - 14.02% CP + Met
T7 - 14.02% CP + Lys
T8 - 14.02% CP + Thr
T9 - 14.02% CP + Trp
Probability
CV (%)
N
Mean
STD
EM
(g bird-1 day-1)
55.9a
53.8a
40.1c
53.8a
53.0a
52.8a
45.5b
41.4c
43.0bc
0.001
4.50
54
48.81
6.215
CEM
(kg kg-1)
1.85b
1.90b
2.40a
1.94b
1.95b
2.00b
2.10b
2.46a
2.39a
0.001
6.32
54
2.11
0.241
CDZ
(kg dz-1)
1.45d
1.49cd
1.72a
1.52bcd
1.52bcd
1.54bcd
1.49cd
1.67abc
1.71a
0.001
5.56
54
1.57
0.103
Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column are significant by the SNK test; CV = coefficient of variation. Source
of the author. N - Total number of data. STD - Standard deviation.
a,b
Vieira, D. V. G. et al.
Table 4. Percentage of yolk (PY), albumen (PA) and shell (PS) of eggs from white hens fed diets with levels of protein
reduction and amino acid supplementation.
Treatments
T1 - 16.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val
T2 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val
T3 - 14.02% CP - no supplementation of amino acids
T4 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp
T5 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr
T6 - 14.02% CP + Met
T7 - 14.02% CP + Lys
T8 - 14.02% CP + Thr
T9 - 14.02% CP + Trp
Probability
CV (%)
N
Mean
STD
PY (%)
25.5
26.5
25.6
26.2
25.7
26.7
26.8
26.2
26.5
0.056
3.56
54
26.19
0.486
PA (%)
64.6
63.5
64.5
63.8
64.1
63.0
62.4
63.1
62.9
0.068
1.53
54
63.54
0.760
PS (%)
10.0b
10.0b
9.9b
10.0b
10.3ab
10.3ab
10.8a
10.7a
10.6a
0.015
2.91
54
10.29
0.341
Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column are significant by the SNK test; CV = coefficient of variation. Source
of the author. N - Total number of data. STD - Standard deviation.
a,b
1546
Semina: Cincias Agrrias, Londrina, v. 37, n. 3, p. 1539-1550, maio/jun. 2016
Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens
Table 5. Specific gravity (SG), shell thickness (ST), Haugh unit (HU) of eggs from white hens fed diets with levels of
protein reduction and amino acid supplementation.
Treatments
T1 - 16.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val
T2 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val
T3 - 14.02% CP - no supplementation of amino acids
T4 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp
T5 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr
T6 - 14.02% CP + Met
T7 - 14.02% CP + Lys
T8 - 14.02% CP + Thr
T9 - 14.02% CP + Trp
Probability
CV (%)
N
Mean
STD
SG
(g cm3(-1))
1.086abc
1.087abc
1.085bc
1.084c
1.086abc
1.089ab
1.089ab
1.088ab
1.089ab
0.006
0.19
54
1.087
0.002
ST
(mm)
0.39
0.39
0.38
0.39
0.39
0.40
0.40
0.39
0.40
0.433
4.85
54
0.39
0.007
HU
96.0
94.0
97.3
96.6
98.8
98.3
98.8
98.2
94.1
0.008
2.57
54
96.90
1.877
Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column are significant by the SNK test; CV = coefficient of variation. Source
of the author. N - Total number of data. STD - Standard deviation.
a,b
Vieira, D. V. G. et al.
Table 6. Nitrogen ingested (NI), excreted (NE), retained (NR) and retained nitrogen percentage nitrogen (RNP) in the
diets and excreta of white layers fed diets with levels of protein reduction and amino acid supplementation.
Treatments
T1 - 16.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Val
T2 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp + Ile + Val
T3 - 14.02% CP - no supplementation of amino acids
T4 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr + Trp
T5 - 14.02% CP + Met + Lys + Thr
T6 - 14.02% CP + Met
T7 - 14.02% CP + Lys
T8 - 14.02% CP + Thr
T9 - 14.02% CP + Trp
Probability
CV (%)
N
Mean
STD
NI
(%)
1.970a
1.490b
1.460b
1.400c
1.380cd
1.380cd
1.370cd
1.340de
1.320ef
0.001
2.18
54
1.457
0.200
NE
(%)
0.779a
0.764ab
0.680d
0.750b
0.755b
0.767ab
0.753b
0.679d
0.686d
0.004
1.61
54
0.730
0.041
NR
(%)
1.190a
0.470e
0.780b
0.650c
0.630cd
0.610cd
0.610cd
0.660c
0.630cd
0.003
5.25
54
0.690
0.203
RNP*
(%)
60.41
31.54
53.42
46.43
45.65
44.20
44.53
49.25
47.73
---
Means followed by different lowercase letters in the column are significant by the SNK test; CV = coefficient of variation. *Data
not analyzed statistically. Source of the author. N - Total number of data. STD - Standard deviation.
a,b
Conclusions
Supplementation of methionine, lysine and
threonine is essential for birds in the laying phase.
However the addition of six essential amino acids
(lysine, methionine, threonine, tryptophan, valine
and isoleucine) to the diet of laying hens is important
for a good productive performance comparable with
the control treatment. However, the inclusion of the
latter two (isoleucine and valine) is justified only if
the production cost is lower.
1548
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Order of amino acid inclusion in the diet of DeKalb White laying hens
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