CHAPTER 2

2.1 using Equation 2.4: pV = nRT

(a) V =

1(10.73)( 60 + 460 )
= 379.6 SCF
14.7

(b) V =

1(10.73)(32 + 460 )
= 359.1SCF
14.7

(c) V =
(d) V =

1(10.73)(80 + 460 )
14.7 + 10 16

= 378.1SCF

1(10.73)( 60 + 460 )
= 371.4 SCF
15.025

2.2 (a) number of moles of methane = 10 16 = .625 moles

number of moles of ethane = 20 30 = .667 moles

total number of moles = .625 + .667 = 1.292 moles
(b) from Equation 2.4

p=

(c) molecular wt. of mixture =

1.292 (10.73)(550 )
= 15.25 psia
500

wt. of mixture
10 + 20
=
= 23.22 lb/lb-mole
moles of mixture 1.292

(d) using Equation 2.6

g =

23.22
= 0.802
28.97

2.3 using a basis of one mole of gas mixture

Component
Methane
Ethane
Propane

Vol. Fraction
.333
.333
.333

Moles
.333
.333
.333

molecular wt. = 30 1 = 30 lb/lb-mole

Mol. Wt.
16
30
44
Total weight

g =

30.00
= 1.036
28.97

Weight. lb.
5.33
10.00
14.67
30.00

2.4 initially the container contains only air but at the end, the container has both air and CO2

moles of air =

14.7 ( 50 )

= 0.128 moles

10.73 ( 535)

moles of CO2 = 10 44 = 0.227 moles

total moles in the tank at the final state = 0.128 + 0.227 = 0.355 moles
using Eq. 2.4: p =

2.5 cost of acetylene =

0.355 (10.73)(505)
= 38.47 psia
50

$10.00
= $0.50 per lb or $10.00 = $13.00 per lb-mole
20
20 26

$10.00
= $0.0264 per SCF
379.4
cost of acetylene per MCF = $0.0264 1000 = $26.40 per MCF

cost of acetylene per SCF =

(1+14.7) (200) (520) = 203.8 SCF day

14.7 (545)
cost of acetylene per day = 203.8 ($0.0264) = $5.38 per day

amount of acetylene used per day =

2.6 The tank will collapse when the inside pressure reaches the outside pressure minus the
pressure that the tank is designed to withstand. This will be used caused by oil being pumped
from the tank.

collapse pressure = 29.1

0.75 ( 29.9 )
= 29.005 inches Hg
16 (14.7 )

the initial volume of the air space, Vi =

3.1416 (1102 )
4

[35 25] = 95,033 cu ft

the volume of the air space in the tank at the collapse pressure will be:

Vf =

pi Vi 29.1( 95,033)
=
= 95,344 cu ft
pf
29.005

the volume of oil removed at the time of collapse will be the difference or 311 cu ft
the pump removes oil at a rate of 20,000 (5.615) = 112,300 cu ft day
(a) the time of collapse will be

311
( 24)( 60) = 3.99 minutes
112,300

(b) total force on roof at time of collapse will be F = pA

2
# 14.7 $ ! 3.1416 (110 ) "
& (144 ) = 63,920 lbf
F = ( 29.1 29.005 ) (
)%
4
* 29.9 + %,
&-

(c) The collapse time would have been less.

2.7 (a) basis of 100 lb of mixture
let x = lb of methane

moles of mixture = moles of methane + moles of ethane =

weight
100
=
mol.wt. .65 ( 28.97 )

x 100 x
100
+
=
= 5.31
16
30
.65 ( 28.97 )

x = 67.8 lb which suggests that mixture is 67.8% by weight methane

change the basis to one mole of mixture to calculate the mole or volume fraction
let y = methane mole fraction
then, y (16 ) + (1 y )(30 ) = 18.83

y = 0.798 which suggests that the mixture is 79.8% by volume methane, recognize that
mole fraction = volume fraction for the mixture
(b) The per cent by volume is greater than the per cent by weight for methane because the
methane molecule is lighter than the ethane molecule.

2.8 writing a mole balance on the tanks, we get

moles in tank 1 + moles in tank 2 = total moles at the final conditions

p1V1 p 2 V2 p f Vf
+
=
R !T1 R !T2 R !Tf
the temperature is constant so the equation becomes p1V1 + p2 V2 = pf Vf
or 50 (50) + 25 ( V2 ) = 35 (50 + V2 )

V2 = 75 cu ft
2.9 basis: 1 cu ft

ps Vs pc Vc
where the subscripts s and c stand for standard conditions and contact
=
R!Ts R !Tc
conditions

Vs =

pc Vc Ts 14.4 (1)( 520 )

=
= 0.923 SCF
Tc ps
15.025 ( 540 )

At the new conditions, the price could be stated in two ways:

1. $6.00 per 0.923 MCF
2. $x per MCF

6.00 0.923
=
or x = $6.50 per MCF
1
x
2.10 (a) and (b) the ideal volumes are calculated from the following equation:

Vi =

p o Vo Ti 14.7 ( 45,000 )( 620 )

where the subscripts, i and o, refer to ideal and
=
To pi
520 ( pi )

original conditions
the z factors will be calculated from z =

actual volume
ideal volume

the Bg for part (b) can be calculated from Bg = 0.02829

zT
p

sample calculation, at p = 300 psia, actual volumes = 2529 cc

Vi =

14.7 ( 45,000 )( 620 )

520 ( 300 )

= 2629 cc

z=

2529
= 0.962
2629

Bg = 0.02829
Pressure&&
300&
750&
1500&
2500&
4000&
5000&
6000&

(c)

actual&volume&
2529&
964&
453&
265&
180&
156.5&
142.2&

(.962) (620) = 0.05624 cu ft SCF

300

ideal&volume&
2629&
1052&
526&
315&
197&
158&
131&

z&
0.962&
0.917&
0.862&
0.840&
0.913&
0.992&
1.082&

B g&
0.05624&
0.02144&
0.01007&
0.00589&
0.00400&
0.00348&
0.00316&

2.11 (a) from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 670 psia and Tpc = 366 R
p

p pr

Tpr

z (from Figure 2.2)

300
750
1000
1500
2000
2500
3000
4000
5000
6000

0.45
1.12
1.49
2.24
2.99
3.73
4.48
5.97
7.46
8.96

1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69
1.69

0.97
0.93
0.91
0.88
0.86
0.86
0.865
0.915
0.99
1.07

(b)
Component

Mw

yM w

pc

ypc

Tc

yTc

Methane
Ethane
Propane
Isobutane
Butane
Isopentane
Pentane
Hexane
Heptane

0.875
0.083
0.021
0.006
0.008
0.003
0.002
0.001
0.001

16.04
30.07
44.09
58.12
58.12
72.15
72.15
86.17
114.20

14.04
2.50
0.93
0.35
0.46
0.22
0.14
0.09
0.11

673.1
708.3
617.4
529.1
550.1
483.5
489.8
440.1
362.2

588.96
58.79
12.97
3.17
4.40
1.45
0.98
0.44
0.36

343.2
549.9
666.0
734.6
765.7
829.6
846.0
914.0
1025.0

300.30
45.64
13.99
4.41
6.13
2.49
1.69
0.91
1.03

g =
p,

yM

28.97

18.84
= 0.65
28.97

p pc = ypc = 671.52

Tpc = yTc = 376.59

300
0.45

750
1.12

1500
2.23

2500
3.72

4000
5.96

5000
7.45

6000
8.94

Tpr ,

1.65

1.65

1.65

1.65

1.65

1.65

1.65

Z,

0.97

0.925

0.87

0.84

0.905

0.98

1.065

p pr ,

(c) To keep the error less than 2%, the deviation factor would have to be between 1 and 0.98.
Reading from the graph, the pressure would have to be less than 180 psia.
(d) A reservoir will contain more SCF of a real gas than of an ideal gas when the deviation factor
is less than unity but less than an ideal gas when the deviation factor is greater than unity.
2.12 writing a mole balance, initial moles moles produced = final moles or n i n p = n f

ni =

2500 ( 0.33)
pi Vi
=
= 0.1738 moles
zi R !i 0.75 (10.73)( 590 )

np =

43.6 SCF
= 0.1149 moles
379.4 SCF mole

n f = 0.1738 0.1149 = 0.0589 moles

zf =

1000 ( 0.33)
0.0589 (10.73)( 590 )

= 0.885

2.13 n i =

pi Vi
zi R !i

n f = 0.5n i =

assume: Vf = Vi

0.5

p f Vf
z f R !f

and Ti = Tf

pi Vi
pV
= f f
zi R%i zf R%f

! p "
or pf = zf # 0.5 i $
' zi (

from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 666 psia and Tpc = 372R

Tipr =

620
= 1.68
372

pipr =

6000
= 9.01 from Figure 2.2: z i = 1.09
666

! p $
! 6000 $
pf = z f ## 0.5 i && = 0.5#
& z f = 2752z f
" 1.09 %
" zi %
this becomes a trial and error solution since z f is a function of p f
guess a p f , calculate z f , and then calculate p f to see if the assumed p f is correct

pf = 2400 psia
ni =

6000 1 MM
pi Vi
=
= 0.827 MM moles
z i R!i 1.09 10.73 620

)( )

at 500 psia, using Fig. 2.2, z500 = 0.952

ni =

500 1 MM
pf Vf
=
= 0.0789 MM moles
z f R!f 0.952 10.73 620

)( )

moles produced = 0.827 0.0789 MM = 0.748 MM moles

(0.748 MM moles) (379.4 SCF mole) = 283.8 MM SCF of gas produced

2.14
p

dz dp (slope )

cg

1000
2200
4000

0.86

-0.001
0
0.000085

2200 (10 )
6
455 (10 )
6
154 (10 )

0.89

2.15 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 664 psia and Tpc = 389R

p pr =

5000
= 7.53
664

Tpr =

663
= 1.70
389

from Figure 2.5: c r Tpr = 0.3

cr =

2.16 cr =

0.3
c
0.17
= 0.17 therefore cg = r =
= 260 (106 ) psi 1
1.74
ppc 665

1 1 ! dz " 1
1 ! 0.705 0.608 "
$
=

%
$
% = 0.176
ppr z $& dppr %' 4.0 0.653 & 5.0 3.0 '

from Fig. 2.4: cr Tpr = 0.21

cr =

0.21
= 0.16
1.3

2.17 from Figure 2.6: 1 = 0.01185 cp

adding corrections for N 2 , CO2 , H 2S

1 = 0.01185 + 0.0002 + 0.00025 + 0.0002 = 0.0125 cp

from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: Tpc = 455 R and p pc = 656 psia

p pr =
from Figure 2.7 1 = 3.2

7000
= 10.61
656

Tpr =

680
= 1.50
455

= 3.2 0.0125 = 0.040 cp

2.18 (a) composition of oil and gas, pressure, and temperature

(b)

(c) The oil is undersaturated originally. The horizontal portion of the curve indicates that there is
no more free gas present (above 2500 psia) to go into solution. Therefore, above 2500 psia, the
oil is undersaturated.
(d) The reservoir had no original gas cap since the oil was undersaturated.
(e) solubility =

567 143
= 0.184 SCF STB psi
2500 200

(f) project R so curve from 2500 psia to 3600 psia by extending the straight line

R so = 769 SCF STB

Since there are 1000 SCF of gas for every STB and only 769 are required for saturation,
the reservoir oil would be saturated. There would also be a gas cap.

2.19 (a) see plot in last problem

(b) There is no more gas to go into solution to increase the volume as the pressure is increased,
therefore the volume is reduced with increased pressure. The break in the curve occurs when the
last gas goes into solution.
(c) Since there is no additional gas to go into solution to increase the volume as the pressure is
increased, the increased pressure reduces the volume instead of increasing the volume as it does
below the saturation pressure. The negative slope (above saturation pressure) is smaller than the
positive slope (below saturation pressure) because the liquid is only slightly compressible.
(d) initial STB in place, N =

6
reservoir bbl in place 250 (10 )
=
= 190.8 (106 ) STB
Boi
1.310

( )

( )

(e) initial volume of dissolved gas = NR soi = 190.8 106 567 = 108.2 109 SCF
(f) Bo =

Vt
= 1 + ( T 60 ) = 1 + 0.0006 (160 60 ) = 1.06 bbl STB
Vo

2.20 Yg = 0.00091(165) 0.0125 (30 ) = 0.225

1.204

" 2500 #
R so = 0.80 $
0.225 %
$&18 (10 )
%'
141.5
o =
= 0.876
131.5 + 30

= 567 SCF STB

.5

) .8 *
F = 567 +
, + 1.25 (165 ) = 748
- .876 .
Bo = .972 + 0.000147 ( 7481.175 ) = 1.322 bbl STB

2.21 amount of gas in solution = 0.25 (85)(500 ) = 10,625 SCF

free gas above liquid = 20,000 10,625 = 9375 SCF

! 9375 "
0.90 #
$ (10.73)( 580 )
znR %T
379.4 '
&
volume occupied by undissolved gas =
=
= 277 cu ft
p
500
volume of oil and solution gas = 1000 277 = 723 cu ft or 128.8 bbl

Bo =

2.22

128.8
= 1.515 bbl STB
85

Bo
20(106 )(3200 4400)
c p p
= e o( b ) = e
= 0.976
Bob

2.23 (a) from Eq. 2.36: log "$log (od + 1)#% = 1.8653 .025086 (35) .5644log (130)

od = 3.2 cp
from Eq. 2.37: o = A od B

A = 10.715 ( 750 + 100 )

.546

o = .332 ( 3.2 )

.515

= .332

B = 5.44 ( 750 + 150 )

.338

= .546

= 0.63 cp

(b) ob = 0.63 cp
from Eq. 2.38
o = ob +1.3449(103 )(p p b )10 A
A = 1.0146 +1.3322[log( ob )] .4876[log( ob )]2 1.15036[log( ob )]3

A= -1.293

o = 0.73 cp
(c) od = 3.2 cp

A = 10.715 ( 300 + 100 )

o = 0.49 ( 3.2 )

0.69

.515

= 0.490 B = 5.44 (300 + 150 )

.338

= 0.690

= 1.09 cp

2.24 at 2000 psia:

44,500
(5.615 ) = 500 SCF STB
500
650
= 1.300 bbl STB
Bo =
500
Bt = 1.300 bbl STB
R so =

at 1500 psia:

R so = 500 SCF STB

669
= 1.338 bbl STB
500
Bt = 1.338 bbl STB
Bo =

at 1000 psia:

!
#
$"
150 (1000 )
& 44,500 (
)'
0.02829 (.91)( 655) + '
*
&
R so =
5.615) = 400 SCF STB
&
'(
500
&
'
,&
-'
650
= 1.300 bbl STB
500
650 + 150
Bt =
= 1.600 bbl STB
500

Bo =

at 500 psia:

!
#
$"
700 ( 500 )
& 44,500 ((
)'
0.02829 (.95 )( 655 ) )+ '
&
*
R so = &
' ( 5.615 ) = 276 SCF STB
500
&
'
&,
'-

Bo =

Bt =

615
= 1.23 bbl STB
500

650 + 700
= 2.63 bbl STB
500

2.25 (a) from Eq. 2.42

cw =

1
= 2.76 (106 ) psi 1
7.033( 4000 ) + 541.5 ( 20 ) 537 (150 ) + 403,300

(b) from Eq. 2.39:

Vwt = 1.0001(102 ) + 1.3339 (10 4 ) (150 ) + 5.50654 (10 7 )150 2 = 0.02240
Vwp = 1.95301(109 ) ( 4000 )150 1.72834 (10 13 )( 4000 2 )150
3.58922 (107 ) 4000 2.25341(10 10 ) 4000 2 = 0.006628
Bw = (1 + 0.0224 )(1 0.006628 ) = 1.016 bbl STB

2.26 (a) from Eq. 2.44: with S = 0

1.12166

w = ATB = 109.574 (70)

1.12166

(b) w = 109.574 ( 200)

= 0.93 cp

= 0.29 cp

2.27 (a) from Eq. 2.39:

Vwt = 1.0001(102 ) + 1.33391(104 ) (180) + 5.50654 (107 )1802 = 0.03185

Vwp = 1.95301(109 ) ( p )180 1.72834 (1013 )( p2 )180 3.58922 (107 ) p 2.25341(1010 ) p2
at p = 6000 psia

v wp = 0.01350

at p = 1000 psia

Vwp = 0.000967

Bw6000 = (1 + 0.03185)(1 0.01350 ) = 1.0179 bbl STB

Bw1000 = (1 + 0.03185)(1 0.000967 ) = 1.0309 bbl STB

volume change =

500
500

= 6.2 cc
1.0179 1.0309

(b) salinity has been found to have an insignificant effect on Bw , therefore the answer for part
(b) is the same as that for part (a)

CHAPTER 4
4.1 (a) from Eq. 4.6: G =

43560 (.172 )(1 .23)

0.003425

= 1.68 MM SCF ac-ft

1
1 "
!
(b) unit recovery = 43560 (.172 )(1 .23) $

% = 1.37 MM SCF ac-ft

& 0.003425 0.01852 '
(c) because Bga is a function of reservoir pressure

( )

(d) recovery = 1.37 106 (640 )(34 ) = 29.8 MMM SCF

! 0.003425 "
(e) from Eq. 3.10: recovery factor = 100 $1
= 81.5%
0.01852 %'
&
4.2 (a) because the producing zones of wells, 1,2, and 4, are located within 100 feet of each
other, we will assume the average reservoir pressure is 3400 psia
(b) from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10: p pc = 664 psia and Tpc = 390R

Tipr =

635
= 1.63
390

Bg = 0.02829

(c) G =

pipr =

3400
= 5.12 from Figure 2.2: z = 0.87
664

zT
(.87)(635)
3
= 0.02829
= 0.00460 ft /SCF
p
3400

( )(

43560(22,500) .27 1 .22

0.00460

) = 44.9 MMM SCF

4.3 (a) from Eq. 4.14:

at p = 2925 psia :
at p = 2525 psia:
at p = 2125 psia :

G=
G=
G=

79 (106 ) 0.0057004
0.0057004 0.0052622
221(106 ) 0.0065311
0.0065311 0.0052622
452 (106 ) 0.0077360
0.0077360 0.0052622

= 1028 MM SCF
= 1138 MM SCF
= 1414 MM SCF

(b) because of an increasing calculated initial volume of gas in place

(c) z is calculated from Bg = 0.02829 zT p

p

p z

3200
2925
2525
2125

680
680
680
680

0.8753
0.8667
0.8572
0.8545

3656
3375
2946
2487

(d) from Eq. 4.13:

p = 2925 psia: We = 79 (106 ) 0.0057004 1018 (106 )[0.0057004 0.0052622]

= 4244 cu ft or 756 bbl
p = 2525 psia: We = 221(106 ) 0.0065311 1018 (106 )[0.0065311 0.0052622]
= 151,633 cu ft or 27,000 bbl
p = 2125 psia: We = 452 (106 ) 0.0077360 1018 (106 )[0.0077360 0.0052622]
= 978,344 cu ft or 174,240 bbl

4.4
p

pr

1700
1550
1400
1100
500
200

2.54
2.31
2.09
1.64
0.75
0.30

0.873
0.878
0.888
0.905
0.952
0.978

a) from Eq. 4.18:

!
"
#
$
pscG p
1
#
$
Vi =
Tsc # pi pf $
#& zi T z f T $'
!
"
$
14.7 ( 5 ) (109 ) #
1
#
$ = 481.7 (106 ) cu ft
Vi =
520
# 1700 1550 $
# .873 ( 620 ) .878 ( 620 ) $
&
'

481.7 (106 )
Vi
b) G =
=
= 53.5 (109 ) SCF
Bgi 0.02829 zi T
pi
from Eq. 4.16:

! pz "
p"
!
G p = G $1 i % = 53.5 (109 ) $1 0.0005135 %
z'
&
& zpi '
p

p z

Gp

1550
1400
1100
500
200

0.878
0.888
0.905
0.952
0.978

1765
1577
1215
525
204

5.08(10 )
9
10.2(10 )
9
20.1(10 )
9
39.1(10 )
9
47.9(10 )

( )

c) from part b) 53.5 109 SCF

d) from graph at 750 psia or p z = 750 0.933 = 804

Gp = (1948.9 804) 36.431 = 31.4 (109 ) SCF

e)

p
1700 200
=
= 31.3 psi MMM SCF
MMM SCF
47.9

f) from Eq. 4.18 using G p = 4.75 (109) SCF, pi = 1712 psia, pf = 1538 SCF this will be
minimum gas produced with a maximum pressure drop

!
"
#
$
14.7 ( 4.75 ) (10 )
1
#
$ = 397.7 (106 ) cu ft
Vi =
1712
1538
520
#
$

# .873 ( 620 ) .878 ( 620 ) $

&
'
9

G=

Vi
=
Bgi

397.7 (106 )
0.02829

(.873)( 620 )

= 44.5 (109 ) SCF

1712

4.5 from Eq. 4.13:

G ( Bg Bgi ) + We = G p Bg
Bg =
Bgi =
G=

0.02829 (.878 )( 620 )

1550
0.02829 (.873)( 620 )

Vi
=
Bgi

1700
397.7 (106 )
0.02829

= 0.009935
= 0.009007

(.873)( 620 )

= 44.5 (109 ) SCF

1712

( )

4.6 a) V = Vb !$43.560 ( )(1 Sw ) = 17000 ( 43560)( 0.18)(1 0.24) = 101 106 cu ft

moles initial + moles added = moles final

648.7 (101) (106 ) 14.7 ( Va ) 1114.7 (101) (106 )

+
=
0.86 ( 590 )
520
0.78 (590 )
Va = 4.1(109 ) SCF
b) step 1- raise the pressure of the reservoir gas to 1100 psig
step 2 - add enough dry gas to make the gas volume at 1100 psig equal to the reservoir
volume
Step 1: moles of reservoir gas at 648.7 psia = moles at 1114.7 psia

pi Vi
pV
= f f
zi RTi z f RT f

648.7 (101) (10 ) (.78 )

p Vz
or Vf = i i f =
= 53.3 (106 ) cu ft
zi pf
.86 (1114.7 )
6

Step 2:

Va = Vi Vf = 101(106 ) 53.3(106 ) = 47.7 (106 ) cu ft

moles added at reservoir conditions = moles added at surface conditions

pf Vf
p V
= sc sc
z f RTf
RTsc
6
pf Vf Tsc 1114.7 ( 47.7 ) (10 ) ( 520 )
Vsc =
=
= 3.62 (109 ) SCF
z f Tf psc
14.7 (.88)( 590 )

c) It is not a correct assumption, but it is a good assumption. While gas dissolves readily in pure
oil, it can be shown that less gas will dissolve in oil when sand is present.
d) The gas to be added will be a minimum value, since it did not provide for oil production or
some additional solution gas during time of injection. As oil is produced, the gas pore volume
increases, so more gas would be needed. If some gas came out of solution, less gas would be
needed. This would have less effect than the pore volume increase. On the other hand, if some of
the gas dissolved in the oil as the pressure increased, still more gas would be needed.
e) The dry gas used in part b) deviated less from an ideal gas than did the reservoir gas, because
most of the heavy hydrocarbons had been removed from the dry gas. The heavier the molecules,
the greater the molecular attraction between the molecules; and the gas deviates more from an
ideal gas.

4.7 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10 for = 0.70 p pc = 668 psia

and Tpc = 380R

p pr

Tpr

p z

Gp

5000
4000
2500

697
697
697

7.49
5.99
3.74

1.83
1.83
1.83

1.015
0.95
0.90

4926
4211
2778

200
420

determining a straight line from a plot of p z vs G p , we get p z = 3.25G p + 5576

a) G p =

5576 2778
= 861 MMM SCF
3.25

b) to determine the initial gas, set p z = 0 and solve for G p

Gi = 5576 3.25 = 1716 MMM SCF

fraction produced at 2500 psia = 861 1716 = 0.50
c) trial and error solution for initial pressure
assume a pressure
calculate z and then p z
compare to pi zi = 5576
when calculated pi zi = 5576 , then the correct pressure has been assumed trial and error
yields initial pressure = 6150 psia
4.8 a) let Vr = reservoir storage space for the gas

and

initial moles + moles added = final moles

14.7 ( 50 ) (10
2500Vr
+
0.80 ( R )( 620 )
R ( 520 )

)=

Vi = Vf = Vr
3500Vr
0.90 ( R )( 620 )

Vr = 1.15 (106 ) cu ft

( )

b) 1.15 106 = A (12)( 43560 )(0.16 )(1 0.24 )

A = 18.1 acres

4.9 a) Bgi =

0.02829zi T
= 0.004122 cu ft SCF
p

Bg =

from Eq. 4.14: G =

0.02829zT
= 0.005567 cu ft SCF
p

75 (106 ) 0.005567
0.005567 0.004122

= 289 (109 ) SCF

b) 289 200 = x 2250

x = 3250 acres

the extension is 3250 2250 = 1000 acres

( )

( )

c) from Eq. 4.13 We = 75 109 0.005567 200 109 [0.005567 0.004122]

We = 129 (106 ) cu ft

or

23(106 ) bbl

4.10 Initial calculations of gas in place are likely to be in greater error during the early life of
depletion type reservoirs.
1. Error due to pressure:
Early in the life of a reservoir the shut-in BHP is probably not indicative of conditions in
other parts of the reservoir.
2. Error in pressure gauge:
This will be more noticeable early in the life of the reservoir when pressures are higher,
that is, the difference between the initial pressure is small.
Using a pressure lower than the actual reservoir pressure will cause estimates of the
initial in-place gas to be a minimum. This can be seen from

n p = ni nf =

pi Vi
pV
f f
zi RTi zf RTf

An error in the pressure gauge could cause reserve predictions to be high or low. This
would depend on whether the error was positive or negative.

4.11

Bgi =

0.02829zi T
= 0.005228 cu ft SCF
p
Bg =

from Eq. 4.13: G =

0.02829zT
= 0.006319 cu ft SCF
p

12 (109 ) 0.006319 5.2 (106 ) 5.615

0.006319 0.005228

= 42.7 (109 ) SCF

4.12 Bgi =

0.02829zi T
= 0.003351 cu ft SCF
p

a) from Eq. 4.5:

G=

43560 ( 0.19 )(1 0.26 )

0.003351

= 1.83 (106 ) SCF acre-ft

b) time = produced gas/rate at which gas is produced

time =

0.5 (1.83) (106 ) ( 640 )(32 )

3 (106 ) 365

= 17.1 years

( )

( )

c) original gas in-place in water invaded zone = 1.83 106 (1280)(32) = 74.96 109 SCF

percent recovery =

d)

74.96
= 0.74
total pore space

50.4 (109 )
74.96 (109 )

(100 ) = 67.2 %

74.96 50.4
=x
total pore space

and

substituting and solving for x, we get x = 0.24 or 24 %

4.13 from Eq. 2.9 and 2.10 for = 0.75:

p pcT = 662 psia

and

Tpc = 406R

p pr

Tpr

6200
3600
4800

740
740
740

9.37
5.44
7.25

1.82
1.82
1.82

1.12
0.94
1.00

( ) ( ) $&

from Eq. 4.18: Vi =

!14.7 50 109
#
#
520
"

&
%

!
# 6200 3600
#"1.12 740 0.94 740

( )

( )

$
&
&%

( )

= 613.1 106 cu ft

now apply the material balance equation from 3600 to 4800 psia

( )( )

582.3 106 520 " 3600 4800 %

10
Gp =

$
' = 2.70 10 SCF
1.00
0.94
14.7 740
#
&

( )

( )

4.14

p/z plot for Problem 4.14

a) G p = G i at p z = 0
using the regressed equation shown in the figure

Gi =

b)

1000 = 6569.5 56.889G p

6569.5
= 115.5 MMM SCF
56.889

G p = 97.9 MMM SCF

recovery = (97.9 / 115.5)100 = 84.8%

c) minimum p/z will occur when G p = 97.9 50 = 47.9 MMM SCF

p z = 6569.5 56.889 ( 47.9) = 3845 psia

4.15 this is a two stage separation system

G p = 6 MM + 0.021 MM + GE ( N p ) + GE w
! # 141.5 $ "
' % 131.5 + 50 & (
! "
+ ( 100 = 72 M SCF
GE ( N p ) = 133000 ' o ( ( N p ) = 133000 ' *
( )
5954
M
'
(
, wo ', 50 8.811 (GE w = 7390 (10 ) = 74 M SCF
G p = 6 + 0.021 + 0.072 + 0.074 = 6.167 MM SCF

CHAPTER 5
5.1 gas recovered = 1300 ( 0.85) = 1105 M SCF ac-ft
condensate recovered = 115 ( 0.58) = 66.7 STB ac-ft
value of products = 1105 ($6.00) + 66.7 ($95.00) = $12966.50 per acre-ft

5.2 a) gas-oil ratio =

b) liquid content =

742,000
= 16,380 SCF STB
45.3

45.3
= 61.1STB MM SCF
0.742

c) GPM = 61.1( 42) 1000 = 2.57 gal M SCF

d) condensate =

141.5
= 0.771
131.5 + 52
GE ( N p ) =

133000 ( 0.771)( 45.3)

121.2

= 38.3 M SCF

total gas produced = 740 + 38.3 = 780.3 M SCF day

parts a,b,c on a wet gas basis become
a) 17,200 SCF STB
b) 58.1STB MM SCF
c) 2.44 gal M SCF

5.3 a) g =

3750 ( 0.712 ) + 95 (1.30 )

3750 + 95

= 0.727

b) initial gas-oil ratio = (3750 + 95) 186 = 20.7 M SCF STB

c) M o =
d) o =

5954
= 140.5
51.2 8.811

141.5
= 0.774
131.5 + 51.2

95 M
(1.3)
186
= 0.868
3750 M 133000 ( 0.774 ) 95 M
+
+
186
140.5
186

3750 ( 0.712 ) + 4602 ( 0.774 ) +

w =

p pc = 640 psia

e) from Eq. 2.11 and 2.12:

p pr =

3480
= 5.44
640

and

Tpc = 423R

and

Tpr =

680
= 1.61
423

from Fig. 2.2: z = 0.87

f)

Vi = 43560 (0.172 ) = 7492 cu ft ac-ft

moles ac-ft =

3480 ( 7492 )
0.800 (10.73)( 680 )

= 4061 moles ac-ft

g) moles of gas per day = 3845 0.3794 = 10,134 moles day

moles of condensate day =

186 ( 0.774 )( 350 )

140.5

= 359 moles day

gas mole fraction = 10,134 (10,134 + 359) = 0.966

h) sales gas

= 4061(0.966)(.3794 ) = 1488 M SCF ac-ft

condensate = 1488 20.7 = 71.9 STB ac-ft

5.4
component

mole fraction

pc

Tc

yi p c

yi Tc

C1

0.8708

673.1

343.2

586.1

298.8

C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7 +

0.0439

708.3

549.9

31.1

24.1

0.0229

617.4

666.0

14.1

15.3

0.0174

550.1

765.7

9.6

13.3

0.0083

489.8

846.2

4.1

7.0

0.0060

440.1

914.2

2.6

5.5

0.0380

362.2

1024.9

13.8

38.9

661.4

402.9

p pr =

5820
725
= 8.80 and Tpr =
= 1.80 from Fig. 2.2: z = 1.072
661.4
402.9

b) basis: 1 mole reservoir fluid

component

niF

gal mole

gal

C1

0.8707

1.00

0.8707

---

---

C2
C3
C4

0.0439

1.00

0.0439

---

---

0.0229

1.00

0.0229

---

---

0.0174

0.50

0.0087

---

---

0.9462

C4
C5
C6
C7 +

0.0174

0.50

0.0087

11.93

0.104

0.0083

1.00

0.0083

13.71

0.114

0.0060

1.00

0.0060

15.57

0.093

0.0380

1.00

0.0380

19.39

0.737
1.048

gas = 0.9462 ( 379.4 ) = 359.0 SCF mole of reservoir fluid

oil = 1.048 42 = 0.0250 STB mole of reservoir fluid
gas oil ratio = 359 0.0250 = 14,360 SCF STB
5.5 basis: 947.5 cu ft of reservoir hydrocarbon volume

ni =
np =

2960 ( 947.5 )
0.771(10.73)( 655 )
2500 (175.3)
0.794 (10.73)( 655 )

= 518 moles
= 78.5 moles produced at 2500 psia

initial 2500
liquid comp

310.85

moles
liquid
17.22

6.04

30.57

3.28

0.077

0.043

3.38

17.07

2.34

0.055

16.06

0.028

2.20

11.12

2.74

0.065

0.022

11.40

0.019

1.49

7.54

2.37

0.056

0.022

11.40

0.016

1.26

6.35

3.78

0.089

0.052

26.94

0.034

2.67

13.50

10.74

0.253

1.000

518.0

1.000

78.51

397.0

42.47

1.000

yi

yi n i

y!i

y!i n p

y!i n f

C1

0.752

389.54

0.783

61.45

C2
C3
C4
C5
C6
C7 +

0.077

39.89

0.077

0.044

22.79

0.031

0.405

reservoir gas volume at 2500 psia = 947.5 (1 0.066 ) = 885.0 cu ft

moles of gas in reservoir at 2500 psia =

2500 (885 )
= 397 moles
0.794 (10.73)( 655)

5.6 recovery from 2960 to 2500 psia (Table 5.5):

G = 240.1 MCF (gross ) ; G = 225.1 MCF (dry ); N p = 15.3 STB

At 2500 psia the gross gas content in place per percent of gas saturation

G=

2500 ( 520 )( 43560 )( 0.25 )

= 18.5 MCF ac- ft %Sg
14.7 ( 0.794 )( 655 )(100 )

Before invasion at 2500, the gas saturation is 0.70(0.934) or 65.4% of pore volume. After
invasion, it is 20 6.6 ( 0.70 ) , or 15.4% , and the change is 65.4% 15.4%, or 50 per cent. Then
for F = 52.5 per cent, the average gas saturation change is 52.5 (50 ) , or 26.3% and G is

G = 18.5 ( 26.3) = 486 MCF ac ft ( gross )

G = 486 ( 225.1) 240.1 = 456 MCF ( dry )
N p = 486 (15.3) 240.1 = 31.0 STB ac-ft

5.7 recovery factor = 0.85 ( 0.65)( 0.60 ) = 0.332

5.8 a) V =

14.7 (106 ) ( 0.867 )( 646 )

520 ( 4000 )

= 3958 cu ft MMSCF

from 4000 3500 psia the produced volume is:

Vp = 3958 ( 224) 3958 = 224 cu ft at 3500 psia and 186 F

G p =
N p =

379.4 ( 3500 )( 224 )

0.799 (10.73)( 646 )
53.71( 4.578 )
42

= 53,710 SCF ( wet )

= 5.85 STB ( condensate )

Gp = 5.85 (8283) = 48,460 SCF (dry ) see Table for lower pressures
b) N =

1000 MCF ( 5.254 )

42

= 125.1STB (initial condensate)

G = 125.1( 7127 ) = 891.59 M SCF

(initial residue gas )

c) From 4000 3500 psia,

G 53.17 (100 )
=
= 5.37% (wet gas or moles)
G
1000
G 48.46 (100 )
r=
=
= 5.44%(residue gas)
G
891.59
N p 5.85 (100 )
r=
=
= 4.68%(condensate)
N
125.1
r=

see Table below for lower pressures

d) VHC = 43560 ( 0.10)(1 0.20 ) = 3484.8 cu ft

3484.8
= 0.8804
3958
G p = 0.8804 ( 767.45) = 675.7 SCF ac-ft
factor =

G p = 0.8804 ( 739.16 ) = 650.8 SCF ac-ft

( wet gas )
( residue )

N p = 0.8804 ( 29.70 ) = 26.15 STB ac-ft

( condensate )

Table 5.8c
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.

Pressure, psia
Wet gas produced from
cell, cu cm
Wet gas produced from
reservoir, cu ft
Wet gas produced from
reservoir, M SCF
Cumulative wet gas
production, M SCF
CPM (wet gas basis),
gallons per M SCF
Condensate produced,

4000
0

3500
224.0

2900
474.0

2100
1303

1300
2600

605
5198

224.0

474.0

1303

2600

5198

53.71

100.58

196.52

225.82

190.82

53.71

154.29

350.81

576.63

767.45

5.254

4.578

3.347

1.553

0.835

0.895

5.85

8.02

7.27

4.49

4.07

5.85

13.87

21.14

25.63

29.70

7127

8283

11621

26051

49312

45872

48.46

93.20

189.39

221.41

186.70

48.46

141.66

331.05

552.46

739.16

5.37

15.43

35.08

57.66

76.75

4.68

11.09

16.90

20.49

23.74

5.44

15.89

37.13

61.96

82.90

(4)(6) 42 STB
8.
9.

Cumulative condensate
produced, STB
GOR, on residue gas basis,

10.

Residue gas production,

11.

Cumulative residue gas

produced, M SCF
Cumulative % wet gas

SCF STB

(7)(9) 1000 M SCF

12.

recovery,
13.

Cumulative % condensate
recovery,

14.

(5)100 1000
(8)100 125.1

Cumulative % residue gas

recovery,

(11)100

891.59

5.9 It will improve the condensate recovery.

5.10 VHC = 3485 cu ft

at pressure = 5713 psia

at pressure = 4000 psia

G=

5713 ( 3485 )( 379.4 )

= 984 M SCF ac-ft
1.107 (10.73)( 646 )

G = 880 M SCF ac-ft (from problem 5.8)

G = 984 880 = 104 M SCF ac-ft wet gas

condensate = 104 (5.254 ) 42 = 13.0 STB ac-ft
residue gas = 13 ( 7127 ) = 92.7 M SCF

5.11
a)

143.2 85.0

( )
81.8 (85.0)
59.6 (85.0)
143.2 (95.00)
71.6 (95.00)
81.8 (95.00)
59.6 (95.00)
143.2 (95.00)
71.6 (95.00)
81.8 (95.00)
59.6 (95.00)
71.6 85.0

b)

c)

( )
1200 (5.50)
823(5.50)
1010 (5.50)
1441(6.00)
1200 (6.00)
823(6.00)
1010 (6.00)
1441(6.50)
1200 (6.50)
823(6.50)
1010 (6.50)
1441 5.50

+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+
+

$20,100

$12,690

$11,480

$10,620

$22,250

$14,000

$12,710

$11,720

$22,970

$14,600

$13,120

$12,230

5.12 final pressure in receiver: p = 620 (14.7 ) 760 = 12.0 psia

2500 (17.5 ) 12 ( 5000 )

=
; z = 0.790
655 ( z )
710

5.14 M wo =

5954
= 128.9
55 8.811

o =

1 STB condensate weighs

141.5
= 0.759
55 + 131.5

0.759 (350) = 266 lbs

moles in 1STB condensate = 266 128.9 = 2.06 moles

from Eq. 2.11 and 2.12 and = 0.76 : Tpc = 397 R and p pc = 652 psia

Tpr = 675 397 = 1.70 and p pr = 2740 652 = 4.20 from Fig. 2.2: z = 0.87
V=

)(

) ( ) = 4.74 cu ft

0.87 2.06 10.73 675

2740

5.15 wet gas production from the cell: (note that the subscript c refers to the cell)
Vcp
Vci

Vp
Vi

" V %
" V %
Vp = $$ cp ''()Vi *+ = $$ cp ''()43560 Ah(1 Sw )*+
# Vci &
# Vci &
" V % ()43560Ah 1 Sw )*+
G p = $$ cp ''
zT
# Vci &
0.02829
p
" V p % (43560 200 15 .18 1 .23 *
" V p %
+
cp
cp
')
'
G p = $
= 524.35$
'
'
$
$
z
z
0.02829
1850
660
&
&
#
#

()

( )( )( )( )
( )( )

()

Vcp

G p

4000
3700
3300

0
400
450

0.75
0.77
0.81

0
9
1.01(10 )
9
0.96(10 )

G p = (1.01 + 0.96 )109 = 1.97 (109 ) SCF

! 1850 "
4000 #
$
# 2.543 (123 ) $
pi Vci
%
& = 0.0492 moles
initial moles of wet gas = n i =
=
z i R 'T 0.75 (10.73)( 660 )
fraction that is dry gas = ( 0.0492 0.002 ) 0.0492 = 0.96
1.97(109 )(0.96) = 1.89 (109 ) SCF of dry gas
initial moles
in reservoir =

4000 ( 43560 )( 200 )(15 )(.18 )(.77 )

pi Vi
=
= 13.64 (106 ) moles
zi R !T
.75 (10.73)( 660 )

!n $
! 0.0002 + 0.0003 $
! .002 $
6
3
n p = ## cp && n i = #
& 13.64 10 #
& = 138.6 10 moles
0.002
%
"
" .0492 %
" n ci %

( )

Np =

( ) ( ) = 71,775 STB

138.6 103 145

( )

0.8 350

( )

5.16 We need to calculate the gas equivalent of the condensate and the water and then subtract
them from the wet gas to get the dry gas amounts. This will need to be done at each pressure
interval and for the initial pressure.
at 3500 psia:
for the condensate GE =

133000 ( 0.8)(80000 )
= 56.7 (106 ) SCF
150

( )
the dry gas = 2400 56.7 37.0 = 2306 (10 ) SCF

for the water GE = 7390 (5000) = 37.0 106 SCF

6

at 3300 psia:
for the condensate GE =

133000 ( 0.8)( 70000 )

= 49.7 (106 ) SCF
150

( )
the dry gas = 2200 49.7 32.3 = 2118 (10 ) SCF

for the water GE = 7390 ( 4375) = 32.3 106 SCF

6

initially:
for the condensate GE =
for the water

133000 ( 0.8)( 2 ) (106 )

150

80000 + 70000 5000 + 4375

=
WI
2 (106 )

= 1.419 (109 ) SCF

WI = 125,000 STB

GE = 7390 (125,000) = 0.92 (109 ) SCF

( )

the dry gas = 35 1.42 0.92 = 32.66 109 SCF

a) % recovery of residue gas = ( 2.306 + 2.118) 32.66 = .135 or 13.5 %
b) Yes, the reservoir is volumetric and that was the assumption behind the PVT cell experiment.
The water that was produced must have been water vapor - this will condense along with the oil
after the wet gas from the cell is run through a separator.

5.17 The reservoir must be volumetric if the PVT cell will simulate the production - so if we
calculate Vi from two different increments and find it is constant we can assume the reservoir
will be adequately simulated.

!
zT "
G p # 0.02829 $
V
GB
Vp Vcp
p &
%
or Vi = p Vci = p gf Vci =
Vci
=
Vcp
Vcp
Vcp
Vi Vci
for 4000 3600
!
(.73)( 635) "
1(106 ) # 0.02829
$
3600 &
%
Vi =
(1500 ) = 18.21 (103 ) cu ft
300

for 3600 3000

!
(.77 )( 635) "
2.3 (106 ) # 0.02829
$
3000 &
%
Vi =
(1500 ) = 22.72 (103 ) cu ft
700

therefore, the reservoir is not volumetric

CHAPTER 6
6.1 a) N = Voi Boi
b) RF = N p N

!V
"
c) volume of remaining oil = N N p Bo = $ oi N p % Bo
& Boi
'

d) G p = R p N p
e) G = NR soi

f) SCF of gas in solution in remaining oil = N Np R so

g) Gf = NR soi R p Np N Np R so
h) Gf from g ) or G f Bg

6.2 a) at 3550 psia: RF =

Bt Bti 1.600 1.572

=
= 0.0175
Bt
1.600

Below 3550 psia we need to use the following equations:

Bg = 0.00504

zT
P

Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi R so ) RF =

Bt Bti
Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )

Bo

R so

Bg

Bt

RF

2800
2000
1200
800

0.870
0.870
0.90
0.93

1.520
1.440
1.360
1.320

900
700
500
400

0.00102
0.00142
0.00246
0.00381

1.724
2.008
2.836
3.987

0.088
0.217
0.446
0.606

b)
pressure
RF:

3550
0.0175

2800
0.0383

2000
0.085

1200
0.153

800
0.195

plot of pressure vs RF for 6.2

c) to a first approximation, tripling R p decreases the RF by a factor of 3

d) yes, below bubble point pressure
6.3 N =

N p !$ Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg "%
Bt Bti

106 $!1.724 + ( 2700 1100 ) 0.00102%"

1.724 1.572

75 (106 )
Voi
6.4 a) N =
=
= 10 (106 ) STB
Boi 5.616 (1.333)

( )

( )

b) G = NR soi = 10 106 !#0.42 ( 2400)"$ = 10 109 SCF

= 22.1 (106 ) STB

c) R soi =

10 (109 )
10 (106 )

= 1000 SCF STB

( ) ( )
( )
= 7.2 (10 ) (10 1) (10 ) "$(.42 )(1500 )#% = 1.53 (10 ) SCF

d) gas remaining = = G NR p = 10 109 1 106 ( 2800) = 7.2 109 SCF

e) Gf = G NR p N Np R so
f) Bg = 0.02829

( 0.95)( 600) = 0.0107 cu ft SCF

zT
= 0.02829
P
1500

( )

( )

g) reservoir volume of free gas = 1.53 109 ( 0.0107 ) = 16.4 106 cu ft

h) total reservoir GOR =

i) dissolved GOR =

j)

7.2 (109 )
9 (106 )

= 800 SCF STB

( 7.2 1.53) (109 )

9 (106 )

= 630 SCF STB

( 75 16.4 ) (109 )
Bo =
= 1.16 bbl STB
9 (106 ) ( 5.615 )

k) Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi R s ) = 1.16 +

0.0107 (1000 630 )

= 1.865 bbl STB
5.615

6.5 a) Basis: N = 1STB , therefore RF = N p at any given pressure

from previous calculations: N pb = 0.0189 R soi = 885

N p1 = 0.0486 R ave1 = 864

at 1400 psia:
let N p2 = production at 1400 psia

Bt = 1.3978 + 0.00174 (885 772 ) = 1.5944 bbl STB

R ave2 = (842 + 772 ) 2 = 807 SCF STB
N p2 =
Rp =
=

Bt Bti
1.5944 1.4235
=
Bt + Bg ( R p R soi ) 1.5944 + ( R p 885 ) 0.00174

N pb + ( N p1 N pb ) R ave1 + ( N p2 N p1 ) R ave2
N p2

0.0189 (885) + ( 0.0486 0.0189 ) 864 + ( N p2 0.0486 ) 807

N p2

3.1671 + 807N p2
N p2

solving these two equations for N p2 , we get N p2 = 0.1134

!B "
! 1.3978 "
from Eq. 6.16: So = (1 RF )(1 Sw ) $ o % = (1 .1134 )(1 0.20 ) $
% = 0.696
& 1.4235 '
& Boi '
therefore Sg = 1 0.696 0.20 = 0.104
b) from Bg = 0.00504

zT
= 0.00151 and T = 585 R and p = 1600 psia
p

z = 0.83

6.6 a) Bg = 0.00504

( 0.82) 610 = 0.001576 bbl SCF

zT
= 0.00504
p
1600

Bt = 1.215 + 0.001576 (575 385 ) = 1.5144 bbl STB

Bti = 1.29 bbl STB
N=

N p "$ Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )#%

Bt Bti

26 (106 ) "$1.5144 + 0.001576 (954 575 )#%

1.5144 1.29

= 245 (106 ) STB

b) Gf = NR soi Np R p N Np R so

= 245 (106 ) 575 26 (106 ) (954) ( 245 26 ) (106 ) 385 = 31.9 (109 ) SCF

!B " !
26 "
! 1.215 "
c) So = (1 RF )(1 Sw ) $ o % = $1
% (1 0.18) $
% = 0.690
& 1.29 '
& Boi ' & 245 '

Sg = 1 0.69 0.18 = 0.13

245 (106 ) [1.5144 1.29 ]
N[Bt Bti ]
d) N p =
=
= 90.4 (106 ) STB
Bt + Bg ( R p R soi ) 1.5144 + 0.001576 (0 575)
e) from above Bt = 1.5144 bbl STB
f) Basis: N = 1STB

N pb =

1.30 1.29
= 0.00769
1.30

at 2000 psia:

Bg = 0.00504

( 0.82 ) 610 = 0.001261 bbl SCF

zT
= 0.00504
p
2000

Bt = 1.272 + 0.001261( 575 510 ) = 1.354 bbl STB

R ave2 = ( 575 + 510 ) 2 = 542.5 SCF STB
N p1 =
Rp =

Bt Bti
1.354 1.29
=
Bt + Bg ( R p R soi ) 1.354 + ( R p 575 ) 0.001261
0.00769 ( 575 ) + ( N p1 0.00769 ) 542.5
N p1

0.2499 + 542.5N p1
N p1

Solving for N p1 , we get N p1 = 0.0484

( ( )

( )

( )

6
6
6
for N = 245 10 STB; N p = 0.0484 245 10 = 11.9 10 STB

g) The initial SCF of free gas is 0 since the reservoir was above its bubble point initially.

6.7 N =

N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p R soi ) We "%
Bt Bti

26 (106 ) "$1.5144 + 0.001576 (954 575 )#% 25 (106 )

1.5144 1.29

= 133 (106 ) STB

6.8 Plot average daily GOR on the ordinate vs. cumulative production on the abscissa. Use a
simple trapezoidal rule to calculate the area under the curve to yield the following table.

MMSTB
produced

N p , MMSTB

R p1 + R p2

1
2
3
4
5
6

1
1
1
1
1
1

290
280
300
420
720
1000

1
1

1280
1560

N p1 = 6

7
8

G p1 = 3010

N p1 N p2

c) net average R p =
d) net cum. R p =

6.9 a) N =

total G p
total N p

5850 3010
= 1420 SCF STB
86
=

5850
= 731SCF STB
8

net gas produced 2840 (1440 520 )

=
= 960 SCF STB
oil produced
2

net cum. gas produced 5850 1440

=
= 551SCF STB
cum. oil produced
8

N P Bt
!c S + c "
Bt Bti + Bti % w wi f & ( p )
' 1 Swi (

b) N =

G p2 = 5850

G p1 G p2

b) cumulative R p =

290 MM
280 MM
300 MM
420 MM
720 MM
1000 MM
1280 MM
1560 MM

Np2 = 8
a) average R p =

G p = N p R pave

, SCF STB

100,000 (1.52 )
" (3.2 (.25) + 4 )10
1.52 1.51 + 1.51 $
1 .25
$&
205,000 (1.531)

" (3.2 (.25) + 4 )10

1.531 1.51 + 1.51 $
1 .25
$&

#
% (800 )
%'

!c S + c "
c) We = N p Bt N ( Bt Bti ) NBti % w wi f & ( p )
' 1 Swi (

#
% ( 400 )
%'

= 10.96 (106 ) STB

= 10.92 (106 ) STB

" ( 3.2 (.25 ) + 4 )106 #

We = 100,000 (1.52 ) 7.5 (10 ) (1.52 1.51) 7.5 (10 ) (1.51) $
% ( 400 )
1 .25
&$
'%
6

We = 48,000 bbl

6.10 RF = 0.114 + 0.2721log ( k ) + 0.256Sw 0.136log (o ) 1.583 0.00035h

= 0.114 + 0.272log (1500 ) + 0.256 (0.20 ) 0.136log (1.5) 1.583 ( 0.25) 0.00035 (50 )
= 0.59

59%

or

6.11 above the bubble point, Bo = Bt

! B Bti "
6 !1.3277 1.31 "
= 3.67 (106 ) STB
Np = N $ t
% = 275 (10 ) $
%
& 1.3277 '
& Bt '

6.12 a)
p

Bo

Rs

Bg

Bt

2819
2258

1.423
1.339

1234
998

0.00106

1.423
1.589

6
NBoi 180 (10 )1.423
total pore volume =
=
= 341.5 (106 ) bbl
Soi
0.75

at p = 2258 :

oil volume = Vo = ( N N p ) Bo = (180 34.3)106 (1.339 ) = 195.1(10 6 ) bbl

gas volume = Vg = Bg G f = Bg R soi N Bg N p R p R so Bg ( N N p )

Vg = 0.00106 "$1234 (180 ) 34.3 (1200 ) 998 (180 34.3)#%106 = 37.7 (106 ) bbl
assuming no water encroachment:

Vo
195.1
=
= 0.57
pore volume 341.5

So =

Vg

Sg =

pore volume

37.7
= 0.11
341.5

Sw = 0.25
check: So + Sg + Sw = 1.0 ??

0.57 + 0.11 + 0.25 = 0.93

This suggests that water encroachment has occurred.

b) We = N p !$ Bt + R p R soi Bg "% N ( Bt Bti )

= 34.3 "$1.589 + (1200 1234) 0.00106#%106 180 (106 ) (1.589 1.423) = 23.4 (106 ) bbl
now, we need to adjust the water saturation to account for the encroachment

Vw = ( PV ) Swi + We = !#341.5 ( 0.25 ) + 23.4 "$106 = 108.8 (106 ) bbl

108.8
Sw =
= 0.32
341.5

6.13
p
2110
1700
1500
1300

Bg, bbl SCF

Bt

0.00132
0.00150
0.00175

1.256
1.265
1.316
1.389

assuming N = 1STB and that c w and cf are constant for the entire pressure range at
1700 psia (bubble point pressure):

" c S + cf
Bt Bti + Bti % w wi
' 1 Swi
N pb =
Bt

#
& p
(

" 3.1(.25 ) + 4 # 6
1.265 1.256 + 1.256 %
&10 ( 410 )
1 .25 (
'
=
= 0.00971
1.265

at 1500 psia:

! c S + cf
Bt Bti + Bti % w wi
' 1 Swi
N p1 =
Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg
Rp =

"
& p
(

0.00971( 540 ) + ( N p1 0.00971) R ave1

R ave1 =

N p1
540 + 490
= 515
2

Solving for N p1 from these equations, we get N p1 = 0.050

! Bo "
! N p1 "
! 1.241 "
So = $1
% = (1 .05)(1 0.25 ) $
% (1 Sw ) $
% = 0.704
N '
& 1.256 '
&
& Boi '

Sg = 1 0.704 0.25 = 0.046 which is below the critical gas saturation

at 1300 psia:
using the same procedure with:

Rp =

and

0.00971(540 ) + ( 0.050 0.00971) 515 + ( N p2 0.05 ) R ave2

R ave2 =

Np2

490 + 440
= 465
2

N p2 = 0.107 and Sg = 0.103 which is above the critical gas saturation and therefore the
calculation procedure must end at this pressure

Fractional recovery plot for Prob. 6.13

6.14
p

Bt

3000
2500
2300

1.315
1.325
1.338

from correlations in Chapter 1,

cw = 5.9 (106 ) psi1

assuming N = 1STB and that c w and cf are constant for the entire pressure range at 2500 psia
(bubble point pressure):

" c S + cf
Bt Bti + Bti % w wi
' 1 Swi
N pb =
Bt

#
& p
(

" 5.9 (.22 ) + 25 # 6

1.325 1.315 + 1.315 %
&10 ( 500 )
1 .22 (
'
=
= 0.00996
1.325
at 2300 psia:

! c S + cf
Bt Bti + Bti % w wi
' 1 Swi
N p1 =
Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg
Rp =

"
& p
(

0.00996 ( 650 ) + ( N p1 0.00996 ) R ave1

R ave1 =

N pl
650 + 618
= 634
2

solving for N p1 from these equations, we get N p1 = 0.0206

! Bo "
! N pl "
! 1.311 "
So = $1
% = (1 .0206 )(1 0.22 ) $
% (1 Sw ) $
% = 0.762
N
B
1.315
&
'
&
'
& oi '
This yields a gas saturation of 0.018 which is usually below the critical gas saturation for this
calculation procedure.

CHAPTER 7
7.1 example calculations are for 18 months
line #
6

calculation

18 months
26,400

30 months
41,200

R p R soi = 1180 600 = 580 SCF STB

580

425

(R

3.98

2.95

Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg = 7.51 + 3.98 = 11.49 cu ft STB

11.49

10.48

10

Bg Bgi = 0.00687 0.00637 = 0.00050 cu ft SCF

ti
= 0.00050 ( 259 ) = 0.130 cu ft STB
( Bg Bgi ) mB
Bgi
Bt Bti = 7.51 7.37 = 0.14 cu ft STB
ti
+ Bt Bti = 0.13 + 0.14 = 0.27 cu ft STB
( Bg Bgi ) mB
Bgi

0.00050

0.00056

0.130

0.145

0.14

0.15

0.27

0.295

(
N (B + (R

257

421

148

171

548

580

11
12
13
14
16

Np R p = 22.34 (10

R soi ) Bg = 580 (0.00687 ) = 3.98 cu ft STB

)
) B ) ( W W ) = 257 109 = 148 MM cu ft

N p Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg = 22.34 (106 ) (11.49 ) = 257 MM cu ft

p

17

) (1180) = 26,361 MM SCF

R soi

N p !$ Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg "% ( We Wp )

(B

Bgi )

mBti
+ ( Bt Bti )
Bgi

148
=
= 548 MM STB
0.27

7.2 for 18 months:

DDI =

N ( Bt Bti )
N p "$ Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg #%

548 ( 0.14 )
257

= 0.299

& mBti '

N(
B Bgi )
( Bgi )) ( g
548 ( 0.130 )
*
+
SDI =
=
= 0.277
257
N p "$ Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg #%
WDI =

We Wp
N p "$ Bt + ( R p R soi ) Bg #%

109
= 0.424
257

for 30 months:

DDI = 0.207
SDI = 0.200
WDI = 0.594

7.3 overall recovery = 0.70 ( 0.646 ) + 0.50 ( 0.174 ) + 0.25 (0.180 ) = 0.584 or 58.4%
7.4
1. Reservoir pressure had not stabilized.
2. Since one well had cratered at Conroe during this period, the GOR may not be correct.
7.5 a) from Eq. 7.7:

!B "
# 1.335 $
Bo = Bod % ofb & = 1.295 '
( = 1.243 bbl STB
) 1.391 *
+ Bodb ,
b) from Eq. 7.8:

!B "
!1.335 "
R so = R sofb ( R sodb R sod ) $ ofb % = 554 ( 638 425 ) $
%' = 350 SCF STB
B
1.391
&
& odb '
! V "! V "
c) Bt = # $# b $ = 1.2691(1.335) = 1.694 bbl STB
% Vb & % Vr &

7.6 N =

7758 (346,000 )( 0.168)(1 0.27 )

1.476
G=

= 223 (106 ) STB

43,560 ( 73,700 )( 0.168)(1 0.27 )

0.0048844

= 80.61 (109 ) SCF

using the following equation and converting Bg to bbl SCF

We = N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )"% G ( Bg Bgi ) N ( Bt Bti ) + Wp

We at 3190 psia = 5.0 (106 ) bbl

We at 3139 psia = 6.99 (106 ) bbl
We at 3093 psia = 9.21 (106 ) bbl
We at 3060 psia = 11.7 (106 ) bbl
7.7 a) Bt = Bo + Bg ( R soi R so ) = 1.321 + 0.00182 ( 727 563) = 1.6195 bbl STB
N=

N p !$ Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )"%

with m = 0

mBti
Bt Bti +
( Bg Bgi )
Bgi

!
# 590.6 (109 )
$"
(&
720 (10 ) %1.6195 + 0.00182 '
727

' 720 (106 )

(&
%
*
+,
= 5565 (106 ) STB
1.6195 1.388
6

5565 (106 ) (1.388 )

NBo
b) h =
=
= 277 ft
7758A (1 Sw ) 7758 (50,000 ( 0.1)(1 .28 )

7.8 a) DDI =

N ( Bt Bti )
Np "$Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )#%

56 (106 ) ( Bt 1.498)
Np "$Bt +Bg ( R p 721)#%

NmBti
56 106 0.5 1.498
Bg Bgi
Bg 0.001048
Bgi
0.001048
SDI =
=
N p "#Bt + Bg R p R soi $%
N p "#Bt +Bg R p 721 $%

p
2300
2100
1900
1700
1500
1300
1100
900
700

Denominator
6
5.68 (10 )
6
12.85 (10 )
6
22.47 (10 )
6
34.89 (10 )
6
51.40 (10 )
6
86.40 (10 )
6
143.12 (10 )
6
219.72 (10 )
6
346.43 (10 )

( )( )(

DDI
0.246
0.279
0.304
0.326
0.348
0.304
0.295
0.280
0.277

SDI
0.754
0.723
0.698
0.672
0.651
0.536
0.449
0.410
0.377

DDI + SDI
1.00
1.002
1.002
0.998
0.999
0.84
0.744
0.69
0.654

500

0.275

582.61 (10 )

0.351

0.626

The calculations suggest that the pressure maintenance program began between 1500 and
1300 psia since the sum of the drive indices do not add up to one at 1300 psia.
b) The difference between the sum of the drive indices and one should represent the amount of
gas that has been injected.

1 0.626 = 0.374
amount of gas = .374 ( 582.61) (106 ) = 217.9 (106 ) bbl
= 217.9 (106 ) 0.006163 = 35.36 (109 ) SCF

7.9 a) Bt at 2900 psia = Bo + Bg ( R soi R so ) = 1.375 bbl/STB

Np =

N ( Bt Bti )
Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )

!B
! N "
b) Sg = 1 #1 p $ (1 Sw ) # o
N '
&
& Boi

4 (106 ) (1.375 1.34 )

1.375 + 0.0011( 600 600 )

= 101,820 STB

! 101,820 "
"
1.32 "
#1
$ (1 .25 ) !#

S
=
1

$ w
$ .25 = 0.03
6
#
$
1.32
4
10
&
'
(
)
'
&
'

7.10
p

Bg

R so

Bo

Bt

3000
2000

0.7
0.8

0.000682
0.0001169

600
400

1.26
1.19

1.260
1.424

N = 7758Ah (1 Swi Sgi ) Boi = 7758 (320 )(50 ( 0.17 )(1 .26 .15 ) / 1.26 = 9.88 (106 ) STB
m = 10 40 = 0.25

!
mBti
a) We = Np !Bt + Bg R p R soi " N $Bt Bti +
Bg Bgi
&
'
Bgi
$&

"

)%
%'

!
# 2400
$"
= 2 (106 ) (1.424 + 0.001169 &
600 ' )
* 2
+,
0.25 (1.26 )
!
"
9.88 (106 ) (1.424 1.26 +
( 0.001169 0.000682 )) = 408,000 bbl
0.000682
,
-

b) DDI =

N ( Bt Bti )

N p $" Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )%#

9.88 (106 ) (1.424 1.26)

2 (106 ) "$1.424 + 0.001169 (1200 600)#%

= 0.381

NmBti
9.88 106 0.25 1.26
Bg Bgi
0.001169 0.000682
Bgi
0.000682
SDI =
=
= 0.523
4.251 106
N p "#Bt + Bg R p R soi $%

WDI =

( )( )( ) (
( )

We
N p "#Bt + Bg R p R soi $%

408,000

( )

4.251 106

= 0.096

0.381+ 0.523+ 0.096 = 1.000

check: DDI + SDI + WDI = ??

( )

7.11 with m = 0.643 and N = 39.5 106 STB

!
mBti
a) We = Np !Bt + Bg R p R soi " N $Bt Bti +
Bg Bgi
&
'
Bgi
$&

We (bbl)

3625

0.273

3200

b) WDI =

%'

WDI
0.57

(10 )
4.72 (10 )
8.01 (10 )

3530

"

)% + W

0.74

0.48

We Wp Bw
N p "$ Bt + Bg ( R p R soi )#%

7.12 dividing each term of Eq. 3.13 by E o and setting appropriate terms to zero, we get

NmBti
F
= N+
Eo
Bgi

! Eg "
# $
% Eo &

where, F = N p !$ Bt + Bg R p R soi "%

E o = Bt Bti
E g = Bg Bgi
a plot of F E o vs E g E o should yield a straight line with slope equal to the original free

gas volume in SCF and the intercept equal to the initial oil-in-place in STB
p

Bt

F (106 )

Eo

Eg

F / Eo (106 )

Eg / Eo

3330
3150
3000
2850
2700
2550
2400

1.2511
1.2657
1.2798
1.2981
1.3188
1.3448
1.3718

0
5.807
10.67
17.30
24.09
31.90
41.13

0
0.0146
0.0287
0.0470
0.0677
0.0937
0.1207

0
0.00005
0.00009
0.00014
0.00020
0.00026
0.00033

398
372
368
356
340
341

0.00342
0.00314
0.00298
0.00295
0.00277
0.00273

from the plot below

intercept = N = 109 (106 ) STB
slope = G = 84.5 (109 ) SCF
solution gas = NR soi = 109 (106 ) ( 510 ) = 55.6 (109 ) SCF

Havlena - Odeh Plot for Prob. 7.12

7.13 Eq. 3.13 becomes: F = NE o

where, F = N p !$ Bt + Bg R p R soi "%

E o = Bt Bti
p

1800
1482

1367
1053

Eo
0
0.067

(10 )
4.594 (10 )
13.54 (10 )
3.118

0.104

0.272

( )

from the plot on the next page, the slope = N = 50.1 106 STB

Havlena - Odeh plot for Prob. 7.13

CHAPTER 8
8.1 a) PA = 4365 (9332 9100 )(.25) = 4307 psia

PB = 4372 (9672 9100)(.25) = 4229 psia

b) from A to B
c)

4307 4229
= 0.0312 psia ft
0 2500

d) = 0.001127

k ! dp "
# 245 $
2
= 0.001127 '
( [0.0312] = 0.0137 bbls day-ft
)
*
+ dl ,
- 0.63 .

e) total

" 245 # $ 4365 4372

%
f) = 0.001127 '
.25cos82.2 * = 0.0137 bbls day-ft 2
()
+ 0.63 , - 0 2573
.

25002 + 3402 = 2523 ft

8.2 a) p =

100 ( 3.2 )(1500 )

0.001127 ( 345 )( 300 )(12 )

cos =

340
; = 82.2
2500

= 343 psi at 100 bbls day

p = 2 (343) = 686psi at 200 bbls day

b) app =

100 ( 5.615 )
= 0.156 ft day
300 (12 )

c) act =

0.156
= 0.587 ft day
0.32 (1 0.17 )

d) t = 1500 0.587 = 2555 days

e)

dp 343
=
= 0.229 psi ft
dx 1500

f) no effect if k and are independent of pressure

g) q = 100 1 + 65 (10)

(343)) = 102.23 bbls day

h) ln 1 + 65 (10 )

( p1 p2 )) =

100 (3.2 )(1500 )( 65) (106 )

0.001127 ( 345)(12 )(300 )

( pl p2 ) = 347 psi

i) q 2 = 100 1 + 65 (10 )

(347 )) = 102.26 bbls day

6

j) even at a high liquid compressibility of 65 (10) psi1 the incompressible flow equation is a
very good approximation

2
2

8.3 a) 2500 p =

5 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)(1500 )( 0.023)

0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345)

p2 = 2365 psia
b) p2 = 1725 psia
c) as the gas expands the velocity increases which causes increased pressure drop which in turn
causes increased expansion, etc.
2

d) 2500 p =

25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)( 750 )( 0.023)

0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345)

p = 2148 psia at mid point

e) p m =

2500 + 1725
= 2113 psia
2

f) same as c)
g) q m =

25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)

2113 (520 )(1.00 )
qm =

= 177 (103 ) ft 3 day

0.006328 ( 345 )(12 )( 300 )( 2500 1725 )

= 177 (103 ) ft 3 day
0.023 (1500 )

8.4 a) p = 2500

25 (106 ) (14.7 )( 600 )( 0.88)( 0.023) L

0.003164 (520 )(12 )(300 )(345 )

= 6.25 (106 ) 2184L

b) differentiating the equation of part a) with respect to L,

dp 1092
see plot above
=
dL
p

8.5 a) p1 = 1000 +

b) p = 1000 +

10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )(1000 )

0.003164 ( 540 )(100 )(10 )(125 )

10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )( 500 )

0.003164 ( 540 )(100 )(10 )(125)

= 3271 psia

= 2419 psia

10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )

dp
=
= 2.01 psi ft
dx
0.003164 (540 )(100 )(10 )(125)( 2 )( 2419 )
c) avg

dp 1000 3271
=
= 2.27 psi ft
dx
1000

d) p m =

1000 + 3271
= 2136 psia
2
L=

8.6 a) =

0.003164 ( 540 )(10 )(100 )(125 ) ( 21362 10002 )

10 (106 ) (14.4 )( 620 )( 0.80 )( 0.029 )

= 367 ft

0.200 (100 14.7 )

= 0.0007 cm sec
0.65 ( 3000 )

b) q = A =
c) volume =

3.142 (102 )
4

( 0.0007 ) = 0.055 cm3

3.142 (102 )
4

sec

(3000 )( 0.20 )(1 0.30 ) = 32,991 cm3

time =

32991
= 6.94 days
0.055 (86400 )

d) actual =

3000
= 0.005 cm sec
6.94 (86400 )

e) actual =

0.0007
= 0.005 cm sec
0.2 (1 0.30 )

f) for flow rates use apparent velocity and bulk cross section; for displacement time use actual
average velocity.

g) app =

0.055
= 0.0007 cm sec
3.142 4 (102 )

actual =

app
0.20 (1 0.30 0.20 )

= 0.007 cm sec

h) 0.007 cm sec
i) time = 3000 0.007 = 429,000 sec

volume = 429,000 (0.055) = 23,600 cm3

j) We do not know k for the water phase so we can not calculate the pressure drop in the water
phase.

8.7 a) k avg =

40 + 10 + 75
= 125 md
40 10
75
+
+
50 200 100

b) p1 : p 2 : p3 =

40 10 75
:
:
= 80 : 5 :15
50 200 500

c) Overall will be the same; individual drops will be different.

! 10 "
d) p2 = 5002 900 $ % = 400 psia
& .1 '
! 70 "
p3 = 4002 900 $ % = 300 psia
& .9 '
p1 p3 = p1 + p 2 = 100 + 100 = 200 psi
! 70 "
p2 = 5002 900 $ % = 424 psia
& .9 '
! 10 "
p3 = 4242 900 $ % = 300 psia
& .1 '
p1 p3 = p1 + p 2 = 76 + 124 = 200 psi
e) k avg =

10 + 0.333 + 4.0 + 0.167 + 8.0

= 28.7 md
10 0.333 40 0.167 8.0
+
+
+
+
350 0.5 1230 2.4 520

8.8 a) k avg =

40 ( 4 ) + 100 ( 6 ) + 800 (10 )

= 438 md
4 + 6 + 10

b) q1 : q2 : q3 = 40 (4 ) :100 (6) : 800 (10) = 160 : 600 : 8000

8.9 let BD = before damage

( pe p w )BD

and AD = after damage

!r "
qBo ln # e $
% rw &
=
0.00708k BD h

( pe p w ) AD = 20 = k BD
k AD
( pe p w ) BD

and

( pe p w )AD

therefore,

!r "
qBo ln # e $
% rw &
=
0.00708 k AD h

k AD = 5 md

! 1000 "
l (100 ) ln #
$
% 0.5 &
5=
1ln1000 1ln ( ra ) + 100 ln ( ra ) 100 ln ( 0.5 )

Solving, ra = 2.15 ft

8.10 a) k avg =

200 (15 ) ln (1500 0.5 )

= 44 md
200 ln (1500 150 ) + 15ln (150 0.5 )

q=

b) p300 = 2200

0.00708 ( 44 )( 20 )( 2200 100 )

1.5 (1.12 ) ( ln (1500 .5)

= 973 STB day

973 (1.5 )(1.12 ) ln (1500 300 )

= 961.4 psia
0.00708 (15 )( 20 )

( )

8.11 a) k = 1.15 1013 ( 0.01 12 ) = 8000 darcies

k avg =

8000 (10 )(3.1416 ) 0.012 + 0.001(144 10 (3.1416 ) 0.012 )

144

= 175 md

b) pore volume of solution channel = 10 (3.1416) 0.012 (12) = 0.0377 in3 ft 3

pore volume of rock matrix = 0.10 (1728 0.0377 ) = 172.8 in 3 ft 3

0.0377 (100 )
= 0.022%
172.8
% storage in rock matrix = 100 0.022 = 99.978%
% storage in solution channels =

8.12 p =

( )( )( )
= 904 psi
0.001127 (1000) (3.1416) (0.25 )
100 24 1 1 12

( )

8.13 k1 = 1.15 1013 ( 0.01 12 ) = 8000 darcies

2

k 2 = 1.15 (1013 ) ( 0.02 12 ) = 32,000 darcies

k avg =

8000 (100 )( 3.1416 ) 0.012 + 32,000 ( 50 )( 3.1416 ) 0.022

3.1416 (12 )

= 720 darcies

( )

8.14 k = 7.7 1012 ( 0.01 12 ) = 5350 darcies

q=

0.001127 ( 5350000 )( 2 )( 3.1416 )( 4 )( 0.01)(100 )

= 107.4 bbl day
0.49 ( 20 )(144 )

( )

8.15 k = 7.7 1012 ( 0.01 12 ) = 5350 darcies

Area = 3.1416 42 ( 4 0.01)

q=

) 144 = 1.74 (10 ) ft

0.001127 ( 5350000 )(1.74 ) (103 ) (150 )

0.50 ( 20 )

= 158.8 bbl day

8.16

q
q
k dp
=
=

0.001127
A 2r 2
dr
dr
k pe
=

0.001127
2

dp
(
)
rw r 2
pw
k
0.00708 re rw ( p e p w )

q=
( rw re )
q

re

8.17 a) J = 215 500 = 0.43 bbl day psi

b) assuming the drawdown is ( p pw )

k avg =

215 ( 0.88)(1.32 ) "$ln ( 660 0.5) 0.75#%

0.00708 ( 36 )( 500 )

= 12.6 md

c) capacity = 12.6 (36) = 453.6 md-ft

8.18 a) k avg =

150 (15) + 400 (10 )

= 250 md
15 + 10

b) capacity = 250 ( 25) = 6250 md-ft

c) k avg15 =

25 (150 ) ln ( 500 0.5 )

= 59.9 md
25ln ( 500 4 ) + 150 ln ( 4 0.5 )
k avg10 =
k avg =

d) % of initial PI =

40 ( 400 ) ln ( 500 0.5 )

= 86.7 md
40 ln ( 500 8 ) + 400 ln (8 0.5 )

59.9 (15 ) + 86.7 (10 )

= 71 md
15 + 10

71(100 )
= 28.4%
250

e) capacity = 71( 25) = 1775 md-ft

$ 0.16 ( 0.44 )(18) (106 ) r 2 % #

70.6 ( 300 )( 0.44 )(1.32 ) "
& E i (
)'
8.19 a) p ( r, t ) = 2500
(
)'
25 ( 43)
0.00105 ( 25) t
&
*
+,
2
" $
#
5 r %
p ( r, t ) = 2500 + 11.44 &Ei ( 4.827 (10 ) )'
t +, *

where, r is in ft and t is in hr
example calculation: r = 250 ft

and

t = 0.1 day or 2.4 hr

p ( r, t ) = 2500 + 11.44 "$Ei ( 1.257 )#%

from Table 8.1 Ei ( 1.257 ) = 0.145

therefore, p = 2498.3 psia

pressure vs r (Cartesian plot) for Problem 8.19

pressure vs r (semi-log plot) for Problem 8.19

2
" $
#
5 1200 %
b) 2495 = 2500 + 11.44 &Ei ( 4.827 (10 )
)'
t +, *

5
! # 69.5 $ "
= 0.437 = ( E i &
'
11.44
t + ), *
69.5
= 0.622
t
c)

or

t = 111.7 hrs

ptotal = p1 + pi
distance from shut-in well to image well = 6002 + 4002 = 721 ft
2
" $
" $
#
6002 % #
5 721 %
p total = 11.44 ' Ei ) 4.827 (105 )

11.44
E

4.827
10
(
)
' i)
*(
*(
240 , .
240 , .
- +
- +
p total = 11.44 "- Ei ( 0.0724 ) + Ei ( 0.1046 )#. = 44.9 psi

2
" $
" $
#
5002 % #
5 500 %
d) p total = 11.44 'Ei ) 4.827 105
11.44
E
4.827
10
+

' i)
*(
*(
144 , .
24 , .
- +
- +

ptotal = 11.44 #%Ei ( 0.0838) + Ei ( 0.503)$& = 16.6 psi

p total =
8.20

( )( )( )
( )
( )
70.6 ( 400) (0.44) (1.32) ) #
1000

+E % 4.827 (10 )
120
25 ( 43)
+* $

70.6 250 0.44 1.32 ) #

5002 &,
+E i % 4.827 105
(.
192 '.25 43
+* $
5

&,
(.
'.-

Ptotal = 9.536 E i 0.0629 15.257 E i 0.402 = 32.1 psi

8.21

p total

2
2
2
#
70.6 ( 200 )( 0.44 )(1.32 ) " $
$
$
5 500 %
5 500 %
5 500 %
=
'Ei ) 4.827 (10 )
* + Ei ) 4.827 (10 )
* + Ei ) 4.827 (10 )
*(
25 ( 43)
24 ,
48 ,
72 , .
+
+
- +

Ptotal = 7.629 #%Ei ( 0.0503) + Ei ( 0.251) + Ei ( 0.168)$& = 22.7 psi

43560 ( 640 )

8.22 a) re =

3.1416

= 2980 ft

! 6000 $! 520 $
G = 43560 640 15 0.20 #
&#
& = 27.31 MMMSCF
" 14.7 %" 650 %

( )( )(

( ) ()
( )
0.01988 (520) (6) (15) ( p p )
= 0.560 ( p
q = 4 (10 ) =
14.7 (650) (1) (0.02)1n ( 2980 0.5)
4 106 6000
! qt $
Pavg = #1 & pi = 6000
t = 6000 0.879t
" G%
27.31 109
2
avg

2
1

2
!
$
4 106 = 0.560 # 6000 0.879t 5002 &
"
%

( )

( ( ))

2
avg

p12

t = 3733 days

( )

recovery = 3733 4 106 = 14.93 109 SCF

% recovery =

( )
6

b) q = 4 10 =

( ) = 54.7 %

14.93 100
27.31

2
0.01988 (520)(60 )(15) ( pavg
p12 )

14.7 (650)(1)(0.02 )1n (2980 0.5)

2
= 5.60 ( pavg
p12 )

4 (106 ) = 5.60 ( 6000 0.879t ) 500 2

% recovery =

c) pavg

4 (106 ) ( 5709 )(100 )

27.31(109 )

t = 5709 days

= 83.6 %

2 (106 ) 6000
! qt "
= $ 1 % pi = 6000
( t ) = 6000 0.439t
27.31 (109 )
& G'

2 (106 ) = 0.560 ( 6000 0.439t ) 5002

% recovery =

2 (106 ) ( 9214 )(100 )

27.31(109 )

= 67.5 %

t = 9214 days

d) re =

43560 (160 )
= 1490 ft and G = (1 4 ) 27.31(109 ) = 6.89 (109 ) SCF
3.1416

p avg

4 (106 ) 6000
! qt "
= $1 % pi = 6000
( t ) = 6000 3.514t
6.83 (109 )
& G'

( )( )( )(
) = 0.609 p p
(
)
14.7 (650) (1) (0.02)1n (1490 0.5)
"
%
4 (10 ) = 0.609 $ (6000 3.514t ) 500 '
t = 964 days
#
&
4 (10 ) (964) (100)
= 56.5 %
% recovery =

( )
6

q = 4 10 =

2
0.01988 520 6 15 pavg
p12

2
avg

2
1

6.83(109 )

8.23 ct = "$18.0 ( 0.67 ) + 3.0 ( 0.33) + 4.3#%106 = 17.4 106 psi1

$ 0.15 ( 2.9 )(17.4 ) (106 ) 6002 % #
70.6 (175 )( 2.9 )(1.25 ) "
& Ei (
)'
p = 4300
(
)'
35 ( 30 )
0.00105 (35 )1680
&
*
+,
p = 4300 42.65 [ E i (.0534) ] = 4300 42.65 ( 2.43) = 4196 psia

8.24 p total = p1 + pi1 + pi2

p total

6
2
70.6 ( 200 )( 0.50 )(1.32 ) "% # 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (10 ) 0.33 $
'
=
E &
% i&
'
50 ( 20 )
0.00105 ( 50 )(120 )
*
+ )

# 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (106 ) 4002 $

# 0.25 ( 0.50 ) 30 (106 ) 6002 $ ,
' + Ei &
'+Ei &
&
'
&
'0.00105 ( 50 )(120 )
0.00105 ( 50 )(120 )
)
*
)
*.

p total = 9.32 " E i 6.48 (108 ) + E i ( 0.0952 ) + E i ( 0.214 ), = 177 psi

+
.
p = 4000 177 = 3823 psia

8.25 from the semi-log plot of p wf vs t , the slope = 56.3

k=

162.6 (125 )(1.1)( 0.80 )

= 14.4 md
56.3 ( 22 )

from the Cartesian plot of p wf vs t , the slope = 0.388

Ah =

pwf vs time for Problem 8.25

0.2339 (125)(1.1)

0.388 12.6 (10

))

= 6.58 (106 ) ft 3

pwf vs time (Cartesian plot) for Prob.8.25

8.26
pwf vs time (semi-log) for Problem 8.26

a) from the semi-long plot of pwf vs t , the slope = 20.0

k=

162.6 (550 )(1.55)(3.3)

20.0 (93)

! p pi
# k
b) S = 1.151 & 1hr
log (
2
+ ct rw
- m

= 246 md

"
$
) + 3.23'
,
.

" 4008 4150

#
$
%
248
' = 2.4
)
S = 1.151 &
3.23
log (
+
( .343 (3.3) (105 )(.52 ) )
20
&
'
*
+
,
c) from the Cartesian plot of p wf vs t , the slope = 0.10

Ah =

0.2339 ( 550 )(1.55 )

0.10 (105 )

pwf vs time (Cartesian plot) for Prob. 8.26

= 199 (106 ) ft 3

8.27 t =

361( 24 )
= 44.4 hrs
195

sample calculation for time parameter:

t + t 44.4 + .5
=
= 89.8
t
.5

from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, the slope = 66.4

k=

162.6 (195 )( 0.85 )( 2.15 )

= 37.9 md
66.4 ( 23)

from the plot, pi = 3392 psia

pws vs time parameter for Prob. 8.27

8.28

from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, the slope = 16.8

k=

162.6 ( 375 )( 0.87 )(1.31)

= 188 md
16.8 ( 22 )

from the plot, p1hr = 3717 psia

# p wf ( t =0) p1hr
% k
S = 1.151 '
log )
2
m
'.
, c t rw

$
&
* + 3.23(
(/
-

# 3470 3717
$
%
&
188
'
)
*
S = 1.151
log
+ 3.23( = 9.3
) .253 ( 0.87 )(18.2 ) (106 )(.332 ) *
' 16.8
(
,
.
/

from the plot of p ws vs the time parameter, if the slope = 7.5

k = 421 md
from the plot, p1hr = 3722 psia

S = 32.1 md

CHAPTER 9
9.1 graphical integration of the integral

(p p)dt for the time period 1218 months, yields:

i

888 psi-months

We = 65,100 (888) = 57.8 (106 ) ft 3

We at the end of the 18 month = 51.5 + 57.8 = 109.3 (106 ) ft 3
graphical integration of the integral

( p p) dt for the time period 24-30 months, yields:

i

1110 psi-months

We = 65,100 (1110 ) = 72.3 (106 ) ft 3

We at the end of the 18 month = 178 + 72.3 = 250.3 (106 ) ft 3

9.2

dWe
ft 3
= 9.05 (8450 ) + (1052 720 )( 0.00490 )(8450 ) + 2550 (5.615) = 104,537
dt
day
k! =

104,537
ft 3
= 209.1
500
psi day

graphical integration of the integral

( p p) dt for the time period 036 months, yields:

i

1,872,000 psi-days

We = 209.1(1,872,000) = 391(106 ) ft 3

9.3

dWe
bbl
= 1.45 (30,000 ) + (800 750 )( 0.002 )(30,000 ) + 5000 (1.04 ) = 51,700
dt
day
k! =
from 3000 2800

51,700
bbl
= 172.3
3500 3200
psi-day

dp
= 0.003p
dt

or

dt =

We = k " ( pi p )dt = k "

9.4

2800

( pi p )
3000

We =

dp
0.003p
dt
0.003p

172.3 ( 30 ) #
$
% 2800 &
6
3000 ln '
( ( 2800 3000 )* = 12 (10 ) bbl
)
0.003 + 3000 ,
.

dp
= 0.5
dt

pi

dp = 0.5dt
0

or

We = k " ( pi p ) dt =
0

p p i = 0.5t

k" t
0.5tdt = 0.0445k "t 2

0
5.615

where, We is in bbl and t is in days

9.5 a) re =

28850 ( 43560 )
= 20,000 ft
3.1416

451( 43560 )
= 2500 ft
3.1416

rR =

re 20,000
=
= 8.0
rR
2500

) (

2
2
6
6
3
b) V = 3.1416 20,000 2500 ( 0.22 )( 60 ) "% 4 10 + 3 10 #& = 114,300 ft psi

( )

c) VHC = 3.1416 25002 ( 60)( 0.22)(1 0.26) = 191.8 106 ft 3

d)

191.8 (106 )
114,300

e) t D =

= 1678 psi

0.0002637 ( 24 )(100 ) t

= 0.219t where, t is in days

)
f) B" = 1.119 ( 0.22 ) ( 7 (10 ) ) ( 2500 ) ( 60 )(1) = 646.2 bbl psi
0.22 ( 0.30 ) 7 (106 ) ( 25002 )
6

g)
t

tD

WeD

WeDp

We

100
200
400
800

21.9
43.8
87.6
175.2

12.91
19.95
27.04
30.83

50
50
50
50

645.5
997.5
1352.0
1541.5

417,000
644,600
873,700
996,100

t!

tD

WeD

WeD p

We*

0
100
300
700

0
21.9
65.7
153.3

0
12.91
24.30
30.41

0
10
10
10

0
129.1
243.0
304.1

0
83,400
157,000
196,500

h)

t ! = days after second pressure change, * to get total We , subtract these values from the
values in part g.
i)
t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

100
200
300
400
500

21.9
43.8
65.7
87.6
109.5

109.5
87.6
65.7
43.8
21.9

28.68
27.04
24.30
19.95
12.91

5
12
16
16
19

143.4
324.5
388.8
319.2
245.3
total=1421.2

We = 646.2 (1421.2 ) = 918,400 bbl

j)
t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

100
200
300
400
500

21.9
43.8
65.7
87.6
109.5

109.5
87.6
65.7
43.8
21.9

46.5
38.8
30.8
22.4
13.2

5
12
16
16
19

232.5
465.6
492.8
358.4
250.8
total=1800.1

We = 646.2 (1800.1) = 1,163,000 bbl (for the infinite aquifer)

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

100
200
300
400
500

21.9
43.8
65.7
87.6
109.5

109.5
87.6
65.7
43.8
21.9

12.00
11.99
11.94
11.65
10.05

5
12
16
16
19

60.0
143.9
191.0
186.4
191.0
total=772.3

We = 646.2 (772.3) = 499,100bbl (for re rR = 5.0 )

k) at t D = 3, t = 3 0.219 = 14 days (for re rR = 5 )
at t D = 9, t = 9 0.219 = 41 days (for re rR = 8 )
(values of t D taken from WeD tables)
l) We ( max ) = 646.2 (31.5) = 20,355 bbl psi

or

114,300 ft 3 psi

9.6 for the 5th period

t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3
182.6
273.9
365.2
456.5

15
30
45
60
75

75
60
45
30
15

34.3
28.7
22.9
16.7
10.0

2.5
9.5
20.0
32.5
34.0

85.8
272.6
458.0
542.8
340.0
total=1699.2

We = 455 (1699.2) = 773,100 bbl

for the 6th period
t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3
182.6
273.9
365.2
456.5
547.8

15
30
45
60
75
90

90
75
60
45
30
15

36.6
34.3
28.7
22.9
16.7
10.0

2.5
9.5
20.0
32.5
34.0
33.0

99.0
325.9
574.0
744.2
567.8
330.0
total=2640.9

We = 455 ( 2640.9) = 1,201,600 bbl

9.7 rR =

19.6 (106 )
3.1416

= 2498 ft

re =

(19.6 + 686.9) (106 )

3.1416

= 14,996 ft

re rR = 14,996 2498 = 6.0

tD =

0.0002637 ( 24 )(10.4 ) t

= 0.00548t

(
)
B" = 1.119 ( 0.25 ) ( 7.01(10 ) ) ( 2498 ) (10 )(1) = 122.4 bbl psi
0.25 (1.098 ) 7.01(106 ) ( 24982 )
6

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

182.6
365.2
547.8
730.4
913.0
1096.6

1
2
3
4
5
6

6
5
4
3
2
1

5.148
4.539
3.893
3.202
2.447
1.569

40
60
94
186
110
120

205.9
272.3
365.9
595.6
269.2
188.3
total=1897.2

We = 122.4 (1897.2) = 232,200 bbl

for the first two years
t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

182.6
365.2
547.8
730.4

1
2
3
4

4
3
2
1

3.893
3.202
2.447
1.569

40
60
94
186

155.7
192.1
230.0
291.8
total=869.6

We = 122.4 (869.6) = 106,400 bbl

9.8 van Everdingen - Hurst method

1350 ( 43560 ) 6
= 10,600 ft
3.1416
re rR = 48,050 10,600 = 4.5
rR =

tD =

0.0002637 ( 24 )( 275 ) t

re =

(1350 + 26,400 )( 43560 ) 6 = 48,050 ft

3.1416

= 0.01145t

(
)
" 60 #
B$ = 1.119 ( 0.21) ( 7 (10 ) ) (10,600 )( 30 ) %
& = 924.1 bbl psi
' 360 (
0.21( 0.92 ) 7 (10 6 ) (10,6002 )
6

for the 1st time period

t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3

1.045

1.045

1.613

12.5

20.16
total=20.16

We = 924.1( 20.16) = 18,600 bbl

for the 2nd time period

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3
182.6

1.045
2.091

2.091
1.045

2.515
1.613

12.5
30.0

31.44
48.39
total=79.83

We = 924.1( 79.83) = 73,800 bbl

summary of calculations:
t

We

91.3
182.6
273.9
365.2
456.5

18,600
73,800
167,300
297,100
455,400

Fetkovich method

Wei =
J=

7 (106 ) (1 6 )( 3.1416 ) ( 48,0502 10,6002 ) ( 30 )( 0.21)( 2987 )

5.615
0.00708 (1 6 )( 275 )( 30 )

0.92 (*ln ( 48050 10600 ) 0.75)+

= 26.98 (106 )

= 13.895

" 13.895 2987 91.3 #

(
(
)( ) % )
$
$$
%% 26.98 (10 )
26.98(106 )
,
'
Wen =
[ pn 1 pRn ] ,1 e &
- = 1184 [ pn 1 pRn ]
2987
,
*
+
(
Wen )p n 1 = 2987 ,1
6
,* 26.98 (10 ) -+
6

pRn

pn 1 pRn

We

We

pn

2987.0
2974.5
2944.5
2904.5
2859.5
2815.0

0
12.5
40.9
75.5
110.6
140.6

0
14,800
48,430
89,390
130,950
166,470

0
14,800
63,230
152,620
283,570
450,040

2987.0
2985.4
2980.0
2970.1
2955.6

9.9 rR =

1000 ( 43560 )
= 3724 ft
3.1416

(1000 + 15,000 )( 43560 ) = 14,895 ft

re =

3.1416

re rR = 14,895 3724 = 4.0

tD =

0.0002637 ( 24 )( 200 ) t

= 0.0815t

(
)
B" = 1.119 ( 0.2 ) ( 7 (10 ) ) ( 3724 ) ( 40 )(1) = 869 bbl psi
0.20 ( 0.8 ) 7 (106 ) ( 37242 )
6

for the 1st 3 months

t

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3

7.44

7.44

5.322

16

85.2
total=85.2

We = 869 (85.2) = 74,000 bbl

for the 1st 6 months

tD

t *D

WeD

WeD p

91.3
182.6

14.88
7.44

7.44
14.88

6.811
5.322

16
44

109.0
234.2
total=343.2

We = 869 (343.2) = 298, 200 bbl

summary of calculations:
t

We

91.3
182.6
273.9
365.2
456.5

74,000
298,200
662,300
1,136,500
1,689,200

9.10 Wei =

7 (106 ) (1)( 3.1416 ) (14,8952 37242 ) ( 40 )( 0.2 )( 4020 )

5.615

J=

0.00708 (1)( 200 )( 40 )

0.8 (*ln (14,895 3724 ) 0.75)+

= 26.20 (106 )

= 111.3

! 113.3 4020 91.3 "

(
(
)( ) $ )
#
##
$$ 26.20(106 )
,
&
'
Wen =
[ pn 1 pRn ] ,1 e
- = 5149 [ pn 1 pRn ]
4020
,
*
+
(
Wen )p n 1 = 4020 ,1
6
,* 26.20 (10 ) -+

26.20 (106 )

pRn
4020
4004
3960
3895
3815
3725

pn 1 pRn

We

We

pn

0
16
47.4
74.9
95.7
110.1

0
82,400
244,100
385,700
492,800
566,900

0
82,400
326,500
712,200
1,205,000
1,771,900

4020
4007.4
3969.9
3910.7
3835.1

CHAPTER 10
10.1 a) k =

b) q =

0.0080 ( 2.5)(10 )
2.0 (1.5)

0.067 ( 2.5)( 2.0 )

d) k 0 =

0.75 (10 )
0.003 ( 2.5)(10 )
2.0 ( 2.0 )

= 0.067 darcy

= 0.0447 cc sec
= 0.019 darcy

kw =

f) k ro =

0.004 ( 0.75)(10 )

19
7.5
= 0.28; k rw =
= 0.11
67
67

g)

k ro 19
=
= 2.53
k rw 7.5

h)

k ro k o k k o
=
=
k rw k w k k w

10.2 a) and b) see plots below

2.0 ( 2.0 )

= 0.0075 darcy

c) 20 = ae0.4b

.15 = ae0.7b

and

solving for a and b, a = 13,620 and b = 16.3

the constants obtained from the regression of the data in Fig. 9.2 b) were:

a = 13,682
d) f w! =

e) f w =

and

b = 7.7038 ( 2.303) = 16.29

1
= 0.64
" 0.68 (1.05 ) #
1 + 4 $$
%%
& 3.4 (1.50 ) '
1
= 0.56
! 0.68 "
1+ 4#
$
% 3.4 &

f) recovery =
g) recovery =

0.70 0.25
= 0.643
0.70
0.70 ( 0.10 1.35 )
0.70

= 0.89

h) At So = 0.20, krw = 0; therefore 20% of the least permeable pore space has no permeability.
At Sw = 0.75, krw = 0.36 and kro = 0; therefore the 75% least permeable pore space has 36% of
the permeability and so the other 25% has (10036) or 64%.

10.3 a) f w =

1+

0.62 ! k o "
# $
2.48 % k r &

1
!k "
1 + 0.25 # o $
% kr &

Sw

ko kw

fw

0
0.10
0.20
0.30
0.40
0.50
0.60
0.70
0.80
0.90
1.0

30.0
8.75
1.83
0.55
0.14
0.02
0
0

0
0
0
0.118
0.314
0.686
0.879
0.966
0.995
1.000
1.000

fw vs Sw for Problem 10.3 a)

b)

Sw :
df w dSw :
f w S*w :

.30

.40

.50

.60

.70

.80

1.40

2.80

2.80

1.40

0.50

0.05

1.35

2.79

2.79

1.38

0.43

0.064

*from Eq. 10.17 (see part c))

Plot for Prob. 10.3 b)

c)

b ( w o )( k o k w )
3.25 ( k o k w )
f w
=
=
2
2
Sw "1 + ( w o )( k o k w )#
"$1 + 0.25 ( k o k w )#%
$
%
see table on previous page

Plot for Problem 10.3 c)

d) x100 =

5.615 (1000 )100 ) df w

df
= 62.4 w
0.18 ( 50,000 ) dSw
dSw
x 200 = 124.8

df w
dSw

and x 400 = 249.6

df w
dSw

Sw

df w dSw

x100

x 200

x 400

.20
.30
.40
.50
.60
.70
.80
.90

0
1.35
2.79
2.79
1.38
0.43
0.064
0

0
84.2
174.1
174.1
86.1
26.8
4.0
0

0
168.5
348.2
348.2
172.2
53.7
8.0
0

0
337.0
696.4
696.4
344.4
107.3
16.0
0

f) see graph. Note that the recovery is the same at all three time periods.

recovery = 56% of initial oil-in-place

recovery = 69% of the recoverable oil-in-place
g) f w! =

1
= 0.85
.17 " 0.62 #" 1.05 #
1+
$
%$
%
.17 & 2.48 '& 1.50 '

h) no

10.4

dr 5.615q# ! df w "
=
$
%
dt 2rh ( dSw )
r

2 rdr =
rw

5.615q# ! df w " t
$
% dt
h ( dSw ) 0

solving for r when rw is much smaller than r:

! 5.615q %t # df w
r=&
(
. h , dSw

12

$"
)'
-/

10.5 a) with the gravity term:

!
"
k ro
1 $(7.821(10 )( 400 )( 750,000 )( 62.4 )(.75 .15 ) cos 70 %) &&
''
* 1.42 (10,000 ) +
fg =
k (.015 )
1+ 0
k g (1.42 )
fg =

1 2.116k ro
!k "
1 + 0.0106 & o '
&k '
* g+

without the gravity term:

fg =

1
!k
1 + 0.0106 # o
#k
% g

"
$$
&

Sg

ko kg

k ro

f g (with)

f g (without)

.10
.15
.20
.25
.30
.35
.40
.45
.50

infinity
12.5
5
2.5
1.176
0.625
0.333
0.187
0.100

0.70
0.52
0.38
0.28
0.20
0.14
0.11
0.07
0.04

0
0.089
0.186
0.397
0.570
0.699
0.765
0.850
0.914

0
0.883
0.950
0.974
0.988
0.993
0.996
0.998
0.999

see plot below

Plot for Problem 10.5 a)

b) x =

! df g "
5.615 (10,000 )(100 ) ! df g "
##
$$ = 49.9 ##
$$
0.15 ( 750,000 ) % dSg &
dS
g
%
&

Sg:

! df g "
#
$ (with):
% dS g &

x(with):

! df g "
#
$ (without):
dS
g
%
&

x(without:

see plot below

Plot for Problem 10.5 b)

.15
-

.20
5.0

.25
4.0

.30
2.9

.35
2.2

.40
1.8

.45
1.4

.50
1.0

2.4

249.5
.8

199.6
.3

144.7
.1

109.8
-

89.8
-

69.9
-

49.9
-

119.8

39.9

15.0

5.0

c)
Without gravity term:

17.7% of initial oil

28.6% of recoverable oil

With gravity term:

50.1% of initial oil

80.8% of recoverable oil

10.6 o = 0.001127

"
k o !# dp $
)+ , 0.433 o cos *
o /- dx .o
0
fw =

"
w
0.001127 k w !$ dp %
=
)+ , 0.433 w cos *
t
t
w /- dx .w
0

neglecting capillary pressures:

o o
" dp # " dp #
+ 0.433 o cos
' ( ='
( =
0.001127k o
) dx *o ) dw *w

fw =

"
o o
0.001127 k w !
+ 0.433 o cos 0.433 w cos (
'
t
w ) 0.001127k o
*

multiply through by

k ow
k w o

" k #
"k #
f w ' o w ( = o 4.88 (104 ) ' o ( cos [ o w ]
) k w o * t
) o t *
recognizing that

o
= 1 fw ,
t
" k #
1 4.88 (104 ) & o ' cos [ o w ]
) o t *
fw =
k
1+ o w
k w o

writing k o = k ro k

and

u t = q!t A

" k #
1 + 4.88 (104 ) kA & ro ' [ w o ] cos
) o q(t *
fw =
k
1+ o w
k w o

10.7 = 135

"
#
ko
1 + 4.88 (10 4 ) ( 500 )( 26,400 ) $$
%% [.2] cos135
1.6
900
(
)(
)
1 0.633k ro
&
'
fw =
=
"k #
"k #
1 + 0.5 $ o %
1 + 0.5 $ o %
& kw '
& kw '
x=

5.615 ( 900 )( 2400 ) " df w

$
0.25 ( 26, 400 ) & dSw

Sw:
fw(with):

! df g
##
% dSg

"
$$ (with):
&

x(with):

See plots on next page

#
" df w #
% = 184 $
%
'
& dSw '

.20
0
0

.30
0.065
1.0

.40
0.207
2.2

.50
0.465
2.8

.60
0.725
2.15

.70
0.892
1.3

.80
0.991
.5

.90
1.000
0

184

405

515

386

239

92

Plot for Problem 10.7

Relative perm plot for Problem 10.7

Without gravity term:

With gravity term:

59% of initial oil

69% of recoverable oil
69% of initial oil
79% of recoverable oil

CHAPTER 12
# N p $ ! Bo "
12.1 SL = Sw + (1 Sw ) (1
'
)&
N + , Boi *
kg

! g Bg "
= ( R R so ) $
%
ko
& o Bo '

SL :
kg
:
ko

.957

.879

.827

.784

.747

.711

0.00142

0.0121

0.0261

0.0444

0.0574

0.0793

Plot for Problem 12.1