Allelopathic Effect of Lantana (Lantana camara) and Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) on

Selected Crops
Author(s): Ismail B. Sahid and John B. Sugau
Source: Weed Science, Vol. 41, No. 2 (Apr. - Jun., 1993), pp. 303-308
Published by: Weed Science Society of America and Allen Press
Stable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4045320
Accessed: 24-01-2016 00:09 UTC
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Weed Science, 1993. Volume 41:303-308

AllelopathicEffect of Lantana (Lantanacamara)and

Siam Weed (Chromolaena odorata) on Selected Crops'
ISMAIL B. SAHID and JOHN B. SUGAU2

Abstract. Laboratory,greenhouse,and field studies were

conducted to determine the allelopathic potential of

lantanaand Siam weed on the germinationand growthof
five crops. Emergenceand dry weight of bioassayspecies
were affected when lantana or Siam weed debris was
present on the soil surface or incorporatedinto the soil.
However,presence of Siam weed on the soil surface did
not affect dry weight of rape. Emergenceand dry weight
of crops (except emergenceof spinach) were not affected
when crops were grown in soil samples collected from
beneath field-grown lantana. Dry weight of Chinese
cabbage and chilli was reduced when these crops were
grown in Siam weed-contaminatedsoil. Germinationof
Chinesecabbage,chilli, and rape decreasedprogressively
when exposed to increasing concentrationsof aqueous
lantana extract. However, the lantana extract at full
strength (66.7 g L-1) did not reduce germination of
spinach and cucumber seed. Siam weed extract, when
applied at full strength to seed of spinach, Chinese
cabbage,rape, and chilli, reducedgerminationby 10, 12,
21, and 19% of control,respectively.Full-strengthextract
of lantana and Siam weed decreasedseedlinglength and
fresh weightof all crops. Nomenclature:Lantana,Lantana
camara L. #3 LANCA; Siam weed, Chromolaena odorata
(L.) R. M. King; chilli, Capsicumfrutescens L.; Chinese
cabbage,Brassica chinensis L.; cucumber,Cucumis sativus
L.; rape, Brassica juncea (L.) Czern & Coss # BRSJU;
spinach, Amaranthus viridis L.
Additional index words: Allelopathy, germination, weed
leaf debris.
INTRODUCTION

Allelopathy has received increasing attention within the

past two decades as a means of explaining vegetation patterns
in plant communities (8, 11, 15) and as an importantaspect
of weed-crop interactions (2, 3, 11, 13). These interactions
among plants often lead to a superiorityof one species at the
detriment of another under natural conditions.
Lantanais listed as one of the world's worst weeds (5). It
is a rapid-growingperennial woody shrub and is a serious
weed in orchards, rubber, and oil palm plantations in
Malaysia. Swarbrick (12) indicates that lantana was recog-

nized as a troublesome weed in Queensland and New South

Wales before 1890 and by 1919 it had been declared a
noxious weed in 18 municipalities and 22 shires. Lantanais
also a serious weed in Florida citrus groves (1). Its
proliferationand spread are attributedto a number of factors
including a large amount of seed production,reduced use of
handweeding,high toleranceto currentlyavailableherbicides,
and decreasedcompetitionfrom other weeds (10). Leaves and
seed of lantana are toxic to grazing animals and also
poisonous to humans (7, 9). The abovegroundpartsof lantana
and roots close to the soil surface remain in the field when
disced and mixed with soil. Limited research has been
conducted on the allelopathic effect or phytotoxicity of
lantana to other plants (13). Aqueous extracts of root, stem,
leaf, or inflorescence of lantana inhibited spore germination
of fern (14).
Siam weed is a herbaceousperennial, diffuse, scrambling
shrub that is mainly a weed of plantationcrops. The plant is
rankedamong the three most serious weeds of coconut in Sri
Lankaand rubberand oil palm in Indonesiaand Malaysia (5).
Siam weed has spread extremely rapidly along the eastern
coast to become the most problematic of the alien invader
plants threateningnatureconservationareas in Natal (6). It is
a heavy feeder on nutrientswhich are then locked up in rather
large quantities of slow-rotting litter. Aqueous extracts of
lantana were reported to reduce germination of milkweed
vine (1) but little is known about phytotoxicityof living Siam
weed or its dead residues to other plants. Considerable
amounts of phenolic compounds were identified in lantana
leaves (4).
Our field observations revealed that communities dominated by lantanaor Siam weed have reduced density of other
associated herbaceous species compared to adjacent areas.
Therefore,presence of these weeds may influence growth of
certain crops or weeds.
The present study was conducted to determine if lantana
and Siam weed are allelopathic or phytotoxic to growth of
chilli, rape, Chinese cabbage, spinach, and cucumber which
are commonly grown vegetable crops in Malaysia. Results
are reportedfrom three experimentsto determinethe effect of
leaf debris, aqueous extracts of leaves, and weed-contaminated soil on germinationand growth of the bioassay species.
MATERIALS
AND METHODS

'Received for publication January 18, 1992, and in revised form

December 9, 1992.
2Assoc. Prof. and Res. Asst., Bot. Dep., Univ. Kebangsaan Malaysia,
43600 UKM, Bangi, Selangor, Malaysia.
3Letters following this symbol are a WSSA-approved computer code
from Composite List of Weeds, Revised 1989. Available from WSSA, 309
West Clark Street, Champaign, IL 61820.

General. Aboveground plant parts at the flowering stage of

lantana and Siam weed were collected from rubber plantations near Kajang, Selangor, Malaysia. Collections were
made in July and September 1990. Collected plant material
was oven dried at 50 C for 3 d, then frozen until used. Soilroot cores, 15 cm deep, were collected from the same

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SAHID AND SUGAU: ALLELOPATHICEFFECT OF LANTANA AND SIAM WEED

locations, using a hand-heldsoil sampler.The soil type was a

Serdang Series with 80% sand, 6% silt, 14% clay, a pH of
4.6, and 0.68% organic carbon. Spinach, rape, Chinese
cabbage, chilli, and cucumberwere used as bioassay species.
Bioassay of leaf debris. These studies were conducted to
determinewhetherleaf debris would have an effect on growth
of test plants under field-like conditions. Leaves of lantanaor
Siam weed were cut into 2- to 4-cm lengths and put into
polyethylene bags containing the Serdang Series soil. Six
concentrationsof leaf debris; viz., 0, 1, 2, 4, 6, or 8 g per
1200 g soil were either placed on the soil surface or mixed
thoroughlywithin the entire potting medium. A concentration
of 2 g leaf debris per 1200 g soil was comparableto Siam
weed and lantanadry matterequivalent to 3600 and 3900 kg
ha-1 in the field, respectively. There were five replicates of
each concentrationfor each bioassay species. The experiment
was conducted twice, and means were averaged.
Seed of chilli, Chinese cabbage, and rape were planted
separately in polyethylene bags and watered. Seedling
emergence was recorded 7 d after planting and plants were
thinned to two seedlings per polyethylene bag. Plants were
harvested3 wk afterplanting and dry weight per polyethylene
bag was determined.Seedling emergence and dry weight data
were converted to percent of control.
Effect of aqueous extracts of leaves on bioassay species.
This experiment was conducted to determine if weed debris
contained water-soluble phytotoxic constituents. Ten grams
of fresh leaves of each weed was cut separately into
2- to 4-cm lengths before extraction. Plant materials were
kept in a flask containing 150 ml distilled water and agitated
for 12 h on an orbital shakerat room temperature(27 ? 3 C).
The extract was strained through four layers of cheesecloth
and then through two layers of WhatmanNo. 2 filter paper.
When necessary, the extract was refrigeratedat 5 C for a
maximum of 12 d before use. Three concentrations of
aqueous extract were used for the experiment; i.e., fullstrength(66.7 g L-1), half-strength(33.3 g L-1), and quarterstrength (16.7 g L-1). Dilutions were made with distilled
water. Concentrations of 5, 8, and 10% of polyethylene
glycol (PEG)4 (6000 molecular wt) were included as controls
for the possible osmotic effects of the extracts. A distilled
water control was included with both the extract and PEG
treatments.The pH of the Siam weed extract solutions and
three PEG concentrationsranged from 6.0 to 6.5 while for
lantana it was 6.5 to 7.5. Twenty-five seed each of chilli,
Chinese cabbage, and rape were placed in separate petri
dishes fitted with 9 cm Whatman No. 2 filter paper. Ten
milliliters each of the extract, or distilled water for controls,
was used to wet filter papers. A preliminary study on the
effects of PEG on germinationand seedling length (hypocotyl
plus radicle length) of all bioassay species was carried out.
The covered petri dishes were placed in a seed incubatorat
30 C. Percent germination,seedling length, and fresh weight
of the bioassay species were recordedafter4 d (7 d for chilli).
Seed with 2-mm radicle length were considered germinated.

4Abbreviations:PEG, polyethylene glycol.

304

Seedling length and fresh weight of seedlings were expressed

as percent of distilled water control. The experimentaldesign
was a randomizedcomplete block with five replications.The
experiment was conducted twice, and the means were
averaged.
Effect of lantana and Siam weed-contaminated soil on
bioassay species. These studies were designed to determineif
phytotoxins from lantana or Siam weed that were released
into the soil persisted long enough to affect plant growth.
Thirty-five samples were taken from each area, with or
without lantana or Siam weed. For control treatments, soil
cores were collected from the same field which was free of
both weed species and other plant biomass. Eight- by
12-cm polyethylene bags were filled with 1200 g of soil
collected from contaminatedor control areas. Soils had not
been treated previously with herbicides or other chemicals.
Five seed of the five bioassay species were sown
separately into the polyethylene bags 1 cm below the soil
surface, and the bags placed in the greenhouse. There were
five replicates of bioassay species for each sample. Experiments using leaf debris and aqueous extract on the
germinationand growth of bioassay species were conducted
twice and means were averaged. All polyethylene bags were
watered regularly at 80% field capacity. No artificial light
was supplied and the temperatureduring the experimental
period ranged between 28 and 34 C. Seven days after
planting, seedling emergence was recorded and plants were
thinned to two seedlings per polyethylene bag. Plants were
harvested 4 wk after planting and dry weight of plants per
bag was determined.
Statistical analyses. A complete randomizeddesign with five
replications for each concentrationof each species was used
for the debris and extract studies. Experiments of the leaf
debris and aqueous extract were conducted twice and means
were averaged. All data were subjected to an analysis of
variance, and LSD at the 0.05 probabilitylevel was used to
determine differences among treatments.
RESULTSAND DISCUSSION

Bioassay of leaf debris. Emergence of Chinese cabbage was

reduced when increasing amounts of lantana debris were on
the soil surface (Figure 1). Incorporated debris of either
lantanaor Siam weed at 2 g per 1200 g of leaf debris or more
caused a slight reduction in seedling emergence of Chinese
cabbage to 60 and 80% of control, respectively. Rape
emergence declined progressively with increasing amount of
lantanadebris on the soil surface, with a reductionof 25% of
control at the highest concentration (Figure 1). Lantana
inhibited rape emergence more than Siam weed when debris
was placed on the soil surface.Incorporatedlantanaand Siam
weed debris at 8 g per 1200 g soil reducedrape emergence to
70 and 63% of control, respectively. Emergence of chilli
seedlings was reducedwith either lantanaor Siam weed when
exposed to all concentrationsof either incorporatedor soil
surface treatment (Figure 1). No differences in chilli
emergence were found between incorporatedand soil surface
treatmentusing the highest rates of either lantana or Siam
weed debris.
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WEED SCIENCE

The decrease in dry weight of Chinese cabbage seedlings

when exposed to the highest rate was attributedto the surface
residues of the two weeds (Figure 2). Dry weight of Chinese
cabbage seedlings were 58 and 32% of the control when Siam
weed and lantana debris was placed on soil surface at the
highest rate, respectively. On the other hand, seedling dry

120

weights were only 20% of control when seedlings were

grown in the highest amount of incorporatedlantana leaf
debris and 38% with Siam weed.
Dry weight of rape declined significantly with increasing
concentrations of incorporated lantana debris (Figure 2).
When placed on the soil surface or incorporatedinto the soil,

Chinesecabbage
cabbage
~ ~~~~Ch'inese

120
120

100
80 _

60

60

40 -

20

40

JLSD 1I
Rape

X 120

z oo

100

60
40

20 80

20

|LSD

IS

Q60
C h i'llIi

:z

120DS

~40-

80 _
60 -

==

40 _
20O

ILSD1 9
1

20 -

2
4
6
DEBRIS (g/1200g SOIL)

Figure 1. Effect of lantana and Siam weed debris at two soil locations (soil
surface and incorporated)on emergence of three bioassay species: A
A,
A, lantana (incorporated); o-O,
lantana (soil surface); A
Siam weed
(soil surface); -@,
Siam weed (incorporated).

|LSD: 13
1

DEBRIS (g :[2()g SOIL)

Figure 2. Effect of lantana and Siam weed debris at two soil locations (soil
surface and incorporated)on dry weight of three bioassay species: AA,
lantana(soil surface); A-A,
lantana(incorporated);o-O,
Siam weed
(soil surface); *
, Siam weed (incorporated).

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305

SAHID AND SUGAU: ALLELOPATHICEFFECT OF LANTANA AND SIAM WEED

Table 1. Effect of aqueous extract of lantana and Siam weed on germination of bioassay speciesa.
Germination
Chinese cabbage

Spinach

Extract

Chilli

Rape

concentrationb

Co

Lc

Co

Lc

Co

g L-1
0.0
16.7
33.3
66.7
LSD (0.05)

93
92
89
83
8

93
92
90
87
NS

95
95
94
83
5

94
90
86
83
8

93
92
81
72
4

Cucumber

Lc

Co

Lc

Co

Lc

92
92
89
81
8

88
83
76
69
5

89
80
79
78
4

82
83
84
85
NS

86
77
81
80
NS

aCo = Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed); Lc = Lantana camara (lantana).

bExtract concentration:0 = distilled water, 16.7 = quarter-strength,33.3 = half-strength, 66.7 = full-strength.

lantana debris reduced rape dry weight to 23 and 13% of

control, respectively, at 8 g per 1200 g soil. On the other
hand, rape dry weight was not affected when leafy Siam weed
debris was placed on the soil surface. Rape dry weight was
reduced to 16% of control when plants were grown in soil
incorporatedwith Siam weed debris at 8 g per 1200 g soil.
The dry weight of chilli was reduced with increasing
levels of lantanaand Siam weed debris (Figure 2), falling to
31% of control when chilli was grown in soil incorporated
with lantanadebris at 8 g per 1200 g soil. Dry weight of chilli
was affected more by incorporatedresidue of lantana and
Siam weed compared with those on the soil surface. No
significant difference was observed between the treatmentsof
both weeds' debris on chilli dry weight at the highest rates.
In general, dry weight of bioassay species declined when
they were grown in soil in which debris was incorporatedor
kept on the soil surface, except for rape with Siam weed on
soil surface. The ineffectiveness of surface-applieddebris to
reduce seedling dry weight may be due to adsorption of
leachates near the soil surface allowing limited contact with
emerging seedlings.
Effect of aqueous extracts of leaves on bioassay species.
Response to aqueous extracts varied among the five bioassay
species and also differed between the two weeds for each
bioassay species. Table 1 shows that full-strength extract

(66.7 g L-1) of lantana reduced germination of Chinese

cabbage, chilli, and rape by 11% of control. At the highest
concentration,lantanadid not significantly affect germination
of spinach and cucumber.Germinationof cucumberwas not
affected by either Siam weed or lantana extract. At full
strength the extract of Siam weed reduced germination of
rape and chilli by 21 and 19%, respectively. In addition,
spinach and Chinese cabbage germinationdeclined progressively with increasing concentration of the Siam weed
extract. Full-strength extracts of Siam weed suppressed
germinationof spinach and Chinese cabbage by 10 and 12%
of control, respectively.
Full-strengthaqueous extract of lantanacaused significant
reductionin seedling length of all bioassay species. Seedling
length of rape, Chinese cabbage, and spinach was 35, 36, and
37% of control, respectively (Table 2). On the other hand,
seedling lengths of chilli and cucumberwere less affected (54
and 69% of control, respectively) at the highest concentration
of lantana extract.
Generally, seedling length of all bioassay species
decreased proportionally with increasing concentrations of
Siam weed extract. Seedling length of Chinese cabbage was
42% of control at full strengthof Siam weed extract.Seedling
lengths of spinach,rape, chilli, and cucumberwere more than
50% of control at full strength of Siam weed extract.

Table 2. Effect of aqueous extract of lantana and Siam weed seedling length of bioassay speciesa.
Seedling length
Extract
concentrationb

Chinese cabbage

Spinach
Co

Lc

Co

Lc

g L-l
0.0
16.7
33.3
66.7
LSD (0.05)

Chilli

Rape
Co

Lc

Cucumber

Co

Lc

Co

Lc

100
52
54
52
16

100
81
59
54
20

100
75
87
61
30

100
97
88
69
10

% of control
100
82
81
69
19

100
50
46
37
18

100
79
59
42
9

100
105
99
36
13

100
86
74
55
12

100
46
67
35
19

aCo = Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed); Lc = Lantana camara (lantana).

bExtract concentration:0 = distilled water, 16.7 = quarter-strength,33.3 = half-strength, 66.7 = full-strength.
306

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WEED SCIENCE
Table 3. Effect of aqueous extract of lantana and Siam weed on fresh weight of bioassay speciesa.
Fresh weight
Chinese cabbage

Spinach

Extract
concentrationb

Co

Lc

Co

Lc

Co

100
93
76
71
18

100
87
81
71
23

100
90
77
61
18

100
72
64
57
10

100
89
62
44
8

g L-l

Chilli

Rape
Lc

Cucumber

Co

Lc

Co

Lc

100
70
63
61
14

100
75
54
42
20

100
93
79
79
11

100
85
82
85
9

% of control

0.0
16.7
33.3
66.7
LSD (0.05)

100
80
85
53
24

aCo = Chromolaena odorata (Siam weed); Lc = Lantana camara (lantana).

bExtract concentration:0 = distilled water, 16.7 = quarter-strength,33.3 = half-strength, 66.7 = full-strength.

Preliminarystudy showed that 10% PEG did not significantly

(P < 0.05) affect the germination and seedling length of all
bioassay species tested. This suggests that the responses of
test plants in aqueous extracts were not due to osmotic
influences.
Fresh weight of all five bioassay species was significantly
reduced at full strength of aqueous lantana extract. Fresh
weight of chilli, rape, and Chinese cabbage at full strengthof
lantana extract was 42, 53, and 57% of control, respectively
(Table 3). However, fresh weight of Chinese cabbage was
reduced to 67% of control by the 10% PEG (data not
presented). This value was higher than with full strength of
lantana (57%) and Siam weed (61%) extracts. Therefore,
reduction in fresh weight of Chinese cabbage when germinated in aqueous extract of either lantanaor Siam weed may
have been the combined result of both osmotic potential and
allelochemicals in the extracts. A similar phenomenon was
observed for other bioassay species tested (data not shown).
At the highest concentration(66.7 g L-1), Siam weed extract
reduced fresh weight of all bioassay species tested. Fresh
weight of rape seedlings was the lowest comparedwith four
other bioassay species.
Effect of lantana and Siam weed-contaminated soils on
germination and growth of bioassay species. Soil from
beneath lantanaplants did not affect final seedling emergence

except for spinach (Table 4), but it had some effect on

seedling dry weight compared to soil collected away from
lantana(Table 5). Two bioassay species, spinach and Chinese
cabbage, showed markedreductionsin dry matterproduction
comparedto control soil when grown in lantana-contaminated
soils. Results reported here are contrary to those of
Achhireddyand Singh (1) which indicated that soil collected
under lantana had no effect on germination and growth of
milkweed vine. It should be noted that response to
allelochemicals has varied widely among species (15). Siam
weed-contaminatedsoil taken from fields with Siam weed
showed no significant negative effects on emergence of any
bioassay species (Table 4); however, dry weight of Chinese
cabbage and chilli was significantly reduced.
Soil variables such as shading, aeration,water and nutrient
infiltration,and water-holdingcapacity may be modified by
debris on the soil surfaceor mixed into the soil. These factors
could influence the biochemical or physical interaction
occurringbetween debris and test plants. In our experiments,
adequate water and nutrient solution was supplied and seed
were covered with loose soil to avoid obstruction from
incorporated debris, thus minimizing the effect of these
factors.
Test plants in the debris study responded not only to
amount of debris but also to change in debris location. Thus

Table4. Emergenceof bioassay species from soil contaminatedwith debrisand

roots of lantana and Siam weed.

Table 5. Effect of lantanaand Siam weed- contaminatedsoil on dry weight of

bioassay species.

Emergence
Soil
origin

Control soil
Siam weedcontaminated
soil
Lantanacontaminated
soil
LSD (0.05)

Chinese
Spinach cabbage Rape
84

68

52
23

72

72

68

52

60
NS

44
NS

Chilli

80

56

56
NS

Dry weight
Cucumber

Soil
origin

Chinese
Spinach cabbage Rape

Chilli

% of control
100
100

Cucumber

76

Control soil

100

100

72

Siam weedcontaminated
soil

108

49

76

75

90

22

19

30

35
28

57
18

65
27

56
NS

Lantanacontaminated
soil
LSD (0.05)

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100

307

SAHID AND SUGAU: ALLELOPATHICEFFECT OF LANTANA AND SIAM WEED

location of debris in relation to growing roots appearsto be

an importantfactor in the allelopathicinteraction.Phytotoxicity was enhanced by soil incorporation of plant debris.
Incorporationof debris into soil may promote its chemical
and microbial decomposition accompanied by release of
soluble organic constituents.Weed or crop seed and roots in
proximity would have a greater probability of coming into
contact with allelopathic compounds. Conversely, debris
located on the soil surface may decompose at a slower rate
and thus release allelochemicals in lower quantities, distant
from expanding roots. Furthermore,seed may be unable to
germinate due to less light reaching the soil surface if plant
debris covers the soil surface.
Results of this study provide evidence that lantana and
Siam weed debris have allelopathicpotential and that at least
some of the phytotoxins present are water soluble.
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

The authors express their sincere thanks to Dr. Anis

Rahmanfrom RuakuraAgriculturalCentre,New Zealand,for
reading and correcting the manuscript. This work was
supported by research grant IRPA No. 01-07-03-011.
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Volume 41, Issue 2 (April-June) 1993

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