VOLUME

ONE

READY

Treatise

ON

8vo.

Volumes.
BY

EDITED

THOMAS

STEVENSON,
AND

CHEMISTRY

ON

OFFICIAL

MAY.

Hygiene.

on

In Two

LECTURER

IN

M.D., F.R.C.P.,

MEDICAL

AT

JURISPRUDENCE

ANALYST

THE

TO

HOME

GUY'S

HOSPITAL;

OFFICE;

AND

SHIRLEY
MEDICAL

Vol.

I., about

Air.

OFFICER

1020pp.,

of

OF

COUNTY

THE

be

LONDON.

in

published
of

contains:

May,

MilitaryHygiene

at

the

cal
Medi-

Army

Ventilation.

on
Experimental
By W. N. Shaw, F.R.S., Lecturer
Universityof Cambridge. With 53 Illustrations.
By G. J. Symons, F.R.S., Secretaryof the Royal MeteorologicalSociety.

the

Clima,to

F.R.C.P.

Water.

will

27 Illustrations.

Influence

The

TO

HEALTH

M.A., IVLD.,Professor

Notter,
School, Netley.

With

OF

which

By J. Lane

and
Warming
Physics in
Meteorology.

F. MURPHY,

With

Soil

of

Assistant

Lecturer

C.

By

M.D., F.R.C.P.

Stevenson,

Thomas

By

Influence

Health.

on

Theodore

Williams,

With

Illustrations.

M.A.,

M.D.,

Illustrations.

Two

Health.

on

By

St. Thomas's

Physiologyat

on

Three

S. Monckton

M.A., M.D., D.P.H.,

Copeman,
With

Hospital.

Lithographic

Four

Plates.

Food.

Martin, M.D., F.R.C.P.,

By Sidney
Hospital. With 21 Illustrations.

The

of Moat.

Inspection
Health;

Lecturer

Clothing.
By
Hospital.
Physical
Baths.
The

Geo.

Vivian

Lithographic Plate.

Hospital

Hygiene.

With

"Writers
E.

By

T.

Keith

Smith, F.R.I.B.A., and

W.

G.

Howse,

By

W.

M.S., Surgeon

H.

D.

pital.
Hos-

F.R.I.B.A.

Young,

F.R.S.

Louis

The

"

42 Plates.
THOMPSON.

will

Etiology

and

History

Natural

Medical

in the

appear

Pathology
The

"

Officer of Health

M.D., D.Sc, Assistant

Hope,

II., which

in Vol.

Guy's Hospital.

to

M.A., M.D., and

Corfield,

Hime, M.D., Medical

T. W.

E. W.

By

KLEIN,
With

Dr.

London

C.

Parkes,

Illustrations.

24

Businesses.

Slaughterhouses.
Liverpool.

Dr.

H.

By
Refuse.

of

M.D., D.P.H.

The

the

Illustrations.

60

Disposal

Offensive

to

M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to Guy's Hospital.

White,
P. Gordon

By

Treves, F.R.C.S., Surgeon

Frederick

Officer of

UniversityCollege

M.D., F.R.C.P., Physician to

Poore,

By

Hale

Dwelling.
With

The

W.

Medical
E. W. Hope, M.D., D.Sc, Assistant
Health, UniversityCollege,Liverpool.

With

Education

By

By
Public

on

Physician to UniversityCollege

Assistant

and

Summer,

Infectious

of

for Bradford.

Officer of

Prevention

Health,

are:

Diseases.

of

tious
Infec-

Diseases.
Dr.

McVAIL.

Dr.

H.

Dr.

J. L. NOTTER.

Sir

T. SPENCER

Dr.

ARTHUR

Dr.

ALFRED

Mr.

C. N.

Illustrated.

Vaccination.

"

L'. ARMSTRONG."

Ship
"

Military

WELLS,
RANSOM
ASHBY."

DALTON"

Illustrated.

Disposal

Bart."
E."

Illustrated.

Hygiene.
Hygiene.

Vital

Duties
Sanitary

Philadelphia:P. BLAKISTON,

of

of

the

the

Dead.

Illustrated.

Statistics.
Medical

Officer

of

Health.

Law.

SON

"

CO., 1012

Walnut

Street.

EDUCATION

PHYSICAL

BEING

CONTRIBUTED

ARTICLE

AN

TO

AN

HYGIENE

ON

WORK

ENCYCLOPEDIC

BY

FREDERICK

SURGEON

TO

AND
BOARD

Printed

from

the

ON

LECTURER
OF

ANATOMY
OF

EXAMINERS

advance

sheets

AT
THE

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1899.

OF

THE

SURGEONS.

OF

on

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IN,

MEMBER

HOSPITAL-.

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opposite
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BLAKIST*
ioia

LONDON

THE
ROYAL

of "A
See

P.

F.R.C.S.,

TREVES,

C(

"..

authors.

Copyright,

By

P.

1892,

SON

BLAKISTON,

PHILADELPHIA.

"

CO.,

PUBLISHER'S

The

of

subject

attracted

much

PREFACE.

from

attention

branches

of

School

It

in

pursued

of
man

it
consequence

however

often

ignorance

of

"A

has

methods

therefore

been

Treatise

perhaps

of

the

care

day,

to

and

that

to

purchase

it

might

the

be

larger

within

work

(v)

the

the

exercise

of

is

students.

those

who

in

condition.

the

best

advance

sheets

medical

known

one

the

in

harm

from

of

by

paper

To

college

physical

publish

various

colleges.

and

their

and

the

physical

lasting

the

to

to

this

Hygiene"

that

advisable

and

children

unsuited

thought

with

importance

school

recently

Profession,

occupation,

are

on

writers

to

unwisely

taken

attempt

is

as

Medical

schools

sedentary

woman

or

as

in

public

our

up

It

ranks

much

quite

is

it

has
measure

the

Boards,

now

study

city

average

of

that

generally,

as

so

Sanitarians

Hygienic

Education

Physical

reach

which

of

it

will

those

be

who

included.

would

not

CONTENTS.

PAGE

Introductory

The

General

Effects

The

I.

Exercise

of

Effects

of

14

Exercise

the

upon

Development

and

Proportions

Body

of

the

"
.

II.

The

Effect

of

Exercise

III.

The

Effect

of

Exercise

IV.

The

Effect

of

Exercise

V.

The

Mental

and

Moral

upon

the

Muscular

upon

the

Tissues

upon

Personal

Effects

of

and
and

Nervous

Organs

Comeliness

Exercise

Fatigue

and

Systems

14
26

generally

29

Comfort

32

36
38

I.

Breathlessness

II.

Muscular

Fatigue

III.

Muscular

Stiffness

IV.

General

rs

The

38

45

Fatigue

Excessive

o"

43

[eart and

""r

46
Unsuitable

Exercise

Blood-\

50

Aneurysm

c\

"

The

48

V"

ins

52

Fungs
and

c;

Musclei

53

I [ernia

54

Train

55

57

Walking

cy

Running

58

Jumping

60

Skating

61

Riding

61

Swimming

63

Fencing

64

65
( v:i

CONTENTS.

viii

PAGE

66

Boating
and

Rowing
The

Sculling

The

69

Involved

Muscles

71
of

Adaptabilities

Boating

72

Canoeing

73

Cycling

75

Cycling

as

Cycling

for

Gymnastics

Forms

The

78
Girls

and

86

Apparatus

94

102

103

Physical

of

Education

109

Exercises

of

II.

Exercises

of

Speed

III.

Exercises

of

Endurance

IV.

Exercises

of

Skill

V.

Exercises

which

Selection

of

Strength

109

or

of

no

Develop

Exercises

Rapid

Movement

no

According

Children

the

Chest

to

10

Ill

Individual

Needs

112

112

and

Women

Lads

12

115

Adults

The

105

Exercise

I.

Girls

84

Calisthenics

Games

Elements

of

Ladies

Gymnasia

Outdoor

The

an

and

Gymnastic
Home

Exercise

115

Middle-aged

and

Elderly

115

INTRODUCTORY.

Writers
the

upon

not

are

human

intellectual

polished
The

much

he

the

of

material

advantages

for

of

the

comparisons
as

the

The

good.
without

but

If

close

of

these

superior

The

day

the

from

could

in

the

"

savage

(aim

to

of

many

dwellei
In

arc

who

lie

e, DUt
tnd

the

apt

exhau
tin-

face
to

of

all

first

had

sailed

and
natural

marvellous
at

of

the

pains

the

was

petty

is

effected
the

genius,

misshapen,
This

pale,
of

product

out

pours
be

asked

which

the

at

Are
the

descendant?
seas

knew

little of

heart

stout

Bt

illnesses

unmixed

the

points

no

northern

and

an

one.

well

may

able
reason-

question

of

he

the

the

the city.
;

cation
glorifi-

that

been

man

delicate,

modern

his

gre

ami

this

nut

the

there

are

and

zation,
civili-

the

make

to

represent

of

question

over

in

characteristic

of

admit

-ill., which

things,and

rength, and

aches

but

craft

afford, indeed,

upon

little sacrifice

no

barbarian.

centres

as

it has

the

men,

advantage

some

TSeman

and

in

savage

but

mannikin

all, the

city factory,the

great

to

of

follows

weakling,

the

each

would

such

are

inventor,

manifestation,

stream

but

great,

represents

unintentional

watches

one

barbari

creature

of

great

civilization

of

separates

savage

progress

one

there

He

unceasing

human

no

the

the

the
are

savage

been

of

product

wizened, undersized
civilization, an

also

have

modern

most

is

midst

our

who

in

; but

has

quite

culture.

nineteenth-century artisan,

in

those

the

over

the

masses

blessings

in

we

the

There

victory

have

skill of

for

and

high development

elements

man

so-called

We

cost.

that

of

admiration.

intellectual

handicraftsman,
and

the

which

of

triumphs

human

gulf

civilization,

the

upon
of

the

of

marvels

race,

half-naked
the

scarcely possible

whether

to

the

modern,

great

civilized

human

measures

attraction

The

race.

from

the

upon

magnificence

who

condition
of

the

and

cultivated,

all features

are

proper

has

the

intellectual

general

of

at

world

of

genius

which

industry

enlarging

might

marvel

the

of

inventive

the

to

citizen

of

weary

development

and

ingenuity,

ha?, indeed,

the

yet

might

which

the

and
be

mighty

assumed

modern

an

"

town-

inrii

so,

i,,i,moral

fact that

man

and
is

an

intellectual

animal,

that

development,
lie cannot

yet

we

"l

"

PHYSICAL

io

without

and

body,

that

EDUCATION.

receptacle fcr

strong

the

mind

is better

than

frail one.
The

of savage

higher type

vision

and

strong cf

his

If he

movements.

muscles, the

is evidence

properly

termed

Progress

is

there

is

bread

alone.

write

as

tendency

at

The

soon

hot-house
he

the

as

can

plant,and

when

feels the fever of

once

intellectual

physical

finish may

health

enables

obvious

through periods of
to

clearness

preserve

uncertain,and

and

will do

He

qualitiesof

the

upon

the hunter's

life in the wilderness

It is

more

now

greatness, can
element

of

himself

from

is that of
erudition

of

the

face is wan,

his

his

arms

are

of little ailments,and

in life is

and

the finest
Sound
harmed
un-

pass

and

ful
fret-

fallen in the

city life

race.

of

some

the

strength and

longer dependent

no

attributes of the trapper

in the

service,even

and

iest
murk-

that

no
skill,

no

learning,no

without

tellectu
in-

certain

the individual.
burns

who

books,

past, is often

endeavor.

worn

muscular

be

in life

needed.

are

it its fullest influence

with

carry

learning,and

he

the evils of worry,

have

his

like

race

freshness,to

others

of

though

clearlyrecognized

physicalcapacity in

away

midst

to

great city.

unduly diligentstudent

The

His

and

others

be without

cannot

the

success

thing

one

when

The

of

withstand

to

when

daily meal.

fostered

place in

will find that

value, even

of

less

or

He

lisp,and

can

requirement

vigor

of mind

plain.

skill for his

mental

with

in the

intellectual

by

and

great element

one

stillpress forward

the

take his

exacting,that

so

he

quite

advantage.

live

as

is possible

are

the strain of incessant

pressure,

acuteness

attributes which

are

and

soon

still lacks the

unusual

of what

he is forced

to

every

work

to

without

not

are

has

still retains

of

men

lungs

seaman

to

well who

good

the

and

enough

that

that he

man

as

of

equal extreme.

an

cannot

man

read

to

competition

find

degree, it

are

of

dignified his

of unmixed

daily life

At school

pen.

that he who

and

bodily strength;

exclusive

an

keen

the joy
life,

health

mere

is not

of

taught

he is old

is,however, becoming

It

of

glow

development

the fact that

lad is

grasp

to

man

movements

overlook

to

of

exclusive

an

faculties of

the

young

he

that

higher

rapid, and

so

instincts

the

carry intellectual finish to

may

show

to

lithe in movement,

his veins

pursued physical culture

that his civilized brother

There

felt in

He

arm.

thrilled

vigor

mere

perfectin form,

was

who

moves

the

only

miserable

has

midnight oil,who

in

world

breeze

feeble,his
he

the

few

object enough
eyes

are

the

in which

is that which

dim,

pleasuresother

as

cannot

human

he lives in
than

only
from

blows
a

the

tear
shine
sun-

the

being.
an

sphere
atmo-

joys of

the

IX

Such

bookworm.
effect

would

the cultivation

of his

inconsistent

not

other

hand

until

they

will

followed

are

the rush

by

the barbarian

as

and

creaking

attained

of

knows

dispositionof

cannot

well be

British

race

been

and

British nation.

outdoor
of

outcomes

is

commander
shirked
It may

irdshipand
1"

doI

humble

of

proved a

have
The

and
the

in

man

felt no

maze

the world

halting

has

never

I would

and

in the

not

him."

strength

historyof

the

! English
enterprise,

the
in

Tis
divide

not

have

unconquerable pluck

forming

the greatness

of

of

the

uglish,the delight in manly

for what

is effeminate

fei

and

sturdy growth.

fact
no

must

we

"

his mind.

gl

position of

that the

small

to

extent

strength.
his

main

The

(Ire. it

of straw

had he

not

Britain

which
qualifications

profound

have

he be

pride of

sturdyendurance.
at

the

not

early

The
his call

who

men

fear.

knowledgment,but
1

"

hurried

at

who

be,

played

nglishp"

instinct which
and

joys of

simple physical health

among

nd

whii
qualities
m

cul.n

due

.1 ai
I

very

modify

who

little

lives in the

tplorermay

have

ing,
learn-

but

His

life is but

with

and

man,

little share

no

his reck

British seaman,

rude health and

would

no

He

should

time

same

part these

love of sport

to

have

preternatural
judgment, but they avail but littleif

men-

navigatorwas

the

taken

cultivated

their

"life."

rest.

he

as

gl

knowledgeand
possessedof

the

at

vigorous health

need

the

been

man

exercises,the contempt

no

the

of

European nations is

among
have

The

magnificent enough.

Englishsoldier,have

re

formed

of

importance

the

are

speaking

hardihood

of

the

on

man.

the

daring

of

can

journey through

but
training,

the

man

little of the

knows

and

"

know

may

while

partly developed creature

exaggerated.The

has

and

be asked

he

are

we

directions

In certain

games

of

well

"city

leisure to

ruddy cheek, are

It may
a

present, and

some

crammed

he

his

devote

been

period of dulled

remains

his limbs

body

and

them,
He

pace.

much

the

have

Many

passing events,

well says, in

soul,'tis not

it?"

by

the full stature

to

Montaigne
the

with

in

development

intellectual

invalids.

living,however

of

of work

caused

do

1 1

wiry limb, and

lads who

poor

learned

they

Y.

less progress

no

clear eye,

greatest

many

mere

are

knowledge
hours

are

make

the

UCTOR

OD

in the future, if he would

body.

with

there

"What

would

man

less influence

no

TR

in

it

is none

no

lit

th"

that

true
e upon

tb

good animal."
impelsthe

human

pleasurein physicalexertion.

being
Tin

to

seek

health in

mua"

the

PHYSICAL

12

child

is

never

still. It is

lad

infant

and

jumps

of

schoolboys from

long

and

The

door

has

probably
He,

beginning.
impulse

life there

exercise,and
in his

can

he

of mechanism

merely

the

activityin

and

the

and

means

supply

of

tissue of the

the

system,

the

scholarship.
craving

for

period

unfortunate

fattyand

structure

from
the

as

of the

cular
Mus-

delicate

so

piece

the muscles

carries with

ercise
Ex-

plies
limbs,it im-

of the muscular

of

ration,
respi-

elements

of

necessity

it of

and

secretingorgans

the

using

anaemic.

of the

heart,of

activityin

of

biceps humeri.

of the muscles

movement

an

ible
irresist-

no

scholar,but

mere

an

of

is ill in health

this natural

body,

and
arteries,

Such

so

good

simple expedient

the

becomes

been

impulse.
by

of

of the muscle

that

strength is

Education
of

food

and

of

to

air be

the

it is

more

gauged,

in

portion

sufficient.

and
of

not

The

body

It

by

gathersstrength by
muscular

mere

of every
We

means

force,

organ.
know

organism, provided

Exercise

is

used, within reasonable

movement.

the

the full development

to

body.

part and

of every

exercise

any

of

it becomes.

be

condition

involves

developing

that the

capable

more

is essential

health

of the

peculiarattribute
and

bounds,

proper

maintenance

perfect functional

Physical
other

simple

movement.

stronger

movement,
the

and

feels

; he

by

has reached

feel that

have

the school-house

last,who

best met

he

crowd

feels the need

man

excellent

an

of

has at least made

healthlybodies

that

which

abnormal

way

development

the

he

The

promptings by

rush

beyond

out

prove

exercise

so

indeed, within

with

by

some

may

to

crawls

wastes, and

to

nervous

perfect

limits,the

in

him

cold.

of excretion.

Movement,

but

of

capable

machine

muscle

the muscular

the organs

who

air

young

free is characteristic

are

muscles

the open

of life is not

race

has ceased

healthy use

also the

an

He

consider

the eye

as

implies not

all parts

shout, is

and

healthy,appears

mad

half-suffocated

occupies nearly every part

tissue

of

as

hand,

only by

grow

disused

The

limbs

exists in all

may

when

Muscles
them.

man

career

and

of the

terrible earnestness

Throughout

The

they

she is

or

expect

its natural

The

the moment

evil future before

the other

on

shows

to

he has

when

perpetual movement.

witness.

an

that he

unreasonable

cough

to

child

schoolboy, if he be vigorous and

in construction.

imperfect

not

of movement

not

jump

to

It is as

is the first to reach

who

said of

; the child

the schoolroom

pleasant to

boy

him

crows

The

stillfeel the need

air.

or

and

the art of

acquired

have

It is often

feature.

expect

kicks

to

enough

to

restlessness.

incessant

this.

excellent

an

keep quiet as

to

of

expression

an

EDUCATION.

of
that

no

the

growth, functional

INTRODUCTOi
the

r, and

of

maintenance

impliesdecay, feebleness,and

and

structure

the great flexors of the

to

cells of

the

to

long

there

as

is

is alive with
when

one

there

comes

been

the

and

of

like

hearing and
To

how

human

life as

It is

that the inhabitants

of

tin-

is

evidence

some

either

would
1

heightor

in

inhabitants

of

in

rer

it

a]
award

as

it is

man

It

the

can

than
is

7;

known,

leapt from
A

now

l1

"

it

change
Within

is not

has

until the year

was

BTtifili il aid,

to

and

600

miles

hue

been

walked

the

among

distinct

been

by

remarkable

all kinds.

swimmer.

feet

'"

has been

mile

illone

inches.
run

that

the

term

PhysicalEducation

It

beinghad

human

height^\

feet in width,

There

dimini

in

crossed

the

the

red "lass,." ii

has

of

and

race.
't

1^77 that

the

yel greatly

movement

athletii exercises of

EnglishChannel

and

it.

nol

deterioration

the

tenure

rearingof

British
have

we

body,

twenty

some

place which

taken

and

did

the

there

jump

quite obvious

of

is evidence

ground,without

minute

heritageof

but among
cities,

it

that tin-

the

keenness

make

passionfor

the

must

discover

to

Civilizationhas

taking averages,

interest in sports,games

until

not

no

tint,

girth. There
gr

tendency.

revival of

far

show

be

the

interest in the

an

of sport and

to

appear

to

take

must

seaman

the short
can

man

Spencer

except themselves.

unconquerable love
\ich

Herbert

this country

impaired

as

say,

the art of

as

of

organ

will render

hitherto

life.

the hunter's

as

that,

brain

the hunter's

injuriousstrain,is

or

philosopher'sstone
bodily troubles

free from

of all creatures
offspring

effort

undue

corner

well ; but

had

the

of

so

upon

cultivated,the

part and

every

or

as

town

and

nook

which

progress

develop

lead

must

rightlyexercise

such

it does

as

busy

every

far vision

would

he who

of endurance

longer possibleto

no

haltingin

as

in proper

the stomach

this quarter

upon

acquire the

to

and

this without

elixir of life and

Every

therein,thingsfare

dwell

If the intellect is to be

seaman,

to

long

so

falls
inactivity

wishes

powers

effect

to

who

how

learn

walls,and

is like

body

The

those who

energiesof

energetic.
He

his eyes

use

its

some
retrogression,

be exercised.

none.

kept

peptic glands of

the

to

the brain.

flags,when

some

even

of

activitywithin

section

well

leg,as

cortex

the best

lute
Abso-

of the eye

ciliarymuscle

well to the

appliesas

this

value.

are

and

accuratelyexercised

duly and

be

tissue must

; and

movement

attainingphysicalperfectionthere

of

artificial means

Of

of functional

standard

debased

Undue

organic life.

of

high standard

in death.

only

is found

rest

13

must

includ"

in

PHYSICAL

i4

regulationof

the functions

concern

the

supply

of

are

known

what

cf

and

EDUCATION.

of the entire

movements

suitable

food

and

wholesome

With

body.

air,and

as

the observation

simple hygienic conditions,the present

as

such

has

paper

no

concern.

It

is necessary

physical

culture

of the

muscles
In the

here
which

secondly

THE

The

GENERAL

here

Exercise

of

upon

with

there

which

but

men,

the

The

infant
never

of these

child

stunted,and

be

of

short

expected

modern

to

made

to

in

Hercules.
of the

attain the

is

body

It can,
in

life of

natural,systematic,
healthy

every

which

be

may

the

maintain

sidered
con-

the

that

highest

to

and

be effected
will

by

the

can

influence

it with
the

in

or

and

be short

exercise

growth

is definite and

with

and

in

reference

constant

quite beyond
any

An

Scotland,could

Highlanders

effect of

are

increase

exercise.

also

young

direction,a

which

factors

is

physical training.

cotter's home

an

proper

probably

elaborate

an

in this

which

that which
first,

"

and, secondly, such

in the

said,indeed, that

be

body

estimating the

giant,nor

lies buried

man

It may

human

proportions of

however,
manner

such

be understood

the future

parents

spiteof

inherited
man

and

acrobats,and
develop athletes,

and

every

may

possible powers

to

developed.

In

cast.

those

make

cannot

of exercise,

body.

stunted
so

into the

It must

encourage

proportions as
and

Development

enter

is not

"

predetermined

been
its

speculatingupon

Exercise

the

EXERCISE.

represented by

proportions of

individual

remain

may

his lot had

be

of

exercise, and

of

want

specialgymnastics

Bushman, transported suddenly

whom

must

to

of the

congenital,inherited,and
modification

as

proportions possiblein

two

are

in

Body.

the

be

such

here intended

as

"

general effects

and

the

particularcases.

of the size and

secret

from

ovum

in

necessary

equable development

The

of

well-regulatedexercises

exercise

the

OF

EFFECTS

understood, may

phenomenally strong
most

proportionateexercise

fatigue,overwork,

public schoolboy, together

object of

factor

conspicuous

most

specificexercises.

Effect

Exercise, as

be

and

shall firstconsider

Proportions

to

that

the due

we

of

subjects

the effects of

and

with

body.

the

r.

only

concerns

followingarticle

including

deal

to

control.

certaintydevelop
and
to

structural perfection
some

extent

markable.
re-

GENERAL
increases

Exercise
the power

it

wasted, and

which

the size of

command.

can

with

hold

them

jointhas

they

developed bony parts.

a
ligaments,

thinned

flabby and

Muscular

marked

manner

and

same

the

and

Within

The

act.

denser

ridgesare

efforts the

lung capacity

Exercise,
needless
and

development

exercise
may

be

The

of

of

the average

various

be

to

mechanical

in

compares
of

person

which

upon

the

height

same

is stronger,

muscular

very

firmer,

surfaces

and

the

the

under
size

blood

blood

of

increased

ing
breath-

the thorax

is augmented.

circulation,and

supply

has upon

it is

the size

Before

the

it is necessary

body,

regard t."

considering the specialeffects of

to

of the human

the

growth of

take Dote

in

of what

organism.

the

body,

its

are
anthropometry,

weight

and

males

and

.set
briefly

forth

followingt ibles.

ferred for

are

to

derived

extensive del tils. Much

more

drawn

publi
vide the most

from

this admirable

Anthropometrii Committee

report was

"m

becomes,

found

its comparative proportionsin

periods of life,

Anthropometry," and

It

bones

individual

and

measurements

with

principaltables

of the

the

individual

increased

an

females,and other features concerned

in the

size of

so-called

accelerates

the effect

growth

facts
principal

heightat

well-

has wasted

rest

are

ercised
ex-

of the tissues concerned.

the

termed

duly

exercise.

by

the

is increased

"

upon

at

limits,the

narrow

muscular

Development of the Body.

The

1.

fasciae

marked.

moreover,

point out

to

The

proportions.

and
vigorous respiration,

more

the

are

the

are

the tissues around

feeble

kept

and

thin, soft,

denser

stouter

been

long

of smaller

actually larger,and

ise induces

'"-

has

of the muscular

bone

tendon,

becomes

articulations.

somewhat

of

the

upon

influences the

conspicuously

more

and

extended

skeleton

The

it is

muscle

its

cartilage,
powerful ligaments,and

bones

be much

the

age.

of

certain

skeleton

with

act

disuse,and

strength,moreover,

the muscles

15

proportions of

rest, a

jointwhich

The

joint can

Muscles

and
cartilage,

anaemic.

of
possibilities

undue

covering

hyperaestheticfrom

moreover,

the

connected,

are

position.
good

EXERCISE.

stronger the muscles, the finer and

which
in

OF

muscle,

After

The

feeble.

aponeuroses

EFFECTS

in

up

appendix

to

Mr.

precisedata upon

.rued, which

use

and

Roberts'

Roberts'

classical work

and

of the

by Mr. Roberts

Mr. Charles

h is

been made

"

Manual

the reader

R.

\v.

"Manual."

anthropomet]

also of the report

BritishAssociation,1
sir

of

Rawson, and

rhis
has

been

Th"
"

is

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

in the first place be well to tabulate

It may

parts of the skeleton

are

completed,

far

so

the

the facts of

as

The

Spine

~\

The

Pelvis

"

The

Shoulder

The

Upper

Girdle

periods at

which

osteologyguide

The

25th year.

The

20th

Limb

year.
the 20th

{The
I.
"

and

the average

Showing

clothes)at

all ages

country?)

Males, 37,574.

Report

of the

of

Number

the

us.

Femur

Table

the various

stature

The

Tibia

The

Fibula

{without shoes)and

general population of
of observations

on

Great

which

the

the average

averages

the

2d

are

year.

24th

year.

weight {including
{All

Britain.

Females, 4,616. Weight: Males, 33,043.

Anthropometric Committee, 1883.)

the

year.

classes.

founded.

Town

Stature

Females, 4,685. (From the

The

following

abstract
1.

Growth

2.

From

birth

From

difference

ten

of eleven

ages
twelve

and

acceleration

in the

three

years.

about

the
The

year,

and

stature

the

In

girls. The
three
of

complete
often

"

""

but

after

of

at

sex

the

to

the

greater

boys,

than

of

boys
of

lead,

growth
and

is

retard

occurs

i--

age

girls,the
these

ages.

and

the

at

from
This

boys.
well

as

an

as

puberty.

and

at

grow
about

at

attain

less

into

of

their

first

twentyfull stature

this

at

is less

puberty, growth

in

of

be

that

attributed

period

are

regular

and

extends

"

most

to

determine
life.

the
the

body

at

ference
final dif-

hence

fluences
in-

the

deserving

decided,
over

but

males,

of

than

in

period

of

physicaldevelopment
months,

tew

height is

fiftieth

in

of

periods

increased
in

women

year

twenty-three

Roberts,

manhood

to

sixtieth

the

to

up

development

Mr.

chieflyto

later, and

the

stature

advanced

more

apanied by

girls develop
of

the

or

growth

boyhood

from

in

to

up

writes

puberty,"

individuals
or

and

increase

steady

few

boys puberty

but

than

heavier

the

slowly,

very

boys.

than

girlsat

accession

their

complete

too

of

height

establishment
ises

and

than

of

growth

take

boys again

in both

same

actually taller,and

are

the

on

weight

promote

the

in

girls incident

of that

transition

body

the

check

in

due

four years,

to

is the

rapidly

actually

years

increase

accession

which

half

years

are

weight

the

in the

study.

of

slow

females

probably
of

time

of

and

is

to

an

year.

rapid

more

the

due

twenty

show

tables

statistics

and

is

"

growth

growth

half

above

of life.

rapidly

more

and

fifteen,girls grow

twentieth

the

"It

to

After

fourteen

more

in the

girls grow

the

lighter in weight

little

check

of

rate

and

grow

to

gradually slower,

then

rapidly,

6.

due

to

growth

fifteen

From

be

to

the

in stature

boys

fifteen

to

appears

years

first five

17

of which

tables

the

years

half

half

difference

5.

and

of

Committee

years

fifteen

to

EXERCISE.

Anthropometric

little shorter
ten

series

of five years

age

being apparently

From

4.

the

to

the

rapid during

to

five

the

upon

by

is most

girls being

sexes,

3.

comments

furnished

are

OF

EFFECTS

GENERAL

much

and

witli

diminished,

the
and

altogetl

further

tables, compiled

contribution

by

M.i"

to

the

l.ircn, may

Bubjecl of
he

added

the
:

"

growth

of

boys, the following

GENERAL

The

EFFECTS

followingtables

derived

are

EXERCISE.

OF

(in abstract)from

19

report of the

the

mittee
com-

"

TABLE

IV.

Relative

"

Height of Boys
and

the age

at

of

to

11

physical conditions

12

differentsocial

wider

years

of life.
height.

Average
Public

schools

Middle-class

54-9^ inches.

(country)

schools

Artisans

( town

TABLE

V.

Relative

"

"

53-7"

"

53-ox

"

52.60

Factory hands (country)

Factory hands (towns)
Militaryasylums
Industrial

Height of

"

52.1 7
5 1 .56
51.20
50.02

schools

Adults
and

of the

from

ages

physicalconditions

25

to jo

"

"

"

social
different

under

years

of life.
height.

Average

Upper classes,professionalclasses
" ommercia]
classes,clerks,shopkeepers,"c

69.14 inches.
67.95
67.51
'"

laborers,miners, sailors,"c
Agricultural
classes

Artisan

tory hands,

la.

The

Table

question of

VI.

(towns)
workers

sedentary trades

at

the relation of

gives the

(see also Tables

weight

e.

"

to

g. tailors

height will

to have

no

VI."

chest-girthin

average

II. and

The

III.)

similar to that of the

rate

TAB]

"

66. 61

"

65.92

"

found

considered

different

periods of

be

in

I.

Table

"

53.85

Upper (towns)
Lower
(towns)
Elementary schools :
Agriculturallaborers

weight

males

at

chest-girthin
up

to

the age

males

of

shows

increase

an

fifty
years,

life

but

at

it appears

definite relation to stature.

Average Chest-girth
(empty)

inches

111

in .1/tilesof till classes at

different
ages

(Report of Anthropometric Committee').

"

Cheat-girth Age next

\\.

intnebe*.
1"

26.10

16

"

26.53

17

I -'

Z-J.2Q

IS

1 ;

*fco3

""

1 1

and

men

may

with

the

of

the
the

In

genera] populationfrom which

36-50

growthand

Report of

"Their

average

theyare

drawn

ige weight falls short of thai standard

Thus

by

37.5S

development of

the- Anthropometric

athletes

1 and amateur

eighty-nine
i i

result
following

ini h of stature.

17

30-3S

ad in the
each

I \

35.35

be considered.

ie measurements

"

35.33
I

34.19

[zed exercise upon

now

in"in

31.53

21

effect of

f*briigiith

next

birthday.

20

*9-74

"5

the

t-girth Arc
in inches,

birthday.

stature

exceeds

by 0.68 inch,while

14.5 lb.

The

ratio of

stature

is 5

their

weightto

generalpopulation
8.383

trained athlete whose

thai of

lb. for

feet 7 inches

PHYSICAL

should

weigh
Table

weigh

stone, while

an

untrained

man

of the

same

height

should

stone."

ii

VII.

10

EDUCATION.

"

To

show

the

Effectsof SystematizedExercise
(Alaclaren.)

upon growth and

development,

EFFECTS

GENERAL

fullydealt

been

tables

His

by
a

with

who

selection

weight, as given in
Table

VIII.

Table

interested in the

oftwelve

Military Gymnastic

Instructors

Increase

In

examination

an

of Tables

systematized 1
the

In

the renewal

showing
2

of

of the older

of the

In

tl

of the

carriagecan
th

tematized
DO

lc"-. than

to

s"

1 1

of

the increase in

4, Table

ths of
in

an

case

inch

VII. the increase

of
therefore,
lessening,
in" rease

the

Vlll.

in

questionof

last tour

in the

3, rable

period of

man

VII.,the

men

the

the

nine

mon

must

immediate

by a remarkable

growing

instances

other

into consideration,
and

mown
pparentl)

inches in

as
VII.,is interesting

ha the majority it may

some

as
qualified

weight under

arrest, the young

Table

In

be

increase, is noteworthy.

givesseveral

the

tables

period.

VIII.

perhaps to

irceljcome

thi

ex

and

arrest.

I the soldiers in Table

changesin

end

growth,Case

figure,to

of the spine,and

curvature

at

sulted
con-

height and

training?) (Maclaren.)

in the listis of interest

men

in

Officers(selectedto

VII.

growth after premature

sudden

increase

aftereight months'

Maclaren

Mr.

appended

Non-commissioned

growth after pr" mature

inches after nineteen.

be

into consideration.

taken

noted

increase in

of

matter

normal

after allowing for normal

should

In the

matter.

The

given.
be

I.,must

Measurements

"

has

development

upon

great value, and

of

subject are

statistics is

these

from

the

are

21

Maclaren.

Mr.

by

dealing with

all those

systematic exercise

effect of

This question of the

EXERCISE.

OF

v(

in

height

be ih\c to
some

"

of the

intr.ivcrtehral

improvement

the increase
be ascribed

in
to

effecl of

increase in

heightof

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

22

further

point in

be

tables must

in the circumference

increase

of

the

noticed, and

chest,which,

that is the remarkable

it would

appear,

be

may

by systematic exercise.

obtained

of 3 to 4 inches

increase

An

these

great part ascribed

It

regions.

in the

muscular

to

involves,however,

girthof

the thorax
in the

development
increased

an

doubt

no

may

and

pectoral

in

scapular

and

respiratorypower,

be

greater

breathing capacity.
In

where

country

is difficult to

speak

lung

diseases

are

stronglyof

too

common

so

the

they

as

importance

in

are

obtaining a

of

England,

full

it

ment
develop-

of the chest.

Physicians recognize
breathing

in

power

of such

the undoubted

It will be observed
of

the

chest

by

chest

also

cites the

Maclaren

exercise

months'
of

note

to

by

his thorax

eighth of

of

that

as

surrounded

up

grow

constricted

lad of nineteen

increased

who

chest.

cumference
in the cir-

solitaryfeature

almost

an

of

case

physicaltraining

great increase

whose

the

of

height
his

girthof

after the

youth

has

who
gentleman aged thirty-five

at

at

the Oxford

no

less than

period

inches.

4^2
to

increased

His

height was

the end

the

Thus

passed.

of two

the circumference
diminished

by

an

of the thoracic

in the curvature

increase

an

of

had

Gymnasium

of

the measurements

in

improvement

an

years

inch,due probably

an

in promoting

months.

many

case

to

possessionof

tables that

gives the

in nine

be effected

can

the

place

feeble

and

disease

results of

child

by systematic exercise,but

)/% inches

It is well

take

can

Maclaren

increased

not

was

attend

the above

from
chest

Mr.

development.

which

dangers

allow

to

lung

and

acute.

are

apparently assured

culpable

thorax

narrow

of chronic

as

processes

direction,it appears

in this

evolution

the definite and

Considering

played by

part

the

aiding

the progress

by

the

part of the spine.

In
taken
to

an

cases

considering the general question of

to

ascribe

increase

in the

not

of

much

excessivelywith
chest,the

main

this increase

capacity of

less effect than

"

some

as

muscular

is

girthcare

in chest

inclined

appear

the thoracic

cavity.

This

development.

to

is

Those

do

certainlynot

an

increase

"

entirely

probably
who

in the

be

must

acquire a peculiarconformation

gymnastic apparatus
factor in which

increase

in all

practice
of

the

capacity of

the thorax.
2.

The
more

Proportions of the Body.

than

merely

increase

"

proper

physical training does

the size of the limbs

and

thing
some-

possiblythe height

EFFECTS

GENERAL
of the body.

It tends

all parts of the

render

to

EXERCISE.

OF

23

body symmetrical

and

more

perfectlyproportioned.

height,and

the

to

is

often

so

shoulders

with

is not

proportion to

Those

the

who

stillneed

may
which

belongs to

Of

all animals

its fellow ;
other.

It is

and

strength."

his

growth
he

girth,his

bead

narrow

will

chest

is

length of

from

exercise

probably

tion
proporof

totallyout

the upper

limbs

their earliest
the

possess

the other
be

may
in

no

youth

peculiargrace

his
merely tall,

becomes

lad

proportion anil

in

the

body develops unevenly

one

limb

be

may

constitute

longerthan

circumference

greater

than

deformity

the
well-

"

with

probably said

that he has

chest

sinewy,and

fillsout, his

the

of

out

trainingsuch

proper

"

and

arms
spider-like

height has been

in

With

power.

of

in

correct.

It is

chest.

sense

long, lanky

variations

children

some

his growth
reality

and

squaf and "stumpy

maybe

lad

wide

chest and

wide chest has stood

keeping with

legs,a

"outgrown

proportion to

lad

ceases

be

to

acquire a greater

arms
"

of

scarecrow

his

him

in

givenby

//,;/./.-

the

schooln

of

Mr.

If .ill part of

in
the

In

the

his

"

heavylooking. lie

y"

be

to

appear

few

available form

of

"

sprung
no

now

arc

of

his liiul.^

has

out
ridiculously

every

Manual

of

heal

adult

height. From

dimensions.
original

of
proportions

body, the

average

only doubl(
four times it-

in

Robert

the whole

ot

and

up.

Ilis

longerout

body.

during growth.
part

which

good stead, and

"

nth

"

begins to pursue

lie

recreation, and

account
following
that

limbs

burlytrunk,

his

ind outdoor

or

third the

subject to

which

"

meet

becomes

proportionto

tions

the

of

out

fect
per-

!"lya lithe,well-proportionedyouth.

Another

upon

hips are

of the trunk.

largerthan

to

In

neck

physicaltrainingmay

in muscular

becon

big

of

common

his

lanky ;

that in

be

deviations

neck,

meagre

is the most

to

directed system

width

; in

they

side of the thorax

Such

of

size,

mere

the great lack of

the

one

of

symmetrical body.
man

one

the

body

but

graces,

side appears

one

In

properly arranged

It is certain

symmetry.

the

independent

is

especiallythat

women

the dimensions

taken

many

which

grace

another

height of

have

conspicuous.

; in

keeping
in

It is in

strength.

proportion

of

has

well-proportioned body

."
Anthropometrj
v.:nc

1c
.

"t

to

the

the whole

it^ piopor-

in

it is considered

birth

ht, while

is founded

tl

periodof

form

to

full

the

ed
develop-

three
body elongates
wth of

the head

is

PHYSICAL

24

during

the

first two

greater

rate

than

The

Trunk.

those

dimensions.

is greater

head.

Thus,
of the

than

the

while
trunk

ratio

same

development.
The

years, when

is

on

when

on

the

adult

Upper

The

equal
In

the

length of
and

of

seven

one

to

The

the

nine,

navel
has

of

extremities

lower

trunk

birth

and

are

the

more

nearly in

increase

to

period

of full

already doubled.

is

rapidly and

less

the

only doubled,

are

is not

; at two

to

the

ratio
'"

1.045

excluding

"

the

This

Limb.
at

they

of
an(l

length of

The

the

woman

in

tral
cen-

adults

develops

male

and

extremities

in

has much

foot

their

double
their

at

less

to

all ages

of

The

1.015.

four

between

quadrupled
After

the total

tended
ex-

at

the

the age

height of

female.
adults

length

do with

to

rapidly.

are

before

originallength.
to

the

of

the age

at

has the ratio

both

times

as

fourteen,and

and

horizontally

puberty.

woman

is doubled

the hand

They

of individuals.

"

hand

birth.
four

point

and

pubes,

the measurement

to

adult

tne

thirteen

lower

are

point

central

extended

arms

birth to

height

the hand

The

"

the

the

by

from

body

The

applies to

In the adult

; at

of age,

years

height,the
the

navel

central

; at ten

it is at

years

lower.

covered

space

height of

thirteen

inch

an

height,the

iliac bones

of its total

the

it is at

equal

two

pubes.

the

The

"

the

height into

of age

half its total

of

; at

nearly half

the total

years

attained

height it will

the sixth of the

is about

three-fourths

development.

were

neck

increases

divides

borders

upper

thigh varies considerably,and

height

which

tripledbetween

Lower

twelve

the

the

as

eight

or

the summit

this diameter

seven,

the child

point

the child

arm

of full

length they
at

the

man

is

or

its

greater energy,

from

of the

of the thorax

birth,when

littleabove

five years,

period

and

of six

original

to

puberty.

Limbs.

arms

of the

diameters

the trochanters

adult

those

age

the total

to

of the head

double

and

the

it is
a

most

with

situated

are

of the head

transverse

has attained

man

point is

is

the parts

At

the

line with

at

irregularly.The

ultimatelyattains

height. They triplefrom

line with

the child

increases

the

of

three

neck

tripled,and

little above

neck

as

ultimatelyattain to,
parts is

the

The

further

The

face grow

measurements

parts of the body increase

are

until about

the time

At

is

of

antero-posteriordiameter

doubled

parts of the

lower

all the horizontal

the measurements

quadrupled.

the

The

height.

height

other

life.

and

puberty.

The

growth

those

of

The

"

is at

rapid growth

of

years

the upper,

less than

develop

EDUCATION.

the third

The

in both

year,

length of

the differences

life and

the

five times

the

in' the total

sexes

forms

EFFECTS

GENERAL
the 0.15

from

the age

of ten

Before

that

1"illows.

from

be

length of

measured

circumference

determining
of

system
well-known

the

work,

be

may

the chin raise!, the

1

X.
the

B,

This

day, and
:/

\.
the

1'..

Chest.

"

out

Care

1 1"'
must

passe

1 aroun

ragingappn

measure

be

inches

the arms,

in

inches,of

the

if

43

and

the

the calf of

of

the

the following

body

and

in

given

her,the
to

square

knees

his

!-i.

the front, the

always

he

taken

the

at

heels,

ti:n

same

li^!a shoes, flannel trousers,flannel shirt

the

at

npwai

singlem

i-

the
".

arms

straight.

nipple.
nsion dur-

taken

the above

line is the

respiratoryapadty; but when

primaryimportance(as in rowis

the

time of

same

best in the line of the

army,

01

but with
position ,.f attention,

The

the bai ds held

the

alws

win. h woul

muscular and

recruits in

as

about

and

inches

13

25

same

the standard.

it..!,shoul

breast.

of
i

knee

be about

24

Maclaren

sboalden

the latter
.ken

"

In

be the

taken that the chest is not inflated

rdinarybreathing. Where

Is of
quality

The

Measurements.

circumstance

any

palms

just

should
repeated,

Over the jerseyOr naked

boul
l'.

i. c,

when
to

chest

ol bodilyexertion.

imount

with reference

own

measure

should

measure

Mr.

by

Steady,the

working costume,

extes
horizontally

X.

held

the

the head.

development

advised

1..

rhis measurement,

day, and

and

touchingthe pillarof

after
In

"

bead

should

under

position""f attention,the

"

she

her

to

8 inches.

growth

System of
Height (withoutboots). The

should

thigh should

followed

equal

as

extended

'th, and

head

The

of

measurements,

given

arms

fingershould

arm

of

rate

be

top of

been

the

foot

if measured

of the ankle

the head.

the heel.

and

upper
the

With

height should

the chest

The

leg 14JJ inches,and

In

of this

around

the

the middle

to

about

perfect female

have

statues

ground

of the chest.

woman

them.

The

6.

inches

over

perineum

the middle

to

Greek

to

only

height of

proportions of

the

to

It is

after it the shorter.

this, the

perineum

elbow

the

to

five inches.

r'uth of

the

the

the foot.

waist,34

the

between

from

the elbow

the

equal

finger-tipshould

perineum

from

midway

distance

The

finger-tipto

her

measures

is

relative

be five feet

25

the individual.

sculptorsfrom

be

EXERCISE.

longer,and

The

"

should

From

th.

t she

should

hand

the

is the

modern

height will

The

diameter

wrist

foot

Form.

by

Her

ht.

the

length of

the head

period

measurement

from

height of

that the

deduced

as

the

of the total

pe7-fectFemale

The
form

0.16

to

OF

the ninth

rib.
-

ere

t,

with

the

arms

banging

GENERAL
is diminished

of the blood
of

state

to

general

more
"

well said that

exercise
in

makes

function

muscular

size,both

there

among

is lessened

in amount,

that

is

concerned

product-,cf

combustion.

There

The

is

limit,of

extent

contractile

force

those

muscular

act

of

which

that

enditure of

be

to

'I his

but

and
from

One

the minimum

"

As

more,

only upon
1

tin- muscular
Ins

amount

an

he

find-

increase

with which

the

in

of force.

the

muscles

enables

the

actual

acquires

estranged,

nervous

sys-

saving

and

easier

act

in the

cortex.

the

and
the

vidual
indi-

an

of
strength

attain

with

trainingis

on,

goes

concerned

to

; the

the brain"

individual, which

him

; he

in

performed with

were

becomes

the work

experienceof

and
strength,

the

muscular

time

; the

involved

in the cerebral

and

in

effected

and

there is

in

when

current

hitherto

this way

which

takes

conditions

in
organically
registered

of automatism.
possibilities

greater e

mispUu in-

the spinal cord

feature

md

upon

Acts

conspicuous

tin-

in

electric

complex
In

ease.

waste.

contraction

athlete

an

been

automatic,and

become

of

improved

were

waste

improvement

the circumstances

under

such

exercised
to

complete

the

be said to have

with

out

muscles

the individual is augmented

which

become

difficult.

depends, not
upon

may

and

other

of

size,commence

under
and

the structure

superabundant

an

fat

tissue

material

no

muscles, and

speedy

placed

are

movements

active force

increase in the
1

act

rise to

that the muscles

its utmost,

which

will

Complicated movements
cease

the

The

the connective

by

but

concerned,

are

freed, moreover,

certain

great expenditureof force.

by conscious

effort and

to

ultimatelycarried

ia Baved

out

possessed by

causing muscles,

are
difficulty

giving

of

increased

muscle

muscular.

hampered

increased,and

insure

pointed

reflex

so

of

growth

is

than

It is

extraordinary force

of co-ordination

in concert,

the

the muscle

developed

of

performance

to

that muscular

strengthened, and

are

movement.

capable

are

course,

with
is

sense

the art of
to

as

It has been

training contract

ver

it is certain

minimum,

that it is

actual

conditions

of its fibres.

to

will,after attaininga

an

great

place in

the

in

system, it has

parts

is other

as

aponeurotic parts

in

substances

too

muscle

muscular

its individual

as

tissue

amended

so

nitrogenous

to

in

is the exercised

only

is reduced

its meshes

the muscle

Not

it such

the

structure,"and

far

as

the

concerning

matters

makes

and

from

contained

than

27

is formed

Heat

proportion.

tissue.

whole

as

is eliminated

of

in

EXERCISE.

activity.

Turning
been

OF

EFFECTS

the p

in coordination

prevents him

desired

end

with

PHYSICAL

aS

who

He

is

beginning

of the instructor
arms

loose !

go

muscles

in

"

against their antagonists.

His

in

but

element

fatigueis

of

the

in

Nothing

acquires the
does

the

will

movements
to

the

the

using

exhaust

which

he

muscles

remarkable

more

education.

his

with

individual

whose

limb, so

elaborated

spinalcord

be

The

well-trained

is

memory

great

one

with

of force

athlete,moreover,

the

greatest economy.

his immediate

to

with

individual
the

and

are

probably

common

better
and

he learns to

needs, and

the

he

muscles

other

and

in

certain

use
intelligent

control,are

nerve

that those

elaborate

more

parts of his brain, than

of the cerebral

cortex

Just

the

has

certain

as

ganization
or-

after the removal

wastes

parts become

hypertrophied

and

question is unusuallyemployed.
Sir Crichton

variations

instances

"which

Browne,

in the

development

have

who

those

to

been

the outward

of the motor

suffer and

His

precise,and

movements

capable

not
are

of the

only

centres

witness
of

by timely drill and

physicallypossesses

his muscles.

who

them,

some

of

discipline."
complete

but

under

powerful,are

finest and

and

antics which

neglected education

abolished

between

notice

we

but

expression,are

the effects of

well trained

of

nerves,

stammerings, grimacings,twitchings,and

might

has been

the whole

disuse,so

ercise.
improved by systematicexstructurally

developed

of

annoying, alike

in many

centres, and
who

is

with

waste

in deportment, gait and

brain,and

so

and

use

inferred

the limb

signs of

absolute

rately
delibe-

the economy

system is imperfectlyformed.

spinalcord

it may

man

are

an

has

man

writes
differences,"

of the

He

with

muscular

when

and

those

his

of the

segment

visible

centres, and

into co-ordination

in movement

athletic

of

man

itself.

of

set

first very

at

your

one

needlesslyvigorous breathing ;

his thorax

increase

concerned
The

"The

balance

to

than

respiratorymuscles

himself

of

muscles

apparatus

"Let

employs.

Just as

of

comment

stiff!"

are

muscular

preciselyregulatehis respiratorymovements
brings

constant

so

concern

fencing,

as

removed.

muscular

of

keep

yet learnt how

ceases

in

and

physicaltrainingis

art

not

time

spinal cord

results from

stiffly.The

moves

not

beginner

The

in

He

he

exercise,such

physical exercises is,"Don't

developed

which

feel that

has

planned,

muscular

practice any

to

rowing, will

bicycling,or

EDUCATION.

elaborate

most

adjustment.
The
power
least

art

in

of

the

athlete

in

consists,not

effectinga movement,

possible expenditure of

but
force.

in

employing

carrying out

The

tyro

at

the
that

greatest

amount

with

movement

cycling will

use

an

amount

of
the

GENERAL

of muscular
rider

force in

3. The

Effect

It is needless

regulate it
body

work

in this

and

without

of

and

action

its

It follows that

raised

at

of

there

is

the

heat

make

can

with

of

in the

be

must

b)

i-je.ted

the

body

urea,

in

one

an

the

be

tissues.

certain

Fat is the

quired
ac-

before

also that

winter, and

Id.
chemical

not

changesin

oxidaexclusively,

noxious

to

of which
life ami

through1
retention

ej

of

yet

animal

in

man

preliminary

pointed out
than

his work."

to

angry

summer

another

ubje"t
iver, to

n,

an

not

the

has

that there

dissimilation,
examples

or

in di

Mu*
which

in

race,

acid, etc.,are

wiv

producedby
with

have

mostly,but

uric

about
is able

say of

We

yet warmed

It may

of

the

heat

well known

so

of

movements

are

seems

at

when

ease

smporarily
paralyzedb)

irbon dio\idc,
from

and

before

locomotive.

which

into

that

muscles

movements

he has not

productsof combustion,or
ifforded

ascertained

speech.

common

body depends upon

ora

muscle

this temperature

at

fact is

skill whose

the strange

ology
Physi-

in muscular

heated

vigor

This

precision,that

itingup

"

acts

of all his force.

more

it in

express

action b"

certain
tissues,

is

occur

heat

"The

on

human

by

use

the preliminarycanter

produced

heat

causes

been

are

greater aptitude fur bodily exercises

that muscular
The

once

It has

muscles

strengthor

and
fight,

the he

that the
can

the

aptitude for coming

of the will.

of the muscles.

author compares

to
attack,

which
in

in which

"Heat
an

is exhibited

performed

all their force and

an

the

say that

contraction

in his work

least

force.

whose

phrases to

exercise

beginning an

latent

man

is

the temperature

characteristic

are

conditions

only to

precise manner

at

the influence

contraction

quickly,and

bodily exercise

the

muscular

Lagrange,

contraction,or

sense,

400 C.

"

with

it is believed

3 7 ), observes

(page

quickly under

more

No

of the

Generally.

subjectof bodily heat,with

It is necessary

disposal.

Exercise"

stored, in

Organs

and

employed,

this matter, Dr.

aptitude for

act

experienced

an

carry

it contract, littleis known.

makes

maximum

to

the

always associated,and

first stage of

more

have

to

and

developed

are

upon

Bodily

fibres the

deal with

the effect of the work.

not

Commenting

probably

Tissues

the

production of heat,but

the

muscle

upon

it is

heat

Upon

place to

attend

and

the cause, and

Exercise

of

in which

manner

would

29

miles.

twenty

some

mile which

ridinga

EXERCISE.

OF

EFFECTS

y of
of these

Eatig

remove

type of

any
what

accumulation
are

known

of fat
as

the

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

So
tissues.

reserve

with

It

remarkable

combustible

most

who

man

Fat would
lends

itself

individual

products of

Fatigue)

chapter on
body, by

his feeble

obstacles

offered

his
A

fat

also

fat.

trainingloses

stronger, his muscles

The

known

fat

It

here

may

is

abdomen

who

waterman

corpulent

and

he

comes,
be-

products (see
weight of

his

in

As

rowing

of his movements.

he becomes

thinner

is less breathless
in time

finds that

reach

comes
be-

he

exertion,less

on

that excellent

state

up

which

the limbs

disappear,and

which

largeabdomen,

are

is

terrible

so

age.

deposit of
of

of the abdominal

keeps

readily

extent, by the mechanical

of fat within

certain amount

advancing

age, and

by
prevented by exercise,and especially

the contraction
a

the

accompaniment

common

best be

can

probably be

said that the

be

of these

limbs,especiallyfrom

athletes of middle

trial to would-be

cesses.
pro-

most

in excess,

of all the internal accumulations

Last

the last feature to go will

a

the

disappearsfirst from

employed.
particularly

which

one

the unnecessary

some

his fat.

may

The

fatigued.

and

result is that in the

by

condition."

"good

as

the

obstacle in the way

and
fatiguedafter long-continuedeffort,
of health

breathless

corpulent man

better,he

act

inconvenience.

no

produced

possibly,to
of

fuel of

as

structural part of the

the accumulation

actual mechanical

in

The

are

hampered

collections

is an

when

man

is

muscles, and

by

largeabdomen

poisoned by

regarded

great series of combustion

changes.

dissimilation

He

with

of all substances

for such

be

becomes

soon

involves

be

to

appear

certain sense,

finds that he

similatio
; it undergoes dis-

permanent

no

effected
limits,

exertion

material

as

the

in

is,within

muscular

therefore

may

fat forms

As

takes exercise

unwonted

His

and

ease,

character.

organism, its removal

fat

the part of fuel for combustion

serves

muscles.

such

that its formation

exercise

It is exceedinglyrare

good styleof rowing present

an

the

as

to

volves
insee

unduly prominent

abdomen.
tends

Exercise,moreover,
soft parts become

The

of

he

when
prize-fighter

of the nutritive
becomes
The

activityof

thinner,harder
thin and

training.

He

that he

spare
feels

is in
the

and

man,

moderate

no

the condition

man

in

blow

will raise

body

is

improved.

and

The

the other

weight.

The

when

said to be

bruise upon

generally.

stout

aged,
dam-

"hard,"

the person

generalstandard
and

flabbyman

training.
hand,

better,eats better,and

gains flesh

trainingis

perfect"condition."

firmer under
on

of the tissues

less easilybruised
resistant,

firmer,more

that

it is well known
a

improve

in all respects sounder.

and
and

to

often

his powers

becomes

stouter

of nutrition

are

under
so

proved
im-

EFFECTS

GENERAL
Thus

training may

both

and

absolutelydifferent
which

the

into

leads

healthy stimulation
The

need

of the various
is felt

be
As

regarded

the action

as

of the heart

of increase

becomes

red

is much

increased.

with

it accelerates

by

gain it,

the process

system

and

to

in the

Its action

introduced

and
respiration,

of the

two

of dissimilation,

of oxygen

amount

thin

the

thanks
assimilation,

by

the

body.

people, who

dissimulate enough.

not

in

materials."

active organs
much

to

assimilate

Exercise

too

fore
there-

may

great regulatorof nutrition.

flow of blood

exercise,the
amount

do

of

the process

circulation

as

another

and

produces

increased

the

3*

change.

of certain

improved

as
little,
by fat people, who

weight

it, Exercise

upon

for exercise

lose

"

and
tissues,

the

by

EXERCISE.

for the

it increases

depends

system

better

the destruction

to

direction
the

effects

body gains new

which
former

and

to

man

well expresses

Lagrange

"r.

one

healthier

look

to

cause

OF

is from
the blood
The

rapidly increases

through
ten

to

in force and

all parts of the

thirtybeats, but

contained
of

amount

is increased.

body

it may

frequency during

be

The

more.

in the full

and
capillaries,

fluid which

\s lost by

The
skin

perspiration

the skin is very

considerable.
The

digestiveapparatus is

stimulated

appetiteimproves, digestion is
the circulation
Muscular
have

beneficial

strengthened by

complete, absorption

more

liver is

vigorous and

more

exercises,especiallysuch

very
and

through the

and

effect upon

as

the

relievingsuch constipation as

employ

exercise.

The

rapid,and

more

even.

the muscles

of the

abdomen,

ments
movebowels, promoting peristaltic

depends

upon

the

torpidityof

the

elimination

of

intestine.
One
carbon.

other

This

tenkofer and

conspicuous effect

of

exercise

is the increased

is elirointted mainly by the lungs. The

Voit

give the followingresults :

"

observations

of

l'et-

PHYSICAL

32

is demonstrated

It

place in

that

the muscles.

elimination

As,

With

considerable

from

the amount

"

words

On

certainlyto

influence

limits,and
; while

points rather
"It
would
of

food.

of the urine

uric acid

been

acid

other

4.

from

an

the

from

subject

acid

of the urine

by

but

Nothing

within
the

succeeding

certain,

not

taking exercise

certain,as
take

do

the

upon

is not

urea

also

matter

genous
nitro-

more

kidneys

much

"The

exact

The

apparently the pigment

and
as

; the

is moderately increased ;
are

of the

amount

is known

of

changed.

; the chlorides

of soda

certain

is

often lessens in consequence

is increased

excess

work

sulphuricacid

the skin ; the

greater

kidneys, but

of rest

it is

of exercise

The

; the

effect of exercise

lessened

bases

has

is eliminated

potash

on

not

than

hippuric acid, sugar,

to

or

substances."

The

Effect

have

We

Exercise

of

already noted

of

the

limbs.

symmetrical figureand
body

and

muscular

system

Under

proper

loutish

boy

ceases

of the
Such

bearing

of the

has been

body,

the size of the

upon

gracefulcarriage.

head

and

shoulders

look

There

which

mark

the proportions

upright

an

is

the

upon

swing

and

about

those whose

fullydeveloped.

trainingthe shufflingand
to

have

chest,and

give

can

Comfort.

and

systematictrainingmay

training,moreover,

easy and

an

Comeliness

Personal

upon

the effect

growth and development

the

avoid

of the

persons

food, and

exertion,so

augmented

well-fed

of sodium

the skin.

after great

magnesia.

or

to

animals."

the action

up

the chloride

is not

determined,

of lime

of

nitrogen.

laborious

also with

case

sums

of the outflow

account

ficient
suf-

condition

nitrogen

evidence, though

of

facts that
the

period

the

period

undergoing

is the

passage

free carbonic

the

of

the

nitrogen by

is in the

nitrogen in

persons

and

increases

phosphoric

be lessened

correctly,the

the elimination

these

little more

thus

of

the exercise

from

This

the increased

his careful examination

of increase

lesseningof

experience, that

water

in the food

the facts

the elimination

appear

Parkes

needful,in

it is

the elimination

concludes

stated

the time

require a

Dr.

I have

during

to

would

for

clearlynecessary

"

whole, if

exercise

acid takes

the

various

body,

question of

body during exercise,Parkes

in these

is

of carbonic

in the tissues.

the vexed

to

the

of carbon

of that element

regard

formation

exercise

moreover,

of carbon

prolonged rest, that

accumulation

EDUCATION.

loutish,and

the

shambling gait disappears, the

gawky girl no

longer excites

com-

EFFECTS

GENERAL
ment

rounded

become

shoulders

EXERCISE.

OF

and

square,

33

backs

bending

made

are

straight.
The
has

far

athlete,so

reached

the full and

has been

education

and

body

of

but

it

these

the other
the

by

of

beauty

that

been

the

free from

in

woman

exquisiteoutline.

an

the

limb.

beneath

female

many

The

and
of

arm

conspicuous prominences
unnatural

as

as

dition
perfectphysicalcon-

the contour

gracefulconfigurationof
layer of

monotonous

skeleton

It presents

The

the

has reached

fat.

meaningless and

as

of

arm

hidden

of

right arm

is

of

deposits
and

physical

physical perfection as
fullyformed

upon

concerned,

are

girlwhose

the

of

point

upon

move

and
individuality,

an

The

hand,

muscles

has not

muscles
has

arm

not

and

man,

is rounded

lifeless.

flabby and

has, on

given

her

the elbow, but the outline

about

body depends

the

ill-developedwoman

the part is

of

reaches

perfectlydeveloped muscles, and

plump

personal equation

his

perfect stature

complete

beauty

The

woman.

his

as

perfectionof

violinists is

its

fat.

The

growth.

The

of

matter

common

comment.

Unfortunately there
trying feature

in

the

of muscle

masses

skeleton

become

of

spectacle
"

In the neck

trainingare
lad

They
A

and

of

contour

who

such

the upper

thorax, and yet

of the

if these

are

If

of

chest

they

elbow.

There

the

on

and

even

most

the details of

are,

are

the

contrary,

graceful. The

is
ill-developed,

an

pleasant
un-

limb.
the effects of

The

long turkey-likeneck

the

ill-nurtured

woman

phj

sound

of the ill-developed

enough.

familiar

are

disfigurements.

givesto

cannot

be

met

the human
with

quiteneglected.There
at

the

wasted

is also

human

joints,and

bony

becomes

part of the chest

neck

unnecessary

been

has

is

the elbow

burlesque of

thorax
perfectly-shaped
and

woman

only thin,but

is not

it is

scraggy

both

are

and

elbow,

conspicuous.

very

the

and

the

fat about

unpleasantlyconspicuous.

individual

an

comparatively little

feeblydeveloped

about

well-developed,the
arm

is

the present

day

it

\-

those

among
is

mel

figureits

on

cation
physicaledu-

whose

little excuse

with

feature,
striking

most

for

ill-formed

an

all sides and

in all classes

The

spinous

processes

formed

by the

community.
back

of the

the

is characteristic.
ill-developed

instead of

being

rtebral
nodulated

ridge.

muscular]

sunk

mi

back looks

Tin1

about

it.

in

median

tnd out

groove

in the form

wasted,and
feeble,
lifeless,
It look-, poor,

and

yet

it

of

two

irregular

an

there
must

of

be

is an air
owned

EFFECTS

GENERAL
in the open,

flow of blood
of the

state

the skin.

degree

is

They

"stir out

house," and

the wan,

who

crawl

those

who

sounder

evident

once

the

orous
vig-

more

actuallyto

is at

improvement

carriage,of

with

contrast

of the

coursing of

brightnessand vivacityof

certain

such

35

it leads

integuments ;

of self-assertion in the

condition.
never

the

through

general health,and

There

the

and
deeper respiration,

freer and

EXERCISE.

OF

look,and

upon
a

tain
cer-

in sound

are

ical
physwho

hopeless-lookingcreatures
life in

through

semi-apologetic

manner.

of

In the matter

the human

influence

the excitement

outdoor

and

fresh and

morning,

irresistible
his

quicken
who

man

rampant

carried

are

out

eats

one

from

recreations

and

attend

the

so

many

wakes

lungs and

fill his

the fatigue that

has taken

and
he

air and

open

in the

up

probably feels

he

time

summer

Even

who

There

vigorousactivity,
quite apart

if it be the
into

pleasurecan

perfecthealth.

perfectphysicalcondition

well

normally,and

on

of

his muscles.

move

good condition,and

pleasurable. Such
body

and

dash

impulse to

is in

is in

of pure

sense

results from

which

enjoyment

lad who

pulse and

and

movement

mental

The

sports.

greater

no

than that which

mind

gloriousdelightof

is the

an

personalcomfort

over

comes

long spellat exercise,is

digestswell

; the

delight of

its full the

experiences to

of his

functions

living.
The
misses
a

takes

youth who

of the

least one-half

at

exercise,who

no

comparativelyshort

life.

He

enjoyments
is

dull

and
subjectof headaches, constipation,
in the morning, and

not

and

his weariness

is poor, and

sleep of
The

is

in the

painful.

often

he

companion

who

very

place of
His

has

honest

an

available

are

minor

many

home

to

man

can

him

ills. To

fatiguehe

ph) ri"J enjoyments

cricket match,

to

in the open

expedition,or

long

air, to

to

during

"fidgets"
circulation

and
across

run

profound
country.

in life usuallygo

some

some

joy cometh

has the

the easy

envy

after

books,

dyspeptic probably,the

recollections
pleasantest

ba" k to certain

river

which

his

over

appetiteis feeble possibly,his

come

the

always poring

creature,

sleepsbadly,and

simplest,the purest, and

some

is

walking tour

great day

upon

or

the

moors.

When
more
un"

sudden

l"w

01

ertain of

tig

:e.

exercise is forced

unable to

it ; he becomes

meet

Is 1 lumsy and
himself,
1

)f such

person

1.

I hat

the

upon

the

it cannot

tlii-.
in bim

was

undeveloped individual, he

is
breathless,
violently,
perspires

subsequenlvictim
be

the

is

said

"

peculiar
gn

be learned bow to Bve.

before living

of

painfuldegree

PHYSICAL

36
5. The

Mental

body improves

aid to cerebral
and

physicalstrain

the

By organizing in
the powers
varied

It

find

in the

pursuit of

energiesof

Such
be

more

of another

congenial

part of the

of

Lagrange,

work.

owing

The

better
failing,

will

to

not

which

was

at

is

better

no

With

many

They

rest.

no

of their

rendering

muscles,
dormant

engrossing employment

from

seeking rest

as

and

apparatus,

will and

of
the

to

whose

his

estate

at

the

kept

to

hours

in the garden.

At

excelled

the

results of

study."

others

P. for

M.

Ruddington

general progress
The

the

for half of these

time

school

very

made
then

was

ordinary school
only, the

the end
in

rest

work

every

and

respect

the
"

("Health Exhibition

in

must

languishes
which
cells.

torpid cerebral

for

an

exercise

acrobatic

examination, for
of

rowing, and
games

boys, and

divided

into two

he

village
He

time

being

was

provided

sections,one

ordinary hours, the

for the

"

gymnastics."

tried in the

the

gested
con-

are

interestingexperiment.
by

riding

co-ordination

Nottingham,

of the school

of the term

brain

prisoners'base, running

difficult exercises

one

in

nerve-centres

preparing

leap-frogand

lessons

whose

the work

person

effort in

work

mental

automaticallyperformed.

are

with

school, for

of

than

Paget, at

large garden.

is

in

an

give a salutarystimulus

the old game

satisfied with

them

by

and

considerable

There

pleasurable use

system

large

of the will.

water

prescribe long walks, the easilylearnt

Charles
on

the

all those idle persons

"to

persistentmental

anything, in fact,rather

school

in

renders

sport, and

in when

effort of

demand

must

"Mr.

outdoor

possible,such

as

child overworked

we

for the

by elaborating

bodily exercise.

into

in the

nervous

indulged

are

far

Dr.

these exercises
a

and

employment.

stones

fencing,gymnastics

school,"writes

such

repose

as

so

"Prescribe

for

complete

and

part.

simple, and

But

of

well-selected

throw

some

work

movements,

of the direct action

change
than

an

physicalstrength,

for mental

brain-work

actual

and

one

exercises

for want

beach

the

is therefore

by establishingautomatism

saves

work

the health and

series of muscular

admirable

mental

severe

brain,and

circulation

concentration.

independent

an

would

the

the brain

by stimulatingthe

the individual

mental

upon

Exercise.

of

of the

improves

capabilityof

actions,it

lie upon

to

circulation

co-ordination,and

offers,
too,

men

the
It

of movements

from

rest

of

series of

number

also

incident

Effects

systematic exercise

movements.

increases

so

Moral

and

Moderate, regular,and
of the

EDUCATION.

devoted

for
of

other

to

work

half-time,or gardening boys, had

conduct,

Manuals,"

in

vol.

diligence,and
xi.,p. 327.)

in

the

EFEECTS

GENERAL
There

must

and

"all work

Jack

be

no

play

stillduller

excessive

An

bad.

makes

Jack

make

to

the

individual

time, opportunity,nor

brain.

Under

successful

many

of
The

certain

the actual

nce

value
the

of

where

the

no

to
fair,

man

who

in

by,

gone

in his

to

of his

stunted

and

only

intense

if

animal

an

competition

ings
recognized bless-

by

in later

other

than

lads and

men

may

hard

have

which

have

learnt
selfof

the

appreciated

of
feltthe inspiration

the

influences

learnt what

of

good
be

it is to

true.

pulled

pressedin
his

strut

"us

behind

football field must

thingof

those

most
al-

ready,to be quick
have

may

have

the lad who

of the

something

endurance, and

learnt to be

may

in outdoor

learnt

than

life finds himself in

die cheers

much

so

merely develop,

means

courage,

They

be

to

experienced ''player" at

Such

to

are

enthusiasts

experienced

would

him

have

in

than

racing

givenheart

the turmoil of actual

mate

wish

that lie is

and

war,

"a

to

to

man

g lie."
rt

ii:i moral

effect

also which
remost

be

the

They

have

which

collegeeight has

probably

and
unselfish,

be

those

tends

designatedas "manly."

demand.

and

training,li
I

become

to

for the late

well

ideship.They

ries and

in

you

development

of the animal.

more

of self-control.

desperatetoldier when

by

afford

to

attributes

notably

judgment.

racioUS
stand

undoubtedly

not

player has done

man}'

makes

develops

cramming

improved

better by his side than

"

of

tends

are

have

prompt

be

'I he

"

lad

slidingseat, and

acquired. They

to

one

the

principlesof pluck,

and lo)
fellowship

for

body

is

animal, and

an

for the

the

are

rowed

has

the

and
discipline

Many

of

who

of the game

chivalryof days

ent,

much

in those

out

has been

game

hand, and

and

eye

who

manoeuvres

arc

work

no

physicalexercises

Providence

which

and

football

mysteriesof

school

in

and
qualities,

brought

man

outdoor

any

play and

Just as

properly arranged pursuitof physical exercise

The

games.

the

all

so

emotional

days

thank

to

admirable

muscles, the

beyond

in

has

man

qualitiesare

sports and

in these

Englishmen,

prizedamong
These

early,and

hand,

systematic and

develop

physicalwork.

youth.

idle

an

and

conditions

even

of the intellectual and

the other

on
Still,

his

circumstances

such

some

boy,"

too

suitable

practicebe commenced

look, but

dull

absorbing indulgence

neither

the

of mental

37

boy.

and

It tends

distribution

proper

EXERCISE.

OF

more

open,

more

sound

in athletic exercises will

more
straightforward,

p!

probably

simple,and

PHYSICAL

38
wholesome-minded

Cathcart

Mr.
this
of

than

point well

the

lad who

in

boys intellectually,
physically and
"The

who

boys
free from

are

think

sexual

work

hard

and

be

safely said

hypochondriac,

athletics and

outdoor

from

is

hard

that
be

to

never

certain

head-master

not

fasten

that

found

head- masters

writes

"The

loafers,"and

the

are

do

evils that often

the insidious

it may

he quotes

morally,

play

the pastrycook's.

(Edinburgh, 1884,) brings

One

England.

loafing at

Lectures"

in the evidence

schools

his time

spends

in his "Health

forward

large public

EDUCATION.

worst

another

the vices of men,

ape

and

unoccupied boyhood."

on

miserable

creature, the

those

among

who

juvenile

foremost

are

at

games.
FATIGUE.

This

subjectwill

be

Muscular

2.

considered

Fatigue ;

breathlessness
has received

character

has
dealt very
be both

and

One

who

has

which

sense

increases

with

his

as

legs are

each

and
irregular,
minutes
to

to

have

way.

but

It is his chest

phenomenon.

for three

breath."
run

The

He

up
more

which

times
can

two

row

the

has

the

is out

of

He

; he

run

time

for ten

used

same

miles

athletic the man,

he

rests

The

man

As

way.
his

legs,but

him.
man

This

the

without

stairs without

constitutes

run,

his

arms

yet he

He

movements

for many

"blown,"
not

given

remarkable
with

is not

bells
dumb"out

being inconvenienced, but

being

the better condition

rendered
of

find

yards,

him.

have
the

chest,

to

more

arrests

legs

his

begins

is said to be
his

feels

soon

he continues

exercise

can

occupied by

of steep
flights

training,

become

many

of suffocation

sense

beat.

failed

The

familiar

are

uncertain, his face haggard, his

has

He

throbs

to

appears

oppression in

feels that he could

troubled

same

his wind."

"lost

feature of the

cannot

in the

of

sense

LTis head

step.

he stops at last dead

breathe

terrible

; he

staggers along, his steps become

age, who

grange
La-

already made,

pants, his respiratorymovements

of

concerned,

been

theory which

certain

physiologists.Dr.

certain distance.

of

of breathlessness

of middle

running

he

aware

strengthis failinghim

that his
far

he is

Fatigue.

exercises

has

allusion

phenomena
man

the task of

breathing;

irregular;

jerky and

so

in his

picture a

of

explainsit by

The
satisfactory.

himself

ness;
Breathless-

1.

General

upon

the hands

at

which

to

subject,and

to

Stiffness ; 4.

familiar attendant

work,

the

has but
set

is

following heads:

Breathlessness.

but littlenotice

recent

fullywith

embarrassed

his

in

sound

enough.
and

which

the

Muscular

3.

1.

The

under

of
he

less.
quite breath-

traininghe

is

in,the

FATIGUE.

practicehe

more

when

athlete,even

Breathlessness
the
need.

The
of its

one

This

is

The

blood.

and

employed,
the

the

Running
lower

involves

rowing, where

muscles

in

Further, the

forming
of

given

work

ratio

direct

it must

the

of

before

The

eliminating power

active

muscles

other

band, the

they

will be able

of

the

for work

will exceed

this time
It

are

very

exceed

in

of

very

work

poured

the

fatigueis
the

into

done,
blood.
of

If, on

the
the

powerful,

large quantityof work,

of carbonic
the

group

the

very

in

muscles

small

breathlessness.

they do.

has been

and

of

group

for work

power

numerous

very

largedose

eliminatingpower

"

he

is

slowed

down

until

acid.

lungB.

Their

power

Breatl

will

does not

suffice to

horse

than

an

with its lungs." The

illops

the animal

however
trotting.Nevertheless,

quickly pump"

slow

falls

the

behind

gallopma)

equallyrapid trot.

produce breathlessness

another

be, it

Swiftness of

unless combined

with

ort.

mi

breathl

with its1

trots

"

of
intensity
In

the

b(

horse which

movement

been

being fatigued to perform

is said thai

more

has

by

"The

precede fatigue."

opofa

will

is localized

the

moderate

less.

size of

largequantity of

lungs will

does

of work

and

is in

forming

do without

to

of

given time.

is much

amount

is able

acid

in action

before

the

fatigue will precede

consequently to produce

and

time

spicuous
con-

muscles

exercise

in

than

quicker

is the amount

of muscles

the number

exercise

of carbonic

muscular

is,to

before

ensue

large dose

and

that

larger the

Lagrange, "produced

of muscles

group

It is

during

mass

given

to

body by

that the muscles

demanded

of the great

proportion

If,then, an

muscles, fatiguewill

force

breathlessness

is in

of the

action,the greater

in

respiratory

work.

The

body.

expenditure

Dr.

the

remembered

breathlessness

power,

this group.

be

expenditure in

time

muscular

intensityof

acid," writes

of

dioxide

dioxide.

by

entire

their

vigorous

which
the

to

the

of

of carbon

increase

fect
per-

if he tries.

phenomenon

excess

carbon

"

the

most

"

out

auto-intoxication

as

and

the muscular
carbonic

of

work,

It induces

quantity of

an

produced

rapid contractions

extremities.

to

is

The
to

leads

acid

more

proportion

an

spoken

weight

produced.

gas

direct

the

to

of dissimilation

of such

least half

at

be

of carbonic

excess

due

but the

himself

"pump

soon

dyspnoea

this gas

may

products

own

prime, can

of
of

condition

he becomes

less breathless

followingexplanation of

form

excess

product
form

in his

offers the

Lagrange

Dr.

had, the

has

39

i-.QOt

inspirationwhich

i^

but expiration.
difficult,

In

PHYSICAL

4o

EDUCATION.

running, inspirationis free,easy, deep,

on
latter,

the other

It is stated

that in

"

changes

The

and

sitting.

1.65

"

"

while

running.

of breathlessness
and

active

by

long

as

is
thorax

the

as

becomes

current

the

and

to

with

to

the

in

size

slower

of

and

lungs.

velocityof

the

thorax

breathless
the

during

irresistible

impulse

say that the

lungs of

to

exercises

blood

the

the

for their
The

current.

by

current

force

; hence

the

on

other

this

hand,

of

engorged.

the

as

blood

fort
the discom-

Hence

repetition of

ment
move-

the

expiratory movement,

prompt

current

capillaries.This aspiration

lungs more

the

"

blood

these

continues

man

is great need

the

the over-filled
of

of the

In

there

activity of

the

followingwords

quickening

the

in the circulation

lungs resultingtherefrom.

in the

blood, and

the

empty

enlargement

diminishing

is

is the

congestion

disturbances

of the

Lagrange

exercise

inspirationincreases

assistance

an

Dr.

by increasing

tends

certain

are

engorgement

some

discussed

aspirationwhich
lasts

during sleep.

"

quickly engorged

of

by respiration:

while

disembarrasment
movement

time

given

1.60

are

very

painful.

"

consequent

lungs are

acid

expiration. The

as

"

first result of violent

discharged in

long

as

"

of the blood
These

is

of carbonic

gramme

causes

accessory

times

and
short,insufficient,

there

man

0.35

As

is

hand,

three

the

inspiratory

movement."
"

We

may

different needs.

On

the other

products

necessary

which
Dr.

and

Lagrange

divides

has

in his

In the

firststage
The

in extent.

working
a

of

time

with

words
the

demands

the

lungs,which

his resistance

to

this

two

acid

and

long expirationwould

short

to

return

from

be

vascular

inspiration,

to

lungs."
into three

subject,the

stages, and

matter

as

he

is the
better

be

cannot

only
cussed
dis-

"

production of

which

which

the

between

carbonic

out

free themselves

to

cut

placed

are

drive

this

respiratorymovements

being greater,

energy

organism,

own

through

man

to

have

expiration is

breathlessness

fullydealt

have
for

hand, they

therefore

circulation

than

and

and
dissimilation,

helps the

writer who

"

of

hand, they

one

the other

but, on

engorgement,

the

the breathless

there
a

is

more

is

varies much

fatigue,and,

carbonic

are

acid

active

elimination

above

the

to

the

of

this

satisfythese

individual,with

all,with

in

increased,but

equilibrium between

an

powerful enough

with

is

increased

his power

his
of

frequency

the

needs
gas,
needs.

tory
respiraof the
and

the
ing
Dur-

with
constitution,

directinghis respir-

FATIGUE.
from

ation, gained

his

respiratoryeducation,these

and
greater vital activity,
sensation

no

sensation

which

of

the greater

to

In

of life without
"

we

have

we

must

keep

varies

reached
"

the
and

in

the
and

on

"

up

of the

clouds

the

;"

nningof
.due

ears,

! hej

the

But

thing
no-

this inoffensive
In

some

persons

discomfort

begins is

is

and

and

more

insufficient

free the

to

respirationbegin
is most

chest

by

there

is

the

in ideas.

All

the eyes, then

these

of

of carbonic

excess

murmurs

certain

acid.

due

are

were

In the

sensation,a

disturbances

in

body,

insufficient air.

bluntness

show

to

if it

feelingas

girdleof

certain

a
finally

ganism
or-

accentuated

rapidlygeneralizedthroughout

the

an

abundant,

more

is insufficient

between

occurs.

down

of

broken

They

the

to

indicate

ch

re

to

be

noticed,which

chest.

The

all seem

to

nostrils

be

efforts made

ire

the

arc

to draw

the mouth
dilated,

widelyopened

to

favor the

nts
conse-

greater

and

of

entrance

need.
lungsso greatly

breai less

exercise

to active

we

have

man

shows very

modifications.
striking

laid that there i

congestion. But in the

l.\

becomes

and of the
respiratory
distress,

color of

of

which

intoxiiation.

widelyopened.
which

duration

obscuringsight,sparks before

quantityof air into the

"The

bound

remarkable

""

tions.
conges-

inconvenience.

no

experienced,which

In

res

of the

"r

is

which

impressionsand

beginningof
In

cheerfulness,

limits within

of breathlessness.

lungs,which

effects of

head.

hi

animated

danger.

stage in which

acid,which

discomfort

weight,or

ringingin the
in

of

prolonged,the equilibriumis soon

period the

vague

ire

the

an

general

greater intensity

exercise,the

than

the

Respiratorydistress

notablyaffects the

confusion

the

be

precordial region,but

there

of

us

preface

others

of carbonic

In the second

head

the

of

resultingactive

causes

or

cause

may

has

has

seconds.

it.

of discomfort

individual

eliminatingpower

oppressed by

and

the

hour, in

an

production

themselves,a

work

sense,

If violent exercise

the

that

the

disturbance,

man

general aspect

exercise

reallysalutarydose

with

few

from
"

and

it is the stage in which

The

temples, and

the circulation

in order

as

the

activityof

is,in

long

as

of

the

functional

discomfort.

of

only symptoms

are

signs of

no

sparkling,and

more

period,which
it is

degree of

reaching the degree

Here

yet

as

eyes

word,

are

throbbing

some

flushed,his

appearance,
due

there

rises to the

warmth,

41

el)red color ha

"

second

don, more

At

the

color in the

period the picture

ind

wan

tint.

11

FATIGUE.
"

is of
respiration

At this time

both

periods are

two

The

is continued

short,jerky,occasionallyinterrupted:
and

athletic

An

reduce

the

these

man

of breathlessness

the trouble is

little. The

help be given the

develops the

soon

degree

is at first that

and

unnecessary

part

he

economically and
of condition
"second
In

of

breathes

in which

loss of

he

by

race

he

work,

and

is

that it

aware

adjustthe

can

wind."

it is

common

the

fact that

to

hear

he

has

ment,
move-

played

forces

his

culty
diffi-

He

possiblyhave
uses

to

as

excitement,sudden

contractions

his

He

his second

"

to

grave

be fatal."

may

possible.

getting

easily;

more

syncope

is

are

cise
exer-

regulatinghis breathingso

as

muscular

When

always stopped by

that in time

breathlessness

settles down

explain the

far

intense,and

extreme

then

of

art

as

speaks

runner

passed through a period of

some

limits it is almost

extreme

them

heart-beat is feeble and

The

hiccough.

with

and imperceptible.
small,irregular,

is

unless prompt

and

syncope,

pulse
to

different type to that of the last stage ; the

mingled swallowingmovements
intermittent.

43

more

out

man

got his

never

wind."
the art of

sprintrunning

point,and

to

sprintrunning is a

extent

some

controllingbreathlessness

reaches

of the

test

its

highest

respiratory
capacity

in this direction.

Muscular

2.

If

in sound

m;in

experiences,in
much

health hold

time

inconvenience
the

drop

limb.

which

"f extension,but
he continue

hold

to

muscles

The
The

termed

the muscles

againcontract,and
If the muscles

The
Il

againin

or

as

hand

is

animal

to be

sir

time

irnt

the limb

is

any stimulus

compelled

may

prolong

possibleeffort

no

t""

the
can

the
finally
of any

must

kind.

an

id
in

are

electric

be

current

muscles

elc" tri" current, theycon-

againand
time

ag tin. The

con*

ultimatelyabolished.

fatigue.

employed,
The

proper

dropped as helpless,the

subjectedto

of relative
be

lifted.

more

and
feebler,

lose their power.

until

by

he

hist

fatigued.

because, if

once

be

in the condition

current
current

an

soon

however, become

partsare
now

of

the

he

body

extremity.

relative

as

his

physicalcondition,so

utmost

when

itingtii--application
theyi ontt

"

the

out

his

to

the

comes

soon

question are said

in

fatigueis

appliedto

time

according

his will to

exercise

rightangles to

at

arm

involved that he is at

in the muscles

If he

his

out

varies

Fatigue.

tin- muscles

experiment
lea annot
"

can

be made

againcontract,
be continued
to contract

and
with

by any

fatigueof

Local

actual

The

i.

reached

have

They

which
and

long

functional

The

in certain

the

muscle, by

and

by

the

of

its local

explainedby

is

excited,
indefinitely

are

color is contemplated

one

definite

is modified

practice it

limits,and

in

strengthof

the

by

subjected to,

has been

concerned.

largely

concerned.

which

in

exhaustion

of

the

of

sensation

especially
special and

incessant

in

movements

movements

voluntary

the axiom

Lagrange lays down

of the cerebral

the intervention

This

involves

in these

that
Dr.

being equal, the

work

active

more

the exhaustion

parallelto

within

placed

the

the circumstance

is not

the muscular

dition
con-

of the individual.

absence

comparative

mechanism

the

they

complicated acts, the repetitionof

effort of the will.

nerve

is

exhaustion

exhaustion

definite

is

This

condition

to

chorea

muscle

condition,by

applies

The

is

This

time.

fatigue,nerve

In

is exhausted.

rays when

of the retina to certain

power

nerve

muscle

when

reflex acts

limit is reached.

fatiguethat

the

of

function

followingconditions

the

explainedby

dynamic exhaustion,"and

"

termed

is noticed

for too

is
or

the exhaustion

to

2.

muscle

fatigue.

of absolute

the state

power

has been

"

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

44

fatigueis

the

that,

intense

more

faculties demanded

by

the

exercise."

combustion

which,

of

dissimilation which

or

not

Dr.

Langrange,

that

shall

powerful stimulation,we
necessary
and

for
made

into

healthy muscle
inject into

in this animal
to

at
a

the

second

in

contains

fatiguewhich

frog this

phenomena

extract

of

of

this action

remain

Their

excess.

frog to

until

motionless

substance

of

rubbed
of

elements

the

in

tar
mor-

producing

the first muscles.

exhausted

will fail to

its limbs

in
If

bring about

fatiguedmuscles, we

fatigue,and

the most

under

principlecapable

had

the action

plete,
fatigueis com-

fatiguedmuscles

the

experiment.

fine soup

rest

all the

have

in

tissues,and

its

respond

electric stimuli."

his well
cause

of this local effect is thus

possiblecharacter

The

of

curious

most

prolong

the animal

of

limbs

is,till the

accumulate

products of

the

by

within

the muscles

submit

we

the muscle

developed

are

powerful electric stimulus,and

we

"

upon

enough,

rid of in time

being got

If,"writes

"

be exercised

local effect may

3. Some

known

of local

"

Text-book

muscular

of

fatigue"

decomposition products
"

'

dealt with

by

Landois

in

Physiology" (translatedby Stirling). The

is

probably partlydue

fatigue stuffs

'
"

in the

to

the

muscular

accumulation

tissues,these

FATIGUE.

products being

formed

phosphoric acid, either

45
itself

within

the muscle

free

in the form

or

of acid

phosphate, glycerin-phosphoricacid(?),
be removed

from

indifferent solution
of

of

are

phosphates,acid potassium

carbonic

and

the

salt

common

its activity. They

acid.

by passing through

muscle

during

muscle

stances
sub-

its blood-vessels
becomes

again

If these

an

capable

energizing."
Dr.

Lagrange gives a
his account

adding
in accord

Muscles

"

chemical

lactic
and

materials

worked
Alkaline

resultingfrom

form

being consequently at

authors

enumerate

plays in

the

It is

4.

of nerves,
the

akin

to

in

not

than

them
and

that

tenderness

undergone

of repose,

before

when

rest.

at

change

in their

become

acid ;

work

they

Numerous

of muscular

which

they have

present

tissues

contain

ous
nitrogenably
consider-

are

last stage of combustion

the

degree of

the

oxidation

or

is

less oxygen,

or

combustion.

All

interestingbecause

most

of the

and

part it

uric acid."
actual

some

of

in

entirely

not

are

kreatin,hypoxanthin, inosite,etc.,

in

occur

may

that

his statements

have

state

different

one,

possible also

partlyexplain

excess

acid

production of gout,

compression

condition

known

changes, and

in containing more
only differing

amongst

the best
finally

to

substances,of

These

tissue

physiologists.

the combustion

series of bodies

say that

was

carbonic

of these

account

to

most

acid,which

more

increased.

and

have

composition.

less oxygen

urea,

teaching of

which

contain

they

it is necessary

the

with

detailed

more

lesion,such

that

attending

fatigued muscle, and

the over-used

produced by

as

the violent

and

to

serve

may

and

structure

the

establish

to

irregularcontractions

of

cramp.

stiffness.

\
n

This

is a

rowing man
ise for

bre

not

move

.11

a"

some

with
fatigue,

necessary

of

to fill up

exertion

the

and
condition,

place in

; he is stiff
; he reels as

some

tendero

pain,nor

"

racingfour

seems

out

been

for

beaten

no

short

becomes

condition,

but
tpin,

he grasp any part of his

work.
over-

taken

soon

throughtl
if he had

muscle, is

of the

has

who

terrible strain; he

Eie does his best

of

over-use

accompaniment

he, his head throbs,

every limb

exhausted.

without

ering

the

funis

hes all over

is entirelyout

months, is asked

and he is scon
he

but not

common

his limbs
ithless,

day

iciated with local

who

"practice." He

Stiffness.

Muscular

3.

he

next
can-

body without

PHYSICAL

46
In

day

have

rowed

have

gone

or

he

of

without

three

through

in

of

amount

difference

of

trace

been

time

may
but

any

this

he

may

He

without

simply

the other

man

very

stiffness.

exertion

has

condition,at

This

at

one

both

was

out

of condition.

out

the stiffness is not

intensityof

fatigue,nor

the

off.

passes

experiencing

The

practiceand

in

was

condition

times

inconvenience.

practiceand
The

unpleasant

races

many

momentary
time

the

so

EDUCATION.

is the extent

the immediate

always proportionate to

of the exercise

of the stiffness which

measure

may

result.
Stiffness
the

character

those

local

conditions

and

notably

These

the

of

stiffness

the retention

The

general

which

of very

are

The

extent

be

may

advanced

by

In other

to

be

He
or

may

the
not

rapidly,even

food, and

the condition

described

with

for the

exhaustion

is attended

fatigueas

"

tired

by

and

stiffness

and
out," listless,

of

appetite,etc.

such

on

"The

with

1030 F.
the
He

he may

cases

the

malaise

and

of

head,

and

or

to

of utter

restlessness,

with

1040

sometimes

farm

takes

nerve

of
a

as

fever.

by

Dr.

laborer.

few

This

disturbances

Knott, of Dublin, in

The

(Dublin, 18S8).
symptoms

patient's temperature

The

F. within

general symptoms

such

phenomena,

over-exertion."

of Over-exertion"

Fever

rigor.

exhibit febrile

fever of

"

infective

an

greatlyoverworked

commence

to

in the

painfulweariness

elaboratelyconsidered

has been

case

of

of heaviness

as

earlyperiod

monograph

accompanied by
of

such

complains

pronounced

condition

takes

muscular

accompany

sleep.

be attended

his excellent

take

he

still more

and

mistaken

This

of

want

present

fever may

of combustion.

described.

simply exhausted,

left

degrees

to
feebleness,of inability

and

products

fatigue,

prostrate.

more

followed

local

underlie

to

Fatigue.

may

degree in

some

be

may

exaggeration of

an

upon

supposed

are

General

which

Muscles

upon

varying character.

individual

some

In

in

probably depend

already been

disturbances

present

are

done.

than

stiff.

which

4.

individual

the

work

in the tissues of the

have

changes

of

muscular

becoming

in the muscles

to

local

of

afterwards

symptoms

the condition

upon

amount

or

fatiguedwithout
The

rather

depends

hours, and

this

may

runs

change

up
is

loss
malaise,congested face,thirst,

day

or

two

of rest, when,

feelinga

FATIGUE.
little

better,he

sufferingfrom

makes
the

desperate effort

he

necessarilyless vigorous,but
combustion
The

which

maintains

permanently quickened

enough

work, although

to

His

feed

to

the

efforts

slow

are

fire of

still
now

febrile

in his muscles.

standard

back

go

slighterdegree.

does

to

already kindled

has been

temperature

in

symptoms

same

47

of

ioi"or

about

loss
thirst,
constipation,

of

the

so;

appetite,and

pulse

loaded

is

urine

continue.
such

In

when

cases,

for

number

Gradual
becomes

tends, after

fever

is

months,

some

marked,

and

the

the

phenomena

maintains,lead

toxic
He

to

overthrow

an

centre, or, in other

nerve

considers

that

maintains

to

its

assume

patient not

urea

and

the

to

greatlydisproportionatequantityof

he

pulse

afterwards

are

fails to

very

cover.
re-

frequency and

hectic

tinued
con-

to

take
creasing
In-

type.

rarelyfalls a

victim

disease.

ascribes

1 "r. Knott

the

exertion

the patientis obliged

strength by degrees fails,

the

intercurrent

some

on

manual

at

individual

days, the unhappy

of

emaciation
to

pernicious attempts

wasting goes

weaker,

bed ; the

to

the

the

products

of the

words,

uric acid

throwing

into the circulation

of muscular

governing

the substantial

are

the most

represent

These,

waste.

of

powers

the thermoof

cause

of

the fever.

important

of these

products.
I "r.

Lagrange supports
disturbances

all due

products

of

combustion

muscular

by

to

species

ly represented by

noteworthy that

degree

of

of

and

of

allied

deposit of

urates

in the urine.

be

may

exercise

by

the

also considers

are

of

excess

that these

compounds.

fatigueLeadingto

This

stitutional
con-

of the chemical

largeexcess

He

the marked

muscular

self-infection

the muscles.
urea

that

severe

to the constitutional symptoms

necessarily

not

in the circulation

waste,

contends

follow upon

may

productsdeveloped in

products

but

view, and

same

which

the accumulation

to

It is

the

muscular

stiffness,

will be attended

named,

quite independent ol

any

fever.
e

who

deposit in

athl

pursue

the

urine

"""

with the appearance

the tissue waste

induced

'I be

nutritive

on
training,

ondition of his muscles

the other

of I

..ware

of stiffness.

duringunwonted

(Tord abundanl

II

material

ex

In

ition "I
a

man

out

dition
con-

iderable.

"

for the

of

""."tions.

is comparativelylow.

In

hand, the

an

don
f all superfluous
matter.

athlete in
is

not

in

Thenutri-

48

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

tive state

of the

which

muscles

favor the

EFFECTS

OF

of

in such
muscular

In
in

relation with

to

is

muscular

accord

of

doubt

no

with what

be

put

in

rowing

to

EXERCISE.

section
The

body.

with

is not

coming.
forth-

ill-effects of

the

an

has been considered

matter

in the

concerned

are

of value
it is
would

Those

recognize

general effect

of

be

with

with

the stroke

still it would

walking of

six miles

Rowing

by
expressed by

and

1 1

the

ment
measure-

concerned

of

these

is very

urged

different

that

not

they

can

littledifference

would

is

cerned.
con-

be able

not

to

when
estimates,especially
allowance

every

the breathlessness

be

do

results

of the muscles

use

when

Even

in

expenditureof 17.67

an

there
the

as

siologic
phy-

representedby 18.56 foot-

causes

that

far

value

induced

the actual

by rowing

at

output of muscular

such

figurewhen

is made

exercise

is

pared
com-

mile.

one

while
1.36 foot-tons,
foot-tons

106.02

be

to

the

racing speed would, upon

at

of

in

expenditure incurred

in athletic matters

another.

one

represented by

the

is said

exercise,so

the

of

Many

mode

those

to

of the

use

any

This

"

unsuitable

"

or

of muscular

be inferred

nor

"

practicalexperience,nor

amount

interested

correctness

racing pace, yet

force would

of

are

quickness of

from

physicalpursuit,or

make

"foot-tons."

ordinarypace

an

it must

who

the

at

forms

compared

are

mile

which

to

but
physiologist,

racing speed

at

walking a

The

in any

excessive

unable

by

the

to

"

by

been

be inferred

mile

two

have

done

practicallyuseless.

one

these

of the work
is meant

labor,I

practicaluse.

from
foot-tons,
between

what

any

But

tons.

"

walking

the

result which

distance

same

makes

estimate, be

same

the

would

presented
re-

be
still

comparison

marked.
far

So

as

the present purpose

exercise
with

"

reference

of muscular

amount

What
and

the

measuring work

education

physical

and

UNSUITABLE

separate

upon

actual value

express

method

more

urates

stances
circum-

exercise.

estimatingthe

for the

in

great deposit of

OR

foregoingparagraphs as

attempting

they

deal

to

the

possiblecondition,and

of

development

physicalexercise

of the

best

EXCESSIVE

It is unnecessary
absence

is in the

may

and

"

be excessive

quite excellent

unsuitable

rather
work

of

to

this paper
exercise

the individual

"

is
must

than

concerned, the
be
to

considered
the actual

terms

"

cessive
ex-

relatively,

physiological

expended.
or

exercise

unsuitable
to

another.

exercise

to

one

man

may

be moderate

EFFECTS

considering the phenomena

In

exertion,the
rather than
the age

estimate

and

the

the

upon

effects of

condition
carried

of the work

of the man,

the state

his muscular

49

of

given

any

the individual
In this matter

out.

of his

general health,
and

education,play prominent

parts.

effects which

The

of

extent

EXERCISE.

fatigueand

based

bodily development

scope

essential

be

must

of

the actual character

upon

and

the

and

exercise

the

on

We

have

functions

point of

the

after

of him
the

on

who

of the

body

upon

be termed

varied.

very
and

far

exertion, so

or
exercise,

practicesit,may

other,are

fall senseless upon

may

unsuitable

or

breathlessness

on

severe

general state

sprintrunner

excessive

view

rash

and

in the sections

follow

and

the

hand

one

seen

results may

follow upon

may

which, from

violent

EXCESSIVE

OF

generalfatiguewhat

on

the

especiallyas

respiratory

concerned.

are

the

the results

path, succumbing to

of his breathlessness.
A

boy

remain

may

paper-chase,and
have

been

There

is

doubt

no

of the

produced;
the

The

in others

the

children

In

exhibit

the

febrile

few instances

the

pursuitof

some

in

after

days

phenomena

which

in

placed

third

permanent

treme
ex-

effect upon

the

has

organiclesion

actual

an

been

had

violent and

favorable for

condition

series of instances

been

there

supervenes

of health.

tubercular

of

have

cases

has

body

of disease

feebler state

result of

parents

have

acquired a spinal caries, or

injuriesreceived

through improper gymnastic

Children

the

with

weak

muscular

system

spinethrough the pursuitof

les are

mua
spinal

concerned,h

l"e true, as

It may
an-

that in not

individual.

I joint,
as
exen

reallyilland

has led to results which

development

merely

be

may

for several

up"

already described.

exercise
health

"knocked

completely

i- often

exen

Many

i ses

to

"

training.The
tingtour
wet

att

in the open

ills1
cute

in the 1 ite autumn,

than

to

the cMo

and

of

fir

of
their

as

unequal.

the exposure

in those who

incident

to

air.

be ascribed
certain!)

to acts

of indiscretion and

of
1 ircumstances
duringthe pursuit
trying

under

wet

ise ; but such

pl"\

in the

of endurance

old and

so

been excessive

tve

lateral curvature

which,
exercises,

ull of the strain and

Berious troubles may

to exposure

unsuitable

acquireda

that phthsishas appeared

asserted,

in" line.
phthisic
illy
"

have

sc

ircelybe

laid at the door of muscular

which
rheumatism,
may
mere

more

be
justly

rowing.

may
as"

have followed

ribed

to

long

camping out

EFFECTS

Excessive
of its
be most

labor

e.

"

and
dilatation
A

cases.

much

extra

seized
the

with

writes

in very

not

during

cardiac

pain

night's quiet.

another
while

race

and

is at rest.

or

has

and

An

be

may
become

of various

exertion,and

and

to

attempt

such

but

the

man

may

symptoms

is

off

pass

is followed

dyspnoea

may

come

be unfitted

for

severe

by
on
ertion
ex-

his heart

has overstrained

He

for

epigastrium,and

exercise

of cardiac

many

his heart

upon

in the

the

repeat

excessive

steep mountain, and

very

time,

attack

an

training
"Over-

thing in

same

of

broken-winded."

of cerebral

Cases

unusual

an

the

distension

permanently incapacitated.

Haemorrhages
to, violent

of

631)

question of

good condition,calls

feelingof

months

For

vol. iii.p.

mean

constant

of dilatation

matter

the

with

Both

the ascent

or

attack, and, indeed,

he

effort.

muscular

perhaps

the

to

appear

involve

employments
In

dilatation

heart,to

hypertrophy

of

(Pepper's "Medicine,"

rapid breathing continues

after

in those whose

51

of the

cases

closelyconnected

are

severe

work

The

blacksmiths,miners, etc.

heart-strain

man,

EXERCISE.

hypertrophy

disease.

and
athletic,

g.,

during

also to

valvular

\V. Osier

heart,Dr.

lead

may

to

in the

usual

severe

the

exercise

and
cavities,

EXCESSIVE

OF

and

been

led to

resulted
with

met

spinalapoplexy

mentions

Lagrange

rupture and

have

of

have

kinds

have

or

ascribed

been

all parts of the

in almost

have

occurred

in which

instance

an

from,

during

the

body.

extreme

spinalveins

ertion,
ex-

went
under-

paraplegia.
Aneurysm.

The
at

part

the

played by
time

same

movement

exercise

The

author

once

ti"v of

saw

health,and

hanging by

who

.-.1 up.

pre
be

mosl
or

effe"tive in the
sudden

e\ei"

.n

ring than

is much
in

the

the

one

"m

another.

ise when

more

violent

to

out

of

acrobat

of

been

it had

arteritis.

chronic

to

dis-

who
twenty-eight,

developed by the

trapeze while he caught his

In

The

ham.

an

thiscase greal and

form

productionof aneurysm

Main

movemi

"

the knee,

ing from

\.

in

considered

who

lead

which

the conditions

popliteal
aneurysm

addition

actual injuryto the vessel,constitutional

of

and
ilysyphilis,

is definite, but

of aneurysm

production

necessarily predominating.In

not

the factors

come

in the

of

exercise which

is violent

Ondition,OX

well

such

as

localized

a]

intermittent

actions

panion,
com-

exer-

involve

artic ul.it1
in

common

favored dasse

It
.

men

1.

than

in

noteworthy

and

women,

that

in

the

in the

etiol

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

52
of aneurysm
the age

at

is most
The

plays a

age
when

violent

frequent in

physicalexercises

individuals

of aneurysm

occurrence

againstthe follyof
thirty,especiallywhen

who
under

violent

they

these

circumstances

Varicose
The

frequentlyrepeated

produced

are

and

foundations.

It is said

exercise

by

with

met

are

shown

that

developing

the condition

individuals,and

It is

exercises

that exercise
the

increase

by

Mr.

the

He
cent,

50 per

active and

little if

anything

is due

to

that

of the

cases.

increase
forms

the

is unable

with

the

nothing
trouble

of exercise

in their illeffects upon

to

when
and

to

do

cases

over

lower

limbs

that

those

that dilated

but

it has

than

who

veins
been

not

it is with

other

of professional

number

any

constantlypracticing

veins,and

with

so

are

very

yet have

not

the

the

the

trouble

of the

disease.

upon

than

more

in the

occurs

short

and

patient in
While

recreation
veins.

the

in the
any

exercise

originatingvarices, it certainlytends

it exists.

to

(London,

conspicuous part

occupation
of the

tend

may

selves,
them-

vessels

Veins"

strong, in the
a

show

to

stronglyinsisted

"Varicose

that

production

in

in

of the disease

hereditaryhistoryin

prove

with

met

exertion

is very

upon

the

often

production

exist,muscular

and

common

more

is,in fact,evidence
the

view

much

are

constipationplay

with

varicose

they

distinct

connect

actual

are

varicose

There

This

the weak
and

pregnancy

Bennett

has

His

sedentary,in

that

does

is

who

veins

monograph

there

are

questionable

very

true

them

congenital defects

condition.

shows

degree

probably

defect

ment
argu-

limbs.

do

to

certain

in his elaborate

In females

definite

others

exercise.

no

such

abnormal

the

etiology.

and

has

Bennett

1889).

tall.

little or

that when

in the

produce

to

produce

and

men,

take

trouble

and

and

that varicose

among

quite

among

it is easy

said to

are

who

men

upon

bicyclists
;

common

in either of their lower

than

who

women

that

which

life.

involvinglong standing,are

It is

and

hand,

remarkable, moreover,
women

among

veins.

athletes,gymnasts,

enlarged vein

an

more

the other

on

runners,

the very

varicose

is

veins

is based

exercise

athletes,runners

among

in

equally questionable grounds

upon

middle

passed

affords another

exertion

that varicose

indulge in running, bicycling,riding or

in great risk of

have

or

it

Veins.

statement

maintained

common

of condition.

out

are

reached

extreme

most

usuallyindulged in,but

most

are

have

and

is not

Aneurysm

part.

conspicuous

to

Running, walking, jumping, cycling,

involving long standing,are
Indulgence

in these

noteworthy

exercises

would

OF

EFFECTS

for those

be unwise

mentioned,

the sports

actual

be

never

exertion,and

and

chronic

neglect during

and

congestion of

the

have

stated

lung

troubles

and

after

have

been

Violent

the

from

exercise

bone,

health

aged,

or

The
)

himself

"To

lead to

some

Sailors

on

to

be

Parkes

that

states

badly arranged

or

exercise.

violence,notably the

instances

the

bone

has

clavicle

proved

of lesions of the muscles.

be

may

the

rent

of

across

to

Muscles
torn

or

in which

grooves

lesions is out

away

they lie.

In

is in feeble

condition,or

definite disease.

("Health

says

over-exercised

arc

Exhibition

vol. x,

Manuals,"
old age

coming

is to

sprain

runners

tin movements

en

"

and

time

considerable

and

waste

become

occasionally
quiteatrophied from

are

the excessive

repetitionof

atraction of the muscles

pern
who

the fl"

use

littleflexed and

for

of the parts.

vessels
sailing

who

are

develop a conditioo
the

Ur.

posure
ex-

upon

"'

professional
gymnasts
be lound

these

sufferingfrom

of the muscles

of

such

followed

violent

3.

muscular

pure

displaced from

onal

abuse

exertion.

in part, tendons

or

be

Ti

The

legitimately

produced by

doubt

no

Muscli

all kinds

to

subjectof

somewhere.

over-use

in.iv

lead

have

athlete the first premonition of

l"9 which
soft.

may

is

an

be

pursuitof

of fracture.

E. I.vttleton well

Hon.

1 3 1

the seat

may

or

by

at

the

free

veins

been

excessive

and

majority of

in whole

or

instances

many

]".

diseased

ruptured

be

fractured

but in the

humerus,

and

varicose

have

to

such

follow upon

lungs may

been

of

Lungs.

are

Bones
Bones

in the way

the fear

against these sports.

emphysema

many

53

the disease, but

subjects of

of
possibility

The

Haemoptysis

EXERCISE.

obstacle

an

the

can

nor

argument

an

as

the

are

should

of enlarged veins

urged

who

EXCESSIVE

to

ie arm

roll extension

of

which

concerned.

same

Thus

in

excess, the ell

the j""intto !""-"impossible.

constantlyholding
of the hand

the

or

haulingropes

not

frequent
in-

prevents lullextension of

in

'I in-

fin"r

11.11

"!.

unreasonably
employed may

when
1

in

incident to

Joints may

be

"

erl

illustrated

bj

the subject of

become
\"

and

other

forms of

tin employments.

injured by violent exertion.

Synovitis may

follow upon

of

over-use

is

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

54

and
articulation,

an

Certain
exercises
have

of the

deformities

the excessive

and

developed

to

half of the trunk

upper

body

follow restricted

may

have

of certain
the

and

of

the

repeated

Gymnasts

who

limbs

and

upper

addition

in

often

muscles.

muscles

back

rounded

the athletic

among

knee-joint.

the

degree

accident

common

employment

extreme

an

very

cartilagein

displaced semi-lunar

one

their

to

unwieldy

shoulders.
tends

Fencing

produce

to

lateral curvature

fencers) the concavity of

handed

observed

results

by

of

his power

body

The

right.

acrobat

an

the

bending

the

to

curve

of lordosis in

degree

permanent

the

spine,with (in right-

of the

who

produced

backwards

has

author

ordinary
extra-

the lumbar

at

region.
Hernia.
influence

The
with

In

this

expulsive effort

hernise

the intestines to
Violent

it need

is

fullydealt

so

be considered

not

at

as

forms

peritoneum, and

depend

as

rule,and

by

not

of hernia

is made

manifest

that

movements

any

fects
de-

upon

in those instances

children,the rupture

in young
a

other

in such

be

can

doubt

beyond

are

produced by

forces

tending

to

cause

protrude.

effort is

recognized

factor in the

render

possiblein

hernia

production

sole factor.

rarelyindeed, however, the

present which

are

that

hernia

constitutingexercise.

as

Acquired

is very

with

met

are

and

of the

vaginalprocess

considered

of surgery

congenitalhernia

generallywhich
some

etiologyof

in the

place.

of

cases

in the

by

exertion

ordinary text-books

in the

length in

of muscular

and

man

ruptures.

anatomical

Certain
one

of these

It

conditions

impossible

almost

in another.

noteworthy

It is

those

who

return

by

becoming

the

only

heavy

muscular

of

men

after

work
or

of

an

without

Such
illness

effort

tissue.

perfect and

of

examples

muscular

hernise
or

is

when

are

acquired

development,
in

commoner

in feebler

health,

in
preliminary training,

any

are

developing

relaxed

of

imperfect

their habits

flabby,are

phenomena

the immense

in

work

of their age
soft and

greater number

The

of condition.

out

are

laborious

to

reason

coarse,

exhibit

spiteof

who

undertake

who

men

who

who

with, not

in individuals

but

in

met

are

safeguard against hernia

main

the

development.

vigorous muscular
hernia

that

losing muscular

fat within

Gymnasts

they put forth,are

the
and

seldom

tone,

abdomen,

sons
perare

and

acrobats, in
the

subjects

TRAINING.
of hernia.

If

at

career,

they

when

when

time

become

they

ruptured, the

they

and

Carefullyselected,systematic and
againsthernia,and
production

of hernia

is unknown
who

those
at

all.

far

So

is due

that rupture

state

in the

to

An

of

want

their

period

any

is the

it would

be

rather

than

the

hernia

It is

common

take

no

in

exercise
to

accurate

more

excessive

to

tection
pro-

upon

umbilical

walls.
who

excercise

best

founded

bellies and

concerned,

is

at

or

acquired

firm abdominal

pendulous

hernia

acquired

as

late in

training.

unsound.

with

men

large,flabby and

have

losing tone,

objectionsagainst athletics

the

muscular

in

and

well-graduated exercise

unjust and

are

of

out

will appear

hernia

fallingoff

are

of condition

out

are

55

gence
indul-

same.

TRAINING.

"

"

With

in the

training

and

be considered

livingwhich

may

condition

and

written,and,

it must

be

methods

of

the details of their

or

his

had

1 [e
to

lived

himself

gorge

concerned,and

by

modern

one

the

first

be

fora

He

was

took

purged

of
sparingly

b"

The

into the
who

keep
article

some

unfortunate

every d
old

ind bre

man

or

almost

and
ale,spirits,

id,and

was

ning
run-

encour.

diet.

monotonous

imateur

enteringinto

detail

as

another,ti

to

athlett

methods

tl

ed
practii

I features of

discussed.
briefly

placetime
Mr.

year

entered

to

success

entirely
chang

system

upwards,"writes
maybe

this

without

of training
may
In

"w

have

by profusesweating,especially
by walking and

half-cooked

upon

their

been

promulgated.

nonsense

quite remarkable.

of water, and

tinlyupon

ascribe

into

have

articles

still professionalathletes

are

of

observance.

or

heavy clothes.

rved in the matter

of

the mode

exercise.

and

ignorance

gross

who

or

was
training

weight reduced

in thick and

deal

The

concern.

get themselves

to

of moderate

books, pamphlets,

there

no

lightupon

anxious

are

amount

superstitionand

of

it throws

as

confessed,a great

rite
particular

some

of

liningsecret,

tr

old system

The

considerable

and
training,

of

far

so

article has

present

those who

by

number

subjecta

"ige elements

"d

in

only

observed

take

to

this

Upon

be

the

body for athletic competitions

the

preparing

great feats of endurance

subjectmay

older

of

sense

or

be considered.

musl

who

Woodgate, "
two,

can

"

i
"

"

it : i

"A

has been
three

man

of twenty fiv"

lyingby for months, or

month

of

training. Hie

it

PHYSICAL

56
half should

be

less

in the first six

six.

give much

three

training a

man's

be taken

must

and

rise

and

precaution

every

methodical.

is

meal.

His

meals

trainingupon
not

other

lobster,and

needs

It is well to avoid
in the

vegetables and
fruit should

the

He

should
to

take

should

drink

not

consider

only

compelled
has

not

to

come.

eaten

to

night

and

take

moderate

and

when

should

his

day's

after

form

of
the

support

man

be

each

alcohol

practice

moderate,
his

limits,consult

own

as

as

butter.

and

veal

should

He
A

from

his

and

soups
and

of

in

man

and

under

training

to

say that

dietary,and

to

drinking.

water

at

when

mouth

immensely

he is

simply
in the

of

food

salad

some

avoid

known
take

as

stant
con-

dinner.
sake

quench

his

certain

coarse

he should

for the

The

be very

vegetables and

forms

drink

not

broths,to

sugar, to avoid

green

uncertain

is needed

drink

parched

differ

and

beef,

take

may

pork

breakfast,lunch, and

of his

should

suffer with

avoid

Some

and

should

quantity of

man

Men

bathe

rest

no

dyspepsia.

is needless

It

at

only

the time

certain

obviously silly. A

day.

well be omitted

much

as

of

starchy foods

of

liquids,he

of

early

in his food.

the confused

will be

matter

should

He

justed
ad-

breakfast,a light

evening

certain

eating fat

sloppy food, such

every

may

Meat

be

so

bed

clothingworn,
should

should

largequantitiesof potatoes.

be taken

place.
In

much

he

producers

from

consumption

Cheese

entrees.

while

game,

of carbon

sweets, and

pastry and

should

easilydigested foods, and

most

be debarred

good supply

moderate

should, within

well-accredited

circumstances

no

the

chicken, fish,and

mutton,

room,

in the

diet

meals

of food.

best with

will do

He

of

matter

races."

; his

retire to

evidence

overwhelming

himself,and

gorge

dinner

clock

substantial

cannot

crews

should

he

plenty of sleep.

the

In

water.

represented by

succeeding

systematized and

of

things

condition

bumping

absolutely forbidden, and

is

There

in the selection

taste

take
be

all

substantial

He

the kind

to

In

best

are

should

be allowed.

should

cold.

should

He

over.

Smoking

should

particularas

avoid

to

be

well-ventilated

College

summer

must

well-timed.

in

in the

regular as

as

; his exercises

stilllightertea, and

lunch, a
work

be

six weeks.

be

hunting

condition

train for the

life must

sleep

should

to

'

'

'

get into

can

racing

five to

weeks

progressiveand

early,should

morning,

from

the minute

to

be

to

as

train

He
'

to

progress

than

more

During

of

and

University crews

the last.

than

severe

weeks,

EDUCATION.

custom

of

fixed times

of

drinking.

and
thirst,

allowing men
of the

day

and
thirsty,

should

because

drinking

the

he

not

quantity of fluid they

is
be

hour

need.

SPECIFIC

The

matter

quantity is

least
when
more

consumed

the

individual

when

his time

Under
down
The

for

become,
old

developing it,and
familiar

and

of

system

been

rule.

It may

taken

in small

tortured

with

liberal system

be

taken

and

amounts

that

certain

as

thirst and

rather

training was

those

who

of
"

expression goes,

the

often,and

swallows

training,no

not

quart

or

who

of

test

strength
should

times

trained

SPECIFIC

should

man

break

stale."

train in modern

the follies of those

with

57

drinking comes.

the

as

by

when

has

reasonable

or

settled

be

cannot

EXERCISES.

in

days

than

make

of

means

themselves

by.

gone

EXERCISES.

Walking
Is the most

usual,the

modes

of

all states
a

of

It is

taking exercise.

feature

in

indulged
mode

in the

of

there

and
locality,

exercise

for not

legitimateexcuse

for individuals
exercise

the

of

one

of

the

athlete,and

the most

able
valu-

of all ages

and

quite young

of

child,

usuallythe only

form

aged.
which

few

be

can

It is suited

trainingof
the

by

easy, and

most

It is the main

development.

prominent

of exercise

simple, the

most

so

requires

engaged

indulgingin

neither

in the

this

apparatus

special

nor

pursuitof livingas

simple

of

means

find

to

the

keeping

body

in health.
While

walking

play also
has

the

exercises

of the

the muscles

individual

to

move,

movements
respiratory
ire

I In-

.i"

by

Mr.

duced

involved
Eadweard
with

Walking

he

of the

has also to

and
increased,

s
are

of

very lucid

of

back

keep
the

the

and

legs, it brings
abdomen.
The

erect.

Not

into

only

circulation

beneficial

general

i, import.

int

"m!i"t

that

it'-

tl

and

precisenature
the

and

effects of

of the

extent

photographspublished

Philadelphia.Certain

explanationin

Vol.

moder

the

admirably Illustrated by

is distinct from

talkingat

walkingami

Muybridge, of

oaintained.

kept

loin and

muscles

brought about.

ildren"

It

an-

"ill mechanii

movements

mainly the

of

these

beating's"Cyclopedia

are

of

re

the

Dis-

iv.,1 [91).
marching,in

which

less

attitude

easy

thingsbeing equal, slow walking

pa"

is

the

of

tiring

more

e.
t"

walkingbe

cultivated, tint the

] b u

k.

\m

spinebe
and

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC

clearly.

very

"

to

condition.
The

than
So

far

have

made.

There

spiteof

in

are

of

longer

The

Thus

it

weight

whirl] would

to

"tr.

time

to

somewhat

On
in
i

less

rather

and

ile h

without

tance.
sprintingdis-

for

of the

; in the

depends

effect the

which

he

like

and

has to

deer

cles
mus-

heart

short,may
a

used

front

lungs

or

it is

speed, as

his

tall

limbs

thigh

are, of course,

with

the

break.

thigh,which

tend.
con-

be

calves

or

footman.
of

only

best

strength,but

with

have

largeand deep

form most

who

also of endurance

long-distancerunners

been

chesN.

excitingand admirable
to

those who

young,

are

have increased the distances

of the

one

most

interest
infusing

popular
into what

thejI

of

mens

giving"

in the abstract is

form of exercise.
rds have been covered in

11

position as

important the

be

have

first

is

runner

sprintingis

or

result

with
difficulty

sprinter may

front muscles

main

the

runs

is the

of the

been

completed

twenty miles in

min..

miles

of

"the

of muscles

the pap"

hoop forms

of

limit of

sets

distance

the

the

of the

Both

the

that

speed

sport, however, is 1 ory open

running and

rately
accu-

by gradualsteps.

monotonous

the

30

The

attain

top

the

lightof weight,and

and

time

to

For children
purpose

in

five,and

twenty

certainlyand

muscles

is a matter, not

perfectcondition,

in

that

13 stone, may

Some

mg,

hounds

and

at

running

very

from

run

and

important factors

back

strain.

that

at

Shearman,

stride

the

the envy

lung power.

men,

are

age

actuallydangerous.

be said

never

represent

sprinter,
however,

scale

or

forms of running.
who

after the

practice and

as

more

it may

would

the most

the

longer

happens

ause

Long dis]m"

Hare

teil

age

distance

Mr.

are

distances

but the

who

than with his legs. Hreathlessness

short

often

eighteen

concerned,

short

the chief

become."

and

in

practice. Sprint running

sprinting,"writes

race,

feather

ranked

does

is considered

yards

ulsion,bear
in every

is

unlimited

rapid repetitionof

running

be

between

are

many

bring the leg forward

the

it may

running

athletic excellence

"In
which

"

clopaedi
Keating's Cy-

advisable

not

themselves

kept

not

of athletic exercise

hundred

Three

exercise,is

an

aged

applied to running

term

in

photographs

in this.

as

born, not
runners,

for

best ages

as

who
the

In

few forms

upon

on

those

in

of these

two

advantageously consulted.

extent,

any

nor
thirty,

sound

be

cif.)may
{Joe.

Running,
of

reproduction of

59

littleshort of six hour,.

in

.1

few minute,

min..
short

10
:

i :

sec., and 300

KC

of two

yards

three mile,

in

hours,and

fifty

60

PHYSICAL

EDUCATION.

Jumping,
Like

running, has

limited

of

individuals

to

be

may

certain very

taken

under

the best age.

as

in the

muscle

nearly every

of the movement

vol.

of

jumper

In

is in action

body

in

Page, who

B.

Jumping
value.

It

muscular

is,like

encourages

of

with

some

For
and

of

leap

limb

noticed

is taken.

are

that

The

tails
de-

Muybridge's photographs (see Keat-

born, not

runner,

been

6 ft. 3^

in.,was
has

cultivates

that

form

Celebrated

size and

any

weight.

ft.6 in. in

only 5

height.

especialpointsof

some

vigorous, instantaneous

very

made.

of almost

physical education

opinion that jumping

girlswho

young

heightof

element

an

of the lower

and

well

of muscle

co-ordinated

which
intelligence

spring.

am

have

cleared

and
contractions,

is called
I

as

twenty-five.Twenty

it will be

the

as

competitionsis

iv.,photo, v.).

jumpers, especiallylong jumpers, have

W.

these

to

in

Jumping

the muscles

jumping,

but in addition

excellence

any

limits.

usuallyunder

more

well shown

are

ings "Cyclopedia,"
A

thirtyor

mainly employed,

course

definite age

passed

show

of

who

of

to

sound

for women,

Certain

disposed

are

youths

to

in the

troubles
this

is not

prime

cise.
exer-

be stout,

to

condition,the exercise

for

or

uterine

indulgence in

an

subjectswho

well be left to lads and

It may

exercise

puberty.

ascribed

young

in very

the

quite

period
been

and

not

are

the

reason

flabbypeople

for any
risk.

have

is not

out
with-

of athletic

life.
In the
remarkable
Allied

to

admirable
be

not

distance

of 23

jumping

must

and

It

practiced.

foot ; it is admirable
movements

air it is

could

to

considered

employs

one

of
the

and

for children
marked

cleared,and

in the

long jump

the

of the most

exercise

of

skipping. A

more

could
exercise,
consideringits simplicity,

muscles, not
neck, and
ankles

with

extent

the

; and

knees

backs
if

perfectforms

of the

legsand

the muscles

even

and

weak

only

and

the

of the

arms

arches

tory
respira-

grass and

practicedupon

for young

of the

the

; it increases

of exercise

loins,

in the

girlsthat

be devised.

Those
element
and

be

strengthenthe

to

been

ft. 2 in.

back, abdomen,

especiallytends

open

in. have

perfectform

more

but also of the

it

6 ft. 3^

high jump

who
in

consider

skipping

physicaleducation

gymnasts, and

notably, it

largepart of the exercise

ping-rcpe.

too

simple

may

be

must

be

and

too

surprisedto

trivial to form
know

that many

serious
athletes

take
owned, prize fighters,

prescribed during trainingby

means

of the

very

skip-

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC

It would

be

physicaltrainingcan
invest in
these

and

hoop

simple

should

take

lawn

upon

nothing in

of

note

the

v.

would
drill-sergeant

or

the effect

flat feet which

and

less often

certainlybe

field

produced by

are

so

is,when

girl can

light shoes, and

slippersor

in

out

in

or

of recreation

perfectforms

feeble ankles

would

women

gymnasium

skipping-ropeand

the most

be carried

popular,the

that

means.

of

limits,one

without

done

skipping competition

consider

parents who

be well if those

61

if it

within

kept

indulgein.

were

little more

common

It

girlsand

among

with.

met

Skating

Is another

admirable

practiced
when

at

when

time

girlsand

themselves

exercise,especiallyvaluable

women

few

by dancing,until

sit at home

to

apt

are

of outdoor

forms

small

the

the fact that it

from

recreation

and

hours

huddle

of

the

possible,and

are

over

be

can

fire

in

morning,

or

weary
heated

ball-room.

Skating is a

form

of muscles.

The

back

it

balance

and

loins

for persons

adapted
males

of modified
has

have

probably tellingupon

the

to

when

the

health

and

it calls into

play a greater variety

and

do.

it is admirably
exhilarating,

It is
is

well suited

as

of

want

the muscles

exercise

spirits;it

for females
the

in

tends

to

give

eral carriageto the body ; it strengthensthe ankles, and

for the flimsier form

is more

of

delightful,
easy

of indoor

walking and

tin-

ground
nd

the frail,
turn

ami

In

rai

the

twenty

sec;

heavy

too

in

manner

and

hurry

in human

beirj

to

which

tine antidote

house, when
roads

are

pleasantriding,a

tor

the

the

the young

and

the feet

the

form

every

dirty

too

hard

black

the old, the

ice,gives the impressionthat

ig as

and

easy

progression upon

country

exhausted, when

is

air is

open
an

for

as

impulse which

tor

frost

strong
the instinct

leads

the

iter.

[0

of

mode

invigorating.In

tag,the followingdist inces

yard-,in

ioo

the

out

for exercise

ducklingto

or

has been

amusement

No

nervousness.

of the abdomen,

maintained

all ages, and

time

be

to

much

of almost

at

comes

walking,but

sec,

mile-, in

one
1

have

been

mile in 3 niin., zu
In.,

min,

covered
sec

miles
fifty

in

three

the

miles

times named
in

10

min., 33

in 4 hrs., 13 min.

RlDl
I

"

mode
1

of

certain

takingexercise
narrow

ami

limits denied

fresh air which

to

the

i- oof

open

inhabitants of citi

to

and
all,

is

PHYSICAL

62

The
of

muscles

the

thigh

and

of the

visceral circulation
; it

in

promotes

remarkable

for the

of

It is

the most

by

of

feeble

by

other

"

become

instance

saddle, and

feels most

back,

and

It is not

of

proportions.

passed

to

forms

middle

sportingman

far

good

than

the

it is

it be

been

exercise

and

is

and

strengthened

other

round-backed

is

taken

tall,
weedy,

are

no

spine

exercise

The

but

acquire

to

duced
in-

certainlyoften

as

ride

After

the

is not

have
the

should

skirt of the

spine

"

all in

of

ride

disposed

man

loll in

to

comes

upon

heap," and

of exercise

is

should

riding habit

case

badly taught,riding with

been

so

as

adds

in the

for the round-

chests.

little hampered

fit like

compressed

be

of

ertct.

concerned,

riding habit

side

in the

strain

unequally developed

ar^

either

long

very

muscular

the best kind

have

ladies

body

is very

important

with

upon

especiallyobserved

backs.

most

side,or

that

long
for

an

that

should

nor

have

taught to

be

keeping

girlsas

the waist
The

and
of the

who
girls,

see

one

demands

exercise

Riding

in

for such

consequence,

taught.

muscles

part of his spine,and

cyphosis. Riding

which

provides

Englishwomen.

indulge in

be

weak

girl the

to

exercise,so

Horse

of horse

have

to

young

bent

and

the

it

specific

old age, and

to

strength,"and

curvature

precaution should

uncommon

shouldered

fashion

childhood

be well

girlswho

girlshould

young

is concerned

the body much

attitude

supposed

In

until

is

balanced

well

lateral curvature,
their

and

musles.

among

should

tion
constipa-

it combines

be remembered

the trunk

in from

round-shouldered

tired in the lower

the saddle.

it should

the

by riding.

this

are

pulse ;

sedentary life ;

strong adductor

outgrown

Lateral

active

more

passive movement

keeping

and

segment

hepatic congestion and

of exercise

development,

fostered

who

forms

adductor

undoubtedly improves

attend

indulged

Overgrown

to

apt

In any

of

with

young

have

who

methods.

and

illswhich

be

can

ungraceful seat.

very

the

active and

the power

learn

muscular

riding are

for

remedy

of the

mainly

movement

girlswith commencing

children

up

those

other

popular

should
for

good

the

both

maimer

pursuitthat

Children

affords

The

strengtheningthe spine,and

of

not

back.

of gripping the saddle

power

those

ridingare

deeper respirationand

implies rather

"seat"

one

and

dyspepsia and

means

in

exercised

EDUCATION.

not

to
a

by

glove,and
reach

the

that,as

fashionable

littleto the

danger

women.

admirable

and
life,

the

exercise
saddle

for

is very

relinquishesas infirmitycreeps

men

who

often
on.

the

have
last

reached

thing

have

or

that

an

old

SPECIFIC

Professional
a

concave

back

An

high.

figureand

observed

in

have

to
to

old ostler and

an

arched

jockey

tend

legs

stunted

been

become
old

The

in

to

develop

to

become

growth.

rounded,

and

have

apt

often

The
the

and

teristic
quite charac-

attitude.

deformity,such

The

back.

and

tends

"

shoulders

not

often

seem

especiallyin jockeys

"

limbs

of the lower

bowed, and

or

63

jockeys,etc.) are
(grooms, postilions,

horsemen

deformity

certain

EXERCISES.

it

as

is,is evidentlythe

artillerymenand

result of

it is

stylein riding,as

cavalry soldiers.

other

Swimming

Should

be

taughtas

this country

that

of routine

matter

this very

to

child,and

every

easilylearned

is

acquired nearly as quickly by girlsas by boys, and

between

given

In

in

is attained

use

Few

modes

broad

to

the open

muscles

of both

lesser

of exhaustion

sense

in

Work
.

strong

arms

far

and

by

"

t' the

other

and
of

lower

fine

an

movements.

As

and

easier,until
are

powers

extremities

back

the

The

swimming.

of
ficiency
pro-

it is

as

restrained

practiced in

as

about

of

means

ire

The

latissimus

tire before

arms

long di

all,the

above

concerned,

are

abdomen.

and

alwaysexperiencedmost

the

and

scapular
dorsi,

and
legs,

the

the shoulder.

developing the swimming

concerned, the

chief

factors

are

forms "f

exen

be well

ise whi"

is

astounding thai

naming is

so

ire,

strikingcontrast

the lower

taught Considering the

art, it

the back,
straightens

and

d afford

of the liml

quiringthe
a

amount

good chi

Swimming should

Bwim

combination

new

his muscles.

movements
Swimming increases the respirator]
cements

immense

an

swimmer's

than

llent
so

easier

pectorals,and,

and,

rather

enjoyable,especiallywhen

more

the upper

in
is

be

may

sea.

deltoid, the

especiallyemployed

or

unaccustomed

of the

limits

are

It

forgotten.

never

the first lessons

learner

becomes

degree the muscles

must

the

of the water

of exercise
or

river

The

the

the temperature

by

of muscles,

the

out

the movement

disgraceto
Swimming

rare.

so

is

ten.

set

new

carrying

simpleas walking,and
rather

mastered

once

early strugglesof

the

expended

when

eight and

of

calls into

of muscles.
is

age, and

any

the ages

Swimming

force

at

is

simple accomplishment

it is

lin

facilitii
among

to

rded

those who

in

do

PHYSICAL

64

Probably
and

I do

some

for

fiftyor

not

think

of much

do

than

more

hundred

of

cent,

70 per

not

can

EDUCATION.

those

who

swim

can

themselves

keep

just"swim

can

afloat

tle,"
lit-

by extravagant

ments
move-

yards.

that the

practicingof

value,although

it forms

remarkable

swimming

the

swimming

great feature

movements

in the

gymnastic

is

land

on

in

course

France.
The

most

from

Dover

covered

Calais

to

in

hours

21

that of Matthew

was

minutes.

45

In

who

Webb,

race

yards

100

swam

has been

6 seconds.

minute

in

feat

Fencing
In the Badminton

Library

together with
the account

is

Fencing,
and

highly

Every

it is at
elaborated

its individual
as

the movements

reached

to

the

say, to the
from

ache
muscle

he

becomes

foot.

is

acquired

his brain and

than

muscle

cord

precisionand

memory.

endowed

with

but

to

well

defined,
has

of exercise

all the

muscles

of the
to

lessons,

fencing with

founded.

ercise
ex-

is needless

his first few

been

strain

has

pre-eminently an

beginner will,after

will be

well

as

it
principally,

that he has

defence

every

As, however,

falls to

extent

great

he

than

of

the

brain

as

the art will find

in his limbs.

The

of

the

that
bout

muscles.

he

He

becomes

induces

who

tired

rather

in

nerve

fatigue.
certain

eye, extreme
fineness
the

It involves

good

given

will feel that the

exercise

an

rather

Fencing develops
quickness of

is

mode

is

Fencing

back,

will believe

proficiencyin

some

No

and

yet

foil.

extremity.

much

as

The

and

complex,

as

subject.

protected

of attack

chess-board.

the

belief which

he
proficient,

rightupper

method

every

to

arm.

slashing with

mere

employment

He

possessed,a

Fencing
has

head

more

the

upon

sword

to

no

the

to

extremely scientific,
precise,

an

of finish.

degree

limbs, and

rightor

bibliographyof

are

upon

Considerable

lower

is

movements
men

elaborate

more

It

tailed,
is de-

this art

of its development, and

manner

practiced,is

systematized;

of the

of skill.

body,

art.

The

name.

and

quite remarkable

present

has been

move

fencing,the historyof

on

the circumstances

appended

as

volume

of movement,

practiceof
never

excellent

in

of

readiness

fool could

the most

faculties

admirable

action,accurate

and
a

an

perfect powers

It

manner.

muscular
of

requires

sense,

ready

tion.
co-ordina-

quick decision,a rapid judgment,

become

good fencer,even

physicalqualifications.

great

if he

and
were

SPECIFIC
has

Fencing
for

busy

It is not

art.

"

greater

fag

It should

"

than

pages

form

for

form

predominant

even

whole

never

boy

dull

of

of

make

to

doing

exercise

those

who

have

education

the

perfect exercise

monotonous

lives.

much

in

shows,

spine."

In

right,in

the

of the

excitable,

who

lesson

appear

infinitely

an

and

for

adults,an

the

unequal

considered

as

or

velopment
de-

in elder
of the

If it is

quickness.
be

may

muscular

graceful attitude

and

mental

exclusive

in lads and

encourage

more

possible

capable

of

of

to

In

or

can

that

asserts

the

the left.

any

"every

fencers.

who

the

are

has

fenced
of the

the
of

curvature

the

arm

which

the

holds

the examination

upon
to

is to

deformity

arc

very

in others they
quite trivial,

are

is of considerable

fencing as

space.

lateral curvature

tendencies

tin. deviations

small

sedentary and
who

one

his conclusions

The

lead

who

men

shoulder

The

but

occupy

concavity of

grange founds

some

of

it

young

pronounced degree, a

This evidence

twenty

the

fencers

experienced

the value

under

arc

of

Dr. I

unequallymarked.

to

injurious

be

development.

less

or

It would

care.

lateral curvature, and

Lagrange

left-handed

pronounced.

with great

adults,especiallyfor

right-handed

twenty

oate

for

Dr.

foil is lowered.
of

who

to

lissom

muscular

dispositionto

physical

are

of

account

be recommended

must

muscular

the

for ladies

to

for those

fencing

indeed

children,or

sharp," fencing

subjectsof unequal
In

place in

it.

The
to

"

individual

an

and

cise
exer-

irregularverbs.

girlsa good carriage,free movements,

both

children

adapted

will find

It is well suited

and
body, great agility,

takes

be recommended

would

exercise,on

it encourages.

excellent

an

imperfect development

It is better

children.

is

practiceoften

elder

somewhat

which

the exercise

dull.

apatheticor

be

the

for

Fencing

rooms.

overworked

or

nervous,

regrettedthat

usuallypractised,but

it is

as

proper

to

It is to be

men.

65

of late years, and

popular

more

ill-ventilated

somewhat

forms,

become

EXERCISES.

muscular

importance in forming an

exert

to
ise,especially

those

twenty-five
years ofaj
Boxing,

It'carried out

is

an

under

admirable

surroundingsof
m

of

proper

if practicedin the
and espei iatty
conditions,

boxing saloon

youth,and

lads and

.ire

the so-called

minded
plasti"

uot

""

lads.

young

alwaysthe
"

the
Unfortunately,

men.

best adapted

of the

open

art

are

not

for the eduthe

usually

SPECIFIC

and

browned,
well

as

as

The

vvhite-flanneled

sheer

of

earlymorning

the

head,
and

the

across

the

and

shadows

ripplingof
which

the water

exhausted

the beauties
the

Across

Channel,

could

It is

have

with

peopled

of the

it

by

"

the credit

of

such

R.

pair

blades,the shootingof

the

the wind

runs

the

forms

of

is

tiny

the rower's

about

through

charming
boat

magic lights

the

are

in

or

touring.

before

canoe

he

has

Britain.
the continent

on

has

as

Louis

England

folk than

boating

of fair water, the

There

most

of canals

journey

stretch

the bank.

holidays in

the system

boating requires

fitted his muscles.

the prow

of the

one

described

greatlyto

maidens,

lightoutrigger and

summer,

of the rivers of Great

opportunity for
pen

of

conception

as

from

summer

many

and

men

of

circumstances

the sculler has

thrown

are

old

seen

polished river,the whistling of

spend

may

the

English

which

Boating offers,moreover,
man

be

may

mere

of the water, the swish

crisp grasp

craft

point of

every

the

merely

in the

day

67

children.

It needs

to
sculls,

community,

delightgiven by

little comment.

of

and

men

young

EXERCISES.

offers

described

been

in his

Stevenson

of

waters

are

other

any

as

"

alleled
unparother

no

Inland

"

that her watenvays

an

Voyage."
densely

more

country

of

like

population.
With

regard

is

boat

boats, it is only

to

Its

employed.

extremely unsteady, and

find

beginnermay

considerable

has, like
The

the

very

gig is

first to
bicyclist,

Another

The

the beam

be

given

l' the

the beam

words
following

first used

slidingseat

been
:

"

smooth.

very

will

in

be

sculler

then

to

he will

in

boat

"sit it."

is

The

ence
experi-

racing

boat

move.

the oars,

to

while

the

at

especiallyof

time

same

the beam,

to

be

inrigged pair-oared pleasureboat

The

1 1

lengthof

racing scullingboat

int lies.

invention

England

in

of

race

familiar.
sufficiently

ablydescribed by

length and

greatly increased

an

in.

about

to

boat, but

and

Such

novice

The

racing craft,and

3 ft.9

racing the keelless

by Clasper.

noteworthy improvement" the

was

it.

enables

ordinary length of

31 ft.,and

slidingseat, which

of the

in

himself

in 1S42

simple improvement

ft.,and

will be about

skill of

balance

introduced

the dimensions

22

all the

in keeping
difficulty

h reduced.
or

and

requires

lvantage in leverage to
it allows

is round

in propelling such
difficulty

no

outriggerwas

This

bottom

say that for

to

necessary

the Rev.

E.

an

in

American"

1.S71. The
Its

was

the

general

cal
precise mechani-

Warre, o\ Eton, in the

68

PHYSICAL

EDUCATION.

"Mechanically speaking, in rowing

the

be

weight to

the

moved,

is the

oar

The

leverageis most

powerful

but

in

to

the

problem

throughthe
which

at

this

mechanism
he

rows

and

water

could

stillin the

positionto

the

the

such

duringeach

risingof

the

stroke

less than

has moved

that of

forward

the

the

pressure

of the

the seat.

on

the human

mechanical

"

the

oar

for

Further,there
length of

strokes

the mechanism

lungs is much
are

not

school
their

so

less.

lithe and

crews,

of the

who

This

could

slide,and
is

active

as

make

in strengthto
inferiority
*

It is when

the

is

Health

gain to
in

was

moves

stretcher,
the

thrown
again entirely

the

rowlock,and

lightboat.

Still

strength to

more

or

those

mediocre

that

be

is

who, by

it has

exertion

pace

been

Handbooks, vol.

x.

fewer

forward

to

heart

of age and
a

of stroke

men."*

with

creased
in-

to

greatlyreduced

now

reason

the

accordingly

crews

springingthe body

necessary,

but

in

attained

be

to

pace

formerlyby

Exhibition

got

slide,when

physical gain

consequentlythe

boyhood,

up

and

body

As

slider

the

much

alreadybeen

the

body

to

the

in the

is

gain

has

of the

same

the fixed seat

on

The

obtain

distance

the effort of

Moreover,

available at

seat.

is imbedded

his

longer period

cannot

seat.

great

yet solved.

most

for

begins.

of the inferior

pace

was

the stroke.

men

the

oarsman

by enabling the

are

fixed

man

weight

more

for grown

enables

The

its fullest reach,which

by

it enables

satisfactory

straighteningof

stroke,especiallyin

longer portion of

stroke

improved.

weight of

the moment

not

advantage is here mostly after

has been

per minute.

has been

for the

part of the

as
gain is considerable,

applied to

the

and

the

the water

spring,which

itself

oar

be, because, owing

fixed

slidingseat

force

legsceases

that is the least valuable

the

the

weight ;

againstwhich

the

purpose

forward,a

perpendicular,and

advantage of

The

on

power.

might expect

the water

would

thowl

problem

the

were

on

the

any

stroke,while

weight,which

rowlock

he could

with undiminished

on

go

if he

the slider is

than

towards

up

of,that

when

the

operating in
be

of

is,the

structural

his

the

to

Could

physicaleffort by

and

moving

that

answers

his

could

motion

againstit,we

measure

stroke,are

of
back, the uncoiling
can

some

than

the knees

greater reach

hold

in

the

boat is

appliesthe

man

through the water,

"

during

fulcrum,the

right angles

at

to

weight

his full power

exert

that his power

way

beginningof

much

forward

sculler to continue

or

legsin

the

This,however, is

slidingseat

oarsman

applied

the

extremely transient.

which

by

lever,and

of the boat

is

is the

water

solved, owing

case

be moved

increase of speed.
But

the

be devised

"

when

the motion

be

can

be

the

loss to
and

and

figure,
public

for
agility

SPECIFIC

slidingseat is estimated

The

the stroke
"The

slidingseat," writes

Mr.

that

because

portion of

contrivance

which

will enable

him

still more

the abdominal

The

do

to

to

man

work

more

contrivance

very

Rowing,
and

in

speed

has not

it is needless

details of

good

stroke
upon

the

to

first

the

with

stroke

gives way

muscles

which

is obvious

less exertion

duct
con-

himself

course,

and

gives

extra

also

recovery

is

that any

to

the whole

over

aids

great

so

have

might

as

been

imagined.

Sculling.

and

involves

say,

by

the

stroke

features

stroke

the

pullingof

one

with

oar

pair of sculls,
employing,of

in

rowing

of the

E. Warre

is

should

might

act

The

appreciated.

Rev.

both
one

course,

well

be
be

understood

recognized and

following description

preciseand

lucid,and

in order

the

of

qualities

the

rowing

hardly be improved

can

"

iment

then

down,

turn

ght line

to

the

touches

oar

the wrists

well

f" iw

t.i, the

le wrist

than

i-,1

more

goes

tin-

little raised,the
to

"

without

body
back,

so

the

maintain
the

eye-

fixed

anih

loss of
he

that

brought to

oar

thrown

thousandth
on

to

the

pari
oar

and

hold

OH

its

depth

of

bands

from

the

thigh joints

time

proper

must
at

not

swing forcome

pon

line
straight
shoulder

the

At

Stretcher by the

th(

it

as

of

the

theil full extent,

he raised
once.

the
straightened,

the OUtside
to

the

stomach

and
be

arm

by

in

and
sharply,

that

moment,

second, the whole weight of

of

the

hands

smartly stJ

out

ham!,, hut

oil

its full

hands

the chest

inside

blade in

the

havingbeen quicklyturned,the

the

must

Let

"! in the

ml

the blade of the

forward

slider,regulatingthe

kept hack,

11,

the
shoot

once

the stroke.

to

be

shoulihr^

back, the head kept up,

the wrists

at

the body
front,inclining

the

the body according

! of

the body, drop

sharplyand

simultaneously
bringup

and

m.

respiratoryorgans

It therefore

which

been

the pullingof
sculling

that the muscular

of

and

each.

to

The

of

recover

in the

Library volume

tiringoarsman

of the stroke.

Roiving

bond

length of

the stroke."

increase

hands,

in. in the

18

muscles

of the relative weakness

enable

can

wherein

point

the action

if the

so

to

power

The

the recovery.

in his recovery,

about

in the Badminton

Woodgate,

"

during

give a gain of

to

Boating, decidedly relieves

on

69

9 in. slide.

upon

EXERCISES.

the

body Springing

h arply and

be driven

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

70

through it by
hold

force

of the water, and

of the

uniform

beginning
be

arms

the

reaches

strained

rear

the

"

back,

in any

if

the

Among
back

be

straightwhile

should

be

should

swing

as

The

the

the chest

muscular

movements

himself,and
which

no

The

practice.
ever

practiceappears

to

remarks

do

oarsman

devote

can

It is much

simply

to

the

to

be

pull the

going,they
of their

need

already complex

style,the

to

row

to

"

he

wards.
back-

The

biceps
If

the side.

rowed

home

by

it is in

hands

the

It

trunk

and

pumped,"

with

the
from

forward

sluggish

becomes

far

rowing, so

acquire

leads

often

they apply

movement.

energies to

the
to

art

of

the

balancing

fixed

as

precision,

more

bad

style,

To

easier the movement

row

slidingseat

is

no

boat.

to

and

barrass
em-

the

pulling.

style,and

the

and

women

about

the

men

nothing

correctlyis
and

ordinary pleasure

steady enough,

boat

highest

its

The

boating

to

the

to

scullingin

to

is

care

as

and

speed, there

the

many

along. They

badly.

pulled.

whole

to

scarcelybe

to

rowing

of great

regrettedthat
boat

The

well

kept

can

is

forwards

point,and

has

this well

perfectlyindifferent

are

days

all his

stroke

involves,however,

It

apply

there

an

The

remove.

In such

no

following.

of the water.

sculler

but in all essentials

is

be

particularsidentical

already made

boat

the

shoulders.

becoming

that

touch

developments,
a

are

the

fails to shoot

He

The

failure to

is

concerned.

are

oar

hips,moving

must

fresh hold

in all essential

skill,more

more

take

to

position the

forward.

is from

oarsman

feels the strain.

reaching forward

the

the stroke

they

ting
upright sit-

natural

this

the

as

well

elbows

upon

after

not

In

stroke

yield

comes

arms

the

an

the

to

outwards, but

back.

the

not

from

the

be insisted

the moment

Sculling is

of

and

When

that he

recovery

in

point

muscles.

arm

pull

the work

do

not

this latter

main

in

chest

rigid column

assume

chest

commence."

must

the

than

body

close past the

dropped

rather

the

body.

the

disclosingthe

fact,should

be noted

stiff and

set

and

scribed,
de-

up

of the

When

got

as

legs,keep

motion

and

has

oar

effected

stroke.

bent

well thrown

the feather

to
particulars

should

should

it and

to

come

of the

inwards

in

been

the backward

be

the

as

of the

the muscles

dropping

body,

posture, with the shoulders

should

has

the elbows

anything, curved
The

of the stroke

beginning

shoulders

way.

soon

through

the

at

As

using

so,

perpendicular,let

sides to the

front,the

rigid

uniform.

beginning
and

the

Let

the

flatten the knees,

pressure

and

unwavering

are

to row

better

are

order

the pace.

of their

for the

content

with

content

ease.

The

The

rest

better

better

the

SPECIFIC
the

style,moreover,
bad

is often

have

doubtful
As

to

made

in

row

the exercise.

perfectis

the

atrocious

familiar

us

71

is to

with

manner

in

indulge

Bad

rowing

which

some

pursuit of

very

utility.
exercise,scullingmay

an

all

ordinary individuals

no

person

should

side of the

there

is

from

one

not

is

side.

and

imply

better

rotate

capacity to pull one

muscles

the exercise

the

back,

of the

has

of

sculling,and

oar.

the

great

of the

than

merit

is the

of the

of

body

other ;
it were,

pull,as

to

or

sides

two

To

rowing.

of all the muscles

"

"screw

or

than

knowledge

extensivelyemployed

more

the
sculling,

In

equallyemployed,

the

be

to

employment

even

dispositionto

no

should

with

more

body

be considered

boating

be content

Scullinginvolves
one

and

complete

more

exercise,and

holiday-makers

EXERCISES.

body

are

being perfectly

symmetrical.
The
Let
takes

imagine

us

good

scullingin

man

of the

grasp

Muscles

the

magnus

and

body

is at the

such

muscles,the
The

whole

back
The

arm

by

the great

the

presses
lower

arm,

the

draw

the

upper

and
iliacus,

forwards

the feet

limb.

man

the

rows

swings forwards

his

back,

and

with

not

calls into

he
feathering,

muscles.

from

his

by

the

action

the

hip

of the
and

the

i-"provided

the
In

arms.

againstthe stretcher,
contracting
Dearlyall
In

The

the water, the muscles

back

the

serratus

femoral

anterior

of the

of

of the abdominal

posterior scapular muscles

muscles
with

take

forwards.

the stroke
agent, however, in effecting

the extensor

The

trunk

through

drawn

now

of the

the

limb

He

and

pectorals,the

the contraction

by

some

and
kept stiff,

he main

of

mass

gluteimuscles.
he

of the

contract, together with

imus dorsi.

to

muscles

and

are

forwards

hands

thrown

sculls

hand

the

time

is

of the

throws

as

fixed seat.

muscles

He

scapular muscles

psoas

jointsonly.
upper

extensor

same

ordinary gig with

an

sculls,
using fullythe

the fiexor side of the forearm.

stroke,using

Involved.

powerful
pulling,

the muscles

of

I die

exl

rm.

Inasmuch

as

that

will !"" seen

of the

the head

kepi erect

and
sculling

and
do

rowing

the

chest well thrown

actuallyengage

forward,it

all the main

mu

body.

Aidingscat

In-

employed,then

uniform, for the muscles

in

is

drawing

rowing and

the

body

of

the lower

forward

tall.-,
culling
upon

and

in

the

limb

\crcise
.ne

is stillmore

used

shootingit back.

the mUSClefl of the back

to

-'ill

complete

greater extent

Still the
and

and

hip.

main

strain in

PHYSICAL

72
The

mechanics

of

photographs,and

EDUCATION.
be

scullingcan

reference

be

may

in

readilystudied
made

the

to

Muybridge's ingenious

description in Keating's

"Cyclopaedia" (vol.iv.,photo, iv.).

The
is

idea, often expressed, that boating

even

ridiculous

more

the

rowing
The
often

of the

use

oarsman

be

to

arched, and
leans

take

to

biceps.

the

manner

The

He

in which
he

the

to

be

better
and

be

regulatedto
an

as

athlete

provided

be

is

often

enough.

and, although the

all,it

tends

make

to

the
of his

the muscles

degree

girlof

perfectforms

of the most

one

of muscular

eleven

effort involved

scull with

may

can

much

as

of

style

hill

or

does

day

after

even

not
on

when

breathlessness.

cause

long

he would

be

great flightof stairs.

hearts

and

river

It

indulged

be

can

difficulty,

of breath

utterlyout

lungs, provided,

weak

without

tour

elderly

An

on

in

the

that

of course,

by

moderate.
strictly

Boating
to

and

The

moderate,

individuals with weak

pace

remain

must

which

day

boat

the pace

ascending

out

possess.

exercise

an

pull

can

man

mainly by

others.

degree, and

any

and

sculls

of twenty.

is

Boating

we

the

perpendicular,and

develop

to

He

Adaptabilitiesof Boating.

Boating properlycarried
exercise

and

and

limp

pulls

caricatured

at

is

the thwart.

the oarsman,

exercise

no

clumsy,

of all the

sacrifice

The

muscular

than

of

back

limb

the

beyond

has been

those

his

of the upper

individual

an

and

water,

trainingfor

in size.

under

away

the

trunk

elbows

not

are

round-shouldered

individual

the

projectshis

executes

pull may

half-hour's

arms

he

legs tucked

of the muscles

extend

not

sits with

only,

arms

volves
bicyclingin-

into hard

Such

biceps.

He

stroke, grasps

the action

does

movements

the

his

that

actuallydiminish

his

parks.

with

probably

through simply by
the

London

of the

use

going

man

will

sculls with

or

the

in

very

forwards

biceps muscles

rows

seen

muscular

the

assertion

equally common

legs only.

will find that his

bad

the

than

involves

suited

is not

hernia.

The

the contraction

for the

subjects of
in

posture assumed

of the abdominal

hernia

nor

for those

leaning forwards

muscles

at

the

same

to

with

take

time

sition
dispo-

the stroke

favor

nial
her-

protrusion.
Boating, however,
and
not

uncommon

to

tends

develop

to

lessen the size and

after middle

and

improve

life.

to

strengthen the

the tone

of the

abdominal

pendulous

cles,
mus-

abdomen

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC
and

Rowing
should

without

row

Perhaps

the

back, and gives tone

should

Boating

individuals

Such
should

firstlearn to swim.

eight.

at

exhibit

should

It is

defects

which

chest,strengthensthe

precautions,and

certain

subjects of

row.

Boys may

begin

those

take

spine,

the

boating

to

six,and

at

row

that

importance

utmost

who

learn to

to

course

earlycondition.

its

All

scull,not

of

of the

lateral curvature

deformity in

the

of the

matter

with

the

to

muscular

the

expands

possible make.

of the abdomen.

the muscles

cases

who

those

especiallyto

It

Ladies

women.

slenderest

the

remedy

to

be recommended

properly selected

in

suited

girlsand

of the

corsets

gentler sex.

to

for

exercises

with

or

is better

in

conspicuous

are

corsets,

exercise

no

admirable

scullingare

73

learner

girls

be well

taught.
It is well
and

teacher

the

pupil.
scull

by pullingone
left side.

The

The

exercise
both

to

with

only,rowing

for

should

rough

scull should

The

pupil
the

details of the

be

brief,and

is

usuallymuch

sculls the better.

There

the

moderately well

the

should

gin
be-

rightand

stroke

the first be made

from

two, the

will seat

equal periodsupon

learn the

He
one

be smooth.

should

water

will in this way

He

which

boat
light half-outrigged

of the movement.

rhythm

takes

in

begin

to

and

the

sooner

with
difficulty

the

time.

keep

to

the

pupil

the left

hand.
As

soon

as

and

oarsman,

the

in this way

pointsof

proper

Sea

pupil can

who

the river.

have

The

Of

those who

are

rowing

behind

row

good

of the movement

swing

as

rowed

much

involves

and

the

will

is not

boating capable of assuming its most

thai

on

the

boat
the

short,and

probably

To

well
as

fresh

never

is

heavy,

movement

row

sea

well

row

which
exertion,

kind.

; and, while

in mind

is

muscular

more

rowing

Sim

exercise

river boat.

sea

unfinished

muscularlyfeeble
be borne

the

on

an

stroke

the finish possible

in

be strong.

it should
points,

the

up

of the water, the

clumsy and

more

must

out

exercise

dividual

pick

inferior to river

susceptibleof
e

he will

he should

the stroke.

gunwale is high

i-,not

scull

is,however,
the

boat

adaptedfor children

an

exen

ic
alone

water

it

on

""r

in-

for

has admirable

fa the pursuit of

perfectform.
inoeing.

For the purpose

to

two

"

-'"-

of the present paper

the Rob

Roy

"

inoe

and

canoes

may

be considered

the Canadian.

belong

SPECIFIC
exercise

This

backs

weak

and

and
A

in

there

hard

are

task of

lateral

making

shallows

through

way

and

thick

nor

for

those

For

the

robust

weakly,

rowing

to

past milldams, and

rushes

and

have

it is admirable,

varied

most

steering down

nervous

who

sculling.

or

of the

exercise

paddling againsta stream,

over

75

curvature.

usuallyinvolves

canoe

the

pleasantvariation

very

the craft

of

dragging

for

adapted

dispositionto

forms

voyage

well

is not

EXERCISES.

kind

rapid,the

the very

arduous

weeds.

Cycling.

historyof

The

is afforded

than
years

Within

to

almost

incredible

of thousands

in tens

of all ages
women

as

well

himself

well-known

rider

general features

The
There

action

the direct

height or

"

represent

an

lost upon

The

upon

In

what

The

the individual

propelling this

to

other

or

are

nearly so.

now

uals
individ-

the

machine

be

his

chains, and

the

familiar

the

"

Safety."

of

work,"

or,

the

No

body

will
it he

of muscular

to his work."

weightof

upon

it would

as

the

upon

inches

50

waste

no

The

is driven

depends

steers, and
is

"

enough.

the wheel

diameter

there

Hillier

"Cycling."

and

rider

Lacy

in

be
is

power

he admirably

aidingprogression.

cycleate

is known

two

"

exercises, "close

as

"

machine

the

legion,hut
"

the Rover

wheels
The

are

.ni| ur

diameter of

of

the form

the

mOSl

immediate

Commonly

future.
used

The

is founded

pattern.

ented
The

by

up

G.

on

must

use

rider.

this wheel

With

Safetybicyclerepresents
this

volume
in

now

Mr.

size of the wheel

COg-wheelsand

varieties of

cycles

pedals.

si/e.

developed

enthusiastically
ized
patron-

of

of

banks.
mounte-

has

taken

In this machine

reference

utilized in

been

admirably given by

in the Badminton

the

and

ago

vigor. Cyclistsare

has been

and
life,

rider is placed directly

"over

pressedwith

acrobats

the earlier pattern.

average

The

force.

sport has

bicycle, the "Ordinary

of

the reach"

balances himself.

is very
"

fifteen years

men.

of the

forms

two

are

Ordinary represents
by

by

as

history of cycling

The

; the

ure
feat-

cycling. Twenty

of athletic exercise

phenomenal

in all stations of

and

of

Even

than

with

rapidityand

remarkable

more

development

little other

as

this form

period

and

no

in this country.

regarded

short

so

be counted

by

unknown

bicycleswere

riders upon

provides probably

the introduction

by

bicycle was

the

ago

with

athletic sports

by

itivelv
e

machine

with

small,and

h will be

about

the

charac
following

either

an-

28

or

of

equal

30 inches.

The

front wheel

is the

movement,

steering-wheel,and

far

so

cogged

joint,

the chain-wheel

between

is said to be
is connected

connected

larger,the

the

revolutions

machine

revolution

of the

wheel, which
of the

turn

the chain

moving

has

pedal through
of

revolution

complete

of the

revolution

with

that

lution
revo-

chain

is

the

pedal

is

the

pedal

The

Safety
the

drivingcomplete
by

made

one

of 54 inches.
is

term

produce

to

the

each

that

In

the

case

at

to

smaller,and

the

required

is

pedal

equal

which

geared down," by

such

it is such

by

diameter

with

inches,revolves

28

the chain

complete

driving-wheel.

of movement

range

pulley-wheelsis

of the two

the hinder

of

chine
ma-

is to say, the relation between

moved

is

level-geared."

which

In

the

The

which

one

with

upon

attached,and

connected

of the

that

"

directlyover

bicycle.

be

to

geared-up."

54 ;

diameter

wheel

"

tricyclesare

Some

one

actual

an

"

the wheel

and

of the

act

this chain

sits

are

involves

pedal

if the wheel

"

to

up

wheels

through

pedals

rider

cranks

is said

the revolutions

than

fewer

are

The

its

driving wheel.

through

The

pulley wheels

If the

is said to be

machine

is the

pulley-wheelswith

size the

equal

bicycle is usually" geared

wheel

If the two

is effected

pedals.

their

running

unequal size,and

of

and

connected

are

wheel

wheel.

pedals

driving-wheel.

are

hinder

of the

rear

the two

complete

of the

The

the

"geared."

of

are

one

case

the

handles

carrying a chain, and

to

which

to

placed

therefore

such

wheel

is communicated

movement

it the

steering is concerned,

the direct action

toothed

or

of

with

the head."

"

propelled by

It is not
small

the act

as

nearly horizontal

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

76

implied
therefore

the fact that

than

more

revolution

one

of the

driving-wheel.
question of gearing it must

In this

equation,viz.,the strength of
speed
are

or

of the

pedal

employ

down,
amount

force.

more

increased

an

of force

be

would

than

individual
of

more

probably

may
than
be

can

less.

prefer

employ

lesser

degree

glad

to

weight, and
expend

an

low.

to

am

Hint

his

use

man

of

level,but

he

geared
but the
or

an

legs with greater

effort.
advanced

more

on

be

required ;

muscular

of force

tions
revolu-

lightweight

of muscular

of considerable

undue

of

man

young

is

either

problem

fewer

machine

if the

that

of the

make

can

of the foot

may

power

quantity,and

gearing were

hand,

factor of the

one

conditions

if the

movements

is much

fixed

that

up, the rider

other

prefer a cycle geared

average

the other

required

the

of

individual of feeble muscular

he

rider,is

geared

On

remembered

when

be

number

involved

provided
activity,

the

sacrificed

be

If the machine

varied.

must

must

power

be

each

Such

an

years,

strength,would
stroke

of the

SPECIFIC

rather than
rider would
While

select

be

type may

same

The

Humber

the maker's

geared

Roadster

of

weight

The

saddle

is

is based
the
of

about

well

placed

36

be

lb.

42

well

the

over

to

the

of

front

is

geared

to

in

57

54, the

to

responding
cor-

given

The

lb. complete.

20

as

30 lb.

roadster

scale from

tricyclemay

no

"

"

ilety

ridden

these

have

the machine

againstany

known

is

has

the

as

diameter

The

employed.

general features

in all

introduction

The

has reduced

all kinds

ground,

The

and

rider's

is well merited.

of

the amount

over

what

are

be

may

close

so

the

to

enable

to

him

fall.
it occurs,

There

thousands

some

stop the front

to

the machine

is inexcusable.

for years
with

feet

accident,when

An

alone, and

met

of

prevent

so

sufficient

obstacle

great inclination

very

never

singlechain

Safety bicycle.

its side.

machines

yet

machine

steeringwheel

or

in.

30

lines of

on

foot to the

term

who

the

minimum.

the fault of the rider

and

is

excellent

pedals,and

taken

falls over

that it needs

bring one

have

to

Roadster

tricyclethe

this

In

running

merely

The

Safety of

racer

pattern

same

reduced

Cripper)

represented by

Safety bicycle if

ground

termed

an

are

is

ably
prob-

my

who

of

of miles
accident,

1.

even

or

istyfall.

One

disadvanl ige which

There

body

is do

i-"injurious.

ustion of the

doubt
It

that

under
continued
whoM-

vibration may
h

ive

le

ire

fell in thi

still po
tell

heroine

especiallyin persons with

unfavorabli

induces

and
fatigue,

leads

the

to
to

earlier

les.

eighteen,who

l"idie"

long-continuedvibration communicated

it
unpleasant,

is

must

tion.
all cyclesis that of vibraurged against

has been

vibration

an

the

ingenious ball-bearing
jointto cycles of

wheel

to

the mechanical

upon

The

tricycleof

ladies'

driving wheels

two

friction in

to

from

Cripper.
in.,the

24

54,

tricycle(" gents' lightcripper ")

racing Safety may

is
tricycle

Humber
of

to

,b-

56

t0

45

higher gearing.

racing tricycle(Humber

Safetyweighs

Such

cripper to 63.
of

weight

pedals rapidly.

63.

to

catalogue,the
racer

The

his

Safety will usuallybe geared

roadster

with

machine

77

necessityof moving

feel the

to

EXERCISES.

but

more

less

little.

ii-id

sensitive

They

return

But
in

in older

the

the

bodies of

a
longepiphysealcartilages,

many

nervous

from

ind upon

process

individuals, in th
of

development,

B) item, vibration

long ride

over

has

and

certainly

rough roads

with

78

PHYSICAL
undue

an

muscles

are

fatigue they

of

sense

EDUCATION.

feel

"

little tremulous, and

the

"shaken,"

there

often

follow

back

aches, the. arm

headache

and

less
sleep-

night.
Vibration
"

or

has been
"

pneumatic

been

to

tires,or

introduced,with
"

bicycle.

The

the usual

to

large

by

the

extent

of

means

machine

in what
be

may

Safetybicycle which

is known

said

with

cart

"

of

use

bear

to

springs

the

bears

has

as
"

the

as

"

cushion

suspending spring, such

greatest success,

Whippet

the

by

overcome

pet
Whiption
rela-

same

to

out
with-

one

springs.
The

followingrecords

attained

on

will

idea

give an

of

the

possiblespeed

which

cycle :

"

Bicycle.

Half-mile

be

can

Tricycle.

mile

One

miles.

Three
Ten

miles

Twenty miles
Fiftymiles

....

Hundred

miles

Cycling
ride upon

Bicycling.
"

exercise,but

it involves

is continuous

and

be

can

He

indulged
who

in

owns

of the

certainly one

and

horse

No

his

at

least

could

be
and

in endurance

compete

the

air.

open

to

muscular

The

exercise

degree, and

any

weakling.
of the most

one

of

means

without

can

admirable

an

regulated

command

expensive

himself, and

solely upon
day.

has

in the

can

the athlete

equallyby
bicycle

; it

only

not

necessityexertion

intermittent

not

Exercise.

an

bicycle involves

of

as

admirable
He

traveling.

is dependent

travel fifty
miles
difficulty

and

in

long

has

any

other

distances

with

the

bicycle rider.
Cycling
exercise

to

has

improve

The
in
hours
to

mount

at

undoubtedly

lad who

finding a
his
his

and
citylife,

the

done

of the

bodily condition

is pent

means

up

for well

disposal before
bicycle,and
is

than

more

in

breathing

in

close

occupying

an

hour

clearer

office all
the

of the

the work
he
and

city clerk

summer

form
and

day

brisker

miles
air.

away
He

shop

now

no

He
from
who

physical

the

evening

day begins.

is ten

has

of

or

sistant.
as-

culty
diffi-

the few

has

merely

the din of
is

an

early

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC

riser

in

can

the

well

months

summer

79
ride

twenty-mile

manage

before

breakfast.
the

Unlike

dependent
and

he

The

but

occupy

of

cricket

one

no

upon

can

amount

playerof

himself.

It is said to be

of the exercise

machine
the

to

these

and

heels

at

have

to

gripof
th

the

pari

d(

"

com

while

modified
involved

be

to

less

travelled

few

The

its side.

more

inches

machine

The

brakes

bring the bicycle

can

and

through

are

is

taken

quick

as

as

hare, he

busy thoroughfare.

very
than

dangerous

crowded

riding through

in

work,

horseback,

riding on

into account,

will

it

the

machine

is

"

""

mu

power

for

some

the
The

and

to

be

tainly
cer-

forearms.

immediate,and

the

easy,

are

the

first principles
in

trunk

are

not

upright pasture

ul

d, still an
exert

d be

hours

It may

be

propellingof
learner

apt to

his

believe that

In other

words,

completecontrol
and
required,

"

in

concerned.

onlj easy bu( quiteautomatic

is

retained
finally

with

exti

rt
.

the

after his

slight

without

said

bicycleriding.

its are

partialexercise,

legs,but of achingin

and

lea of die

thai the

true

if the

mu

not

beginner is

the

upon

balancingbecomes

time

of

comes

very

legsonly.

in his

'I he

tany muscular

illyall the

amounl
even

ise

hack.

balance.

proper

degree,in his
exer"

it is

of the

complain of aching

not

uprightp

of

that

bicycleridingis

of

steeringwind

of

the muscles

of

use

maintenance

lessei

.1

the

In

the

strain of the

the whole

ami

said

his

ride

to

first difficulty
of

exercise

arms, and

of

the

applied to

doubt

step off.

to

fall upon

occurred

objection to the bicycle is

machine, but

the

by

ri^ky than skating.

that the

half-hour

reviewed

his feet but

strong that they

perfectat

the distances

second

once

simply

merely

so

are

rider is

that it involves the

and

has

;" it can

be

justas regards the

said to be

rider rides with

fallinghe

is

accidents

be

may

especiallywhen

2.

same

urged against the sport.

objection without

This

merely foolhardy if he attemps

less

the

moment.

unless

Bicycling

been

The

machines

serious

most

streets

with

best

bicyclingmay

of

scarcelybe

can

Safety.

over

standstill in

The

is

"head

applied to

now

it

If he

ground.

turn

cannot

the

"

have

dangerous.

high-wheel bicycle,but

from

cyclistis

is always at hand,

afternoon

entire

the

man,

of exercise

means

the

or

rowing

preparation.

discussingthe objectionswhich

modern

the

or

His

half-hour

spare

specificfeatures

1.

football

or

f"r the back i

80

PHYSICAL

EDUCATION.

quite insignificant
exercise,and
has

been
far

So
as

often

in the

bank

The

like

leg move

as

concerned,

great city on

or

the

on

bicycling

riders

the

by observing

Sunday

of

opinion

an

one

roads

suburban

action

rides

from

is extreme

his

hips ;

; his ankle

he

his

moves

is fixed ; his foot

the

of the

matter

is muscular

more

ankle-joint. The

the

and

economized,

power

the

more

the rider's movement.

it at
extremities,
the

his

great extent,

bicycling does

While

rider

one.

gracefulis

the

thought.

formed

be

not

inexperienced

ankle-jointis employed

of

legs are

pistons;

Pedalling is,to

lower

of the

of

he

that he

bicyclistfinds

holiday.

limbs

more

than

should

streets

ill-taughtor

lower
and

exercise

ride the

long

his back

the movements

as

sees

with

more

muscular

on

doing

after

certainlyinvolve
the

limb

upper

time

same

in

the

gives excellent

of
(especially

the

the

main

employment

forearm) and

of

muscles
to

cles
mus-

muscles

the

to

the

the

of

trunk.

Cycling

does

passing

from

sport

an

as

Such

the trunk

exercise.

exercise

of

tend

not

to

3. In the third

should

place

posture of the body

in the pages

of

those

among

through

hire

who

the streets

lad

take

body nearly horizontal.

out

like the

limbs

and

his chin

is thrust well ahead.

attitude

This
is

there

no

is,to

doubt

His

that it is

the wheel

back

of

for

leaning

hour

an

alone.
a

pernicious

very

by
be

and

chest

is almost

seen

and

arched, his
upon

the

necessity upon
in

riding at

as

out

Maurier

Du

any

as

day

wildly

tear

far forwards

so

is bowed

practicallyessential

can

back.

stooping

well caricatured

then

rider is

extent,

some

leave

complained

and

startled cat, his

and

and

the

mode

predominating

chest

has been

bicycle now

his

as

of

lies the defect

bicycleriding induces

posture

The

herein

narrow

rowing

to

The

thereon.

of

with

the great muscles

exercise

or

recommended

it is said that

Punch."

"

be

posture which

"

limb, and

upper

It cannot

lanky
tall,

individual

an

the

to

the chest

develop

to

to

have
stick

elbows

the handle

bar,

racing track,and
the

highest

sible
pos-

speed.
riding upon

For
of

jockey

canter

This
down

at

the finish of

in Rotten
absurd
in part

the road

it is
a

and
ridiculous,

horserace

would

be in

of

place as

an

the posture

individual

taking

Row.
attitude
to

sheer

when

assumed

by

ignorance, in part

riders
to

bad

on

the

road

teaching,and

may

'

be

put

in part to

SPECIFIC

of the

foolish imitation

EXERCISES.

racing

Si

inelegant,and

It is unnecessary,

man.

tinctly
dis-

injurious.
should

rider

The

part of the

upper

sit

body

shoulders

well

thrown

moreover,

well

to

"

push

and

are

in

the

made

now

be attended

There

is

attitude

have

render

to

it is

this matter

that

important

it,

of the

positionpossible;

perfectlyerect

sit,

expresses

handles

The

from."

push

to

should

He

writer

one

as

erect, the

be

sides.

the

at

saddle, and,

saddle

as

so

that

thank

to

that

perinreum,and
resulted

his

elbows

should

the

with

the

of

handles

to.

doubt

no

It is said

4.

of

machine

ordering a

should

back

the

head

The

possible.

back, and

in front, using the

cut

machines

still as

as

straightand

his back

with
quite upright,

the

in

have

riders who

some

rounded

bicyclefor

shoulders
is

cyclinginjuriouspressure

and

therefrom.

The

has

writer

been

not

able

to

stooping back.

brought

and
perinatalabscess,urinaryfistula,

that

of their

utterlycareless

been

bear

to

have

troubles

other

the

upon

evidence

find any

to

support this assertion.

It

possiblethat cycling may

is

with

inflamed

an

subjects of
named

urethra

urethral

riders the

writer

stricture

is

and by
hypertrophy,

prostatictrouble

practicedby

that it may

with

For

individuals

he

as

has been

assured
In

that

cyclingcauses

advanced

the

vesical symptoms

when

elderly men,

tricycle

Among

subject of prostatic,

one

theypresent.

the

this last-

even

support.

than

more

patient

in
injuriously

act

enlarged prostate.

symptoms

in

if

little scientific

acquainted

nation of such
of

and

is very

such

mishief

to

it is conceivable

there
possibility

lead

sta

present,

are

cyclingcould scarcelybe practiced.

perfectly
healthyindividuals

In

producean
In

injurious
degree of
modern

the

in actual

comes

re

Any

upon

contact
that

discomfort

form Of
sinned

in

with

the

perina'Uin.

not

perinseum.

leather

No

cyclingdoes

that

is the

metal-work

only part which

can

cause

dire

part.
about

the

perinseumin ridingis probablydue

individual

the

rider, or

to

had

either to

attitude

riding.

ttitude is

These

the

suspended siip of

which
stoopingforwards,

perinseumunduly upon

In

stated

be

pressure upon

to
ill-adapted

saddle

habit of
the

saddle

it may

to

he

saddle,and

the

tor

alreadycondemned, brings
this reason,

if for no

other,

strongly
opp"

the weightof
riding,

pointsalone

has been

the

should hear

body
the

rests

upon

pressure.

the

tuberosities of the ischia.

SPECIFIC
The

exercise

extremities

and

disposed

are

take

is admirable
who

exercise

for the

subjects of

of

complain

other

some

up

for all who

who

or
phthisis,

to

EXERCISES.

exercise
and

timid

urethral

require development
"

being

desire
than

S3

weak

in

and

it should

Those

who

the

perhaps quite

the

adopted by

be

not

prostaticdisease,of hernia, of

or

lower

lung capacity,should

It is not

bicycling.

nervous,

loins."

their

develop

to

the

the

in

varicose

veins,or

of

varicocele.
The

exercise

constipation,and

is

have

to

appears

in other

be left to
tricks in

forms

the

the

ordinary rider

when

than

ten

an

The

bicyclistshould

miles

well-woven
himself
stiff

hour, and

braided
collars,

suits.

The

equipped,

should

be

should

walking

vcling. In tricyclingthe
only

involved.

ones

complished with

"

has to maintain
trunk.

As

London

shelter

house

is

from

pi u

fur In.
in

The

the

or

iges

While

it

le rider

idvanl ige of

van!

body erect,

l""

The

hine.

has

and

be

to

of

keep

must

when

small

to main

of

sharp

should

day.

burden

waterproof
The

loose cape.

extremities

si/e of

or

ruts

tOUT
the

among

ate

the

inferior

to

the

makes

The

in
be

cannot

ridei

it-,greatestadv.

has
tricycle

so

well

convenient

the

The

small

always seek

must

and
bicycle

mt

bicycll

and
tracks,

three

rider

of the

muscles

and

It

steering

bicycling.The

cumbrous,

roads.
principal

the

the

exertion.

employ

almost

are

maintained, and

muscular

on

machine

footpath.The
with

more

in the

shoes, and

lower

thus

must

disposedof

be

can

frozen road

very decided

upon

an

disad-

the bi" y" le.

ovei

in

of the

amount

place,and

of not

shoes,
tight-fitting

avoid

the form

comparatively largeand

pace

shoes.

balance
small

disposed of.
perhaps with difficulty

m.i"

which

trii \(

uneven

very

The

well-cut,or better still,

wear

is undoubtedly
exercise,tricycling

an

conveyed

manner

is,moreover,

'line

No

take

muscles

"

the

with

should

He

should

acquiring of

the

exceeding fiftymiles

should

possible.

records

of

entirely in wool, and

clad

subjectsof

his eccentricities.

by

uniforms, gauntlets,rubber-soled

thin leather

are

live

not

be well

only waterproof worn

best shoes

breaking

satisfyhimself

distance

the

are

and
athletic,

and
to

who

of the liver.

the

and

has

should

touring

little luggage as

as

disorders

racing

acrobat, who

breeches,

with

functional

well-trained,
strong,

young,

those

advantage by

of exercise,

riding to

beneficial effect in relievingchronic

very

with

adopted

dyspepsia,haemorrhoids, and
As

can
touring the bicyclist

rider will have

to

content

himself

with

make

ten

eight. " "n

miles

an

hour, the tri"ycle

the Other hand,

the

advan

84

PHYSICAL

tages of

the

and

be

can

tricycleare
ridden

The

at

capacity.

the

The

machine

and

Three
rider

considerable

take

gentle one.
have

to

good

It

all the

exercise
fear

degree.

any

It

indulged

have

tandem

her

girls.

young

be attained

the

on

these

tricycleare

of

note

without
be

without

the
mounting
dis-

; he

the road

violent

the heart

in within

by

limits

past middle

trouble,and

made

the

can

Ladies

be

to

the wide

brother,husband,

chronic

tion.
constipa-

hernia.

subjectsof

very

It appears

It involves

Girls.

and

ladies

many

proficiencyat

the sport.

keenly appreciated :

the freedom

of country

tracks
other

or

or

in the open.

considerable

ride appears

They

moderate

can

lungs.

or

subjects of
the

life.

exercise

enthusiastically
adopted by

attained

lady tricyclist
enjoys,and
with

and

of
the

nervous,

the scenery

for those

advantagesattendingexercise

girls. Many
a

by

grade

every

old, the

can

the

minute

dyspeptics and

Tricyclingis extensivelyand

luxury of

and

can

Cyclingfor

young

of

enjoy

great strain upon

no

effect upon
be

can

and

rest

can

taking very

without

It throws

great speed

advantages

admirable

their exercise

their exertions

exertion,and

ladies

by

quired.
re-

quantity of luggage.

most

the

by

ridden
a

balancing is

almost

to

ride,

to

easy

covered.

decided

ride without

adapted

be

can

No

less muscular

ridden

athletic rider

an

very

can

Tricycling is

to

It

distances

and

; he

can

be

stop the machine, and

can

carry

tricyclecan
lame.

enormous

great

be

is very

teaching.

with

can

machine

The
any

driven

machine

time, with

same

without

be

can

moderately feeble,the
At

following:

and

once

machine

altering the gearing

muscular

the

EDUCATION.

friend,are

she

can

The

in

cover

strong attractions

and

the
pany
com-

for the

vigorouslyinclined.
It is doubtful
for young
It is not
exertion

if

and

women

their

be

can

advocacy

very

declared

true

apply
be

to

be

remembered,

another, and

equally suited
The

to

be

good

and, indeed, the

suitable

or

cise
exer-

of the claims

of

tricyclingto

however,

that arguments

exercise

that what

ladies

are

be considered

phatic
em-

very

may

not

may

not

for females.

appliesto

applicable to

of muscular

amount

preciselyregulated. Many

and quite harmless

suitable,
very beneficial,
It must

to

girls.

young

exercise,it is

severe

demanded
in

be

tricyclingcan

one

woman

the

middle-aged

the

question of

the young.

precise evidence

which

is

required to

decide

the value

SPECIFIC
of tricyclingfor

These
It is
limbs

and

girlsis a

be drawn

attention

women

points may

question whether

of the

and

the

Imring

reasons,

be

be

truth

the

some

in

the

The

regarded

do

Individuals
result of
be

which
The

without

sewing

real

is

duringthe

which

there

further

the

have

the

the

the older

upon

to

entirely

pudendal region as

the question may

details,
exercise

an

friction in the

been

of

matter

be assumed

women

young

and

possibly

may

pudendum.

chafingin

in

would,

have been
irregularities

can

the

by factorygirlswould

machines

and

in
difficulty

upon

pressure

objectionswhich

the exercise

great improvement

saddle

no

menstrual

girlsor

is

good

pudendal region.

allowed

to

apply to

the

use

appear

to

apply

the

riding

to

of

tricycle.

My personalopinion would
exercises
should

the

for

to those

instances

tic

take the form

than

gentlersex

be undertaken

not

be open
two

is

of much

considerable

detailed

very

that

entering into

in young

involve

may

treadle
of

whether

the lower

good

that

undesirable

pressure

complained

riding,and,

asked

of

of
possibility

have

of

use

unmixed

be assumed

most

as

ladies' saddle

the writer knows

with the

away

involvingextensive

pelvis is an

loose assertion

modern

pattern, but

late.
formu-

to

to.

it may

period

developed by tricycling.There
saddle.

and

life.

menstrual

for many

about

85

littledifficult to obtain

exercise

an

muscles

of active uterine

years

EXERCISES.

who

by

in which

pursuitof

the

girlsand

abandoned

best suited for

; and

and

one

girlaboul pubertyor
"

innot
'lit

in

Bi" y" le
which

ridingfor

have

it

girlsmay

been

least

"

11.

iy attend

no

be

'

cannot

the

ondemned

with

tor

the

it isevident

be ridden

the machine.

the dress

ex"

same

n
vinced
con-

ful,
success-

tricycling.
Very ingen

rformed with
and
pains,

or

excuse

I am

woman,

most
enthusiastic,

most

but
designed,

they

definite

that

without

pudenda]region. The mountingand

Ingis difficult: althoughit 1

greater

ait-

In connection

ind friction in the

unmarried

long(I

to ride involves

young

ladyriders

Safety I'.ii
saddle

one

few months'

is not
tricycling

the

been mentioned

hape of

That

ter
bet-

exercise

of

aware

after
tricycling

helpnoticingthat

ladies and

am

are

but that it may

women,

a more
ise,without affording

exen

that "it did not agree with them."

than

young

middle-aged. I

01

ladies have

suggesting that there

tricyclingprovides, that the

young

married

are

of

peril

adds
distinctly

"

with the

producing
dismountthe learnto what

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

86

There

are

many

the tender
be

not

but

sex,

admirable, harmless, and

very

cycling,and

these

among

These

have

terms

scarcelyadmit

The
of

the

like.

the

"

of

which

art

light gymnastics."

of

free

cises
exer-

such

as

usuallyassociated

is

with

movements,"
of

and
drilling,

"Century Dictionary"

practiceof exercisingthe

or

gaining health,strength,or

of

purpose

The

"

in the

series of

simpler forms

the

given

the words

to

especiallyto

"calisthenics

term

Calisthenics

"

kind

The

character,and

apparatus, with

definitions

definition

no

they

that

senses

many

apply

to

systematic exercises,with
no

ones.

movement;

advanced

or

of

involve

The

for

muscles

so

certainlyof

usuallyconsidered

is

severe

form

convenient

are

"

of apparatus.

use

which

exercises

and
precisedefinition,

gymnastics

milder

in

employed

are,

general acceptance.

somewhat

involve

the

"

term

especiallybicycling,need

more

Calisthenics.

and

and

been,

of any

with

meet

with

to

open

included.

Gymnastics

would

delightfulexercises

grace

"Gymnastics

of

The

form

art

and

of

forming
per-

athletic exercises."

exercises

the

or

teaching

The

question asked

any

scheme

of

and

best

one

system,

separate

to

at

must

one

opposed

weighed,

are

holds

method

systems

from

another.

modified, reconstructed,added

from

other

gymnastics has

formed

more

modern

of this system
and

such

I have

emendations

of

works

as

myself witnessed

obscure
"

all

"

display

the

claims

whereby

characteristics

have

originalsystems

conception

methods

with

blended

of the very
form

one

instructor

system.

same

olla

mere

of

impartialobserver

The

even

modifications
means

upon

training differs materiallyfrom

adopted

that,with

to, and

gymnastics

upon

of

and

has

is

gymnastics

another.

finds that

the

cussions
dis-

faith is fixed

education

arises.

He

of

of

system

of

and

Considerable

considered, and

are

that

system

teacher

another
interpretation
of the

observes

He

which

"system."

he teach?"

does

great fundamental

some

been

sources.

at

sway

little confusion

no

for

seek

to

gymnastic

term

it follow?"

physical

of

unfortunate

system

does

question as

centre

one

of

details

he

feels that

the

is the

is"what

system

opposition belief

an

rival schools

calisthenics

instructor

upon

while

the

When

of

exercises,"what

ensued

have
the

of any

of

presents itself in the consideration

first expression which

The

introduced

the

Several

podrida, a
by

of

ture
mix-

the author

of classification.

advertised

as

demonstration

of the

SPECIFIC
Swedish

of

system

gymnastics, in

the main

dumb-bells, were

of the Swedish
As
"

and

have
form

of free

violent
One

movements

no

one

has

be

to

to

title is adhered
So

far

that

as

there

; and

German
1.

the

By

set

The

inc hide

sports, such

The

tern.

to

of
of

definition

forth.

ml

keenly

method

as

men,
a

cient,
all-suffi-

evil may

result
ance
allow-

cated
be advo-

system

entiretyso long as

concerned,

its distinctive

alluded

to

are

be

said
of

supposed

precise,
historically

1, the

"

be

for purposes

moment

is it

nor

it may

which

for

not

complete,

outdoor

and
both

method

is not

English ;

2, the

distance

but
liberal,

in

as

of

years

many

but

preci

and

endurance,

is

to

sprint running,

and

the usual

door
out-

ago,

but

convenient
of

carried
the

English

the

course

It is true

does

nut

fess
pro-

out.

English system.

recognizedand

The

value

is appreciated in

no

England.

it
training,

it is

and

running

it is very

is termed

games

is considered

system

rowing.

trainingas is at present

outdoor

physical trainingby

foreignwriters describe

most

very

of

This

sports.

long

is

incomplete,
obviously (rude, unscientific,

of restricted application.It is
ions

and

physicaltastes.

certain

exercise

It must

way

criticize what

to

of athlei

and

is not

that considerable

in its

gymnastic

is understood

in which

represent such

so

and

this article is

and
cricket,football,

as

sense

It i^ needless

country

any

employed.

trainingin England
physical

of

complete

se

that if

maintained

be

systems

English system

marching, running,

is the

pressions
ex-

with

synonymous

adoption, that

leaping,swimming, etc., trials of strength and

This

that the

manner,

3, the Swedish.

of athletic exercises

means

international

to

methods

just.

is per

also be allowed

and

gymnastics,"

gymnastic trainingwhich

system

no

classification is in any
even

of

be

to

come

Swedish

fixed apparatus.

purpose

be here

may

perhaps

nor

three

are

convenience
that such

to

the present

"

nationality,
physicalcondition,and

professed it should

and

system,"

particularmethod,

this is true, it must

While

of bar-bells and

use

of the familiar characteristics

none

indiscriminate

so

many

that

one

for

the
drill,

in which

species

any

lay claim

can

made

of

involve

not

adhesion

blind

or

does

in

mouths

has to conclude

soon

that
from

the

musical

Swedish

"

used

are

87

notable.

were

terms

"

in

which

or

system

method

Ling's

which

features,and

of fact,the

matter

EXERCISES.

perfettlycleat

orthodox

system.

pleasanttraining for lusty boys

that

it

can

lav

no

claim

to

and

be considered

PHYSICAL

SS

The

2.

German

German

system

writers

found

in the

good
No

be

may

teachers

practicesof
is

system

well

Metzner

and

EDUCATION.

in

says

have

adopted

other

peoples

more
liberal,

more

his

of

spoken

in the

the

claim

that

of any

have

to

any

other

no

of its own,

also

produce."

assimilation
intelligent

of

the power

may

century, and

during nearly a

built up

of what

appeared good

has

German

The

specialexercise
system

embraces

system

free movements,

exercises

mass

of fixed

series

apparatus, and
of outdoor
It aims

classes

; it aims

at

of all ages

individuals

require a

(a)
carried

The

the

these

of

free

exercises

and

of

gymnastics,

of

use

and

as

varied

most

all forms

the heading

under

come

and

of hand

should

symmetrically so

that each

arranged

with

been

as

to

be

the

the

it encourages

exercises

physical ability;

difficult and

more

in
in

amusement

being capable

at

ment
develop-

of

adaptation

it encourages
with

arduous

the

only

fullymastered.
under

out

various

the German

include

They

of the

movements

rotating of

repeated

are

and

the

and

manifold

system

would

are

great

side of the

that every

of the

movements

and
directions,

muscle

especiallyadapted

number

body

progressive,and

trunk

postures.

in any

preliminary course
a

and

limbs

in various

body

it is considered

form

the

encourage

infuse interest and

varied

simple, gentle, and

are

not

the pupil commencing

instruction,

of attitudes

movements

training. They

so

ment
develop-

length.

imply

number

does

to

carried

apparatus.

legs,bending

although they

are

have

the exercises

without

assuming

By

of

proceeding

exercises

free

out

the

exercises

and

of very

and

treatise of considerable

and

arms

of such

being complete

rudimentary

more

descriptionof

the

and

exercises

the

characteristic

branches

of clubs

use

endeavours

gradual and progressiveform

when

different

especial abilities ;

or

(mass exercises)and

simplest

slowly

sports.

its instructions

by

proprietor

has been

main

does

system

system

Mr.

gymnastics

be the sole

as

As

form, with wands, dumb-bells, flags,

apparatus, the

especial powers

of

of

ready appreciationand

marching,

trot

general physical culture

at

catholic.

physicaltraining.

all the

the encouragement

The

they

cation.
physicaledu-

German

to

or

shown

the

in every

bar-bells,
etc., figuremarching,
extensive

has

and

in

of

system

"the

The

whatever

matter

German

(PhysicalTraining Conference, Boston, 1889),

not

embodied

and

extensive,more

of

account

assimilative.

being

as

may
every

of
be

scheme

times, and

is exercised
for
of
are

children,

physical
effected

equallydeveloped.

attempt

should

be

They

made

to

SPECIFIC
render them
and

are

many

the

muscles

tend

and

which

and

give grace

to

out

elicited

are

and

ease

by

freedom

the

only

not

the

classes,
system

develop

to

rapid,precise,and
mental

alertness

well-conducted

any

to

tend

in

the German

encourage

about

bring

to

conducted

music, as

to

interesting.They

movements,

physicalsmartness

S9

obviouslybest

are

quicken attention,to

also" to

well co-ordinated
the

and

popular

are

but

exercises

convenientlycarried

very

They

allows.

These

complete.

EXERCISES.

drill.
and

movements

to

and

They

favor

upon

good carriage.

physicaleducation

system of

No
sound

only
the

fair to state

out

in

The

exercises

German

than

ae

precise and

less

to

the

the

Swedish

complete, and

to

of the

serious

to

nearly of

the

"

with

icti"n

to

The

valuable
peculiarly
tin-

great

the upper

extent

the

free

is hut

charact"

same

for effect and

and

elicit the

not

best

the

with

children,and

Swedish

exen

element

mover

out,

cises,
exer-

arc

i es

part of the
dsus"

renders

in

the

not

systematic

those

upon
out

body.

exercises,
The

ratus
appa-

instructor's work

what
some-

and
adapted f*"r elder children,

are

advancement

progressiveplan

exercises.

These

of

"

"""

music.

to

form

the

tl

and

ed

the

just described.

in

apparatus m

and

les of the

They represent an

exercises,

trunk

in education.

naturallyfollow

drillingdoes

those

apparatus,

These

slightelement

makes

mid

lighthand

etc.

of the other
a

as

movements,

would

element

introduced
7

less

part of

with

of very

use

dumb-bells,Hags, hoops,

carried
easily

more

les, difficult.

upon

popular

involve the

limbs,involve also the development

and

however,

modifications

do

Compared

pictur-

free exercises

more

recent

attention,and

schools.

more

are,

German

be adopted

to

carried

Swedish

They

of these

whole, more

scries of exercises

givesprei ision

few

appear

apparatus used

ing

the

and
interesting

public display.Some

the

on

from

system.

pupil'stime.

bar-bells,wooden

are

founded

picturesque.

although they concern

which

is not

elaboratelysystematized as

Not
and

purpose,

little claim

(/") Another

upper

less

of education.

however, they are,

as

derived

adopted by

possibleemployment

certainlymore

been

whole, more

requirements of

additions have

such

have
the

littleeducational

meet

which

of the best of the free movements

some

perhaps, on

progressivesystem
have

that

system

are

those

complete

free exercises.

grounding in

It is

is

in the

here, espa

ially

SPECIFIC

very

only

considerable

attention,and

has

remarkable

improvement

in

be

may

is not

as

There
there

it has

had

was

time

feats in the
the

felt in

been

for the strong.

The
of

free movements,

and

climbing,and

stool,and
these

advantages

each

series

develop

of

movements

been

anticipated,

certainlymet

physicaleducation
certain

speak.

dreary instruction

that

of

definite

muscles

had

period

also,it
but of

Physical trainingin
not

of the human
a

those
self
it-

concern

body.

extensive

very

of

series

involvingmarching, leaping,running
exercises

and

been

entiretya complete

and

boom,

out

intended

are

systematic

are

rib-

for them

carefullyworked

precise, and

the exercises

the

on

admirable, and

are

have

They

batic
acro-

professorof deportment,

free movements

are

in their

the

girlsof

young

carefullygraduated

claimed

be

can

form

hand, and

of the so-called

The

special series

and

The

of

physical trainingincludes

ladder.

which

that the whole

sports and

progressivedevelopment

certain

window

outdoor

one

series of exercises

be

encouraged specialization
; it did

It

of

system

change

have

in the matter

it is difficult to

systematic and

Swedish

the

on

services

days was
with

when
violent

the other.

of his instruction

It may

of its features

some

somewhat

the value

revolution.

not
effecting

physical education.

gymnasium

allowed, the

be

must

of

means

physical education, but

in this country

on
drill-sergeant

the

accepted, and
enthusiastically

been

little between

was

that

91

certainlybeen

little less than

as

and
original,

system

which

want

of

spoken

method
but

EXERCISES.

simple system

to

and

of

gressive,
pro-

phj

mining.
The

movements

simply

to

out

and

each

care,

with

the very

The

use

Of hand

those

The
are

eel lent

method

view

specificobject.

been

lined, and

ait

then

'1'he

stronger

after

only

display,but

or

training. They

apparatus i-.only sanctioned

has

effect

to

are

desigl

exercises

and

begin

cated.
compli-

more

complete mastery of

to add

intensity

some

movements.

employed

and
boom, the rib-stool,

exercise
prepares

militarydrill,and
All

graduallybecome

fixed apparatu

the

with

muscular

of

accomplishes a

simplestand

the free movements

to

the scheme

'Try

with

designed

not

are

the movements

for children
the

way

other

the window

of the

Jled

kh

forma of
drill

ladder.

affords them

and

for

l"yteachers of the Swedish

no

eesthetical

The

Inter

forms

53 item
an

littleamusement

The

gymnastics,tor

fencing,

appliedgymnastics.
are

applied to words of command,

and

the

PHYSICAL

92
all those

pupil gains

than

imitation

by

contended

the Swedish
the

uninterestingto

The

chief movements

(a)

Fundamental

and

control,and

intended

and

(c) Heaving
the

arms

and

Balance

included

diminution

of the
and

body

within
of

area

give grace

(e) Shoulder-blade

to

are

little

less,
purpose-

is lost.
:

tion
general atten-

secure

equilibrium and

forms
the

bar

backward

of

dorsal

or

base

of

flexions

muscles

and

those

port
sup-

of

the

of

the

of the upper
taken

standing ;

the

exercises

The

self-suspensionby

apparatus, and

positions are

support.

of

forms

other

muscles

the feet in

the

the

comprise

The

"

rhythm.

followingdivisions
to

it is

part of the chest.

strengthen the

to

jnovements.

that

the

various

horizontal

on

the

and

undertaken.

are

These

"

set

music,

ungainly and

intended

are

of

accompaniment

under

establish

the lower

movements.

the chest

than

These

develop

to

expand

to

musical

rather

the exercises

appear

the

memory.

one

that

attend

of command

use

to

urged

of them

classed

to

to

adapted
be

of

difficult exercises

are

of

be

may

flexions comprise

and

abdomen,

(d)

many

"

more

Arch

means

pupils,that

positions.

muscular

before

trunk,

it may

advantage

by word

i. e.,

utterly of the
be

cannot

method

that the great

and

otherwise,which

the movements

disapproves

system

and

method,

by committing

that the exercises

Against

(b)

the drill

by

or

Swedish

The

mental

advantages,

exercises

teaching of

EDUCATION.

to

serve

pand
ex-

limb.

from

smaller

is
difficulty

increased

the

develop

area

by

equipoise of

carriage.

movements

concerned

are

mainly

with

the

scapular

muscles.

(f) Abdominal

(g)

muscles

(h)
muscles

trunk

Lateral

flexion of

the

call into

movements

body,

movements.

and

of

"

specialaction

include

These

muscles

forms

various

and

rotary movements,

the

of the

of

domen.
ab-

lateral

generally the

concern

of the trunk.
Slow

leg

of the

In the article

expositionof
figuresof

"

They

are

to

speciallydevelop

the

individual

leg.

(i) Jutnping

the Diseases

movevients.

vaulting,and

and

on

"

Physical Development,"

of Children"
the actual

the various

(j) respiratoryexercises

in

(vol.iv.,p. 303), will

details of the

positions.

Swedish

call for

"

Keating's
be

found

no

nation.
expla-

Cyclopaedia of
brief but lucid

illustrated by
drill,

numerous

SPECIFIC

excellent

An

Melio

"Manual

of Swedish

valuable,inasmuch

also

may

Both

(London, 18S5).

contributions

has

to

his

as

books

early trainingwas

produced

consult

"Manual

admirable.

of

Mr.
have

gymnastics

carried

not

by George
standing
Free-

Royal Gymnastic

are

of Swedish

knowledge

our

been

of the

by Captain Haasum,

Movements,"

various

93

Drill"

reader

The

(London, 1SS9).

Stockholm

EXERCISES.

under

out

tute,
Insti-

Melio's

been
the

very

ish
Swed-

method.
The
been

Swedish

Henrik

life appears

Ling

passed through

many

pursuitsand

have

gymnastics

His

traveled

metaphysicsand

Ling held
the

the

item

and

"

had

movement

had

movements

It

must

1"-

which
The

quai

medi"

definite value in

onfes ed

are)

exercises

not

the

I has led

to

"

his

he dabbled

after

this date.

1815

at

his instigatio

1S39.

the flimsier forms

with

and

"

of

means

three

His

tion
educa-

suited

curing

divided

"

his

invalids,

to

diseases

most

by

itary,
scholastic,mil-

into

thai every muscular

considered

promotingI

elements

this belief

upon

only

were

indeed

in many

studying

was

in

the general health, and

no1

he

positionhe ultimatelyheld.

held

"pment

that

of the
of

sonv

passive

body.
it

few extravagant theories and

which

the
the introduction
have

ionarymaterial which makes

n

his death

system (excellentas

upon

into discredit in this country.

"

the

and

fencing master

in

early

doubtedly
un-

u]

always scientific

tl 3ide of

"movem

it

founded

was

wen-

th

as

Stockholm

mechanical

were

spe" ial effect upon

he

elaborated

at

aesthetic gymnastics. He

medical, and

engaged

was

his exercises

of

His

766.

engaged

blending togetherof

discovered

His

for the

the

Many

have

movements.
physical

1S00

he

conceptions of physiology.

of the

chemical, and

professedto

he

fit him

to

founded.

was

In

supervisionuntil

crude

that life consisted

dynamic,

countries.

dramatist

some

as

been

founded

his

poet and

scarcelysuch

have

seems

1804

was

in

has

followers.

struggleagainst poverty,

physical training was

under

held

in Smaland,

and

Ling,

pupils and

to

He

in

Institute

remained

by

in many

and

of

system

Ling figuredas

was

absorbed

his

by

Ljunga,

at

vicissitudes.

Royal Gymnastic
and

of

been

Copenhagen,

at

Lund.

The

to

born

was

have

to

extended

and

considerablydeveloped

Petter

at

physical training originatedwith

of

system

extracted.

done
Out

up

so

of

the

Ling1

This

is

of the

much

of

means

to

"

a form
fostering

remedial

ea

of

md

bring Sn

complex,
1, much

representedby

that i"

really
good

the excelli

and
1 of

PHYSICAL

94
free movements
disease

by

medical

men

alreadydescribed, and
exercise

which

and

(Edinburgh, 1887),

In

proposing

it is desirable

that

these

measures,"
otherwise
"

the

excellent

medical

of

portion

physical

"

its

the

education

diseased

knowledge

is attended.
will

entiretycould

"

Maps

by Massage"

be

ments
move-

offered

quackery

for

sought

with

"

Ling's
what

possessed of
the

to

"

teacher.

day.

the present

at

the

this

himself

describes

as

is

dial
reme-

which

with

instructor who

deals

as

Health

advocating

hardly be accepted

system

and

pure

the

be

not

in

or

be not

Any

probably

Swedish

"

should

and

the

conditions.

gymnastics

cures,"

"

applicationof

of the

that encouragement

system

in

clear

movement

gymnast

Ling's system
Such

"

Swedish

terms, and

and

treating

developed by

and

of Treatment

accounts

of

methods

Arnin's

In Anna

"Manual

good

of abnormal
"

of the

many

countries.

found

of

implied by

as

will be

by

heartilyaccepted

Schrieber's

course

been

other

in

the treatment

system,"

have

of this and

(London, 18S7),

to

EDUCATION.

practical part

simple must, however, be accepted

as

of

of

siderable
con-

worth.
Gymnastic
Under

this

found

in

ample

space,

and

The

title will be

good

fresher

of

use

such

apparatus

ventilation,the

best

will be

as

should

good gymnasium

If there

and

be

taking

very

badly

It is madness
in

the

by

man

horse.

have

possible apparatus,

the

supply
is

oxygen

exercise.

the better.

room

of

fresh air without

required,it is

gymnasia

Many

when

ill-lit,

are

ventilated.
involved
much

out

of

the

use

in the

use

of

gymnastic apparatus

practice.
unaccustomed

trainingand
of

such

apparatus

as

the

have
children,especiallygirls,

Many

violent

the

plenty of

violent

exercises

gymnasium

vaulting

damaged

cooler

unlimited

an

when

strengthand

for
a

has

time

are

considerable

commence

(within limits)the

gymnasium

majority of

involve

the

free

light,very

the air and

persons

cramped,

or

the

fullyqualifiedinstructor.

draughts.

The

considered

well-equipped gymnasium.

properly ventilated

young

Apparatus.

exertions

undertaken

in

exercise

to

horizontal
been

to

bar

seriously

improperly conducted

gymnasia.
gymnasia

Such

discredit.
condition

has

into.

have

boy
never

He

done

of about
been
enters

the

very

ten

has

examined

great deal

joined a
and

gymnasium,

and

to
"

his

bring physicaltraininginto

gymnastic

class

;"

his

physical

physical capacities never

without

any

quired
in-

preliminarytraining

SPECIFIC
the

attempts
received

feats he

muscular

hernia

made

The

very

and

greatest

trouble

mental

lad

ascertain

to

from

the hour's

he is not

shown

room,

and

with

and
drill,

that

the

of

must

each

individual

mass

exercises,but

be

when

it

is

gymnasium

so

The

the

cannot

graduated

not

again

the least

being trained.

are

of exhaustion
the

on

rule of

and

grounds

and

but

by

thumb,

and

may

over-heated

emphatic

useless

without

the

to

self-taught. The

as

to

all dealt
to

to

be
of

simple

apparatus.

of

process

careful

structor.
in-

trainingmust

pupil'sparticularneeds

the

preciseneeds

efficient and

be

that

the apparatus

manner

an

be

apply to drillingand

will not

meet

that

gymnasium

cannot

sex,

selected

very

pains

exercises.

age

same

observation

than

worse

take

ill-ventilated

an

exercises

by

appliesin

Gymnastics
be gradual, and

of

not

infinite

physical trainingrequiresdiscretion

that

This

case.

to

take

A visit to the

totallyunsuitable

to

determined,

attend

to

due

of all children

all the symptoms

exercise."

was

fixed rules.

by

masse

rough

headache

pupils,even

used

for

their bodies

with

and

allowed

is not

be remembered

mass

en

headache

the exhaustion

It must

great

with

which

under

who

children,often

of their

gymnasium.

Parents

in which

instance

one

at

the symptoms

perhaps

in the management

gymnasium.

education

"strong enough

have

to

exercised

be

the conditions

home

comes

sent

than

more

Next

exertions.

and
fatigue,

first attendance

should

care

people

supervise the

to

after

his unwonted

with

known

perhaps having

dead-beat,feeble,and

home

goes

of extreme

I have

strain.

boy

aching

phenomena

its appearance

young

The

and
ill-success,

he presents all the

of

his

at

95

pupils performing, without

other

sees

definite instruction.

any

sick at heart

day

EXERCISES.

and

si ite of development.
particular
in
'ess

which

accidents

pupil

the

It

romping.

i-"

safelybe

may
in

occur

said

by

that

teacher
the

usuallymeans

of

himself

which

pur-

majority

great

of

the

hours,or when

during forbidden

gymnasia occur

exercises

attempting

without

gymnasium

he

has

no

precise

knowled
Put
and

lie

more

"

boy

"i

gymnasium

g his
I

and

to

pay

fool,"to

the

limbs,and

attention

no

in

the

cud

"

to

bis

training,

to develop
skylark,"

very

self
probablydo him-

je.

pupil in
learn

in

assuredl)begin to "play

will

modi

uncouth

The

.'live

an

be

that there many

gymnasium

patientand
""

he

tent

mu

to over*
can

never

"me

pt

to

the

must
failures,

rform,and

be

beginning,

ready to believe

that he is end

9 6

PHYSICAL

acquire health

to

of

and

acrobat.

an

regularand
A

Above

at

general

children,is

unless

in

gymnasium

rendered

it may

terms

best

suited

they have kept

profession
gradual,

be

must

he will

man

take

"

consider

may

said that

is but
the

himself

the

to

gymnastics."

He

with
is

greater injurythan

no

sprained,

muscles

several

fortunate.
is not

gymnasium

between

men

young

who

man

colleagues perform

with

escapes

middle-aged

his younger

sees

for lads and

up

by

breathless,
by having

be

twenty-five,and

afforded

thinks

he

If such

ease.

that

who

the exercises

once

by being laughed at, he

and

for the

qualifyhimself

to

things,work

and

stout

represented by being

In

not

spectacle is

becoming

complete

and

all

lamentable

feels he is

such

strength,and

systematic.

very

attempts

EDUCATION.

indifferently
adapted

physicalacquirements of

suited for

well

of

the ages
for

their

men

teen
seven-

thirty,

over

youth by

constant

practice.
It is

important

all tend
The

also to bear

develop

to

the upper

gymnasium
and

work

in

exercises.
of

very

brief

adults.

for

is not

boys

should

be

factor of any

interest and

only

of

Dumb-bell

of all ages

and

the

in the

with

apparatus

cation,
complete physical edu-

absorb

air and

end,

apparatus

will

devoted

time

the

the

at

come

outdoor

and

not

to

games
the beginning,

at

into

wish

to

admirable.

of all conditions
musical

trainingof boys

and

with

The

can

their

physical strength; they

drill with

girls.

lightdumb-bells
Both

bells

should

to

serves

time.

adapted

be

of the bell

dumb-bells

Heavy

out.

repeated

are

weight

the apparatus

speciallydevelop
They

of

they

inconsiderable

an

3 lb. for

chief feature of proper

which

kept up.

carried

compressed

are

The

exercise,but

movements

wood.

bell, 2 lb. for lads, and

frequency
are

be given.

now

of sycamore

be made

be condemned.

in the

who

should

lb. each

movements

the

athletes

; and

in the open

lightand

great

moment

exercises

for class exercises

feature

is the

effort

to

use

far

so

exercises

half of the trunk.

for

means

commoner

to

are

precisionto

considerable
are

the
be

time

the

apparatus

should

length of

the

the upper

never

These

exercises

and

gymnastic

physical training.

dumb-bells

Heavy

dumb-bell
and

of

that

recreation

with

descriptionof
"

weight

exclude

Exercises

Dumb-bells.
The

it should

to

course

limbs

provide

cannot

physicaltraining as
and

in mind

Such

give
volve
inbells

arms.

for individuals
are

forms

well
a

be used

suited

pleasant
at

the

time.

same

The

exercises

encourage

good carriage,rapid

and

precise movements,

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC
the

and

equal,symmetrical, and

simultaneous

97
of the muscles

use

both

upon

sides of the body.

These

the abdomen

and

It is true
but

tend

exercises

the

if the

and

chest

the

develop

to

back.

efficient

drillingis

in dumb-bell

conspicuously employed

are

arms

nearly

movements,

body

of the

muscles

all the

althoughnot equallyexercised,and especialemployment

muscles

of

muscles

the

exercise

to

given

be

can

well,

are

the

to

of the back.

Bar-bells.

These

"

of
three-quarters

of ash.

are

inch

an

shaft is five feet

The

The

in diameter.

knob

long (for adults) and

each

at

is three

end

inches

in diameter.
The

exercises

dumb-bells.
chest and

carried

of

the abdomen.

unduly exercised,and
the back.

especial value

have

They

This

The

considerable

symmetrical movements,

body.

Bar-bells
the

By

muscular

double

either end

by

The

bar-bells

is involved.

system

exercises

Clubs

y/2

some

adults and

arc

in. in diameter
for muscular

of

of the

my

of

use

held

are

act

in

at

cert.
con-

excellent

afford

and

general

the

pupilsmust

two

about

are

The

encourage

very

elaborate

in. in

24

exercises

and

and

length

only suited

are

and
for

upright attitude,

firm and

part of the trunk

are

of the

girls.

young

bar-bells

two

muscles

the

and

end.

They

upper

movements

of

pine wood,

persons.

It encourages

precise movements.

the thick

at

the
develop principally

and

the

the whole

concern

made

exercises

of

the muscles

upon

extensive

more

these

In

trainingin symmetrical, rapid,and

Indian

still

somewhat

are

general lissomeness

trainingof

in the

in all movements

pupils;

two

be thrown

can

graceful carriage,and

limbs

upper

for the narrow-chested.

extensivelyused

are

of

use

work

is excellent

apparatus

of the

muscles

the

of

muscles

the

developing

in

performed with

those

bar-bells resemble

with

out

limbs.

the upper

require great nicety of

Hun.

.'//"""/
Bars

the

ground.

form

writes

of

one

Ma"

should

be

about

I '.very
instructor in

the

larrn,

useful apparatus in die

"are

not

only numerous

The
is suited

power

usual

for

cm

and
I

of

dexterityof

in.

apart,and about

that
gymnasticsrecognises

most

pleasurable,
capable
muscular

ft. long,20

much
.-..

gymnasium.

hut varied,
artistic

;ve,

and

none

pn"peil\ trained pupilsOf any Bge

arc

after

ft. from

the

parallel

"The

exerci-

and
interesting,

and
effect,

tion in the upper

selves
in them-

requiringequally

limb."

violent

twelve

The
or

apparatus

fourteen,

and

EXERCISES.

SPECIFIC
The

elaborate

more

and

of the finest

some

The

Hand

used

carried

out

by adults,and

is also

apparatus

diameter

the trapeze.

upon

lateral muscles

and

one

side

The

elaborate

and

indeed

limbs

Unless

about

the floor.

closelyresemble

those
The

concerned.

are

of

cases

18

lateral curvature

exercised,
efficiently

fullyand

if required.
the

concern

muscular

placed

of

muscles

the

system, with

the

and

back

exception

domen
ab-

that the

little involved.

exercised

be

for

be very

can

exercises

the whole

but

are

care

metrical

the trunk

especiallydeveloped

be

can

more

lower

of

the trapeze.

of 3 to 6 ft. from

of muscles

sets

apparatus, if properly employed, is excellent

the

with

made

are

exercises

The

same

practisedathlete,

5 to 9 in.,are

the distance

at

The

skill

from

of

popular.

very

for the

only adapted

are

displaysof gymnastic

have

Rings

in. apart when

This

movements

99

development

the

of

pupils to produce

for young

it is easy

muscles

back

by

improper

an

an

unsymthis

of

use

appliance.
The
to

6 ft. in

be

must

in front of it for

athletic adults.

question (see
The

as

les of the

the

Ii

forms

of the

Of pupilswho
up
The

body, the

"

Its

excellent

bringsOUt the

muscle,

in

for the

its

is

lower

generallyplaced

fax

and

young

be

It may

middle-aged.
is open

brings about

use

and

movement,
means

about

of

to

some

in

round

and

as

good grasp,

in

over

gymnasium
the horse

develop

the

spine

certain

consist
all the
well

as

of

amount

good swing of the body.

and

is
one

representedby
after

class

the other, k

run.

onlysuited
h"
tulting

exercises

young

cultivatingthe respiratory
apparatus,

vaull

mor

gymnasium

simplerexercises

the upper,

cultivates

with

the pelvis.

form

line and

The

well

as

popular

are

The

instruction.

limbs

popularles ons

No

the

females

in older

use

different ways.

most

ontinued

and difficult

board

and

pleasurable,and

suited for class

pre" ision of
an

for children

suited

varied, are

are

abdomen.

agilityand

sloping

height.

any

85).

the horse

vaulting over
1

is well

puberty,but

page

It is well

people.

scarcelythe apparatus

It is

isea

exeri

it,and

being adjusted at

leaping exercises.

by girlsunder

used

of

from

be

body should

The

apparatus.

capable

be

around

placed

vaulting horse

The

valuable

should

length,and

Mattresses

of

is

Vaulting Horse

can

be considered

for
to

and
athletes,
be

are

elal

completewithout

some

PHYSICAL

ioo

Inclined

The

Ladder
and

limb

of the upper

The
of

the

of

curvature

abdominal

The

that

back

of weak

cases

they

with

with

the feet

It is suited

for

all other

tendency

carefullyplanned and

are

various

vised.
super-

developing

and

ages

to

in the exercise

for

is useful

only, and

pupils of

muscles

of both

the

sexes,

limits.
Plank

is another

different

in many

from

for

exercises,like

The

good practicein balancing the body

ladder

muscles.

Ladder

is made
and

affords

the

certain

with

excellent

the

mainly

exercises

part of the trunk.

upper

spine,provided

apparatus

mounting

usuallyemployed

as

suspension exercises,are

EDUCATION.

either

the

is about

plank

which

are

6 in. in

adapted

to

individuals

project spars

machine

The

popular apparatus.

adults

For

ways.

of it

side

useful and

18

wide,

in.

length and

in.

apart.
The

exercises

both
The

and

thinks

of the upper

that

and

is

backwards,

its utmost,

to

out

receive

gymnasium
of the

It is

part of the trunk

upper

Maclaren

powerfullyaids

rapidly and

so

of the upper

those

employment.

most

in
the

does

as

is

an

another

of almost

any

climbing

Climbing
acquire

may

for the

tricks in

unequally.

The

be

suited

It is not

exercises

may

climbing

for

suited

of the

affords

for those

be considered

who

which
of

tend

to

climbing

have
who

advanced

in different ways,
distort
must

distorted

the
be

back.

cular
special mus-

past middle

are

very

for individuals

had

not

life.

exercises.
children

and

which

exercise, is
and

sexes

suspension

of the abdomen.

and
or

is safe.

limb, but

excellent

for those
as

series of

upper

of weak

cases

the

for the narrow-chested

good

plank

of the

and
growing girls,

pupils of both

corpulent,nor

effected

movements

for

spine ;

also throw

exercises

of the back

muscles
in

descending

is useful

muscles

Climbing

"

training,nor

the

of service

Climbing.

age.

the
These

plank.

apparatus

degree, the

children,is

among

involve

valuable apparatus

apparatus

Apparatus for
popular

the

mainly

lesser

the

of the

of lateral curvature

cases

gives opportunity for

concern

develop, to

for

which

to

and

Ladder

exercises,which

All

development.

exercised,although

are

of apparatus

the back

i. e. with

77/i? Horizontal

This

in the

the exercises

are

pigeon-breasted.

also

body

development

form

good

especiallygood

or

of muscular

of all ages, of

plank.

This

chest

be

can

part of the trunk

machine

no

expansion

ladder

degrees

of the entire

muscles

limbs

the

of all

and

sexes,

this machine

on

body

carried

and
out

are

very
to

very

apt

develop

to

it

precisely

SPECIFIC

methodically, and

and
Girls

and

develop

exercise
The

often

the muscles

used

apparatus
with

exercises

involves

the

The

fixed.

exercises

They

inches.

of

is

exercises

which

at

in diameter

climbing

children

fur

those of

muscles-

the
it

"

to

that

(which has

boys

about

the rope must

a

and

diameter

the

from

"

and

the

to

vertical
limbs.

ten

muscles

hipsand

twelve

all,great

consists of

and

The

great

on

pole

gymnasts.
much

tice.
prac-

upper

limbs.

of from

pole, but

(6)

llie

for

well

of

the

little
sists
con-

foot,

employs all

of

limbs

the

It gives

it be under-

if
e pecially
loins,

the vertical line.

exercise in

limbs.

upper

to

beads,

elm

It

those

as

the

at

good

beginners.

as

are

inches

This affords

i*^

Rosary

fixed

not

eighteen

to

back

alwaysbe kept in
""f ten

and, above

trunk

ceiling,but

and

girls

athletes.

diameter

the top.

on

the abdomen

muscles

the

Hat

the
particularly

most

exercise

intervals of
and

"

from

The

trained

for advanced

the

the

of the lower

suspended

rope

(3)

of the balance

suited

has

of

ing
develop-

limb.

longitudinalaxis.

of

part

those

in

great strength and

length and

use

more

strung

are

in

resemble

make

demand

the upper

the

poles (two parallelpoles placed

only

apparatus

varies

rope

and

vertical

represented by

apparatus

in the maintenance

pair of

an

mainly

vertical

The

its

of any
the

and

power,
The

on

pole

is of value

youths

muscular

revolve

to

as

arduous, and

very

concern

varied

upon

apart)

are

The

good

inches; (2)

of the upper

active

much

three

to

apparatus
those

as

but

smooth

pole, a

of movement.

consists

(4)

vertical

(5) The

more

exercises

inches

eighteen

for any

accuracy

adjusted

of the
difficulty
is not

cerns
con-

It also tends

It is not

of exercises

This

well

as

suited

dexterity,precision,and

which

instructor.

exercise

limbs.

abdomen.

two

combination

involve
difficult,

so

from

slantingladder.

hardly

are

slantingpole

and

The

upper

the vertical

varying

of the abdomen

is

turning pole

climbers.

the

of

thighs,back,

diameter

and

pole

the muscles

The

excellent

comprises (i)

slantingpole, which
vertical

make

the

subjectsof spinalcurvature.

for the

height, and

of the

101

carefullysuperintended by

those
muscles, but especially

all the
to

be

must

women

young

EXERCISES.

The:

(7)

Inches)i" only suited

tor

accom-

plishedathletes.
The

Giant's
than

in

the

room.

arms, the
and

the

in

Stride.
a

"

This

apparatus

gymnasium, and

It

affords

legs,th"
apparatus

good

seldom

the back,

alwayspopular.

It is

often

more

among

fol the

"

a, and
i^

i-

is

tin-

found

in the

machines

mi

l !:"" exercise

the

ground
play-

contained

body,

for the

Interests children

however, if
useless,

the

e\eicise

PHYSICAL

102

be not
but

regulated,and

size and

same

It is

behind
in

performer immediately
who

without

giant'sstride

them

or

of

front

the

simple

be about

whose
who

of the

them.

movements

either

hampered

are

selection
instruction,

strength from

and

the

on

in the

physicaldevelopment.

of

state

same

swing loosely about, and

of the children

children

should

children,moreover,

children

see

useless,who

and

movements

the

to

individuallyinstructed

be not

The

if possibleof the

common

aimless

if children

movements.

necessary

EDUCATION.

giant'sstride,had

strugglesof

undisciplined crowd

An

arrangement

or

the

hamper

the

by

are

better

try

gain enjoyment

to

their

devote

of

energies to

simpler pursuits.
Gymnasia.

Home

The

so-called

snare.

It

home

is,as

for children's
A

elements

in

trained

by

home

machine

"Excelsior"

of

capable

for

machine
in

involve

in
or

concluding
to

be

cannot

the

unsuited

graduated

the

the

been

performer

the

body,

admits

the

needs

meet

to

and

sliding seat

back

carried

very

their

owe

chieflyto

in

are

every

excellent

already well

The

is exercised

of

the

endless

child

or

an

contrivance

for

admirable.

way

is

apparatus

of almost

portable,and

bathroom

out

of

development

The

but

occupies

bedroom,

little

are

subject,attention
a

proper and

home
it

extremities,

gymnasium

can

be

of

are

used

is

every

only

open

must

once

be

more

completephysical education
Apparatus
always be

must

large proportion

subjects,and

of the upper

where

of apparatus.

means

elastic bands

bath.

the
that

the

to

of exercise.

physicaltraining,and

sparingly.

for young

the

or

of

part

by

features

morning

after the
this

main

form

circumstance

progressive system
and

of

on

of

power

muscles

monotonous

very

before

directed

accomplish.

can

invention, the so-called

American

an

strong, simple, and

restricted

are

apparatus

morning

have

plicated
com-

room.

use,

useful

the children

passed through pulleys.

of

applianceswhich

limited

In

too

ladder, form

ropes

the

muscles

is

use

exercises

is,moreover,

The

and

the

inclined

an

it

the

be

can

rowing

The

than

more

and

delusion

practicalvalue,and

Here
to

exercising all

developing

space

home

attached

combinations, and
athlete.

and

rope,

less of

or

simpler exercises.

gymnasium.

againstweights

of

pretends

gymnasium, provided
of

means

good

care

knotted

be

to

It often

use.

swing, parallelbars,a

usuallymore

elaborate

rule,too

is

gymnasium

of
to

the

come

used

exercises

athletes

or

last in
with
are

great

totally

professed gym-

SPECIFIC
The

nasts.

of the

development
and

of

tendency

the

body,

trunk

of the lower

and

limbs.

In

is to

muscles

the
the

of

lower

of

shoulders

part of the
is drawn

attention

use

unequal

an

and

arms

the

section

exclusive

or

produce

of the

muscles

subsequent

excessive

an

103

apparatus

neglect

to

deformity produced by

the

usual

develop

to

pectoral regions,and

EXERCISES.

the

usual

to

nastic
gym-

appliances.
Games.

Outdoor
It

is

value

quite impossible
of the

each

outdoor

many

to

attempt

to

games

give

any

may

possess

of

account

particular

the

in relation

physical

to

education.
In

suitable

conditions

interest and

they

varied

air,very

open

it may

generalterms

in the

played

These

only
of

requirereadiness

of

and

honor,

which

make

the sneaks

the

manly

cowards

and

minded, search

Cri" ket
women

healthy exercise

and

of

cricket

and

wholesome

school,for

be made,

not

in mind.
the

football
rated.
over-

but
skill,

they

judgment,

and

the spirit
self-reliance,

If

all those
wants

one

poor-hearted

the cricket

among

and

scarcelybe

can

cultivate

loyalty. They

healthy

of skill and

degree

demand

develop personal
courage,

to

in

must

as

With

be

can

playedat

for young

nearly equal

qualities
i:eek for

to

unwholesome-

and

and

football teams, but

in

volume.

r." fore

which

ime

who

Mr.

of

game

doing so

it

and

could

Other

the play"r.

I cannot
football,

hack

is needless

in

days

in turn, is

my

to say

well

adapted for

opinion

tl

no
more

do

than

better

that footballas

by,and

gone

now

things being equal,the

in

as

young
be

give

as

now

played la

The
intelligence.
who

could

stand
in

the
intelligent
r

man,

two

Lil

article in tin- Badminton

great skill and considerable

played "forward"
.

is

only that the play"rs should

ry

admirable

shearman's

involves

age, and

any

is possible.

as

the

almost
It i

men.

strength

in

regard to

quo'

team.

English people

of

the loaf

among

man

tend

impulses

man

of

under
in the

amount

certain

and

movement

sound
action, determination, foresight,

They

good temper.

involve

of

the great games

of the

development

not

games

considerable

exercise,a

parts that

The

involve

They

the cultivation

excitement, and

in moderation

played

excellent.

most

are

muscular

special adroitness.
have

said that when

be

the

lads and

h"
1

good

football
better
young

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

104

equal

men

football,whether

to

the

it be

Union

Rugby

the

or

Association

game.
writes

Mr.

Shearman:

the work

and

struggle of

Thus
loved

edicts, divines
with

wits

with

their

Cricket

classes

leisured

boating

of

arts

to

keep

times

have

races

game,

with

their

cultured

for

most

their
and

scorn,

the

from

away

with

kings

pastime

interest
of

amongst
spectators

centuries

fairlyclaim

may
the

and

have

people

larger crowds

flourished

known,

the

greater

drawn

football,which
were

people

excited

characteristic,but

most

manly

the

have

may

centuries

six

before

be,

the

not

only

essentiallypopular

sport

to

England.

of

"Football

country

the

watch,'

and

be

Next

"

have
how

killed

been

river,not

tithe

not

one

by

it.

benefited
sense

of

learn,

and

Such

manly

fair

does

and

who

in the

there

became

of

cause

and

is

there

'

with

of

boxing

its national

has

thousands.

to

across

popular

Football

given

final

for which

knockers

of

against

football

It may

have

gained

are

learn,

to

Englishmen:

face.'

"

have

of

quarter
of

score

of its

century

many

drowned

been

the

on

the victims

could

danger

men

these

hunting field,are

because

harmed

been

courage,

the

nation

'it puts

by

football

judgment,

football

the

upon

make

who

in the

play fairly in

which

those

have

doubtless

be

ified,
just-

survive.

sport could
may

during

and

those

fallen

have

accidents, and

are

But

than

Health, endurance,

fit for

off

it has

played,

Fewer

who

outcry

play,

football

riding

and

energy

streets.

field.

have

men

of those

qualitiesare

enemy

of

single outdoor

every

in the

Doubtless
football

the

upon

If the

of football.

Since

cheap enjoyment

lost their lives ?

thousands

For

'

danger.

thousands

many

"

the

to

as

animal

wrenching

fights

function

very

is

so

brutal.

it is not

but

rough,

the

from

quite apart

uses

The

peace.

less

free

'

fewer

dangerous;

superfluous

of

times
been

have

times

at

wrestling.

off the

piping

classes,there

all

be

may

is

so

work

is to

in the

little vent

rough,

boxing

is

so

be

may

rough sports

an

and

scholars

at

cricketing

the

rude

failed

may

; but

and

and

oldest

the

the

least

at

sermons,

; boat

places

distant

from

their

ridicule,have

they enjoyed.
the

"For

thick
brave

courage

thousand

above

and,

field.

and

heat

have

all, a

footballer

and

great.

into

their

of

The
hearts

must

struggle.
game
to

meet

is

ELEMENTS

The

should

exercises

It is to be borne
health

develop

of

perfection,and

be

not

that

and

life,and

ED

PHYSICAL

adapted
that the

to

to

the needs

meet

object of

its main

object is
elicit

to

not

105

individual

its

to

and

gymnasts

fit the individual

for the duties

feats of

mere

is

highest degree

into

youths

proficiencyin

case.

physicaleducation

body

and

best

to

OX.

of each

proper

the

children

convert

UC ATI

EDUCATION.

strength,to bring

not

acrobats,and
of

OF

in mind
and

to

work

PHYSICAL

ELEMENTS

THE

OF

skill and

adroitness.
It must

qualityof
It is
class

their

it is to

as

far

of

for all sorts

of

and

sending

conditions
of

that it will somehow

does

mental
"

in

isses

crude

probaby be

his

least

which

gymnasticsand

incomplete,and

their

methods

pupil, in the aggreg ite,and

strikinge*
to

body

will

not

and

their

are

as

be
be

hoped that

there

is

and adapted
all-sufficing

or

placing of

as

the

conducting of

in

mental

standards

and

individu J

t.

has

or

in any

arc

often

inelastic.

There

the

the

"

are

care

child within

impression
care

or
standards,"

there
training,

calisthenics

training

fixed

with

"forms,"

ten

it under

requiresas much

time will come

when

those who

requiredto produceas definite evidences

tho

who

aim

a1

trainingthe

would

institution which

for the
been

part

most

and

narrow

They regard their

.it'course

numerous

England" the National

diplomas and certifiiites

in the

prol
of fitn

manded
de-

mind.

Health

imination of instructors in

vidual
indi-

epti

.it

of

Each

the

be

so-called

beings;
irresponsible

somewhat

children,
classifying

or

is concerned

body.

in

teacher.

one

especialmerits,and

own

is universal

if there

deals with the training of die

Instructors

gymnastic

concerned.

are

Physical education

forms

as

of

exercise.

one

under

the

beings.

many

at

standard

means

her

or

into

with, and leavingit there

met

be educated.

school

sure

procedure

education, and

school

one

gymnasium,

greatlyin

vary

children

physicaleducation

of human

child to

of

mass

affords

sex

upon

the walls of the firstschool

as

in

physicaltrainingwhich

is as
drill-sergeant,

great

children

proper

be considered

method

The

of

the needs

as

must
no

place those

form

individuals

in their capacity for muscular

and

physical powers

height,size,nor

age,

that

forgotten,moreover,

justas impossible to

Neither
so

be

not

Society"has prepared a

gymnasticsand

to such as attain to the pre

for the

granting

tandard.

ELEMENTS
The

child's

is exercised
tested

if

OF

PHYSICAL
should

physicalcondition

in

examining

and
possible,

adult

an

if the

EDUCATIOX.

be

inquired into

for life insurance.

parents

be

can

107

with
The

care

as

should

urine

the child's

seen

much

as

be

familyhistory

should be inquired into.

from

Still,
apart
would
education

examination

an

form

the

desirable

valuable

rational

medical

the

and

the

precisemethods

and

may

well

of

twelve

record,and
Such

the

the

form

any

of

cal
physi-

exercises

precise

trainingto-be

physical

should be kept

record

points prescribed

place

undergoing

afforded

evidence

the

man,

footing.

attendinggymnasia

training. Upon
were

basis of

of the child upon

also of all individuals

by

carried

which

could

out

be

determined.
The
a

record

of the child's

test

and

every

would

enormous.

be

and
individual
Mental

add

show
afford

If

admirable

an

of

world

of

causes

physiqueof
of

the

Sturdyand

multitude of poor
become

burden

physical education

upon

carried

An

out

in

excellent
rd of the

1.

some

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account

of the

of

\m"
lome

suitably
graduated.

be

as

important as,
arc

That

at

terest.
in-

ment,
develop-

should

the

it may

be

but
will

The

and

often

turned

into

out

un-

many

the

Btrengthand
basis, and

better

producedin

more

enough, but

health and
a

recognise

the children

present

this is evident

placeof

the

doleful and

more

individual

and

the

the

useless life

conductingof

scientific grounds have

alreadybeen

"

of these institutions will be

Physical
TrainingConference

exercise* should

book

mere

of his
man,

be

tl

preciseand

ities in

record

doubt,

placed upon

women

after a

upon

tic examination

l"e

and

who

creatures

prematurelya

The

classes may

Strong men

than

medical

without

feeble.

conspire to prudence

poorer

of such

more

of those children

Many

of improvement
tusceptible

should

book,

value

possess

any

of this country

strong body is almost

may

of

will realise that among

and
pale,sickly,ill-developed,

remediable

number

guide to

the Government

useful than,a well-stored mind.

form

the
earlylife,

and
physicaltraining,
a

questionsof astigmatism

subjectof disease.

the

when

come

elementary schools

state

in the

trainingis exceedingly important

will

the

on

it would

his

advantagerecord

with great

properly kept, the

historyof

in the future become

importance

the

evidence

the individual

the

could

record,kept

months.
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would

that the time

in

This

three

It would

extended, and

vision,and

colour-blindness.

filled up

the

be

dew
carefully

held a1 boston

in

found

in the

t8

'malicalt)

'."///"/

10S
The

series until the

and

be

"

possible,and

of those

to

exercises
the

at

throw

who

should

aim

strain

upon

mainly

tend

and

In any

instance

performance
educational
3.

The

4.

to

interesting

as

lower

the

in

be

limbs.

of

most

great good

No

fullyabsorbed

so

muscles, and

of all the

tends

ordinarygymnasium

an

the

excel.

while
extremities,

upper

never

should

should

the outdoor
be obtained

can

the time
allow

devoted
leisure

as

to

be

forbidden,and

the

of

the

no

of recreation.
exercises

should

never

within

come

the scope

be carried

proper guidance, and

under

out

for

capable of instructinga largeclass

be

commonly

time

with

qualification

possessed.

the exercises should

physicalinstruction

should

"

after

from

the

work

strengthshould

exercise

tired

gressive.
pro-

efficierit
apparatus.

is not

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The

violent intermittent

exercises

The

and

varied

as

equal employment

pleasantforms

of feats of

teacher

which

be

and

moderate

"

scheme.

suitable and
The

other

one

physicallyunfit.

are

and purposelessmarching, and

drilling

tedious

physicaltrainingshould

for games

who

standpoint

should

pass from

complicated,difficult,

more

those

speciallyfitted

few.

develop

to

the

mastered.

the

upon

learner's

the

at
a

been

to

opportunity be given for competition and

are

of

from

the

made

attempt

of

none

the lessons

development

games

to

that

that reasonable

encouragement

not

also that

and

system

remodelled, according to

no

have

be forced

from

always

It is desirable

The

graduated, and

should

definite

upon

demands

elementary stages

more

exercises

must

planned

members.

especialimportance

arduous

They

be

must

be

occasion

of the individual

exercises

It is of

should

when

formed, and

physicalstatus
The

education

of

course

the classes

as

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

long day's

full

be

meal

attendance

obviously bad,

is

be carried

not

carefullyselected.

in

in the

out

of children

case

who

school,or

and

are

of

course

who

are

feeble for want

of

food.
In

the

should

be

allowed
in

to

be

mental

to

some

schools

take

of nine

the hours
twelve

buildingother

actuallyrefreshed
rest, and

and

systematicexercise

suitable

to

return

that

it is well

interpolatedamong
the hours

between

or

of

matter

by
to

the

devoted
or

for
than

change

their work

the

nine

period
to

and

for

ordinary school
one

the children

thirtyminutes, either
the
of

physical training

occupation,to enjoy
vigour.

could

in the open

schoolroom, they would

with

work.

If
be
air

be found

period

of

FORMS

Another

half-hour

lessons.

The

Rev.

schoolboy's day
hours, meals
So

far
after

There

day

should

who

have

return

but
of rest

fiftymiles

day

unwise

attempt

to

taken

The

Eton, advises

at

Rest

taking of

that

hours,work

ten

exercise

violent

seven

the

before

the

in

ning
eve-

its result.

injuriousin

is often

early morning,

the

from
a

who

be

with

This

exercises

to

such

exercise

labours

such

and

out

are

in the

distance

during
is

as

the

of

should

taken

not

be

man

may

he would

ride

be very

following spring,provided

he

that

the winter.

possible,should

in the open air

be taken

or

in

room.

should

light,loose,and

catch

to

but

the autumn,

endurance

passed through

have

of condition.

taking systematicexercise

are

strength and

of

pursuits if they

bicycle very easilyin

well-ventilated

very

care

accustomed

been

on

garments

damp

of the afternoon

the progress

masters

follows

as

day's work

than

better

Exercises,so far

Those

that

the

the

concerned,

exercise

no

large and
6.

during

hours.

seven

cautiouslyto

long period

of

109

commenced.

Adults

of

one

disposed

arduous

time

no

Warre,

are

and

long

introduced

be

be

play

adults

is

are

had

E.

should

and

as

could

EXERCISE.

OF

be

of wool.

made

by standing about

cold

properlyclad.
It is desirable

in clothes

which

are

perspiration.

question of clothing is

fullydealt

more

in another

with

section

of this

work.

FORMS

So

far

as

exercises

rough
"

classification

any

may

be

can

divided

be

EXERCISE.

OF

into the

Exercises

1
.

These

involve actual and

by advanced
horizontal
what

the

so

termed

the

in

feats of

takes

involve

deep breath,

that he may

make

"

and

"

muscular

rings. In

power,

the thorax

arc

specialcategory may
as

illustrated

be

as

the

placed

liftinggreat weights,
putting

the like.

then, when
a

and

apparatus such

with

*'.e. the muscular

effort,"

and

necessitybe

Strength.

gymnasium,

and

of

it must

followingclasses:

such
strength,

shot,throwing the hammer,

exercises

of

considerable

bar, the trapeze, the

maybe

These
man

exercises

made

fixed

his

chest

base from

is

which

positionin which
full,closes
the upper

his

the

glottis,

limbs

c in

PHYSICAL

no

EDUCATION.

becomes

performance

engorged,
the

"

the

During

act.

effort

distended

"

that

These

include

not

are

work

is distributed

from

exercises

effort of the

paper-chaser or
Certain
tend

distributed
Neither
the

The

placed

must

be

and

such

the

In

the
first,

Are

the brain

and

fencer

The

period, and

to

of

amount

is not,

in

as

modification,and

the easier

range
of

movements

The

in this class.

the

movements

which

exercises

the

are

soon

Endurance.

are

the

type

of

this

becomes

variety.

under

exercises

is

in the

And

Swedish

term

of endurance

class

same

cycling,drilling,

and

the

merely

matter

must

nastics.
gym-

occupy

the

important place.

the most

4.

Exercises

Skill

of

complex gymnastic exercises,such

continued

and

subject of

the

arrests

skating,rowing

and

more

or

exhaustion

muscular

generallyincluded

the

given moment,

any

of time.

games,

body

at

his movements

balancing,etc., by fencing

necessarilysevere

The

is

outdoor

prominent,

illustrated by the

involve
not

as

trainingof
most

of

continuance

many

exercises

tions
contrac-

moments.

rank

of

period
rapid

nor

Walking

of endurance.

involve

skipping-rope.

Exercises

stilllonger

breathlessness

exercise.

few

effort is inconsiderable

the muscular
over

as

of breathlessness.

3.

In these

respiratorycapacity,and

the state

about

into

exercise

gymnastic

the

develop

to

bring

of

forms

such

as

muscular

individual

considerable

exercises

such

quickly repeated.

very

of the

occurred,

during

Movement.

and

sprint runner

of the devotee

strate
demon-

It is

the heart.

have

Rapid

of

The

over

of

susceptibleof considerable

are

the extreme

or

are

his forehead

upon

face

breathe, his

not

of blood-vessels.

movements.

they

does

accidents

all its forms

in

strength,concentrated

of

These

Speed

of

but

extreme,

fatal

giving way

continued

performed

exercises

the

running

and

rapid

and

out

right side

the

and

Exercises

2.

of

sudden

some

stand

the veins which

condition

of the heart

rupture

very

and

he

of the movement

and

any

muscular

other

movements

as

those
which

which

imply,

exertion,but great activityof

spinalcord.
in his earlier

days

becomes

weary

in his

body, but

as

he

be-

FORMS

comes

his

Exercises

5.

abdominal

anterior

thoracic
the

is not

the

to

that

muscles,
belongs.

unless

the

of

the

The

lungs

large chests, and

Andes

remarkable

The

of

far

so

Many

and

children

from

narrow

their

the

the

live

prevent

of the

in

spite of

of

part

should

the

with

trunk,

in others

the thorax
"

these

to

take

enlarged tonsils
free entrance

the

force

lungs,and
and

not

size of

the

raise the ribs,

cannot

and

muscles,
their

the

on

for the

efforts

other

chests,
lower

to

all have

of

the

Cordillera

size of their chests.

.

respiratorypower

and

not

only

be

but

such

also

the

such
as

as

develop

increase

latter would

be

the

placed,

running, skipping,rapid

mid

"".

that

limb

air.

open

deformed

"

chests."

Among

in the

form

high plateaux

of their

therefore,

child

the

the

size of the

Mountaineers
.

the

dorsi,

the

the

expansion,

singing acquire great

by spinaldisea

to

when

in

extraordinary

dimensions

of

of its contents,

author,

aid

the

on

exercises

muscles

volume

realityto

of

vaulted

for the

is

born

are

the

changes

movement

remain

active

parents

[t is anomalous

the

in

especiallyconcerned,

are

chest, outside

movements

it is in

who

but

upper

by lung affei tions,or

a

acts, and

respiratory movements.

children

as

writes

noted

in the

the

the

movements,

of

in

importance.

that

outwards,"

the

pointed out,

respiratory movement.

needed,

of

has

by increasing

ribs without

Indians

been

increase

exercises

volume

the

exercise

no

muscles

the

the

have

with

Singers

the

patients

complete

of lesser

The

latissimus

powerful inspiratory muscles

most

raise

can

the

magnus,

Lagrange

share

lungs participate in

ribs and

in the

chief

develop

to

others

Dr.

chest

the

emphysematous

the

but

Chest

the

tend

serratus

increased

within
the

expanding

chest

hand

muscles,

especially classified.

as

some

As

be

It is from

"

of

capable

all.

only

cavity can

lungs.

such

are

muscles, and

This, however,

be

importance

pectorals, the

the

namely,

"

in his

exercise, not

Develop

which

this class

under

come

chest

of their

account

on

which

the

in

system.

nervous

May

"feels"

he

experienced

more

EXERCISE.

OF

chests which

Darrow

his

been

distorted

they

by rickets,

me

potenl factor in the

the

hypertrophiedtonsil.

ea

so

block up

of

air.

herit
in-

production

requiringvigorousrespiratory
the

opening

into

the

air-

EDUCATION.

PHYSICAL

ii2

SELECTION

THE

TO

ACCORDING

EXERCISES

OF

INDIVIDUAL

NEEDS.

Children.

physical training of

The
made
be

termed

to

scientific

exercises

with

The

which

Games

they

main

in the

dumb-bell

is

be

what

by

may

classes.

bar-bell

or

To

when

set

child

alone, and

to

long, and

in

little dismal.

be

too

be allowed

to

not

possiblein

formal, and
take

the

limbs

upper

of all games,

The

be

may

shuttlecock,and

gymnastics, the

be too

never

place of

ordinary outdoor

the

They

speed.
such

subject

of

form

of the most

prominent

jumping.

The

excellent.

The

battledore

as

and

hop-scotch.
of

what

drill,and

of

known

are

the

strength,and
which

Swedish

as

exercises

class

with

is considered

in the

in the

main,

moderate

involve

of

exercises

endurance,

effort to follow.

gymnastic appliances there

of

is littleneed

especialwork.

descriptionof gymnastic apparatus.

the children's

Girls

physical condition
is

country

classes.

grace,

the

very

balls,and

amusements

as

game

the

standpoint,are

climbing

The

rope,

the

ladder, the vaultinghorse, the parallelbars.

inclined

normal

one

such

for exercises

great mental

principalof these,from

The

by

musical

exercises

best suited

are

In the matter
The

take

march,

avoid

require no

as

with

touch," is

such

by

should

vocal

should

Children

encouraged, and

bar-bell.

and

dumb-bell

"

encouraged

the lower

exercises

set

be

running, skipping, games

to

rudimentary

most

shouting should

involve

position given

this

early,should

of children.

games

and

represented

whenever

with

should

should

instance

no

given

for company,

exercises

set

be

movements

one

no

be

commenced

be

romping.

should

formal

execute

march

should

interestingas possible,and

as

The

children

well-

of modern

strength,who
attention.
"

to

large proportion

girlsand

of the
the

middle

developed, perfectly proportioned girl who

The

girls especiallyof

ascribed,not

Women.

quite deplorable, especially among

muscular
attracts

of

and

can

walk

wretched
those

who

naturally,and

can

physical state
inhabit

the

totallyneglected education, but

of

upper

possessed

carry

herself

of

with

large proportion

large towns

to

and

is

in

women

the belief

"

is apt to be
that

growing

SELECTION

OE

uncouth,

always awkward,

girlsare

EXERCISES.

and

113

weedy.

This

belief

is not

well

founded.
The
to

ventilated

schoolroom

and

in

"

of

collection

It is not
of her

walks

that

She

she

for the

is

She

be

to

more

subdued,
less under

or

hours

spends

the

piano-stool,and

with

the governess.

of

rest

Her

cultured

and

she will at
life and

struggleof

is often

highly educated

be

may

fostered

girlso

be

may

boarding-school standard, but

less unfitted

prim,

in

her

clothes

ill-

an

time

is

work,
needle-

ably
prob-

are

hygienic errors.

species.

accomplishments,

be

sleeping,in preparing lessons,in stooping over

be wondered

to

upon

formal

taking

dull,to

spirits. She

animal

pure

and

eating and

in

occupied

be

to

adjective lady-like."

of that detestable

curse

of

the outbursts

suppress

the

girl is encouraged

unfortunate

the
the

and

the

"refined"

mistress

be

probably

circumstances

mere

of

according

time

same

melancholy specimen
many
the

to
more

which

or

attend

living.
There
is

is

something

comparable

used

in

the

and
daily life,

than

knowledge

hands

of

are

tions and
The

constitutes

the

veils,the pink

and

feebleness and

flabbiness

for

be

result is

; it cannot

in the

battle

sturdy limbs

and

children

finest

compare

can
"

Nut
"

finishing

than

be

of

and

life

strong

decimal

even

with

and
light,

is

"

fine,"to

to

""

from

the

invalid

the

an

one

as

well

the

no
""

one

Nut

to

and
It

certain

unobstrui

and

influence

be

as

the

among
Brown

set

imitated.

pleasuresof life,and

womanhood,

"might

for young

ation

purest

than

sunshades

be

must

littl

as

use

by

sun

them

appendage which

to little more

put

have

them

use

feeble

wan,

and
always delicate,

such

Maid

negta ted physicaledu(

hands

signs of refinement

are

Brown
school

from

complexion of the

"t
qualities

"

her

keep

protected

ipatityto enjoy

all the

ballad of the
"

of

which

that the lady-likeare

appear

educated

The

is delicate

useful

more

produce the

and

face must
white

to

protected

lady-likehand,
The

of

are

mathematics,

that she might

ample

the cup

china.

girlwhich

cabinet.

the mother

to

by gloves and
order

every

advanced

value

more

possiblein

world,

finest Sevres

in

active liver

an

of the modern

with irregularverbs.
familiarity

compressed

the

of

kept

lady-likegirlis encouraged

would

the

of

be

it must

"

higher education

"

designer'sstandpoint,but

good digestionand

the

the manufacture

to

beautiful from

about

an

e\

"higher

Maid."

upon

in

The

the wall oi

ladies.

produces a sorry obje"t

palechild

with.

OF

SELECTION

EXERCISES.

115

Lads

fourteen

Between

recreation

feats

and

them.

to

open

and

strength,

of

have

eighteen

almost

should

They
of

exercises

form

every
avoid

exercise

exercises

of

such

speed

extreme

of

and

and

strength

sprint

as

cal
physi-

running.

Adults

world

of

and

eighteen

Between

to

open

life

athletic

them,

and

be

may

if

anticipate

There

"

riding,

After

of

skating,

thirty
speed

very

without

actual

in

walking
and

individuals,
risk.

whole

the

and

training

of

joys
in

practice

the

athletic

his

period

Elderly

and

curtailment

and

the

of

thirty.

Middle-aged

cycling,
few

the

keep

man

to

progressive

however,

remain,

extended

The

Must

have

twenty-five

all

use

indeed,

of

the

of

are

their

forms

milder

the

simpler
capable

active

more

of

outdoor

gymnastic
of

undertaking

pursuits.
exercise

apparatus.

exen

1892.

FEBRUARY,
CATALOGUE
No.

1.

CATALOGUE

DENTAL,

MEDICAL,
PHARMACEUTICAL

WITH

INDEX,

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BY

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By W.
Chem.

Clinical

a.m.,

Lecturer

on

Edition.

Third

Medicine.

Practical
ESSBX
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the

to

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of

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istrar
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the

and

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and

The

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Leather, with

Fifth" Edition.

Physiology.

I". YBO., M.D,

GERALD
k.k.c.s.,
Fifth Edition; revised
and

Engravings and
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Pathology.

WYNTER,

and
Dose
Physician's Pocket
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a.m.,
m.d.

Book.

Symptom

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321

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Demonstrator

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the

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lege,
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Including

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Pathology and Therapeutics of the

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With
Illus.,the majority of which
nearly 200 Handsome

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Adjunct

Children

Engravings

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Enlarged.

and

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and

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Publisher, under

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Introduction
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eases
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THERAPEUTICS

MATERIA

AND

Allen, Harlan, Penrose,

Van

MEDICA.

Harlingen.

Local

Therapeutics.
a

handbook

of

local

1892.
of
beinga practical
description

therapeutics,

all those agents

used in the local treatment

of disease,
such as Ointments,Plasters,
Powders,Lotions,
Inhalations,
Suppositories,
Bougies,Tampons, etc., and the proper methods of preparing
and applyingthem.
Allen, m.d., Emeritus Professor of PhyBy Harrison
siology
in the Universityof Penna. ; Laryngologist
the Rush
to
Hospital for
and St. Joseph'sHospitals. George
Consumption; late Surgeon to the Philadelphia
C. Harlan, m.d., late Professor of Diseases of the Eye in the Philadelphia
Polyclinic
and Collegefor Graduates in Medicine; Surgeon to the Wills Eye Hospital,and

Eye

and

Ear

of the

B. Penrose,
Pennsylvania Hospital. Charles
Clinical
Instructor
in
Hospital;
m.d., Surgeon
Surgery,University
of Pennsylvania,and Arthur
Van
Harlingen, m.d., Professor of Diseases of the
Skin in the PhiladelphiaPolyclinicand Collegefor Graduates
in Medicine; late
Clinical Lecturer on
in
Medical
to
College; Dermatologist
Dermatology Jefferson

Department

the German

to

the Howard

Hospital.
In One

Handsome

Compact Volume,

about

400

pages.

Nearly Ready.

The
importance of the local applicationof simple remedies in
of specialorgans, is not always realized by the general practitioner,
and
the average text-book
omits altogether
of many
agents that in the hands
any mention
become
valuable aids to cure.
of the specialist
The diseases which chiefly
requirelocal
those of the RespiratoryPassages,
treatment
are
Ear, Eye, Skin, togetherwith certain
Announcement.

"

slightailments

the Diseases of Women.

In order,therefore,
that
generalSurgicalaffections,
including
the various uses of each remedy should be thoroughly
set forth,it was
necessary to have a
combination
have had a largepractical
of authors who
experience in these various
branches of Medicine
and Surgery.
Each remedy will be taken up in alphabetical
order,and after a succinct description
of their pharmaceutical
I. McKelway,
will be considered
properties,
by Dr. George
with reference to the local treatment
of the affections above outlined.
The publishers
believe that the information contained in this work will not be found elsewhere,
much
as
in private and
of it is the results obtained
hospitalpractice,by eminent
professors
and specialists.
The activity
in the various lines of special
is one of the most
medicine
and
has
older methods
of
the
of
the
of
times,
materially
p
hases
changed many
striking
The greater part of the literature which has appeared is
treatingdisease by local means.
not

accessible

to

most

physicians.The

well
as
general practitioners
subdivisions
The

as

to

those

Handbook,

it is believed,will be

of value

of the clinical field.

work

will form

facilitate reference and

enhance
that will greatly
This book
in at once, and

compact

volume

containing,besides

of about
the usual

pages, arranged in
index,a complete index

400

manner

of

Medica

and

orders may

many

be sent

Eleventh
Therapeutics.

Edition.
additions

to

diseases,

its usefulness.

beingpushed forward as fast as possible. Advance

copieswill be promptly delivered upon publication.
is

Biddle's Materia
with

to

interested in
who, like the authors,are especially

1889.
and

new

illustrations.

For

the Use

of Students

and Physicians.

son
John B. Biddle, m.d., Late Professor of Materia Medica in JefferMedical
Revised
Philadelphia, nth Edition.
by his son, Clement
College,
Morris, m.d., Fellow of the
Biddle, m.d., Assistant Surgeon, U. S. N., and Henry
of
etc.
Cloth, $4.25 ; Leather,$5.00
Collegeof Physicians Philadelphia,
By

Prof.

AND

THERAPEUTICS

Revised

Edition.
of

handbook

materia

of

Action

MEDICA.

Medica, Pharmacyand

Potter's Materia
Third

MATERIA

and

Therapeutics.
Enlarged. 189
1.

the Phytherapeutics
and
pharmacv
medica,
including
siologica
raneous
Drugs,SpecialTherapeuticsof Diseases,Officialand Extempo"

By Sam'l O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., Professor of the

San Francisco; Late A. A. Surgeon,
Practice of Medicine in Cooper Medical
College,
U. S. Army ; Author of "Speech and its Defects,"and the
Quiz-Compends
of Anatomy and Materia Medica, etc.
Revised, Enlargedand Improved. Octavo.
Index.
With Thumb
Leather,$5.00
Pharmacy,

etc.

"

"

the essentials of practical

materia medica
author has aimed
in a single
volume
and
"The
to embrace
and easy reference,
and has produceda l"ook small enough for easy carriage
largeenough to
therapeutics,
lmt full,
clear and well-arranged
He
has not adhered to
of information.
contain a carefully
mass
digested,
of certain recent
his work, and in this day of new
is the case
as
manuals, therebylimiting
any pharmacopoeia,
but has brought it up to date in the most
No
remedies
satisfactory
causingconstant disappointment,
way.
new
remedy of any acknowledged value is omitted from this list. Under each the section on physiological
of drugs suited to different
In the enumeration
has been mitten with cire.
action and therapeutics
...

very successful effort at discriminatk.n lias been made, both in the stage of disease and in the cases
of drugs,but is a digest
suited to the remedy. It is no mere
listof diseases followed by a catalogue
peculiarly
Geaetti.
of modern
and as such will prove of immense
to its possessor." The
use
Therapititic
therapeutics,
disorders

"

The

plan of this work, is new

have been combined

contents

of the

Book.

Unique

"

and

arrangedin such

subjectsin hand, containingmore

of the kind.
other publication

than any
The

work

with

commences

correct

section

on

and

originalwith

Dr. Potter,and

its

way that it offers a compact statement

information in a practical,
concise form
a

the classification of medicines, as follows:

"

acting on the Nervous System, Organs of Sense, Respiration,Circulation,

pyretics,
AntiDigestiveSystem, on Metabolism (includingRestoratives,Alteratives,Astringents,
and Antiperiodics,
etc.) Agents acting upon Excretion,the
Antiphlogistics
Generative System, the Cutaneous
Surfaces,Microbes and Ferments, and upon each other.
I.
Medica
Materia
Therapeutics
Part
and
(351 pages), the drugs being
with
the
of
each
of
in
first;then the description
o
rder,
alphabetical
arranged
synonym
its Therapeutic*.
the plant,its preparations,
action, and lastly
physiological
V.f.nts

"

Part II.

Pharmacy

"

the

use

of

includes

"

and

Prescription

Writing

(56 pages).This

is written for

and
who desire or of necessity
must
physicians
prescriptions,
put up their own
and
Metric
and
and
the
Measures,
Systems;
Weights
Gravity
English
Specific
their principles
and combinations;
of writing
Prescriptions,
proper methods

Volume;
and Incompatibility,
etc.
them; Abbreviations;Stock solutions and preparations,
Part III. Special
List of Diseases
Therapeutics
(211 pages) isan alphabetical
Diseases
of
a real Index
giving the drugs that have been found serviceable in each
and
the authority recommending
of each, a very important
the use
disease,
feature,as it gives an authoritative character to the book that isunusual in works
on
and displaysan immense
of research ""n the part of the author.
amount
Therapeutics,
of eminent
600 Prescriptions are given in this part, many being over the names
men.
The Appendix
(36 pages)contains listsof Latin words, phrasesand abbreviations,
"

"

"

with their English

formulae for Hypodermic
Genitivi 1
e
equivalents,
Endings,
of Chlorodyne; Formula of prominentpatent medicines; Poisons and
10
injections;
Differential Diagnosis;
their Antidote,;
Memoranda;
TemperatureNotes; Cfostetrical
of Urine;Table of Specific
Clinical Examination
Gravitiesand Volumes; Table showing
fluidnu hm in
the Dumber of drops in a fluidraihro of various liquids,
the weightof one
and a table for " inverting
Qto grams, etc.,etc.
grains,
weightsand n
apot
Tin
Imh
x covers
thirty-five
pages, and will be found very elaborate.
'I'm. wnoi
it is,
in fact,
the
of known
b woi
itement
\.u ts in terse language;
ialsof Prai t" ilMatei ia Medica and Therapeutics.
extent
a
it is to a -teat
Although
as an) su" h bonk
must
be, from the works of prominentwriters and teachers,
compilation,

yet
mi

it will be

luded

in any

found

to

contain

other book.

much

matter
original

and

many

useful

not
suggestions

PRACTICE

OF

MEDICINE.

Practice of Medicine.

Roberts'

EighthEdition.

Illustrated.

Enlargedand

vised,
Re-

1890.

T.
By FREDERICK
Roberts, m.d., b.Sc, f.r c.P., Professor of Materia Medica and Therapeutics,
and
of Clinical Medicine, at University
CollegeHospital,
London; Physician
to Brompton
Hospitalfor Consumption and Diseases of the Chest, etc.
Eighth Edition.
Revised and Enlarged. 51 Illustrations. 1059 pages.
Octavo.
Handsome
Cloth,$5.50; Full Sheep,Raised Bands, #6.50
HANDBOOK

"

THE

OF

THEORY

AND

PRACTICE

OF

MEDICINE.

The

various subjects
have been treated in a completeand masterlymanner.
this handbook,not only to gentlemen preparing
for the medical
but
profession,
finished their professional
education; as this work contains,in a brief and concise
.

We

heartily

commend

to

have

shape,all

needs to know
to enable him
to carry
busy generalpractitioner
with advantageto his patients."British Medical Journal.
It is unsurpassed
by any work that has fallen into our hands
"We
recommend
it to students about to enter
particularly
Louis Medical and SurgicalJournal.

on

his

with
practice

comfort

those who

may

that the

himself

to

and

"

"

If there is a book in the whole of medical literature in which

within our
reach."
ChicagoMedical Journal.

"

come

never

as

upon

The Clinic.
compendium for students."
the practice
of their profession."
St.
"

"

much

so

is said in

words, it has

few

so

"

The

fresh editions of this admirable

text-book make
their appearance, serves
to
its favored position
with the student,who finds it a safe and reliable guide.
a greatfeature of Dr. Roberts' work
Apart from the clearness of styleand its thoroughlypractical
character,
method
is the systematic
with which each subject
is treated. The value of this kind of instruction is high,as
"

with
regularity

that it continues

show

which

to maintain

it enables

the student to marshal

his ideas in an
and to assignto each part its special
orderlymanner,
of keeping his book
importance.The author has not been unmindful of the necessity
up to date,'and he
bestowed
has evidently
much
merits its popularity."
painson itsrevision. It is enough to say that it fully
The Lancet, London, February7th,1891.
The arrangement of the subject
is admirable,
each disease is very fully
considered in elegant
phraseology
without any undue verbosity,
and the matter
is presented
which is easily
in a manner
graspedand retained in
the memory.
It is quiteunnecessary to refer further to the pages of this valuable and reliable text-book.
It
will be found a trustworthy
and the latter will find much
mation
informore
guideboth by students and practitioners,
to treatment, than is usually
recorded in such works."
Medico- Chir. Journal,Jan.,1891.
as
Liverpool
'

"

"

"

Hughes'Compend of the
EnlargedEdition.
A

COMPEND

OF

Demonstrator

THE

PRACTICE

OF

of Clinical Medicine

Practice of Medicine.

Medical
at Jefferson

Physician-in-Chief,
Philadelphia
Hospital
Part

Continued,Eruptiveand

I.
"

DANIEL

By

MEDICINE.

In two

Periodical

E.

Part

II.

"

Diseases

Diseases of the

books

late

College,Philadelphia;now

Fevers,Diseases

of the

tines,
Stomach, Intes-

Diseases,etc.

of the RespiratorySystem, CirculatorySystem and

Nervous
Price of each Part,stronglybound
in cloth,$1.00
Blood, etc.
Interleaved

*%*These

M.D.,

parts.

Peritoneum, BiliaryPassages,
Liver,Kidneys, etc., and General

System;

HUGHES,

4th
1890.

area

complete set

of notes

for the addition

the

upon

of notes,

practiceof medicine.

1.25
The

definition,
treatment, etc.,
pathology,prognosis,diagnosis,
causes, symptoms,
synonyms,
of each disease being given. The
is especially
full and a number
of valuable
treatment
have
been
the
latest
Reference
has
made
been
to
incorporated.
writings
prescriptions
teachingsof Drs. Flint,Roberts,Loomis, Bartholow, DaCosta,
long experienceas demonstrator of clinical medicine under the last
of a book
for the preparation
gave him unrivaled opportunities

and

Fourth
Edition.
Physicians' Edition.
and includinga section on Skin Diseases
"

review

The
book

best condensation
for students

Same
and

of the essentials of Practice I have yet

after a solid course
of study,
and it will be

of refreshing
his memory."
as a readymeans
New
Haven.
of Medicine, Yale College,
"

('.A.

as

etc.

above, but in one

complete index.
...

Hughes'

famous professors
of this character.

very
Full Morocco, Gilt
seen.

Dr.

named

volume,

Edges,$2.50

It will be

an

admirable

less useful to the busy practitioner

scarcely
tice
M.D., Professor
of Theory and PracLindsley,

NEW

AND

EDITIONS.

REVISED

PQUIZ-COMPENDS.P
A SERIES OF PRACTICAL

MANUALS
with

in accordance

Compiled

and

Bound
form

They

in

Cloth, each

the

teachings of prominent
popular Text-books.

Interleaved, for the Addition

$1.00.

exhaustive

AND

PHYSICIAN

the latest

most

and
complete,
practical

a most

FOR THE

STUDENT.

lecturers

of

Notes, $1.25.

information nowhere
manuals, containing
the times in every respect,
containingmany new
set

of

else

shape. Thoroughly up to
practical
scriptions
preand over
of which have been drawn
and engravedspecially
for
and formulae,
many
300 illustrations,
with exceptional
and attaches of colleges,
this series. The authors have had largeexperience
as quiz-masters
The arrangement of the subjects,
for notingthe most
advances and methods.
recent
illustrations,
opportunities
to include the latest
so
as
being revised,
They are constantly
types,etc., are all of the most approved form.
and pharmacy.
and can be used by students of any college
of medicine, dentistry
and best teachings,
collected in such

No.

Human

1.

Fifth

Anatomy.

Edition

(1891),including

16 Lithograph Plates,
m.d., late A. A. Surgeon, U. S.

separately.
Pottkr.

formerly published
C). L.
By Samuel
Practice,Cooper Med. College,
Anatomy,

Illustrations.

Army.

of

117
Professor

Francisco.

San
Nos.

m.a.,

Visceral

Tables, and

and

3.

Practice

of

late Demonstrator

mil,

Hospital. In
Part

Medicine.

Fourth

of Clinical Medicine
two

in

E. Hughes,
Edition, Enlarged (1890). By Daniel
delphia
Med. College,
Phila. ; Physician-in
Chief,PhilaJefferson

parts.

I.

Continued, Eruptiveand Periodical Fevers, Diseases of the Stomach, Intestines,Peritoneum, BiliaryPassages,

for Urine), General
Tests
Liver, Kidneys, etc. (including
Diseases, etc.
Part
U.
Diseases of the RespiratorySystem (including Physical Diagnosis),
CirculatorySystem and Nervous System;
"

"

Diseases of the Blood,etc.

*,* These little books

be regarded

can

Definitions,Causes, Symptoms,
hitherto

No.

No.

full set

of

notes

the Practice of Medicine, containing the Synonyms,

upon
tions
etc., of each disease,and
includinga number of prescrip-

unpublished.

P. Brubaker, m.d.,
Sixth Edition
Physiology, including Embryology.
(1 89 1 ) By Albert
Prof, of Physiology,
in Jefferson
lied.
Penn'a Collegeof Dental
Surgery; Demonstrator of Physiology
In Press.
College,Phila. Revised, Enlarged and Illustrated.
Obstetrics.
Illustrated.
Fourth
Edition
and Students. By Henry
5.
(1889). For Physicians
0. Landis, m.d., Piof. of Obstetrics and Diseases of Women, in StarlingMedical College,
Columbus.
4.

Revised
No.

as

Prognosis,Diagnosis,Treatment,

Edition.

New

Illustrations.

Edition
(1S91).
PrescriptionWriting. Fifth Revised
Action of Drugs, and a complete article on
especialReference to the Physiological
Prescription
and including
Writing. Based on the Last Revision (Sixth)of the U. S. Pharmacopoeia,
many unofficinal
remedies.
O. L. Potter, m.a., m.d., late A. A. Surg. U. S. Army; Prof, of Practice,
By Samuel
Cooper Med. College,San Francisco.
5th Edition.
Improved and Enlarged.
No. 7. Gynaecology.
strator
Morris, m.d., DemonBy Henry
(1891.) A Compend of Diseases of Women.
of Obstetrics,
Medical College,
Jeflerson
Philadelphia.Many Illustrations.
Diseases
No. 8.
of the Eye and
Refraction.
Edition
Second
(1888). IncludingTreatment and
Medical
Fox, m.d., Chief Clinical Assistant Opthalmological
Surgery. By L. Webster
Dept.,Jefferson
College,etc., and Geo. M. GOULD, m D. 71 Illustrations,
39 Formula'.
Edition
No. 9. Surgery, Minor
Fourth
Illustrated.
(1890) Including
Surgery and Bandaging.
Fracture^,Wounds, Dislocations,
Sprains,
Suppuration,
Amputationsand other operations
; Inflammation.
Diseases of the Spine,Ear, Bladder,Testicles,
Ulcers, Syphilis,
Tumors, Shock, etc.
Anus, and other
of Surgery,Jeffeison
Medical
Surgic.i!Diseases. By Orvili.e
HORWITZ, a.m., m.d., Demonstrator
College. 84 Formul.x and 136 Illustrations.
No. 10.
Medical
Chemistry. Third Edition (1890). Inorganicand Organic,includingUrine Analysis
Medical and Dental Students.
Lf.efmann, m d.. Prof, of Chemistryin I'cinfa College
By Henry
of Dental Surgery,Phila.
Revised and Enlarged.
Third Edition.
No.
Third
Edition
n.
Pharmacy.
(iXqo). Baaed upon M Remington'sText-Book of Pharmacy." By
1
E STEWART, m d
at
PH.O., Professor of Pharmacy, Powers Collegeof Pharmacy; late Quit-Master
Philadelphia
Collegeof Pharmacy. Third Edition. Revised.
No. 12.
and
Veterinary Anatomy
Physiology. Illustrated.
(1S90.)By Wm. R. I'.ai1
of Equine
Anatomy, New York Collegeof Veterinary
Surgeons,etc. 29 Illustrations.
Dental
No. 13.
points
Pathology and Dental Medicine.
(1N00 ) Containing all the moat noteworthy
Materia

6.

Medica, Therapeutics and

With

.,

"

o|

int.ti

No.

"

the

t to

Diseases

14.
Chi.

Dental

of Children.

College.With

gtif" These books

From

The

fullymeets
and

are

By

Student.

GlO,

WaMUKH,

dps,

Clinical

Chief, Penn'a

CoUtj

Illns.
Surgery,
Philadelphia,

Dental

OUT

aie

(18QO.)By

Martin

I' H\mni\

revised
constantly

to

keepup

//'" kno:c of no
SOUTHERN Clinic.
approval as these t Quij Compcnds f

reallythe

"

"

best line

PlofMOT of Diseases of Children,

Colored Plate.

of text-books

that could

with

the latest teachings

and

scries

discoveries.

of books issued by any

They arc wc,'.'

be found for either stud

house

.:"

excise,
titioner."

Illustrated.
diseases

the

of

Manual

body.

ments.
Move-

Edition.

Second

1891.

VARIOUS

TO

APPLICATION

THEIR

AND

Swedish
Original

the

Massage and

Ostrom.

ETC.

MASSAGE,

NURSING,

for

Students, Nurses, and Physicians. By

the Royal
VY. Ostrom,
from
KuRRE

University of Upsala, Sweden

in Massage and Swedish

structor
In-

ments
Move-

of the University
Hospital
phia
and
in the PhiladelPennsylvania
ates
and
for
Polyclinic College Graduin the

of

Illustrated

in Medicine, etc.

this purpose.

for
specially

by 87

Engravings,drawn

explanatory Wood

ond
Sec-

i2mo.

Cloth,$1.00

Edition.

will be of service both to physicians

which
is well written and carefully
and
illustrated,
l"ook,
to this country from
came
as to manipulators.Mr. Ostrom, who
Sweden, lias proven b
his instructions being careful,
a
accurate, and complete."
capableteacher as well as a good masseur,
Medical Magazine,Philadelphia^
March, iSqo.
L'niverAty
"This

nurses

well

as

"

Obstetric

Parvin.

DELIVERED

LECTURES

AT

Nursing.

THE

By Theophilus

HOSPITAL.

Women

Humphrey.
luding

By

Parvin,

FOR

NURSES

ceneral

anatomy

Humphrey,

Medical College
Jefferson
;
and Enlarged, izrao.

Manual

for Nurses.

and

Ass't

bro "k's Hospital,

Cambridge,England,

THE

PHILADELPHIA

and

Obstetrician

Diseases of

to

the

delphia
Phila-

th,%

4th Edition

Management

physiology,

m.d.,m.r.c.s.,

OF

of Obstetrics

Professor

m.d.,

and Children in the

Hospital. Revised

iM

1889.

SCHOOL

TRAINING

.7^

1891.

of the Sick-Room,

Physician
to,and Lecturer at,
79 Illustrations.

i :mo.

work ""fsuch a character should 1

at all is in itself:i significant
indication
of the high standard to which the art of nursinghas risen in recent years, and i
I "t" the
estimation in which really
is held alike by the public
and by m dical n
ie intelligent
goo 1 nursing
and often well educated women
who now
either as an occupation
take up tmr-iiiL;
a"
a
or
some
profssion,
is very generally
iningin the elements of anatomy and physiology
lary by
allhospital
authorities.
."
The Practition
il,i8go.
'lint

"

.1

"

Fullerton.
A

HANDBOOK

Obstetrical
FOR

Demonstrator

NURSES,

OTHERS.

STUD

of Obstetrics in the Women's

df, and Obstetricianand

34 Illustratii
tamo.

By A*NNA

Medical

M.

FULLERTON,

etc.
to, the Woman's Hospital,
Gynaecologist
Philadelphia,
Second
Revised
I'.nla;
and
are original.
Edition,

es.

Abdominal

AUTHOR.

Surgery

and

Diseases

Women.

of

1891.
I \K

woman'

M.D.,

in ch
College
j Physician

ralof which

wir

Nursing in

Illustrated. 1891.

Nursing.

COURSE

ll, Philadelphia.

Of

IN

I'HK

70 Illustrations, tamo.

TRAIN
a"

till

th,$1.50

OBSTETRICS"
Winckel's

GYNECOLOGY.
of

Text-Book

Obstetrics.

With

many

OriginalIllustrations.
INCLUDING

Dr.

THE

PATHOLOGY

F. Winckel,

Women

THERAPEUTICS

AND

Professor

of

Gynecology

Authorized

in Munich.

Prof, of Obstetrics,Medical

OF

and

THE

of the

Translation, by J. Clifton

Depart.,Universityof the

the majority of which

illustrations,

Edgar,

City of New

originalwith

are

STATE.
By
Royal Hospital for

PUERPERAL

Director

Adjunct

m.d.,

York.

this work.

some
192 hand-

927

8vo.

pages.

Cloth, $6.00; Sheep, $7.00

His practical
him to
experienceand laborious researches in the literature of the subjecthave qualified
which
is certainly
of great value, and we
desire to compliment Dr. Edgar
a book
place before the profession
work
admirable
in the preparationof the American
One
translation.
of the useful
upon his foresightand
the articles upon each specialsubject,
while the illustrations
thingsabout the work is that bibliographies
accompany
which
is but naturalwhen
consider the enormous
to us
to be almost
amount
seem
we
entirely
original,
obtain figures. The
of material from which
the author may
work
of the American
publisherhas been well
"

carried out, as it is usual under

of this country in much
of the Fatherland."
These

"

One

the

circumstances,and

better form

Medical

"

than

to say the

venture

we

the German

translation is put before the profession

the physicians

publishersplaced the originalbefore

News, Philadelphia.

besides adding greatlyto its value.

perusalof the work a labor of pleasure,
well as a deep respect for
the book with a heightened admiration
for the author's learning,
as
York.
Nezv
conservative
teaching." American
Journal of Obstetrics,

additions

laysdown

his careful and

make

the

"

have only sought to call attention to the salient pointsof this admirable
work,
adapted to the student, nevertheless will well repay a careful perusalby
especially
We
would
like to see
methods.
all who
aspireto practiceobstetrics accordingto the most improved modern
that it is clear and concise, that it givesspecialprominence
this text-book used in this country, for the reason
conservatism
which
makes
of that thoroughnessand sound
and that every page bears evidence
to pathology,
Medical
Record.
author unequaled as a teacher of obstetrics."
its distinguished
In this

"

hasty manner

which, though intended

we

and

"

Winckel.

of Women.

Diseases

By

Second

Parvin.

Edition,Enlarged.
including

of

diseases

and

Gynaecology

Authorized
and
Second

the

of

Diseases

Edited

of Women

and
and

Edition,Revised
Series

of the

Director

Translation.

766

of the work
The popularity
is,perhaps,no more
scholarlyor

influential

of

"

is shown

By

urethra.

Dr.

Royal University Clinic

by

Parvin,

Theophilus

Children

Enlarged.

Manuals.

New

and

bladder

in

F.

Engravings

on

Professor

in Munich.

for Women

m.d.,

JeffersonMedical

152

Winckel,

of Obstetrics

Professor

College,Philadelphia.
Wood.

No.

i2mo.

2,

Cloth, $3.00; Leather, $3.50

pages.

by the rapiditywith which the firstedition

on
subjectsamong
gynaecological
authority

was
our

exhausted.

There

German

confreres
held,
universally

editor is
his American
in which
Winckel, and this fact,added to the respect and esteem
edition.
German
of a second
for a second edition in advance
to explainthe earlydemand
serve
may
cussed
A novel feature is furnished by the chapterson diseases of the mammary
gland. They are not generallydisof this character,but we have always been of the opinion that their consideration
was
in works
quite
that of any other portionof the genitalapparatus,of which
as
as
they form an essential element."
appropriate
The American
Journal of the Medical Sciences,Philadelphia.

than

"

"

It is

Winckel's

'

nearly three
Diseases

connection

with

Parvin

most

has

the

years since we
of Women.'
The

had

the

favorable

pleasureof reviewingthe English translation of

comments

we

made

then

edition

have

now

work.
gynaecological

excellent,lucidlywritten
thoroughlyrevised the former issue,so that the reader
second

we

of this

meets

with

but

to

Dr.

Professor

endorse

in

Theophilus

only the latest and

most,

ested
opinionson the various debatable topics. We should like again to direct the attention of those interurethra and
in gynaecological
literature to the subjectson pelvicneoplasms and diseases of the female
it
accord
readers who
bladder.
The work
is profusely
feel confident that those of our
illustrated,and we
London.
careful study will derive much
pleasureand instruction from its pages." The Practitioner,
matured

"