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CONTENT
Motivation
Introduction
Calculation of heat transfer coefficient
Conclusion
MOTIVATION
Heat transfer fluid (HTF) is a key component of
concentrated solar systems that governs the
working temperature of the thermodynamical
cycles.
HTF may also be used as storage medium but it is
used at least to extract heat from the storage
tanks.
MOTIVATION
Power production
Radiation
Concentrating
System
Solar
Receiver
Working Fluid
Storage /
Backup
Power Block
INTRODUCTION
stability.
INTRODUCTION
Temperature limit
Thermal oil
400C
560C
Air (gas)
Other HTF than air are needed at high temperature for advanced
thermodynamic cycles
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
INTRODUCTION
INTRODUCTION
LBE
Na
HITEC XL
HITEC
Solar Salt
Thermal Oil
0
200
400
600
800
1000
(K)
TT(C)
1200
1400
1600
1800
INTRODUCTION
Cycle
Efficiency
Overall
Nominal
Plant
Efficiency
Improvement
Steam Cycles
(Rankine)
390C-565C
37% - 42%
20% - 23%
0 (Today technology)
48%
27%
17% - 35%
Supercritical CO2
(Brayton)
600C 800C
50% - 55%
28% - 31%
22% - 55%
Combined Cycle
(Brayton/Rankine)
1300C
60%
33.5%
45% - 67%
Supercritical Steam
600C
INTRODUCTION
Heat transfer
Tubes, Channels
Monoliths, Foams
Calculation of the
heat transfer
coefficient, h
h calculation
Tube of receiver
I (kW/m2)
To fluid
W/m2
Wall
HTF
Two
Outlet
Twi
Tf
Losses
Intlet
h calculation
Data base for temperature dependent
thermophysical properties: density (), viscosity
(), thermal conductivity (k) and heat capacity
(Cp).
Data for heat transfer calculation based generally
on Nu versus Re and Pr correlations that
depend of the flow conditions.
Nu = hd/k
Re = vd/
Pr = Cp/k
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
h calculation
390 C
Cp
2560
2592
0,0796
0,07755
720
707
0,0001562
0,0001516
h calculation
Y. T. Wu et al. Int Com in Heat and Mass Transfer 2012; 39: 1550-1555
Heat transfer
coefficient for liquids
and gases
Thermal oil
V = 2 m/s
T = 320C
Molten Salts
Thermophysical properties of solar salt
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Molten Salts
V = 1.8 m/s
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Liquid Metal
Thermophysical properties of liquid sodium
Temperature range 97.8C-873 C (BP)C
Liquid Metal
Pressurized Air
T = 900C, 6 atm.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Pressurized He
1300
1200
h (W/m2.K)
1100
1000
900
800
700
600
700
h4
h3
h2
h1
750
800
850
T (K)
900
950
1000
Pressurized CO2
V = 12 m/s, 20 atm.
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Pressurized CO2
Simulation conditions:
- R=2 cm and L=2 m
- Inlet: for pure CO2 at 400 K
- Inlet velocity: parabolic with a mean value of 1 m/s that leads to 0.0017 kg/s
at 0.1 Mpa
- Tube wall: 1100K
- Pressure: from 0.1 MPa to 20 Mpa
- Reynolds number from 2 660 to 478 500 as a function of pressure
- Spectroscopic database: HITEMP-2010
- Line-by-line model used to derive a Absorption Distribution Function (ADF)
global spectral model for computation
CALIOT C. and FLAMANT G. AIMS Journals, Energy (2014), vol.2 N.2, pp. 172-182
Pressurized CO2
Pressurized CO2
Without radiation
0.1 MPa
With radiation
1 MPa
Pressurized CO2
10 MPa
5 MPa
Physics of flow
Only water
Only steam
Drawbacks: Instabilties in
the phase change domain
Kandlikar, 1997
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
DSG receivers
DSG receivers
Two cases:
Case 1: 150 bar and 500 kW/m: Point concentration
Case 2: 80 bar and 50 kW/m : Linear concentration
Liquid water
where Relo is the Reynolds number for liquid only, Prl is the liquid Prandtl
number and f is the friction factor.
Liquid water
Liquid water
Fully Boiling
Heat transfer dominated by nucleated boiling in the fully
developed boiling regime (FDB)
Tsat is the wall superheat defined by Tsat = Tsat Tw, Tsat is the
saturation temperature, Llg is the latent heat of vaporization
Tsub is the fluid subcooling defined by Tsub = Tsat Tb
Transition
Pure steam
Transition
Heat transfer coefficient as a function of the apparent thermodynamic quality xa, from
the liquid to the saturated boiling region, with a constant mass flux of 1444 kg/(m.s)
Ll the specific enthalpy of the liquid, Ll,sat the specific enthalpy of the
liquid at the saturation temperature and Llg the latent heat of vaporization
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Steam
Specifications
New HTF is needed with:
Particle
suspension
Particle Dense
Suspension (PDS)
Circulating
Fluidized Bed
(CFB)
30-40%
3-5%
Gas velocity
10 m/s
Mechanical
energy
consumption
Low
High
Tube erosion,
particle attrition
Low
High
Good
Low
Particle volume
ratio
hwall-to-bed
Principle
PDS
htube
hchamber
Experimental
Concentrated
solar energy
1/ Opaque metallic tube (dia 42.4 mm, height 1 m) 2/ Dispenser fluid bed
3/ Receiver fluid bed 4/ Storage 5/ Solar receiver cavity 6/ Water-cooled screen
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Results
Results
The problem of heat transfer coefficient
calculation in the DSP tube
Irradiated tube
Main upward flow
Secondary
downward flow
How to calculate h?
Particle buffer tank
SFERA II Summer School 2014 Gilles Flamant
Results
Last results, June 23 2014: a 750C HTF
CONCLUSION