INTRODUCTION

Swami Vivekananda
(2 January 1863 4 July 1902),
born Narendranath Dutta was
an Indian Hindu monk, a chief disciple of the
19th-century Indian mystic Ramakrishna. He
was a key figure in the introduction of the
Indian philosophies of Vedanta and Yoga to
the Western world and is credited with
raising interfaith awareness, bringing
Hinduism to the status of a major world
religion during the late 19th century. He was a
major force in the revival of Hinduism in India,
and contributed to the concept
of nationalism in colonial India. Vivekananda
founded the Ramakrishna Math and
the Ramakrishna Mission. He is perhaps best
known for his speech which began, "Brothers
and sisters of America ...,"[ in which he
introduced Hinduism at the Parliament of the
World's Religions in Chicago in 1893.
Vivekananda conducted hundreds of
public and private lectures and classes,
disseminating tenets of Hindu philosophy in
the United States, England and Europe. In
India, Vivekananda is regarded as a patriotic
saint and his birthday is celebrated there
as National Youth Day.

Birth and childhood

Vivekananda was born

Narendranath Dutta in Calcutta, the capital of
British India, on 12 January 1863 during
the Makar Sankranti festival. He belonged to a
traditional Bengali Kayastha family and was
one of nine siblings. His father, Vishwanath
Dutta, was an attorney at the Calcutta High
Court. Durgacharan Dutta, Narendra's
grandfather was a Sanskrit and Persian
scholar who left his family and became a
monk at age twenty-five. His mother,
Bhubaneswari Devi, was a devout housewife.
The progressive, rational attitude of
Narendra's father and the religious
temperament of his mother helped shape his
thinking and personality.

Education
In 1871, at the age of eight, Narendranath
enrolled at Ishwar Chandra Vidyasagar's
Metropolitan Institution, where he went to
school until his family moved to Raipur in
1877. In 1879, after his family's return to
Calcutta, he was the only student to receive
first-division marks in the Presidency
College entrance examination. He was an
avid reader in a wide range of subjects,
including philosophy, religion, history, social
science, art and literature. He was also
interested in Hindu scriptures, including
the Vedas, the Upanishads, the Bhagavad
Gita, the Ramayana, the Mahabharata and
thePuranas. Narendra was trained in Indian
classical music, and regularly participated in
physical exercise, sports and organised
activities.Narendra studied Western logic,
Western philosophy and European history at
the General Assembly's Institution (now
known as the Scottish Church College).

Spiritual apprenticeship - influence of

Brahmo Samaj
In 1880 Narendra joined Keshab
Chandra Sen's Nava Vidhan, which was
established by Sen after
meeting Ramakrishna and reconverting from
Christianity to HinduismHis initial beliefs were
shaped by Brahmo concepts, which included
belief in a formless God and the deprecation
of idolatry, and a "streamlined, rationalized,
monotheistic theology strongly coloured by a
selective and modernistic reading of
the Upanisads and of the Vedanta."