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Chapter 2: Number Pattern and Sequences

2.1 Sequence
A list of numbers following a certain pattern.
E.g.: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9 (+2 after each number)
5, 10, 15, 20, 25 (+5 after each number)
1, 2, 4, 8, 16, 32 (2 after each number)

Question: Describe the following sequence

(a) 128, ___, 32, ___, 8, 4

(b) 1, ___, 9, 27, 81

(c) 110, 98, 86, ___, ___, 50

2.2.1 Odd Numbers

Odd Numbers are numbers that cannot be divided by 2 exactly.
E.g.: 1, 3, 5, 7, 9, 11

2.2.2 Even Numbers

Even Numbers are numbers that can/are exactly divisible by 2.
E.g.: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, 12

Question: Answer the following by stating either TRUE (T) or FALSE (F).
(a) The difference between two even numbers is always odd.

(b) The product of two odd numbers is always even.

(c) The sum of two odd numbers may be even.

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2.2.3 Prime Numbers

A number that can ONLY either be divided by itself or 1.
Complete the table below by shading the prime numbers. The first row is complete.
1

10

11

12

13

14

15

16

17

18

19

20

21

22

23

24

25

26

27

28

29

30

31

32

33

34

35

36

37

38

39

40

41

42

43

44

45

46

47

48

49

50

51

52

53

54

55

56

57

58

59

60

61

62

63

64

65

66

67

68

69

70

71

72

73

74

75

76

77

78

79

80

81

82

83

84

85

86

87

88

89

90

91

92

93

94

95

96

97

98

99

100

2.3 Multiples
The product of a number and another non zero number.
E.g.: Multiple of 5 = 5, 10, 15, 20, 25
Multiple of 10 = 10, 20, 30, 40, 50

Question: List the first 5 multiples of the following and answer the following
MCQs. Please note that each question may have more than 1 answer.
(a) Multiples of 4: __, __, __, __, __...
(b) Multiples of 8: __, __, __, __, __...
(c) Multiples of 12: __, __, __, __, __...
(d) 592 is a multiple of

(i) 2

(ii) 3

(iii) 4

(e) 48 is a multiple of

(i) 6

(ii) 13

(iii) 15

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2.3.1 Common Multiples

A number which is a multiple of two or more given numbers.
E.g.: Common Multiples of 2 and 4 = 8, 16, 24, 32
Common Multiples of 3 and 6 = 6, 12, 18, 24
Question: Complete the following. Please SHOW your working.
(a) The common multiples of 6 and 8

(b) The common multiples of 8 and 12

(c) Determine whether 12 is a common multiple of

i. 3 and 4
ii. 8 and 12
iii. 2 and 6

2.3.2 Lowest Common Multiple (LCM)

Smallest number that is multiple of a given set of numbers.
E.g.: LCM of 2 and 4 = 4
LCM of 3 and 6 = 6

There are 2 methods to find the LCM of any number.

Method 1: Listing all the multiples and finding the lowest common multiple.
E.g.: LCM of 2 and 4
Multiple of 2 = 2, 4, 6, 8
Multiple of 4 = 4, 8, 12, 16
Therefore the LCM of 2 and 4 is 4.

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Method 2: Using the Algorithm.

E.g.: LCM of 3 and 6
3

3,6

1,2
1,1

Therefore the LCM of 3 and 6 = 3 2 which is 6.

Question: Complete the following. Please SHOW your working.
(a) Find the LCM of 9 and 12 using method 1.

(b) Find the LCM of 12 and 16 using method 2.

2.4 Factors
A number that can be exactly divided by other given numbers.
E.g.: Factors of 12 = 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, and 12
Factors of 16 = 1, 2, 4, 6, 8, and 16

Question: Answer the following. Please show your understanding.

(a) List the factors of 9:

______________________

(b) List the factors of 12:

______________________

(c) List the factors of 11:

______________________

(d) Determine whether 9 is a factor of

(i) 144

(ii) 322

(e) Find all the factors of 15: _____________________

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2.4.1 Common Factors

Factors which are common to the given numbers.
E.g.: Common Factors of 12 and 16 = 1, 2, 4,
Common Factors of 8, 16 and 32 = 1, 2, 4, 8
Question: Complete the following. Please SHOW your working.
(a) List the common factors of 12 and 15

(b) List all common factors of 4 and 8 that are less than 20.

(c) Is 6 a common factor of 6 and 12, Explain?

True/T

OR

False/F

(d) Determine whether 3 is a common factor of

(i) 78 and 120

(ii) 48, 111 and 220

2.4.2 Prime Factors

Prime numbers that are factors of a given number.
E.g.: Prime Factors of 12 = 2, 3
Prime Factors of 16 = 2
There are 2 methods to find the prime factors of any number.

Method 1: List all the factors of the number and single out the prime factors.
E.g.: Factors of 12: 1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 12
The Prime Factors of 12 are 2 and 3.

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Method 2: Using the Algorithm.

E.g.: Prime Factors of 3 and 6
3

3,6

1,2
1,1

Therefore the Prime Factors of 3 and 6 are 2 and 3.

Question: Complete the following. Please SHOW your working.
(a) Find the prime factors of 12 and 15 using method 1.

(b) Find the prime factors of 12 and 16 using method 2.

2.4.3 Highest Common Factors (HCF)

Largest number which is a common factor of two or more given numbers.
E.g.: HCF of 8 and 12 = 4
HCF of 8, 16 and 32 = 8
There are 2 methods to find the HCF of any numbers.

Method 1: List all the factors of the number and find the Highest Common Factor
(HCF).
E.g.: Factors of 18 and 45:
Factors of 18 = 1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18
Factors of 45 = 1, 3, 5, 9, 15, 45
The common factors of 18 and 45 are 1, 3 and 9. (Shown in bold above)
Therefore the HCF of 18 and 45 is 9.

Method 2: Using the Algorithm.

9

18 ,
2,

18 ,

6,
2,

Therefore, HCF of 18 and 45 is 9.

Therefore, HCF of 18 and 45 = 3 3 = 9

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Question: Find the answers to the following.

(a) Find the HCF of 12 and 16.

(b) Find the HCF of 8 and 24.

(c) Is the HCF of 18 and 36

(i) 9

(ii) 18

(iii) 2