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RMD 2501
Centrifugal Compressors
Session delivered by:
Prof Q.H.
Prof.
Q H Nagpurwala
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Session Objectives
PEMP
RMD 2501
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Centrifugal Compressor
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Introduction
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RMD 2501
Turbomachines
T
b
hi
employing
l i centrifugal
t if
l effects
ff t for
f increasing
i
i fl
fluid
id
pressure have been in use for more than a century.
The earliest machines using this method were hydraulic pumps followed
later by ventilating fans and blowers.
A centrifugal
Axial
A i l
fl
flow compressors are more suitable
it bl ffor llarger engines
i
iin tterms off
smaller frontal area (and drag) and 3-4% higher efficiency for the same
duty than centrifugal compressors.
But for very small compressors with low flow rates, the efficiency of axial
compressors drops sharply, blading is small and difficult to make
accurately, and the centrifugal compressor is again preferable .
Many applications are found in small gas turbines for road vehicles and
commercial helicopters as well as bigger applications, e.g., diesel engine
turbochargers,
g , chemical p
plant p
processes,, factory
y workshop
p air supplies,
pp
,
large-scale air-conditioning plant, etc.
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Centrifugal
compressor used by
Si F
Sir
Frank
k Whi
Whittle
l in
i
his gas turbine
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The Turbomeca
Centrifugal Compressor
fitt d to
fitted
t the
th RTM322
engine
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RMD 2501
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Axial-Centrifugal Compressor
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RMD 2501
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RMD 2501
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Nomenclature
C
n
N
r
U
Ue
W, V
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Absolute velocity
Number of vanes
Rotational speed
Radius
Impeller speed at tip
Impeller
p
speed
p
at mean radius of eye
y
Relative velocity
Absolute flow angle
Relative flow angle
g
Slip factor
Power input factor
Angular velocity
suffixes
a
r
w, , u
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Inducer
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(Vaned diffuser)
Impeller eye
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Centrifugal Compressor
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Vaneless
space
Centrifugal compressor stage and velocity diagrams at impeller entry and exit
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13
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Splitter Blade
Main Blade
Diffuser Vane
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14
Types of Impellers
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One sided
Two sided
Shrouded
Unshrouded
Radial vanes
Backward swept vanes
Forwardd swept vanes
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Types of Impellers
2 =< 900
Forward sweep
p
Radial exit
2 => 900
2 = 900
Shrouded impeller
V < U2
V = U2
Backward sweep
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V > U2
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PEMP
RMD 2501
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Velocity Triangles
W2
2
2
U2
1= 0
U1
W1
Cw1= 0
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Inlet Prewhirl
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RMD 2501
It is
i required
i d to
t properly
l design
d i
the inlet guide vanes in order to
minimise pressure loss.
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19
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RMD 2501
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Air enters axially towards the inducer and then flows through the
radial channel of the impeller.
Flow separation might occur on the suction surface (convex face)
off the
th curvedd partt off the
th impeller
i
ll vane.
There is possibility of shock waves in the inducer tip region for
high pressure ratio compressors.
At higher altitudes M will increase
as there is a decrease in T.
T
M =
V1
RT1
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Specific Work
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RMD 2501
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Specific Work
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RMD 2501
Rothalpy,
Adding and subtracting U 2, this becomes
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Specific Work
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RMD 2501
This expression provides the reason why the static enthalpy rise in a centrifugal
compressor is so large compared with a single-stage axial compressor.
The term
and the term
th change
the
h
in
i radius.
di
For axial entry to the compressor,
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Due to friction between the casing and the air carried around by
the vanes, and other losses which have a braking effect such as
di friction
disc
f i ti or windage,
i d
the
th applied
li d torque
t
andd therefore
th f
the
th
actual work input is greater than the theoretical value. To
account for this, a power input factor can be introduced, and
the specific work is given by
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PEMP
RMD 2501
Slip
Even under ideal (frictionless) conditions the
relative flow leaving the impeller does not
receive perfect guidance from the vanes and the
flow is said to slip. Hence, 2 > 2.
average
g relative
flow angle
vane angle
Velocity triangle at
impeller exit
C C w
Cws = Cw' 2 Cw 2
Cw2
= ' <1
andd Sli
Slip Factor,
F t
Cw2
Cw2
For radial impeller, =
U2
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Stanitz correlation
Wiesner correlation
cos 2
s = 1
Z 0.7
Stodola correlation
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RMD 2501
W& = U 22
Temperature rise, T03 T01 =
p03 T
=
p01 T01
'
03
( 1)
U 22
cp
c (T03 T01 )
= 1 +
T
01
c U
= 1 +
c pT01
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2
2
( 1)
( 1)
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RMD 2501
Diffuser
In a centrifugal compressor, the flow leaving the impeller, passes through diffuser.
The
The
Vaneless
diffuser
Vaned diffuser
In high
g stage
g pressure
p
ratio
compressors, the diffuser
leading edge region is critical
because of high Mach
numbers giving rise to
shocks and shock losses.
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Types of Diffusers
Uniform thickness
curved vanes
Aerofoil shape
vanes
Uniform thickness
straight vanes
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Wedge shape
vanes
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Pipe Diffuser
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Diffuser Performance
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(
(
h2 s h1 1 / 2 C12 C22s
=
D =
h2 h1 1 / 2 C12 C22
)
)
T2 s T1 T1
=
T2 T1 T1
For the isentropic process 1-2s
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Diffuser Performance
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F constant
For
t t temperature
t
t
process 01-02
01 02
From the gas law
U
Upon
iintegrating
t
ti for
f the
th whole
h l process we gett
For the constant pressure process, 2s - 2,
Therefore
Equating these expressions for the entropy increase and using
Therefore
and
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RMD 2501
Volute System
Vaneless
V
l
space
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Compressor Performance
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Performance
P
f
characteristics
h
t i ti are plotted
l tt d as variation
i ti off totall pressure ratio
i and
d
isentropic efficiency versus corrected mass flow rate, m& T01 p01 for various
corrected speeds N T01 .
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Stall /
surge line
Stable operating
point
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RMD 2501
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Pressure
surface
Suction
surface
Design
point
Surge
Choke
Deflected flow
+i
Choking
At hi
highh flow
fl rates
t att a given
i
speed,
d the
th pressure
and density reduce, causing an increase in radial
velocity (continuity equation). The relative
velocityy also become high
g with negative
g
incidence at inducer and diffuser leading ends.
Finally, choking may occur owing to large flow
blockage due to separation on the pressure
surface or due to formation of shocks in the
inducer / diffuser passages.
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Session Summary
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RMD 2501
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RMD 2501
Thank you
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