By: Mr.

Razavipanah

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Ignition Triangle
Explosive Mixture Characteristics
Zone Classification
Apparatus Classification
T
Temperature
Cl
Classification
ifi i
Protection methods Classification
Ex code

For
o e
explosions
p os o s to happen
appe in
atmospheric air, three factors
have to be p
present at the same
time:

Fuel: flammable vapors, liquids or

gases, or combustible dusts or
fibers
Oxidizer: generally air or oxygen
Ignition Energy: electrical or thermal

Below LEL
LEL, the
mixture can not be
ignited due to the
low quantity of fuel.
Above UEL,
UEL ignition
can not occur due to
the low quantity of
an oxidizer.

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Zone classification
Z
l
ifi i
Apparatus classification
Temperature classification
Protection methods classification

Zone 0: An area in which an explosive air/gas mixture is

continuously present or present for long periods
Zone 1: An area in which an explosive air/gas mixture is likely to
occur in
i normall operation
i
Zone 2: An area in which an explosive air/gas mixture is unlikely
to occur;; but,, if it does,, only
y for short p
periods of time
Zone 20: An area in which a combustible dust cloud is part of the
air
i permanently,
tl over llong periods
i d off ti
time or ffrequently
tl
Zone 21: An area in which a combustible dust cloud in air is likely
to occur in normal operation
Zone 22: An area in which a combustible dust cloud in air may
occur briefly or during abnormal operation

Example

Group I:

Electrical equipment for underground industries (mining)

susceptible to Methane

Group II:

Electrical equipment for all places with explosive gas

atmosphere other than mining
mining, ii.e.
e s
surface
rface ind
industries
stries

Maximum surface temperature

Explosion confinement
Explosion proof

I ii
Ignition
source iisolation
l i

(Ex d)

Pressurized
Encapsulation
Oil immersion
Sand filled

(Ex
(Ex
(Ex
(Ex

p)
m)
m)
o)
q)

Energy-release limitation
Increased safety
Intrinsically safe

(Ex e)
(Ex i)

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This protection method is the only one based on the

explosion containment concept. In this case, the energy
source is permitted to come in contact with the
dangerous air/gas mixture
mixture. Consequently
Consequently, the
explosion is allowed to take place, but it must remain
confined in an enclosure built to resist the excess
pressure created by an internal explosion

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Installation and maintenance problems:

A medium-weight
medium weight enclosure is very heavy,
heavy and its installation
creates mechanical and structural complications.
Cable entries require a particular arrangement.
The
Th safety
f
off an explosion-proof
l i
f enclosure
l
is
i based
b
d entirely
i l
on its mechanical integrity; therefore, periodic inspections are
needed.
Opening
O
i
off the
h enclosure
l
is
i not permitted
i d while
hil the
h apparatus
is functioning; this may complicate maintenance and
inspection operations. Usually, the process must shut down
and
d th
the area inspected
i
t d iin order
d tto perform
f
routine
ti
maintenance.
It is difficult to remove the lid (a special tool is needed or
ti
30 40 bolts
b lt mustt b
d) Aft
i
sometimes
30-40
be unscrewed).
After removing
the lid, it is important to ensure the integrity of the joint
before restarting the system.

Changes
Ch
t th
to
the system
t
are difficult
diffi lt to
t implement.
i
l
t

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Standard: IEC 60079-1

Applicable in zones: 1,2
Application:

Switchgear and control gear and indicating equipment

Control systems
Motors
Transformers
Heating equipment
eq ipment
Light fittings

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This method does not allow the dangerous

g
air/gas mixture to penetrate the enclosure
containing electrical parts that can generate
sparks or dangerous temperatures. A protective
gasair or inert gasis contained inside the
enclosure with a pressure slightly greater than
the one of the external atmosphere.

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Standard: IEC 60079-3

60079 3
Applicable in zones: 1,2
A li ti
Application:

Switchgears
C t l cabinets
Control
bi t
Analyzers
Large motors

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The encapsulation protection method is based on

the segregation of those electrical parts that can
cause the ignition
g
of an explosive
p
atmosphere
p
in
the presence of sparks or heating, by potting in
resin.
This technique is often used as a complement to
other protection methods.

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Standard: IEC 60079-18

Applicable in zones: 1,2
Application:

Switchgear with small capacity

Control and signaling units
Display units
Sensors

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According to this protection method,

method all
electrical parts are submersed in either
nonflammable or low-flammability
low flammability oil
oil, which
prevents the external atmosphere from
contacting the electrical components
components.

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Standard: IEC 60079-6

Applicable in zone: 1
Application:

Transformers
Starting resistors
This method is not suitable for process
instrumentation or for apparatus
pp
that require
q
frequent maintenance or inspections.

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Similar to the oil-immersion method

method, except that
the segregation is accomplished by filling the
enclosure with p
powdered material so that an arc
generated inside the enclosure will not result in
the ignition of the dangerous atmosphere.
The filling material that is generally used is
quartz powder.

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Standard: IEC 60079-5

Applicable in zones:
Application:

Transformers
Capacitors
Terminal boxes for heating conductors

21

Prevention the possibility of having excessive

temperature or the generation of arcs or
sparks inside and outside the apparatus
during normal functioning.

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Standard: IEC 60079-7

Applicable in zones: 1,2
Application:

Terminal and connection boxes

Control boxes for installing Ex components (which
have a different type of protection),
Squirrel
q
cage
g motors
Light fittings

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An intrinsically safe circuit is virtually

incapable of generating arcs, sparks or
thermal effects that are able to ignite an
explosion of an explosive atmosphere, both
during normal operation and during specific
fault conditions.

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The capacity
Th
i for
f igniting
i ii
an explosive atmosphere
d
depends
d on th
the opencircuit voltage (Uo = V)
and the short
short-circuit
circuit
current (Io = V/R).

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When the
Wh
h contact is
i
closed, the inductor
stores
t
energy that
th t is
i
released in the form of
an electrical arc when
the switch opens.

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When the switch in the hazardous location is

open, the capacitor accumulates energy that
is discharged when the switch closes,
closes thereby
causing an electrical spark.

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Electrical Apparatus Levels of

Protection for Zone Classification:
ia: zones 0,1,2
ib: zones 1,2
ic: zone 2

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Intrinsic Safety Barriers:

Safety barriers are protection devices that
function to limit the energy to the field within
the minimum ignition level of the explosive
atmosphere.
atmosphere
Barriers can be of the following two types:

Diode safety barriers, (passive barriers)

Galvanically isolated safety barriers
barriers, (active
( active barriers)

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Passive barriers:
If a dangerous voltage
that comes from the safe
area is present
present, the
zener barrier shunts the
fault current toward
ground until the fuse
breaks, thereby
maintaining an opencircuit
i
i safe
f voltage
l
(Uo)
toward the hazardous
location,, while the
maximum field shortcircuit current is defined
by Io = Uo/Rlim

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Galvanically isolated
active barriers are
power supplies or
signal conditioners
that transmit or
receive signals from
hazardous locations
in an isolated way.

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Standard: IEC 60079-11

Applicable in zones: 0,1,2
Application:

Measurement and control technology

Communication technology
Sensors
Actuators

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Thank
h k you
y

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