LTE Tutorial

LTE tutorial
- Looking forward beyond HSPA+
sppe12083@gmail.com
RAN System Engineer
Outline
Beyond HSPA+
LTE: motivation and expectations
E-UTRAN overview & initial performance evaluation
OFDMA and SC-FDMA fundamentals
LTE physical layer
LTE transmission procedures
All rights reserved @ 2009
Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path

DL: 14.4 Mbps
UL: 5.76Mbps
UTRAN
Rel-99
WCDMA HSDPA/HSUPA
Rel-5
E-UTRAN
DL: 28 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
Rel-6
DL: 42 Mbps
UL: 11 Mbps
DL: 84 Mbps
UL: 23 Mbps
DL: 100+ Mbps

UL: 23+ Mbps
HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)
Rel-7
Rel-8
Rel-9
deployment
& service
enhancement
LTE specification
process ~ 2007Q4
DL:300 Mbps
UL: 75 Mbps
Beyond Rel-9
LTE-A
DL: 1 Gbps
UL: 100 Mbps
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274*
commercial HSPA networks worldwide)
Uptake of mobile data traffic upon
cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency
Higher user data rate
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE - background
Motivation:
Based on HSPA success story(274*
commercial HSPA networks worldwide)
Uptake of mobile data traffic upon
cellular networks enforces:
Reduced latency
Higher user data rate
Improved system capacity and coverage
Cost-reduction per bit
Expectation:
Detailed requirements captured
in 3GPP TR 25.913
NGMN formally released requirements
on next generation RAN in late 2006**
*source: www.gsacom.com
mobile broadband evolution: roadmap from HSPA to LTE UMTS forum White paper
**http://www.ngmn.org/nc/de/downloads/techdownloads.html
LTE feature overview

Flexible and expandable spectrum bandwidth
Simplified network architecture
High data throughput (Macro eNodeB & Home eNodeB)
Support for multi-antenna scheme (up to 4x4 MIMO in Rel-8)
Time-frequency scheduling on shared-channel
Soft(fractional) frequency reuse
Self-Organizing Network (SON)
LTE spectrum flexibility
Operating bands
Flexible carriers: from 700MHz to
2600MHz
Extensible bandwidth: from 5MHz to
20MHz
FDD Pair
uplink
downlink
5 MHz
20 MHz
Channel bandwidth (MHz)
Transmission bandwidth configuration(RBs)
active RBs
LTE basic parameters

Frequency range
UMTS FDD bands and TDD bands defined in 36.101(v860) Table 5.5.1
channel bandwidth (MHz)
Transmission bandwidth NRB:

(1 resource block = 180kHz
in 1ms TTI)
1.4
10
15
20
15
25
50
75
100
Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Modulation Schemes:
Uplink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM(optional)
downlink: OFDMA (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiple Access)
Multiple Access:
uplink: SC-FDMA (Single Carrier Frequency Division Multiple Access)
downlink: TxAA, spatial multiplexing, CDD ,max 4x4 array
Multi-Antenna Technology
Uplink: Multi-user collaborative MIMO
Peak data rate
Downlink: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)

300Mbps(UE category 5, 4x4 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)
Uplink: 75Mbps(20MHz bandwidth)
LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories

Table 4.1-1: Downlink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE Category
Maximum number of DL-SCH

transport block bits received
within a TTI
Category 1
10296
Category 2
51024
Category 3
Maximum number of bits of

a DL-SCH transport
block received within
a TTI
Peak rate
150Mbps with
2x2 MIMO
Total number of
soft
channel
bits
Maximum number of
supported layers for
spatial multiplexing
in DL
10296
250368
51024
1237248
102048
75376
1237248
Category 4
150752
75376
1827072
Category 5
299552
149776
3667200
Peak rate 300Mbps

with 4x4 MIMO
Table 4.1-2: Uplink physical layer parameter values set by the field ue-Category
UE
Cate
gory
Maximum number of bits of an

UL-SCH transport block
transmitted within a TTI
Support for
64QAM in
UL
Category 1
5160
No
Category 2
25456
Category 3
51024
Category 4
51024
No
Category 5
75376
Yes
Peak rate
75Mbps
No
No
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

LTE UE category
UE Category
Peak rate
(Mbps)
DL
10
50
100
150
300
UL
25
50
50
75
RF bandwidth
20 MHz
DL
QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

QPSK,
16QAM,
64QAM
Modulation
UL
QPSK, 16QAM
2 Rx Diversity
2x2 MIMO
4x4 MIMO
Assumed in performance requirements

Optional
Mandatory
Not supported
Mandatory
3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

Channel dependent scheduling
Time-frequency scheduling
UE #1
UE #2
Soft (fractional) frequency reuse
Soft Frequency Reuse(SFR):
inner part of cell uses all subbands with less power;

Outer part of cell uses pre-served subbands with higher power;
b- s
Su rier
r
ca
po
w
BS 2
er
de
ns
subcarr
ier
ity
MS 21
nsity
MS 31
MS 11
MS 32
s
ca ubrri
er
MS 12
y
sit
Pow
er d
e
n
de
er
w
Po
BS 1
MS 22
3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme

BS 3
E-UTRAN overview
E-UTRAN architecture
S1
S1
X2
X2
S1
S1
E-UTRAN architecture
E-UTRAN radio protocol

notifications
RRC
Paging
common
dedicated
System
information
Dedicated Control
and information transfer
radio
bearers
logical
channels
SRB0
SRB1
SRB2
Integrity and
ciphering
Integrity and
ciphering
ciphering and
ROHC
ciphering and
ROHC
RLC
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
ARQ
DCCH 1
DCCH 2
DTCH 1
PCCH
PCH
DRB2
PDCP
BCCH
CCCH
Multiplexing and HARQ control
MAC
transport
channels
DRB1
BCH
RACH
DL-SCH
UL-SCH
PHY layer functions

physical
channels
PBCH
PRACH
PDSCH
PUSCH
DTCH 2
E-UTRAN radio channels

uplink
downlink
PCCH
BCCH
PCH
BCH
PDCCH
PBCH
CCCH
DCCH
DTCH
DL-SCH
MCH
PDSCH
PMCH
MCCH
Logical
channels
CCCH
Transport channels
RACH
MTCH
Physical channels
PRACH
DCCH
DTCH
UL-SCH
PUCCH
PUSCH
Logical Channels
Define what type of information is transmitted over the air, e.g. traffic channels,
control channels, system broadcast, etc.
Transport Channels no per-user dedicated channels!
Define how is something transmitted over the air, e.g. what are encoding, interleaving
options used to transmit data
Physical Channels
Define where is something transmitted over the air, e.g. first N symbols in the DL
frame
E-UTRAN bearers
SRB: internal E-UTRAN signalings such as RRC signalings, RB management signalings
NAS signalings: such as tracking area update and mobility management messages
RR
C
PD
CP
IP
S1
LT
E
L1
L1
M
AC
RL
C
M
AC
LT
E
u -u
P- TP
T
G G
P DP
UD U
u
PT
G
P
UD
AP
TP
SC IP
RL
C
PD
CP
RR
C
NA
S
RT
U
IP DP P H
TC TT
P
P
data traffic: E-UTRAN radio bearer + S1 bearer +S5/S8 bearer

L1/L2 control channel
ye
La
r2
Y
PH
S
NA
AP
S1
TP
SC
IP
L2
Y HY
PH P
S-GW
IP
L2
Y
PH
eNodeB
MME
UE
E-UTRAN radio bearer
S1 bearer
EPS bearer
IP
L2
S5/S8
bearer
u
PGT
P
UD
IP
L2
Y
PH
P-GW
E-UTRAN Control plane stack

MME/
eNodeB
UE
24.301
eNodeB
NAS
RRC
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
36.331
36.323
36.322
36.321
36.211~36.214
RRC
NAS
S1AP
X2AP
36.413
36.423
S1AP
X2AP
SCTP
36.412
36.422
SCTP
PDCP
RLC
IP
IP
MAC
L2
L2
PHY
L1
L1
LTE-Uu
S1-MME/X2-C
E-UTRAN User Plane Stack

PDN/S-GW
eNodeB
UE
eNodeB
Application
IP
PDCP
RLC
MAC
PHY
IP
36.323
36.322
36.321
36.211~36.214
29.274
PDCP
GTP-u
RLC
UDP
UDP
IP
IP
L2
L2
L1
L1
GTP-u
MAC
PHY
LTE-Uu
S1-U/X2-u
Radio resource management

Interference
management
QoS management
L3
RRC
Load
control
Admission
control
Semi-persistent
scheduling
mobility
management
PDCP
L2
RLC
Hybrid ARQ
manager
Dynamic
scheduling
Link adaptation
MAC
L1
PHY
PDCCH
adaptation
CQI manager
An overview of downlink radio resource management for LTE, Klaus Ingemann Pedersen, et al, IEEE communication magazine, 2009 July
E-UTRAN mobility
Simplified RRC states

Idle-mode mobility (similar as HSPA)
Connected-mode mobility
handover controlled by network
Source
eNodeB
Target cell signal

quality meets
reporting threshold
RRC-connected
Cell reselection decided by UE
Network controlled handovers

Based on UE measurements
Based on UE measurements
Controlled by broadcasted parameters
Different priorities assigned to frequency
layers
Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN
MME/SGW
HO decision
RRC-idle
Call
Admission
UTRAN
E-UTRAN
Location area (CS core)
Not relevant since no CS connections
Routing area
Tracking area
SHO
No SHO
Cell_FACH, Cell_PCH,URA_PCH
No similar RRC states
RNC hides most of mobility
Core network sees every handover
Neighbour cell list required
No need to provide cell-specific

information, only carrier-frequency is
required.
target
eNodeB
Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up
Initial
cell search
Derive system
information
Random
Access
Data Tx/Rx
UE
E-UTRAN
paging
SS
S /S
S
P
Radom Access procedure

H
BC
H
HIC
P
/
H
H
CC
FIC
PD
PC
m
ado
Rn
RRC Connection Request
Connection
establishment
RRC Connection Setup
ss
cce
RRC Connection Setup Complete
H
SC
PD
H
CC
U
P
H/
SC
U
P
Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Radio bearer
establishment
Overview of a PS call control plane

UE activities after power-on
Power up
Initial
cell search
Derive system
information
Random
Access
Data Tx/Rx
UE
ss
mi
ion
s
ran
t
sch
a
k
t
n
da
pli
u
L
D K&
AC
&
CK
gr
g
n
i
l
ed u
nn
cha
at
Ld
ant
s
atu
t
s
el
a
a tr
E-UTRAN
paging
Radom Access procedure
ort
p
e
r
o
issi
m
ns
RRC Connection Request
Connection
establishment
RRC Connection Setup
RRC Connection Setup Complete
Security procedures
RRC Connection Reconfiguration Complete
Radio bearer
establishment
Overview of a PS call user plane

PS data
via S1 interface
Tx
eNodeB
1 resource block:
180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
to RF
OFDM Signal
Generation
1 resource block pair

1 TTI = 1ms = 2 slots
resource
mapping
PDCP
(Ciphering
Header Compression,)
RLC
(Segmentation, ARQ)
scheduling
data modulator
coding
UE
HARQ
Multiplexing
per user
LTE initial deployment scenario
Similar coverage as 3G HSPA on existing 3G frequency bands

LTE radio transmission technology itself does not provide coverage boost.
Lower frequency (e.g, 900MHz) provides better coverage but demands largesize antennas.
Over-layed initial deployment on hot-spot area
Spectrum availability
Backhaul capacity
Handset maturity (multi-mode)
urban
sub-urban
Rural
(0.6 ~ 1.2km)
(1.5 ~ 3.4km)
(26 ~ 50 km)
LTE initial trial performance
LTE data rates

Peak rate measured in lab and trial align with
3GPP performance targets
In reality, user throughputs are impacted by
RF conditions & UE speed

Inter-cell interference & multiple users sharing the capacity
Application overhead
Peak rate measured with a single user in
unloaded, optimal radio condition
Average: 10 active
users with 3Mbps
throughput per user
Top 5%, loaded

Average
Cell edge
1Mpbs throughput
at cell edge
Active users per cell

Source: www.lstiforum.org
Active users per cell
Macro Cellular network: peak rate Vs average rate
Unlike circuit-switched network design, live network throughput

is not fixed any more, being dependent on many environmental
factors such as CQI,Tx buffer status,etc.
In macro cellular network, network average throughput falls
behind peak rate by 10x.
Cellular booster for Mobile broadband
HSPA cell throughput
Ubiquitous coverage
High capacity & data rate
Low cost
Tput (Mbps)
G-factor (dB)
25
15
>> FemtoCell Home eNodeB!
10
2
2
0
3GPP TS 25.101 Table 9.8D3, 9.8D4, 9.8F3 for PA3

-3
LTE initial trial performance
User plane latency
3GPP RTT target is 10ms for short IP packet

Field trial results:
10~13ms with pre-scheduled uplink
<25ms with on-demand uplink
air interface RTT

End-to-End Ping
EPC
App Server
Control plane latency
Short latency helps to keep always on user experience

Field trial results
Measured idle to active latency: 70~ 100ms
Less than 50msec

Dormant
(Cell_PCH)
Active
(Cell_DCH)
Less than 100msec

Camped-state
(idle)
* Measurement taken with one UE in unloaded case

* Source: www.lstiforum.org
OFDMA and SC-FDMA rationale
OFDM fundamentals frequency spectrum

OFDM
FDM
sin(
f
f
No Inter-Carrier
Interference!
2f f
2f
frequency domain
Tu =
1
f
Time domain
OFDM fundamentals multicarrier modulation

+1
f1
-1
f2
x (t ) =
Modulated
subcarriers
x
k =0
We get:
a
k =0
e j 2 k ft
f s = 1 / Ts = N f
xn = x(nTs) = ak e j 2kfnTs
k =0
Nc1
= ak e
a0
= ak e
j 2f1t
+
x(t )
e j 2xf Nc1t (t )
X0
X1
S/P
a Nc 1
0
Nc1
j 2k
k =0
a1
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1
a Nc 1
N 1
a0
x0 (t )
x1 (t )
n
N
IFFT
a1
k =0
e j 2f0t
e
j 2k
S/P
(t ) =
Nc 1
Nc1
f3
a0 , a1 ,..., a N c 1
Specifying system sampling rate:
+
+1
Nc 1
XN-1
P/S
n
N
OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
ak 1
directed path:
ak
reflected path:
Integration interval
of direct path
directed path:
reflected path:
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes
guard time
FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing

OFDM symbol time
Tcp >
ak +1
OFDM fundamentals- Cyclic Prefix

Tu
ak 1
directed path:
ak
ak +1
reflected path:
Integration interval
of direct path
directed path:
reflected path:
Tcp >
Guard time: Cyclic Prefix Vs Padding Zeroes

a0
a1
a Nc 1
guard time
FFT integration time=1/Carrier spacing

OFDM symbol time
IFFT
P/S
Tu
add
Cyclic
Prefix
an OFDM symbol
Tu+Tcp
OFDM fundamentals general link level

chains
Binary input data
Coding
Interleaving
QAM
mapping
Pilot
Insertion
S/P
IFFT
P/S
add CP
5 MHz Bandwidth
FFT
Sub-carriers
Guard Intervals
RF Tx
Symbols
DAC
Pulse
shaping
Frequency
Time
Binary output data
de-coding
deinterleaving
QAM
de-mapping
RF Rx
ADC
Equalizer
P/S
Timing and
frequency Sync
FFT
S/P
CP
removal
Digital communications: fundamentals and applications by Bernard Sklar, Prentice Hall, 1998. ISBN: 0-13-212713-x
OFDM for Wireless Multimedia Communications by Richard van Nee & Ramjee Prasad, Artech house,2000, ISBN: 0-89006-530-6
3GPP TR 25892-600 feasibility study for OFDM in UTRAN
OFDM fundamentals frequency domain

equalizer
*
w( ) = h ( )
h( ) w( ) = 1
2
MRC filter:
Zero Forcing:
MMSE:
= E{ s(t ) s(t ) }
Channel model
transmitter
receiver
n(t )
S (t )
h( )
r (t )
w( )
~
s (t )
W0
rn
W0
R0
W1
r (t )
WL-1
Time domain
WN 1
DFT
sn
RN 1
S0
S N 1
IDFT
s(t )
frequency domain
Frequency domain equalizer outperforms with much less complexity!

Frequency domain equalization for single carrier broadband wireless systems, David Falconer , et.al,
IEEE Communication magazine, 2002 April
OFDM fundamentals
Advantages:
OFDM itself does not provide processing gains,

but provides a degree of freedom in frequency
domain by partitioning the wideband channel into
multiple narrow flat-fading sub-channels.
Channel coding is mandatory for OFDM to combat
frequency-selective fading.
Efficiently combating multi-path propagation in term of cyclic prefix
OFDM receiver (frequency domain equalizer) has less complexity than that of
Rake receiver on wideband channels.
OFDM characterizes flexible spectrum expansion for cellular systems.
Drawbacks:
high peak-to-average ratio.
Sensitive to frequency offset, hence to Doppler-shift as well
OFDM fundamentals downlink OFDMA

1 resource block:
180 kHz = 12 subcarriers
f
PDCCH
1 slot = 0.5 ms
PDSCH
OFDMA provides flexible scheduling in time-frequency domain.

In case of multi-carrier transmission, OFDMA has larger PAPR than traditional
single carrier transmission. Fortunately this is less concerned with downlink.
Does OFDMA suits for uplink transmission?
Uplink being sensitive to PAPR due to UE implementation requirements

With wider bandwidth in operation, OFDMA in uplink will have lower power per pilot
symbol which in turn leads to deterioration of demodulation performance.
Wideband single carrier transmission frequency domain equalizer (SC-FDE)
While time-domain discrete equalizer has effect of linear

convolution on channel response; frequency domain equalizer
actually serves as cyclic convolution thereof.
The difference will make first L-1 symbols incorrect at the output
of FDE.
Solution could be either overlapped processing or cyclic prefix
added in transmitter.
transmitter
block-wise generation
Single carrier
Pulse
signal
CP
Shaping
generation N samples insertion N+Ncp samples
x(t)
Adaptive Frequency-Domain Equalization and Diversity Combining for Broadband Wireless Communications, M. V. Clark,
IEEE J. Sel. Areas Commun., vol. 16, no. 8, Oct. 1998
Linear Time and Frequency Domain Turbo Equalization, M. Tchler et al., Proc. IEEE 53rd Veh. Technol. Conf. (VTC), vol. 2,
May 2001
Block Channel Equalization in the Frequency Domain, F. Pancaldi et al., IEEE Trans. Commun., vol. 53, no. 3, Mar. 2005
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

Binary input data
Coding
Interleaving
QAM
mapping
DFT
(size M)
IFFT
(size N)
Subcarrier
mapping
RF Tx
FDMA:
user multiplexing in frequency domain
P/S
DAC
add CP
Pulse
shaping
Single Carrier:
sequential transmission of the symbols
over a single frequency carrier
RF Rx
ADC
Freq Domain
Equalizer
P/S
Timing and
frequency Sync
Binary output data
de-coding
deinterleaving
QAM
de-mapping
IDFT
(Size M)
FFT
(size N)
Introduction to Single Carrier FDMA, Hyung G Myung, 2007 EURASIP

S/P
CP
removal
SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE
Multiple access in LTE uplink

Terminal A
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Pulse
Shaping
Pulse
Shaping
Terminal B
0
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with SC-FDE
Multiple access in LTE uplink

Terminal A
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Pulse
Shaping
Pulse
Shaping
Terminal B
0
data stream
DFT
OFDM
Orthogonal uplink design in frequency domain!
SC-FDMA multiple access with FDE

block-wise
signals
DFT
(M)
IFFT
(N)
CP
insertion
Adopted by
LTE uplink!
Also called DFTSpread OFDM!
A B C D
Distributed FDMA:
DFT
(M)
IFFT
(N)
A B C D
DFT
(M)
Localized FDMA:
time domain:
D/A conversion
/pulse shaping
IFFT
(N)
OverSampling in freq domain results in

interpolation at time domain output
Upsampling in freq domain makes

repeated sequence at time domain output
A* * * B * * * C * * * D* * *
ABCDABCDABCDABCD
frequency domain:
RF
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Frequency domain
Time domain:
- OFDM modulates each subcarrier with one data symbol

- OFDM symbol is a sum of all data symbols by IFFT
- SC-FDMA symbol is repeated sequence of data chips - SC-FDMA distributes all data symbols on each subcarrier.
Input data symbols
OFDM symbol
SC-FDMA symbol *
time domain
* Assuming bandwidth expansion factor Q=4 in distributed FDMA.

f
frequency domain
OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA
Similarities
Block-wise data processing and use of Cyclic Prefix

Divides transmission bandwidth into smaller sub-carriers
Channel inversion/equalization is done in frequency domain
SC-FDMA is regarded as DFT-Precoded or DFT-Spread OFDMA
Difference
Signal structure: In OFDMA each sub-carrier only carries information related
to only one data symbol while in SC-FDMA, each sub-carrier contains
information of all data symbols.
Equalization: Equalization for OFDMA is done on per-subcarrier basis while
for SC-FDMA, equalization is done over the group of sub-carriers used by
transmitter.
PAPR: SC-FDMA presents much lower PAPR than OFDMA does.
Sensitivity to freq offset: yes for OFDMA but tolerable to SC-FDMA.
LTE Physical layer and transmission

procedures
LTE physical layer a vertical view
What kind of information is transmitted?

Upper layer SDUs plus additional L1 control information in transmission, e.g
Reference Signals, Sync signals,CQI, HARQ,etc
control information
or user data
PDCP
RLC
How is it transmitted?
Downlink OFDMA and uplink SC-FDMA

Channel dependent scheduling, HARQ,etc
multiple antenna support
Related L1 procedures
random access, power control, time alignment, etc
MAC
Transport blocks
coding
Scrambling
modulation
multiplex
control information
reference signals
signals from
other channels
frequency
time
LTE physical layer - a horizontal view
PBCH: carries system broadcast information

PCFICH: indicates resources used for PDCCH
PHICH: carries ACK/NACK for HARQ operation.
PDCCH: carriers scheduling assignments and other control information
PDSCH: conveys data or control information
PMCH: for MBMS data transmission
Reference signal
PUCCH: carries control information

Synchronization signal (PSS,SSS)
PRACH: to obtain uplink synchronization
PUSCH: for data or control information
Reference Signals (Demod RS & SRS)

Feedback C
QIs,
data transm
ission
PDCCH n
otifies how
to demodula
te d
ata
Fundamental Downlink transmission scheme

1 radio frame = 10 sub-frames = 10 ms
1 sub-frame = 2 slot = 14 OFDM symbols*
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
1 resource
element
1 slot = 0.5 ms =
7 OFDM symbols
1 resourrc block =
12 sub-carriers = 180KHz
1 radio frame = 10 ms
Tcp
Tcp-e
66.7 us
66.7 us
5.2 s,
Tcp =
4.7 s,
for first OFDM symbol

for remaining symbols
Tcp _ e = 16.7 s
*An alternative slot structure for MBMS is 6 OFDM symbols per slot where extended CP is in use.
System information broadcast
System information
MIB: transmitted on PBCH (40msTTI)
information about downlink bandwidth
PHICH configuration
SFN
SIB: transmitted on PDSCH(DL-SCH)
SIB1: operator infor & access restriction infor

SIB2: uplink cell bandwidth, random access parameters
SIB3: cell-reselection
SIB4~SIB8: neighbor cell infor
1/3 conv.
coding
scrambling
modulation
De-multiplexing
1.08 MHz
Synchronization signal
CRC insertion
antenna
mapping
PBCH: the first 4 OFDM

symbol in 2nd Slot per
10ms frame
10MHz
600 subcarriers
One BCH transportation block
10ms frame
10ms frame
Downlink control channels PCFICH,PHICH
PCFICH:
tells about the size of the control region.
Locates in the first OFDM symbol for each sub-frame.
2 bits
1/16
block code
16 symbols
32 bits
Scrambling
QPSK mod
PCFICH-to-resource-element mapping
depends on cell identity so as to avoid
inter-cell interference.
PHICH:
One PHICH group

contains 8 PHICHs
32 bits
acknowledges uplink data transfer

Locates in 1st OFDM symbol for each sub-frame
inferior to PCFICH allocation
1 bit
3x
repetition
3 bits
BPSK mod
12 symbols
1 bit
Orthogonal code
3x
repetition
3 bits
BPSK mod
scrambling
Orthogonal code
Downlink control channels - PDCCH
Downlink control information (DCIs)

Downlink scheduling assignments
Uplink scheduling assignments
Power control commands
Control region size indicated by PCFICH

Blind decoded by UE in its search space and common search
space allows UEs micro-sleep even in active state
QPSK always used but channel coding rate is variable
control information
control region
reference signals
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
R1-073373 Search space definition ofr L1/L2 control channels.

Downlink control channel design for 3GPP LTE, Robert Love, Amitava Ghosh, et,al. IEEE WCNC 2008.
Downlink control channels PDCCH
How to map DCIs to physical resource elements

Control Channel Elements(CCEs), consisting of 36 REs, are used to
construct control channels.
CCE aggregated at pre-defined level(1,2,4,8) to ease blind detections.
CCH candidate 10
CCH candidate 9
CCH candidate 8
CCH candidate 7
CCH candidate 6
CCH candidate 5
CCH candidate 4
CCH candidate 3
CCH candidate 2
Usually 5MHz bandwidth system renders 6 UL/DL scheduling

assignments within a sub-frame.
CCH candidate 1
Control Channel Element 0

R1-070787 Downlink L1/L2 CCH design
Control channel candidates on which the UE attempts to

decode the information
(10 decoding attempts in this example)
Control
channel
candidate set
Or search space
Downlink control channels - PDCCH
Each PDCCH carries one DCI message.

Control information
RNTI
CRC attachment
Control information
RNTI
Control information
RNTI
CRC attachment
1/3 Conv Coding
1/3 Conv Coding
Rate mattching
Rate mattching
CCE aggragation and PDCCH multiplexing

Scrambling
QPSK
Interleaving
Cell specific
Cyclic shift
CRC attachment
1/3 Conv Coding
Rate mattching
Downlink shared channel: PDSCH
Support up to 4 Tx antennas*
Resource block allocation:
Localized: with less signaling overheads
Distributed: benefits from frequency diversity
Channelization (location):
control information
reference signals
data region
Transport block
from MAC
Transport block
from MAC
CRC
CRC
Segmentation
Segmentation
FEC
FEC
RM+HARQ
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Scrambling
Modulation
Modulation
User A
User B
User C
unused
Cell-specific, bit-level
scrambling for interference
randomization **
Antenna mapping
RB mapping
To OFDM modulation for each antenna
1 sub-frame = 1 ms
* For MBSFN, antenna diversity scheme does not apply.

** For MBSFN, its MBSFN-area-specific scrambling.
Downlink reference signals
Cell-specific reference signals are length-31 Gold sequence,

initialized based on cell ID and OFDM symbol location.
Each antenna has a specific reference signal pattern, e.g 2
antennas
frequency domain spacing is 6 sub-carriers
Time domain spacing is 4 OFDM symbols
That is, 4 reference symbols per Resource Block per antenna
time
frequency
Antenna 0
Antenna 1
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation section 6.10.1.1
LTE Multiple antenna scheme

NodeB transmitter
WCDMA STTD scheme:

S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3
S 0 , S1 , S 2 , S3
UE
STTD S * , S * , S * , S *
1
0
3
2
LTE SFBC (space frequency block coding):
LTE CDD (cyclic delay diversity):
eNodeB transmitter
eNodeB transmitter
a0
a0
a1
a1
a2
a3
a2
OFDM
modulation
a3
a0*
a1*
a3*
a2*
OFDM
modulation
UE
OFDM
modulation
a1e j 2f t
a2 e j 2f 2 t
a3e j 2f 3t
OFDM
modulation
UE
a0
Downlink SU-MIMO
Transmission of different data streams simultaneously over multiple antennas

Codebook based pre-coding: signal is pre-coded at eNodeB before transmission
while optimum pre-coding matrix is selected from pre-defined codebook based on
r
r
UE feedback.
S
Open-loop mode possible for high speed
r1
S1
Precoding
S2
H
r2
eNodeB
Uplink MU-MIMO: collaborative MIMO

Simultaneous transmission from 2UEs on
same time-frequency resource
Each UE with one Tx antenna
Uplink reference signals are coordinated
between UEs
SIC
receiver
UE
PMI, RI, CQI

LTE channels
DL data channel
DL control channel
Multiple Antenna Schemes
comments
open-loop spatial multiplexing
large delay CDD/ SFBC
closed-loop spatical multiplexing
SU-MIMO
multi-user MIMO
MU-MIMO
UE specific RS beam-forming
Applicable > 4 Antennas
PDSCH
PDCCH
SFBC
PHICH
SFBC
PCFICH
open-loop transmit diversity
PBCH
SFBC
Sync Signals
UL data channel
SFBC
PVS
receiver diversity
MRC/IRC
multi-user MIMO
MU-MIMO
PUCCH
receiver diversity
MRC
PRACH
receiver diversity
MRC
PUSCH
UL control channel
Synchronization and Cell Search
LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its
aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing
low PAPR for coverage
Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection
SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences
Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0
3
4
5
SSS
6
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation

Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
PSS
LTE synchronization design considerations:
high PSR (Peak to side-lobe ratio: the ratio between the peak to the side-lobes of its
aperiodic autocorrelation function) to ease time-domain processing
low PAPR for coverage
Generalized Chirp Like (GCL) sequences overwhelm Golay and Gold sequences!
Synchronization signals
PSS: length-63 Zadoff-Chu sequences
Auto-correlation/cross-correlation/hybrid correlation based detection
SSS: an interleaved concatenation of two length-31 binary sequences
Alternative transmission (SSS1 and SSS2) in one radio frame
0
3
4
5
SSS
6
62 Central
Sub-carriers
3GPP TS 36.211 physical channels and modulation

Cell search in 3GPP LTE systems, by Yingming Tsai etal, JUNE 2007 | IEEE VEHICULAR TECHNOLOGY MAGAZINE
PSS
Hierarchical cell ID(1 out of 504):
Cell ID = 3* Cell group ID + PHY ID :

( n +1)
j un63
e
d u (n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2 )
j
63
e
PSS structure
CELL
(1)
( 2)
N ID
= 3 N ID
+ N ID
n = 0,1,...,30
n = 31,32,...,61
x 0pss
62
pss
( 2)
N ID
=0
( 2)
N ID
=1
( 2)
N ID
=2
62 sub-carriers excluding DC carrier
x1pss
PSS sequences
= 25
= 29
= 34
IFFT
CP
insertion
S1m (1)
C1
C0
SSC1
Z1m ( 0 )
S1m (1)
C0
SSC2 S 0m ( 0 )
S 0m ( 0 )
C1
odd sub-carriers
even sub-carriers
SSC1
SSS structure
The indices (m0, m1) define

the cell group identity.
Z1m (1)
SSC2
slot 0 slot 10
LTE Cell Search
Vs
PSS detection
Slot timing
Physical layer ID (1 of 3)
P-SCH detection
Slot boundary
SSS detection
S-SCH detection
frame timing
code group ID
Radio frame timing

Cell group ID (1 of 168)
CP length
WCDMA cell search
CPICH detection
Cell-specific scrambling code
identified
PBCH decoding
PBCH timing
System information access
BCH reading
cell searching in WCDMA,Sanat Kamal Bahl, IEEE Potential 2003;
LTE uplink
SC-FDMA: fundamental uplink radio parameters are aligned with

downlink scheme, e.g frame structure, sub-carrier spacing, RB
size.
Multiplexing of uplink data and control information
Combination of FDM and TDM are adopted in LTE uplink
Uplink transmission are well time-aligned to maintain

orthogonality (no intra-cell interference)
PRACH will not convey user data like WCDMA does, but serve to
obtain uplink synchronization
Fundamental uplink transmission scheme

1 sub-frame = 1 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms =
7 OFDM symbols
under eNodeB scheduling
f
Tcp
Tcp-e
66.7 us
66.7 us
5.2s,
Tcp =
4.7 s,
for first OFDM symbol

for remaining symbols
Tcp _ e = 16.7 s
Uplink transmission frame aligned with downlink parameterization

to ease UE implementation.
Uplink reference signal
Uplink reference signals
Demodulation Reference Signal (DRS) in a cell
Mostly based on Zadoff-Chu sequences (cyclic extensions)

Pre-defined QPSK sequences for small RB allocation
interference
randomization
across intra-cell and
inter-cells
Each cell is assigned 1 out of 30 sequence groups

Each sequence group contains 1(for less than 5 RB case) or 2 (6RB+ case) RS
sequence across all possible RB allocations
Sequence-group hopping is configurable in term of broadcasting information where the
hopping pattern is decided by Cell ID
Cyclic time shift hopping applies to both control channel and data channel
DRS on PUSCH
0
0
DFT
(size M)
RS sequence
block of
data symbols
OFDM
modulator
add CP
Instantaneous
bandwidth
(M sub-carriers)
0
0
One DFTS-OFDM symbol
3GPP TS 36.101 physical channels and modulation section 5.5.1

Uplink reference signal
DRS on PUCCH
See next slides
Sounding Reference Signal (SRS)
Not regularly but allows eNodeB to estimate uplink channel quality at alternative
frequencies
UEs SRS transmission is subject to network configuration
Location: always on last OFDM symbol of a sub-frame if available
one sub-frame
wideband, non-frequency hopping SRS
narrowband, frequency hopping SRS
Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH
Uplink control signaling

Data associated: transport format, new data indicator, MIMO parameters
Non-data associated: ACK/NACK, CQI, MIMO codeword feedback
no explicit tranmission
from UE as it follows
eNodeB scheduling!
Channelization
In the absence of uplink data transmission: in reserved frequency region on

band edge
In the presence of uplink data transmission: see multiplexing with data on
PUSCH
Control region 1
Uplink
control TDM
with data
..
downlink
data transmission
total uplink
system bandwidth
f
downlink
data transmission
1 ms sub-frame
standalone
uplink control
Control region 2
Uplink control channel transmission - PUCCH
To cater for multiple downlink transmission mode, while preserving

single-carrier property in uplink, multiple PUCCH formats exist.
PUCCH is thus mainly classified by PUCCH format 1 & 2
PUCCH format 1/1a/1b: 1 or 2 bits transmitted per 1ms, for ACK/NACK/SR
PUCCH format 2/2a/2b: up to 20 bits transmitted per 1ms, for CQI/PMI/RI
reference
signal
ACK/NACK
reference
signal
CQI
..
..
1 ms sub-frame
1 ms sub-frame
Multiuser transmission on PUCCH
In PUCCH format 1, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic

shift of ZACAC sequences plus orthogonal cover sequence
In PUCCH format 2, multiple PUCCHs are distinguished by cyclic
shift of ZACAC sequences.
ACK/NACK bit
channel status report

BPSK/QPSK
Length-12 phase
rotated sequence
QPSK
Length-12 phase
rotated sequence
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
Length-4
Walsh sequence
IFFT
RS
RS
IFFT
IFFT
IFFT
RS
RS
RS
1 slot = 0.5 ms
1 slot = 0.5 ms
IFFT
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH
In case of PUSCH available, control signaling is multiplexed with

data on PUSCH.
To cater for radio channel variation, link adaptation applies to data part
Control signaling does not adopt adaptive modulation but the size of REs
(resource elements) can change w.r.t varying radio condition
DFTS-OFDM
modulation
UL-SCH
Turbo
coding
Rate
matching
CQI,/PMI
Conv
coding
Rate
matching
Block
coding
Rate
matching
RI
ACK/NACK
Block
coding
CQI/PMI
RS
ACK/NACK
RI
PUSCH data
MUX
baseband
modulation
DFT
IFFT
QPSK
Uplink data transmission - PUSCH
UL-SCH processing chain

No Tx diversity/spatial multiplexing as downlink does
PUSCH frequency hopping (on slot basis)
Subband-based hopping according to cell-specific hopping patterns
Hopping based on explicit hopping information in scheduling grant
Transport block
from MAC @UE
CRC
Segmentation
FEC
RM+HARQ
Scrambling
Modulation
UE-specific,
bit-level
scrambling
To DFTS-OFDM and map to

assigned frequency resorurce
Random Access
LTE random access serves to obtain uplink synchronization, not

to carry data.
Contention-based random access: preambles based on ZC sequences
Contention-free random access: faster with reserved preambles (e.g, for
handover)
Random access resources

UE
64 preambles classified into 3 parts:

Preamble set #0
Preamble set #1
NAS UE ID
RRC
Connection
Request
RA area:
RA preambles
reserved
1 in every 1~20 ms(configurable)

6 RBs
eNodeB
temporary C-RNTI;
timing advance;
initial uplink grant
RA response (timing
adjustment, UL grant)
1ms
random
access area
UE terminal ID
early contention
resolution
Contention resolution
10 ms frame
Random Access
PRACH structure
Preamble sequence: cyclic shifted sequences from multiple root ZC sequences

CP: facilitates frequency-domain prcoessing at eNodeB
Guard time: to handle timing uncertainty
near user
Other users
far user
Other users
CP
Preamble Sequence
CP
Guard time Other users
Preamble Sequence
Other users
timing
uncertainty
PRACH format options

preamble format
RA window (ms)
Tcp length (ms)
Tseq length (ms)
Typical usage
0.1
0.8
for small~medium cells (up to ~ 14 km)
0.68
0.8
for larget cells(up to ~ 77km) without link

budget problem
0.2
1.6
for medium cells(up to ~ 29km)

supporting low data rates
0.68
1.6
for very large cells(up to ~ 100km)
Layer 1 procedures power control
Uplink power control
WCDMA power control is continuous at 1500Hz; while LTE runs power control
slower at 200Hz
Based on open-loop setting while assisted by close-loop adjustment
Independent power control on PUCCH and PUSCH respectively
PUCCH power control

PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + format + }
PUSCH power control
Independent of PUCCH power control

UE Power Headroom in use to indicate the true desired Tx power
PT = min{Pmax , P0 + PLDL + 10 log10 ( M ) + MCS + }
To increase uplink data rate, LTE

would increase users bandwidth
rather than increase Tx power!
Layer 1 procedures Timing Alignment
To maintain uplink intra-cell orthogonality, timing alignment is

necessary.
The further away from eNodeB, the earlier the UE transmits.
Configurable by eNodeB at granularity of 0.52us from 0 ~0.67 ms
(corresponding to max cell radius of 100km)
Tx
Rx
Tp1
Rx
Tx
Ta1
Tp2
Rx
Tx
Ta2
Timing aligned uplink

reception at eNodeB for
different users
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

Channel equalizer:
OFDMA: divides wideband into multiple narrow flat-fading subbands hence equalization done on each sub-band is sufficient.
SC-FDMA: frequency domain equalization on the whole group
bandwidth of sub-carriers in use.
equalizer
Detect
equalizer
IDFT
equalizer
Detect
Sub-carrier
de-mapping
DFT
SC-FDMA:
Sub-carrier
de-mapping
Detect
DFT
OFDMA:
equalizer
detect
Backup - OFDMA Vs SC-FDMA

s (t ) 2
PAPR: PAPR = E ( s(t ) 2 )

CM: a better measure of UE PA back-off
(vn3 ) rms
20 log10 3
(vref ) rms 20 log10 (vn3 ) rms 1.5237

CM =
=
F
1.85
SC-FDMA has around 2dB CM gain against OFDMA!

3G evolution, HSPA and LTE for mobile broadband(2nd edition), ISBN: 978-0-12-374538-5, page.118,
Backup - Zadoff-Chu sequence

characteristics
Zadoff-Chu sequences
Property of ZC sequences:
j un ( n +1)
63
e
d u ( n) = u ( n +1)( n + 2)
e j
63
n = 0,1,...,30
n = 31,32,...,61
Constant amplitude, even after Nzc-point DFT.

Ideal cyclic auto-correlation
Constant cross-correlation[=sqrt(1/Nzc)], assuming Nzc is a prime number
Polyphase codes with good periodic correlation properties, J.D.C.Chu, IEEE trans on Informaiton theory, ,vol.18, pp.531-532, July 1972
Phase shift pulse codes with good periodic correlation properties, R.Frank,S.Zadoff and R.Heimiller, IEEE Trans on Information Theory, Vol 8, pp 381-382, Oct 1962.
Backup mobility: intra-MME handover

UE
Source eNodeB
Target eNodeB
EPC
Measurement reporting
Handover
decision
Handover request
Admission
control
Handover request Ack

Detach from
old cell
Deliver packets
to target eNodeB
Data forwarding
buffer packets
From source eNodeB
RRC Connection Reconfiguration complete

Path switch procedure
UE context release
Flush buffer
Release resource

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- Looking forward beyond HSPA+

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Beyond HSPA evolution 3GPP path

DL: 100+ Mbps

HSPA+ (HSPA Evolution)

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LTE feature overview

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LTE spectrum flexibility

LTE basic parameters

channel bandwidth (MHz)

Transmission bandwidth NRB:

Downlink: QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Peak data rate

Downlink: 150Mbps(UE Category 4, 2x2 MIMO, 20MHz bandwidth)

All rights reserved @ 2009

LTE Peak throughput w.r.t UE categories

Maximum number of DL-SCH

Maximum number of bits of

Peak rate 300Mbps

Maximum number of bits of an

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

QPSK, 16QAM, 64QAM

Assumed in performance requirements

3GPP TS 36.306 v850 User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities

Channel dependent scheduling

All rights reserved @ 2009

Soft (fractional) frequency reuse

Soft Frequency Reuse(SFR):

inner part of cell uses all subbands with less power;

3GPP R1-050841 Further Analysis of Soft Frequency Reuse Scheme

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All rights reserved @ 2009

All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN radio protocol

Multiplexing and HARQ control

PHY layer functions

All rights reserved @ 2009

E-UTRAN radio channels

data traffic: E-UTRAN radio bearer + S1 bearer +S5/S8 bearer

E-UTRAN Control plane stack

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E-UTRAN User Plane Stack

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Radio resource management

Simplified RRC states

handover controlled by network

Target cell signal

Cell reselection decided by UE

Network controlled handovers

Mobility difference between UTRAN and E-UTRAN

Location area (CS core)

Not relevant since no CS connections

No similar RRC states

RNC hides most of mobility

Core network sees every handover

Neighbour cell list required

No need to provide cell-specific

All rights reserved @ 2009

Overview of a PS call control plane

Radom Access procedure

RRC Connection Request

RRC Connection Setup