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f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

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f rhiy, brid - 600 006.

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tuyhW

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bjh u 126

a
1.

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2. nghFtuJ kW jft gkhw 147

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ulh gUt

MaUF....

ma jf Ua gig btL jUz vKidUJ

wghd Cfid, Mjuit e tU fngh, fngh r_fnjhUF vf
berhj efis g brnwh.
cy _iyKLFf vyh JJ fLofS, MfS nkbfhL
tUtjh, maiy bghUjtiu, mj mogil bfhiffS, nfhghLfS
vj X Wahd tiuaiwF cglhJ, fhynjhW khbfhnl Uj fTL.
ma cikfis, fUJfis mt rhuij J rfhk ca
glfSl ml KaWnsh.
ma fUJfis nghg brJ fw Kiw X mogilTwhf midtuhY
VWbfhsgLsJ. ghlf lbgWs braghLf thyhf, mjj
ghlfUJfis kL fWbfhsnth, rghfnth khzhf ftdij Ff
brtjF khwhf braghLfis brnghJ, mtwh flagL Ko vgJ
mLjnjh nrhjid nkbfhtjF lkgjhf Uj ntL. gagLJ
bghUf iykthf, jj UlfSF mUnf v ilf ntL
vgJ fU UjgL, braghLfS
MfS totikfgLsJ.
braghLf nkbfhtij begLj, mit _W fshfgLsd.
)) ehnd brnw

- khzt xbthUtU Rakhf nkbfhtd.

)) ehfns brnwh - khzt FGfshf J nkbfhtd.

)) cWneh mnth - Mauh brJfhl jfd.

_whtJ braghLf, nkbfht rnw fodkhd myJ rhu,

mghafukhd ntbghUf bjhlghditahf UF.
nkY mJ bfhnth jiy cs, ghl rhj aL cikf/ brf
btW jftfns m nj fnzhl khzhfiu mbrf rhJ
nrhj TlhJ.
kL vgJ fwYfhd kbwhU js vw ntWgl nfhz mQfgLsJ.
JbfhSjiy KjikgLJtdh, cUnghLj vD tHfij KYkhf
ntuWf Kid fhlgLsJ. fwjtiw mwhl th gagLJ w,
fiy F w, gFjh jid nghwtiw CfgLj ntL. xU
dhF xF nkgl ilfis khzhf jU th UFkhdh, mjF
Kaf vnghJ ghuhlglntL.
nkY ma, jffS, izajs KftfS, ghlf W
bfhLfgLsd. cflUJ Mftkhd fUJfS, krdfS
tuntfgLwd. jFahd krdf fU bfhsgL, cgLjgL.
- Ma FG

sciencetextbook@gmail.com

myF

cz Mjhufis
nkgLJj
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx
xx

g cg nkghL
ClrJ nkyhik
vU, cuf gaf
jhtuf, yFf fydbgUf
fheil guhk
gwit giz
ts
c ts
nj ts

myF - 1

ca
mKf

cz _y ekF Mw ilwJ. thw nehfUJ eik

ghJfhwJ. cz bghJthf jhtufUJ yFfUJ bgwgLwJ.
vdnt, jifa tsf ekF vnghJ cz jUtij cW bra, mtiw
eh ghJfhj aikahjJ. kfbjhif mfms bgUfkilJ tU
jUz cz cg bgUfij vgo mfgbjgij eh foghf
bjJ bfhs ntL.
ekF nghJkhd cz ilgjF eh vd bra ntL? _W tKiwf
nH bfhLfgLsd. vij f njbjLf?
Fiwj ms
czit
rhLtJ

mfms
czit cg
brtJ

czit
nrJ
ghJfhgJ

ekF yK U Fiwj msnyna csJ. ij id bfhL PhfS,

trhfS, btntW tf mfms czit cg br tKiwfis
flJsd.
2010

1990

nkfl uL glfis cWneh _W ntWghLfis vGJf.

1. ___________________
2. ___________________
3. ___________________
j ntWghLf vthW cz cgia ghwd?
___________________________________________________________________
kfbjhif bjhlJ bgU tUwJ. Ia ehLf rig kfbjhif
fzbfLgo 1999 cyf kfbjhif 600 nfhoahf UjJ. 2012 kfbjhif
700 nfhoahf bgUsJ. J kjFyF cz ilgij ghwJ.
isyf gu FiwJbfhnl tUwJ. Mdh cz njitnah mfJ
bfhnl tUwJ. g cgia yFf _y ilF cz cgia
mfgj _ynk mfJtU cz njitia iw bra aY.
4

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
kfbjhif bgUf

isyf
Fiw

cz njit
mf
cz gwhFiw

itna czgwhFiw netjfhd fhuzf MF.

cz gwhFiwia fhQ tKiwf _y fyh.
i) g cgia mfj.
ii) isyfis kw gaghoUJ jJ, jfitJ bfhSj.
iii) iu cfjKiw trhaF gagLJj.
iv) czbghUf ghJfh kW nahf Kiwia nkgLJj.

1.1 g cg nkghL
cyf kf mfkhf trhaij e Uwd. cz cgia mfF
ed tKiwf g eh f ntoa jUz J. vdnt, Phf jfhd
tKiwfis fLog ukhf <LgLsd.
czfhf gL jhtufis gf vnwh. gf gytiff csd.
y vLJfhLf nH bfhLfgLsd.
jha gf - m, nfhJik, nrhs, f.

vbz gf - yfliy, Nafh, fLF, v.

yFf cz g - nrhsjL, itnfh, ahid.

g bgUffhd fhuf

wj trha Kiwfis
gWj

a nkgLjgl
ijfis mKfgLJj

gfSF nkgLjgl
ghJfh mj

gfSF njitahd
C lrij mj

ma

gU tif gf - glh, ghgaW , cSJ.

myF - 1

ca
atif kW nkgLjgl jhtu tiffis mKfgLJj

neh vw, nt cufis VW bfhS w, cgju mf kfN

nghw gaDs gfis bfhl, nkgLjgl gtiffis njbjLfgl
ts Kiw _y cUthfyh.
gbgUffhd fhuf
mf kfN

xU VfUF clhd g kfNiy mfj.

nkgLjgl
ju

isbghUf ju gUF g ntWgL. nfhJik

ntF jik, gU tiff uj ju, vbz Jf
vbz ju nghwit.

c kW
cuw
fhuf
vjik

gcg, cfhufshY (neh, f, Ff

nghwit) cuw fhufshY (btg, F, ctjik,
tw) FiwwJ. fhufis vF jik thj auf
jhtuf g cgia bgUF.

K
Kiw
khw

FWa fhy K miljY, uhd K miljY,

mWtil br Kiwia vjhFwJ. nkY, mWtil
brnghJ VgL Hig FiwwJ.

mf
jftik
jik

xnu g tif gntW jgbtg iy, gntW gFf

tsf Toajhf Uf ntL. Niy jftik bfhl
a tiff cUthFtJ g cg xU iyjikia
VgLj cj.

UgjF
ntsh
gf

fheil td gf mf isf cilajhf,

caukhdjhf Uj
UgjFj gf MF.
Filjik vgJ jhatif gf gghF. UgjF
gfis cila tiffis cUthFtJ mf isriy jU.

wj g tiffis njbjLj, g cg bgUffhf ll,

gf ghJfhig cWbrj nghw eltoiff g cg nkghoF
ttFF.
gf, ff y nkgLjgl tiff

fheil
tdg

be

nfhJik

kfh
nrhs

s
nrhs

Nafh

kh

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cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
1.2 ClrJ nkyhik

1.3 aif vU, cuf gaf

jhtuf
fhg,
iAu#,
M#
Matiw

myJ
fhUJ, kw rJfis k
UJ bgWwd. jhtuf ts
dbgUfF Rkh 16 tifahd
jkf aikahjJ vd ma
mPf flJsd.

g
cg,
mWtil
fhuzkhf
k
rJf
mf
ms
fgLwd. FiwghL
nt cuf, aif cuf _y
<L bragLwJ.
aif cu vgJ xU fk
bghUshF.
jhtuf,
yFf
fbghUf
ijfgL
J
jahfgLwJ.

uj, my, gira,

Ka fk _yTWf nghwtiw
cg bra jhtufSF ieu#
njitgLwJ. ieu# Fiwghlh
jhtuf Fnshu vw neh
VgLwJ. Nax Mwiy, nt
Mwyhf
khWtjF
ghgu
njitgLwJ. nj nghW jhtuf
thif RH Ka brafSF
gntW jkf njitgLwd.

gagLjgL
cbghUf
mogil
aif
cufis
tUkhW tifgLjyh.
m) ka cu kW kG bjhGcu:
jhtu,
yF
ffis
k
Gfis
gagL,
ijJ
jahfgL cu kG bjhGcu
vdgL.

bgUk Cl jkf
(nknuh jkf)
jhtu
tsF
mf
ms
njitgL jkf bgUk Cl
jkf vdgL. fhg, iAu#,
ct (M#), ieu#, ghgu,
fjf, bghlha, fha, bka,
U Mait bgUk Cl jkf
MF.

M) gRjh cu:
rz, bfh nghw byFd
jhtuf
_y
gRjh
cu
jahfgLwJ. jhtuf Fl
fhytiu tsfgL, k
mgf eF fyF tz cH
bragLwJ.
gRjh
jhtuf
kF
njitahd
rJfshd
ieu#, ghgu nghwtiw k
nrwd.

E Cl jkf (iknuh jkf)

jhtu tsF Fiwj msnt
njitgL
jkf E Cl
jkf vdgL. khfR, jhu,
khod, Jjehf, nghuh, Fnsh
Mait E Cl jkf MF.
rJFiwghlh
kjf
ghfgLtJ nghynt jhtuf
ts,
dbgUfK
ghfgLwd.
FiwghL
nehf
cgia
ghgnjhL
kLkyhk,
cgna
yhk
brwJ.

rz

ma

kG
cu

myF - 1

ca
bra 1.1

ehfns brnwh

uL bjhof iu gl. mtF

m , M vdbgal. m bjhobroF
gR rhz myJ ah mJ
bjf. M bjhobroF kL
bjf. tiw Nax itJ 15-20
ehfSF mt tsia ftf.
t vJ ntfkhf tswJ? V?

bra 1.2

ehfns brnwh

yF ffshd gR
rhz,
jhtuff,
L
ff,
rhfil
ff
nghwtiw nrfJ, njhl
xU F y ehfSF
ijw brf. vd ilwJ?

aif cuf gaf

aif cu k iu jf itJbfhS wid mfwJ.
gaDs EQf vifia mff brwJ.
k jikia (texture) nkgLJwJ.
braif cuf
bjhrhiyf tf Kiw jahfgl ieu#, ghgu, bghlha
mla ntbghUf braif cufshF. it jhtu Cl bghUfshf
gagLwd.
jhtufSF xU Fl Cl bghU FiwghL VgL nghJ, mjid braif
cuf bfhL <L brayh. Fiwj ms braif cuf Tl ey ts bfhl
Mnuhakhd jhtufis cUthFwJ.
braif cuf tiff
ieu# cuf

vLJfhLf
ah, mnkha r~ng, mnkha
ienu nghwit.

ghgu cuf (fk rJf)

j Ng ghng, o Ng ghng
(Kka Ng ghng).

bghlha cuf(rhg rJf)

bghlha ienu, bghlha FnshiuL.

fy cuf

ienuhghng,
mnkha
il mnkha ghng(DAP).

ghng,

braif cuf gagho y FiwghLf csd. it cHtfSF mfkhd

bryit VgLJwd. nkY uf fiu jikilajh mfms
ghr nghJ moJ brygL, aif Mjhufis khRgLJwJ. cHtf
braif cufis gagLJ ms FJ mfftd bfhs ntL. Vbd,
mfgoahd cuf k tsij ghgnjhL kLkyhk Fsf, Vf,
fhthf, MWf nghw iyfSF moJ brygL mF Mfha jhkiu,
Mfh nghw njitaw jhtuf tsF fhuzkhwd. J cs M#
msit nuhlij ghwJ. j isthf fS w cdfS
jkF njitahd x, M#D ilfhk wJL NH ywJ.
fiuJs mfgoahd cur fhuzkhf, nkgu mf ms
Mfhf tstJl th cdf wf neLwJ. jF nuhnf vW
bga.
8

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
bra 1.3

ehnd brnw

mU cs aif
cuij bfhL gL betaYF brW,
myYs kGf vifia fzl. mnj nghW braif
cuij bfhL gL yYs kGf vifia fzL
xL ghf. vd czf? V?
aif cufSF braif cufSF ilna cs ntWghLf
aif cuf

braif cuf

1.
 aif cu vgJ yFf, 1. braif cu vgJ fjf, ghgu,
kjf, jhtuf ij
ieu# nghw ClbghUf mla
nghwtwh njhW X aif
xU jhJ myJ ntTLbghU.
bghU.
2. aif

cuf

fkbghUf 2. braif cuf fkbghUf MF.

MF.
3. 
aif
cuf
jahfgLwd.

taf 3. 
braif
cuf
jahfgLwd.

bjhrhiyf

4.
 aif cuf
vyh Cl 4. it xW myJ mjF nkgl
bghUfis
Fiwj
ms
Fl ClbghUfis kL mf
bfhLsd.
ms bfhLsd.
kF kF

6. 
aif cuf Fiwj ms 6. braif cuf
fiu jik
fiu jik cilajh v
cilajh v crgLwd.
crgLtiy.
7. aif cuf Fiwj msnt 7. braif cuf v dh moJ
fiuwd. it kUJ uh
brygL. nkY, t is
v
moJbrygLtiy.
Fiwj fhyF kLnk tU. vdnt,
vdnt, t ga l ehfSF
tiw L L gagLj
iyUF.
ntosJ.
cHtf
aif
cufis,
braif cufis rahd j
gagLjntL.

1.4
 Ff, nehfUJ ghJfh
gf, jhaf, giz yF
fis jh mF cdf
Ff
vdgLwd.
it
is gfis, nr cs
cz jhafis ghwd.
ijj, mWtil brj, nrj
nghw ffnghJ Ff jhF
tjh gkfN milwJ. J
nja bghUshjhuF f bganjh
HghF.

y trhf fk giz Kiwia

gWwd. Kiw giz
ff kWRH _y L
gfSF cukhf gagLwd. nkY
J braif cuf, bfhf
gaghil jwJ.

ma

5.  aif cuf kF mf 5. braif

cuf
ms kid nrJ, k
nrgiy.
Cl jikia nkgLJwd.

myF - 1

ca
1.4.1 Ff

1.4.2 g nehf

f
jhtu
ts
midJ iyfY jh, ghig
clhFwd.
jhF
Kiw
mogil
Ff
_tifgL.

ghOah, itu, ir Kjyhd

gtifahd jhtu nehf ekJ
RWw
gu
fhzgLwd.
rhjfkhd Niy
ilFbghGJ,
mit g bgU g jhtufis
jh, nehia clhFwd.

i) bkY f: it jhtuf
nt, jL, iyfis foJ bkY
jik bfhlit. v.fh. btLf,
fg f.

neh gu mogil, jhtu nehf

ehF tiffshf tifgLjgLwd.

ii) cR f : it jhtuf

gntW
ghff
brrhid
cRwd.
v.fh. iyjJ
f, mRt(jhtung) nghwit.
iii) JisF f : it jhtuf
gntW
ghffis
JisJ,
cns
EiHJ
jhtuRfis
czthf
vLJ
bfhwd.
v.fh. fU Jisgh.

yfliy iy neh

fU
cJisgh

bfhf
vw
eR
ntbghUf
Ffis
f
mwd.
fis
i) bfhf:
bfhy
gagL
ntbghUf
fU jL
bfhf
vdgL.
Jisgh
v.fh. D.D.T. (ilFnshnuh ilid
igyh (fU
iuFnshnuh
<nj),
khyah
iy jJ ) nghwit.
ii) irbfhf:
irfis
mf
cj
ntbghUf
irbfhf
vdgL.
v.fh. nghlh fyit.
iii) f
 isbfhf:
fisfis
gtz
fLF mRt
(njitaw
brof)
mf
gagL
ntbghUf
g jhtufis jhF y bghJthd
fisbfhf
vdgL.
a Ff
nkY mJ bfhnth

cUstUJ bgwgL cuf c cuf vdgL. c cuf

Mjhu ghOah, ygRgh (randhghOah) kW irf MF. c cuf
L Jf jFj tif nkY khRgLjhj jhtu ClbghUf MF.
it k jikia nkgLJwd. iunrha, randhghOafshd
mddh, ehlh nghwit bghJthd c cuf MF.
10

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj

2.

3.

4.

ijf _y
gu nehf

it ijf _y guwd. v.fh.be iy

neh, nfhJik fU neh.

k _y gu
nehf

it k _y guwd. it jhtuf ntfis,

jLfis ghwd. v.fh. yfliy iy
neh(ofh neh) .

fhW _y
gu nehf

tif nehf
fhW _y guwd. it
iyf,
kyf,
ff
nghw
jhtuf
jiuFnk cs midJ ghffis jhFwd.
v.fh. be bt neh, nfhJik JU neh.

_y gu
nehf

dh gu nehf, _y gu nehf vdgL.

v.fh. be ghOa thl neh.

v.fh.2,4-D (2,4-ilFnshnuh dh
mo my)
vf,
iv) vbfhf:
Rblf,
mf
nghw
bfhF
yFfis
bfhy
gagL
ntbghUf
vbfhf
vdgL.
v.fh. Jjehf ghng, Mr
nghwit.
1.4.3
 Fia
fLgLJ Kiwf

gytifahd Ff
jhfij tU Kiwf _y
fLgLjyh.
k

bfhfis
fygj
_y
ntiu
jhF
fis
fLgLjyh.
v.fh. Fnshnuhiggh.

j
 il
iyia
foJ
JisF
fis,

bfhfis j myJ bjj

_y fLgLjyh. v.fh. khyah,
nl, ijnahlh.
r
 hW
cR
fis,

bfhfis
bjgj
_y
fLgLjyh. v.fh. ilnjhna,
bklhlh.
1.4.4 Fbfhfis
gagLJtjfhd K vriff

 Fbfhfis
iffsh
neuoahf
bjhlTlhJ. mtiw
ifahSbghGJ
ugdh
Md
ifiwfis gagLj ntL.
b

jgh thgF, bjF
fU kw gFfis, thdh
Cjnth, crnth TlhJ.

 wj bt, fh vir
W bfhL F bfhfis
bjj TlhJ.

 tiw
gJiufgl
kLnk bjfntL.
bra 1.4

ms

ehfns brnwh

mU cs
isyfSF
brW fisf,
Ff,
gf fhzgL nehfis ghJ,
dflf.

F bfhfis bjj
11

ma

1.

myF - 1

ca
gU tL

m mJ

fuh tL

nr jhaf y Ff
1.4.5 jhaf nr
bgUghyhd gf MoF xU
Kiw kLnk mWtil bragLwd.
ML KGtJ czbghUfis
bjhlJ
bgWtjfhf
ghJfhghd
nr lFf it
nrJ
itfgLwd.
jhatiff
myJ
cz
bghUf
trhfshY,
tf
fshY, a
cz
fHfjhY
(Food Corporation of India) nrJ
itfgLwd.
nrFbghGJ,
jhafis,
ijfis
gntW
fhufsh
mF
cgLwd.
jifa
mfhd fhuf tUkhW:
i) c
 fhuf: f, bfhF
yFfshd m, v, gwitf,
irf, cf, ghOah.

vdnt,
cg
bghUfis
nrF bghGJ mtiw midJ
HfUJ ghJfhf ntL.
cg
bghUfis
d
gagLJtjfhf nrJ itF
bghGJ, ghJfhghd kW fLghL
Kiwfis gagL nrf ntL.
nrgjF K, cg bghUfis
eF Rj brj, bt fhaitJ
H cyJj, ntbghUfis
gagL
ifl
_y
Ffis
bfhYj
nghw
tKiwfSF cgLj ntL.

1.5 jhtuf, yFf

fydbgUf
1.5.1 jhtuf fydbgUf

btg

nkgLjgl ij, jhtu tiffis

cUthFtnj
fydkhj
vD
KiwahF.

fhuf
Gs
ghfis
VgLJwd.
f jhf.
ju Fiwj.
vil Fiwj.
Kis w Fiwj.
cgbghU wkhw.
rijgLJ jik Fiwj.

khWgl dhf bfhl uL

myJ mjF nkgl dfis
fy brJ, nkgLjgl tiffis
cUthF Kiwna fydbgUf
vdgL. UgjF gfis bfhl
bgnwhfis njbjLj _y mjF
gfis xnu c bfhLtu Ko.

ii) c
 uw
MF.

fhuf:

<ugj,

12

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
fyd nrif
eilbgwyh.

tU

tiff

i) tiffSilna
fy
(uL
btntW tiffSF ilnaahd
fy )
 dfSilna
ii)
ngd uL
ilnaahd fy )

fy
(xnu
dfSF

 gdfSilna fy (ntWgl
iii) n
ngdfSF ilnaahd fy)
nkny
cs
_W
tiff,
tiffSF
ilnaahd
fy,
g
bgUf
mf
ms
nkbfhsgLwJ.
kfhnrhs
fy gd glgLtjh mf
ms kfN bgwgLwJ. kfhnrhs,
nfhJik,
m
nghw
gf
jnghJ
mfkhf
fydtif
gf
gagLjgLwJ.

tf neh fyd cgahdJ

ML, khL, nfh nghw fheil
tsY, nfh tsY
l
fhykhf gagLjgL tUwJ. sh
uh, nuh myh kW isbks uh
nghwtiw fy brJ bgwgl xU
fyd nfhtif MF. it uL
rhjhuz dfis fybrJ wd
cUthFtjF rhWfshF.
fydfis cUthf bgnwh
jhtufis
njbjLFnghJ
tU gfis trhf fU
bfhwd. mitahtd
1. neh v w
2. n
 tWgl jgbtgiyfis
jhF w
3. bghJthd njhw
4. ms kW tot
5. cg w
6. ey ju
7. dbgUfF Vw taJ
yF dfy btntW Kiwf
xnu
dij
rhj
beUa
cwila
uL
cfSilna
eilbgW
dbgUfij
cfy
vg.

F1

cfy KaJtf

MO17

1. Ugjf tiffis bfhl

cfis
cUthf
ku
xj
f gfis btbfhzu.
Kiw gagLjgLwJ.

B 73

kfhnrhs fyd tif

1.5.2 yFf dfy
dfy vgJ ku t khWgl
uL btntW M, bg yFfis
izabrJ a rjfis cUthF
brayhF.
Kiw
yFf
dbgUf clbraaY, kuaY
mogilahf
gagLjgLwd.

xnu dF fheilfis fy brj

13

ma

cfy dbgUf

myF - 1

ca
2. Ugjfhj
xLF
fis
bfhl
cfis
fla,
nkY mfis jikgLj
Kiw gagLjgLwJ.
3. cfy brtj _y xUKf jik
CFfgLwJ.
4. cfy
vgJ
dnjl
bjhlilaJ. nkY j _y
nkgl cfis njhWf aY.
dnj
cg
w
gilj
wj
yFfis dfy brtjfhf
njbjLF Kiwia dnj vg.
jfhy dnjKiw Kija braw
mogil nkbfhsgLwJ.

Utif df UgjFj
gfis
bfhljhf
mikJL. jF vLJfhlhf
bg Fiuia, M fGijia
fy brjh cUthtJ nfhntW fGij.
Kiw cUthd nfhntW fGij
mj bgnwhfshd, Fiu, fGijia
l wghdjhf, gyKilajhf,
cl cWl fhzgLwJ. J
kLkyhJ fuLKulhd, kiyghfhd
gFf
mf Rikfis vLJ
brY wD bfhLsJ. tif
fy uL tifgL.
1. aif Kiw
j _y cg wid mfF
bghUL ehL dij
ma
dij izJ a dij
njhWfyh.
2. braif Kiw l
Kiw U gfisila
M c J nrffgL, jFj
fUia bfhL njbjLfgl bg
c diHD brYjgLwJ.
Kiw _y md wj
rjf cUthwd.

br
btfy dbgUf
xnu dij nrj bjhlyh U
cfSF ilna eilbgW fy.
m. Xdfy : xnu dij nrj xnu
_jhijaiu
bfhouhj
U
cfSilna eilbgW fy.
M. ntdfy : uL ntWgl
df
Ugjf,
nkgl
gfisila
M,
bg
cfSilna eilbgW fy.
. ntWgl wdfy : uL
ntWgl wdfis Ugjf
nkgl gfisila M, bg
cfSilna eilbgW fy.
jdh, y ntisf ajhf
cUthd cuhdJ, jh, jij Ma
14

braif Kiw
jikf

1. Kiwyhd
fyd
cg
wj gfis bfhl rjfis
cUthfyh.
2. Kiw X MyUJ bgW
J_y mf ms bg
yFf
fUWwd.
vdnt,
bghUshjhu Kiw fdkhdjhf
fUjgLwJ.
3. fyd ML, khL, nfhf nghwit
mf gh, iw, Kil Matiw
jUwd.
4. 
nkY
ciwiy
itfgL
J
lehfSF
nrJ
itJ
njitgLnghJ,
eho

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
bjhiyu
FuhkfSF
vjhf, ghJfhghf vLJ bry
Ko.

1.6 fheil guhk

ML, khL, g, Fiu, nfh nghw
yFf
tsF
njitahd
cz cg giz mikj kW
dbgUf Matiw nkyhik
br trhaJiw xU F
fheil guhkJiw vW bga.

ma d, nAho a MF.
fU, btis tzf fhzgL
yF tiff 2000 MLfSF
nkyhf ghgizf gagLjgL
tUwJ. mfms ghjuToa yfhf
J fUjgLwJ. Knu, b# tif
mf ms ghjU fheilfshF.
to Gf, nghFtuF,
cHF
gagL
yFf
Git
yFf
vdgL.

fheil guhk gntW mrf

1. yFfSF
mj

njitahd

czit

2. yFfSF njitahd a Foiu

tHFj
3. yFfSF njitahd ciwl
mikj
kW

nehia

5. jFj Kiw dbgUf brj.

ntWgl
mt
ntWgl
tsfgLwd.

ydf
gaghofhf

gh
jU
yFf:
it
gh
bfhLJ
cj
yFf
MF.
(v.fh.) gR, brkahL.
iw jU yFf: iwfhf
gagL yFf. (v.fh.) khL, g
gwit giz yFf: Kilfhf
iwfhf
gagL
gwitf.
(v.fh.) nfh, thnfh.
fheilf
gh, iw, cH gaghofhd
fhis, gR, vUik nghwd fheilf
vW miHfgLwd.
rth, t , , onah
nghwit ghjU a tif fyd
tif fheilf MF.
bejyhJ eho cs yhJ,
AhyJ gFf fhzgL wghd X

nAho a
fhnfa, mgynr, m kAh,
nAhnA
nghwit
fbgw
Git
yFf.
yFf
btF bjhiyF Rik F w
bfhlit.
Mnfh,
fhbu{,
jhbgf nghwit gh, Gitfhd
gaghL yFfshf csd.
fheil td
fheil
td
myJ
cy
tdkhdJ
ehrJ,
mlrJ
bghUfUJ
bgwgLwJ.
ehrJ bghUf Fiwj ClrJ
bghUfshF. mltd nrhs,
f, a ij, jL, kut
H njh, uh, vbz Jf
nghw jha tiff mlF. ghjU
gR ruhrahf j vil 2.5% Kj
3%
mltdij
cQwJ.
_
uL
gF
cytd
ehrJfSlD jKs xU gF
15

ma

4. nehjL
FzgLJj

myF - 1

ca

nkY mJ bfhnth
yd
bghUf

bfhG
%

uj
%

rfiu
%

jkf
%

gh

3.60

4.00

4.50

0.70

87.20

Kil

12.00

13.00

1.00

74.00

khr

3.60

21.10

f Fiwj
ms

1.10

74.20

2.50

19.00

1.30

77.20

mltdkhf
UfntL.
njhL
gRtdf
vdgLw
fyd tiffshd nea, Nlh
, bg, y nghwit tHfgl
ntL. gh jU yFf wD,
Git yFf wD mit cQ
tdJl neuoahf bjhlilaJ.
irny{ vgJ mfms rJs cz
MF.
fheilfSF
gRtd
yhjnghJ J tdkhf tHfgLwJ.
behj Kiw jahJ nrfgl,
mf <ugj bfhl z gR, brk
ML, btshL nghw fheilfSF
bfhLfgLwJ. J gR, nrhs,
kfhnrhs, jhaf, fis brof
nghwtiw gagL jahfgL
td MF. gf WW JLfshf
btlgL igL ghJfhgLwJ.
behjYF
cgLjgL
U
thufSF wF jahuhd irny{
fheilfSF czthf mfgLwJ.
gntW
nehfshY
xL
fshY fheilf ghgilwd.
ghOah, itu nghw Ufsh
VgL nehf jLf _ykhf
fLgLjgLwd.

bra 1.5

ehfns brnwh

mUYs
fheil
kUJt
kidF brW fheilia jhF
nehfis g bjJbfhf.
16

giz
yFf

gaf

gR

gh, iw

vUik

gh, iw

thJ

Kil, iw

nfh

Kil, iw

brk ML

gh, iw, fg

gL

gL

nj

nj, bkGF
nkY mJ bfhnth

btik u
lhl. .Fa vgtiu btik
u jij vW TWthf.
btik u (White Revolution) vgJ
a nkgLjgl fheilfis
gagL
gh
cgia
bgUFtjhF.
lhl. .Fa
nja
ghts
n k g h L
f H f
Wtd
jiyt
Mth.
fHf
cyfnyna
fbga
gh
cg
l
(Operation Flood) xiw totikJ
bragLa bgUikilaJ.

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
gh ClrJ k
mls bghUf

bra

1.

fha

vY fLkhd kW guhk

2.

itl D

fha tsijkhwij Lj

3.

uj

jirf fLkhd kW uik

4..

bghlha

uj mGjij guhkj

5.

itl B2

brf tsijkhw

6.

itl B4

behf braghLf

7.

itl B12

uj tgQf K

1.7 gwit giz

gwit
dfis
Kilfhf,
iwfhf tsJ dbgUf
brtnj gwit gizahF. gwit
ts, nfh ts 90% Mf csJ.
Lf tsfgL nfh, thJ,
thnfh, wh, nfh Kjadtiw
tsJ dbgUf brtnj gwit
ts vdgL.
kf bgUfF, Fghf rj
cz jUtjfhf gwit gizf
Kilfis
iwia
cg
brwd. gwit giz Kiwahd
nkyhik
vgJ
FR
bghj,
tsj, ciwl mikj, Rfhjhu,
nehjL, mf tjf nghw Kiwf
mlF.

iw,
Kil
gaghofhf
WF
nkgl
nfhdf
tsfgLwd.
mtiw
Kil
cgfhdit,
iw
cgfhdit, iw kW Kil
cgfhdit vd _W fshf
fyh.
y Ka fyd tiffshf
HH-260, IBL-80, B-77, IIS-82 nghw
dfis TwKo.
fydf eikf
1. 
fyd nfhf mf Kilfis
Lwd.
2. Kilf ms bgait.
3. mf iwia jUwd.
nkY mJ bfhnth

bt u
jFj
Kiw
nfh
ts
_y rgfhyf Kil cg
mffgLsJ. jF bt u
vW bga.

a
df
lfh,
m,
fueh, guh
Mait
a d
nfhfshF.

btis byAh tif cynyna

f mf Kilf bfhLF d.
nfh cg ah cyfms
IjhtJ lij twJ.

Ma df
ukh, yhh
Mait Ma
d nfhfshF.

17

maehL df
isbks uh,
byAh, nuh
myhL, sh
dhfh Mait
maehL d
nfhfshF.

ma

t.v

myF - 1

ca

jFtjnfh wiffis gjnfh

mf liy vgnj Kiw cs
FiwghlhF.

nkY mJ bfhnth

irt Kil
nfhgizf
cgahF
fUw Kilf v mGL.
Mdh, fUwh Kilf v
bfLnghfhJ. vdnt, fUwh Kil
cgia kf mf Uwd.
bgil
nfhfSF
nrt
Jiz Kilfis cg bra
aY. Mdh, Kilf fUwhJ.
j tifahd Kilf irt Kilf
vd TWwd.

iwfhf
tsfgL
gwitf
ntil
yFflUJ
ghJfhgjfhf bga TLf myJ
Tlhuf itJ ghJfhfgLwJ.
m, lfh, fueh, guh nghwit
a d nfhfshF. uhy d
nfhf mf ms iwfhf kLnk
tsfgLwJ.

ClrJ k
Kil, nfh iw, f mf
ujij jUwd. nkY, Kil
Rzh, ghgu, nrhoa, itl
B1, B12, D Kjad csd.
gwitf ciwl
F tsfgL gwitdf
gf bghG Rjjukhf gizf
R a, d u neuf
TLf milfgL guhkf
gLwJ. jF m ukw ts Kiw
vdgL.
u ts Kiw vgJ rW bga
TLf
tsj
MF.

czF KilLtjF nghJkhd

lKL. yF eyUf u ts
Kiwia vwd. Vbd gwitf

nfh ts
gwit cz
gwitfSF njitahd czid
Kakhf
fyzthfnt
jahJ
tUwd.
z
jhaf,
nrhahbkhir, cz, vY cz,
nfhJik jL, fliy zhF, gh,
X, nrhs, yF gFbghUf
Mad
fyUF.
jDl,
Jjehf,
U,
br,
mnaho,
bka, bra nghw jhJfS
fyfgLwd.
gwitfis jhF nehfS mtiw
fLgLJ KiwfS
eh, e nghw CDfsh
ts gwitf jhfgLtnjhL, bjhW
nehfshY jhfgLwd. ah
nfhfhyuh, nfh mik, Ffhr,
fhr neh, f jhFj Mait
gwitfis bgJ ghF.

nfh tsgf
18

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
tsfhd fhuf

neh fLghL
gwitfSF VgL nehfis ca
jL eltoiffshd, jikgLJj,
jL nghLj, Rfhjhukhd TLfis
mikj,
<ujikia
mf
TLfis Nax mfkhf gLkhW
mikj nghw Kiwf jLf aY.
jFj Kiw jahfgl rk
czid mgj _y FiwghL
nehfis fLgLjyh.

1. 
Fsf mik, kW mit
mikJs lf jik.
2. a kW Mjhuf.
3. k ClrJ jik.
4. btg.

jeho gwit giz bjh

bra 1.6

ehfns brnwh

mUYs
gwitgizia
ghitL mF gwitf vthW
tsfgLwJ. cz mfgLwJ.
dbgUf bragLwJ vgij
mJbfhf.

rhjhuz bfil
ts tiff
m) Fsf
tsj:
aif
cztJ Fsf tsj.
M) u ts: braif cztJ
cgia bgUFj.
) Xd ts: xU Fs X d
fis kLnk tsj.
<) gy d ts: gntW cz
gHffis cila fis xwhf xnu
Fs tsj.
c) xUizj
ts:
yf
gfSl
tsj.

trha
fis

1.8 ts (Pisciculture)

Fsf tiff

MWf, Vf, Fs, Filf,

ghrdfhthf
nghw
lf
FRfis L tsJ, mtiw
dbgUf br Kiw ts
vdgL.

f gntW ts iyF
VwthW btntW khahd Fsf
njitgLwd.

ts, o bjhY a
bghUshjhu Ka gF twd.
flnyhu gFfYs yrfzfhd
dt kfSF cehL gFfYs
kfSF
ntiythig,
tUkhdij mwd.

Fsf tiff
1. dbgUfFsf:
dbgUf
cWf Kailj M, bg
fis dbgUf brtjfhf
gF tsJ tUwd.
2. FRbghF
Fs:
Fsf
dbgUf
UJ
nrffgL
19

tif
Fsf
fUw

ma

jHf muR nfh tsF f

KaJt
bfhLJ
tUwJ.
jeho nfhgizf ehkf,
gyl, brid nghw gFf
fwghf bragL tUwd. nkY,
khy gntW gFfY gizf
mikJ nfh ts bjh eilbgW
tUwJ. jHf muR rJz l
rhL FHijfSF midJ g
ntiyehfY xU ehisF xU Kil
tHFwJ.

myF - 1

ca
Kilfis bghf brtjfhf
gagLjgLwd. KilUJ
bghJ bttU s FRfS
Fsfnyna tsfgLwd.
3. ehwfh Fs: 3 Kj 5 ehf tiu
tsj s FRfis tif
Fsf cztJ 20 ehf tiu
tswd.
4. tsF
Fsf:
J
s
FRfis tsf gagLwd.
it
rW
bgajhf
i. 
MHKilajhf UF.

mf

ii. ehwfh FsfUJ bfhL

tugL FRf tsJ
it
Rkh 125 .. s tsU tiu 3 khj
fhyF F tsfgLwd.
(Finger
iii. it
vdgLwd.

Lings)

5. U Fsf
it
ehwfh
tsF
Fsfisl
ms
bgait.
F
FRfSF
braif
cztfgLwJ.
ts
ntfij mfgjF fk, fk
cuf gagLjgLwd. bjhW
gutiy jLF bghUL Mogaho
kUJf gagLjgLwd. ngha
ts K milj f
ofgLwd.

1.9 c ts (Aquaculture)
cts vgJ fLgLjgl
NH jhtu, yFfis tf nehf
Kiw cg br KiwahF. J
wh ts, ko ts, ts,
KJ , eL ts nghwtiw
cslaJ.

itl B6 , itl B12 , itl D,

gaho, ah nghw itlfis
ghgu, bghlha, U nghw
jhJfis bfhLsJ. it kj
cl tsF bgJ JizwJ.
kj gaghoF njitglhj
f cl ghff fheil nfhf
td
cgF
gagLjgL
tUwd.
nkY mJ bfhnth

a Jiw jftf
1. bkhj cg - cyf 2 MtJ
l.
2. fl cg - cyf 7 MtJ
l.
3.  cts - cyf 2 MtJ
l.
4.  bjhJiw gF - XuhoF
53000 nfho %gh ma bryht.

1.10 nj ts (Apiculture)
ma mogil nj, nj,
bkGF nghw bghUfis cg
br
KiwF nj ts vW
bga.
nj r_f mikl thG
cdkhF.
njf
FGfshf
J jkilna ntiyfis gL
bfhS wD cilait. f cs
kfujJffis, utij
jf czth bfhwd. njf
gntW fUJ utij
nrfwd. thW nrffgL
ut
njfsh
GfgL
tWigia brwilwJ. mF, J

czbghUf ClrJ:
cz yF uj, itlf,
jhJf mf fhzgLwd.
fu cs itl A bjthd
fghitF
bgJ
cjwJ.
20

ntiyfhu
nj

uh
nj

M nj

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
njdhf khwgL d njdilf
nrJ itfgLwJ.

bghUshjhu
njfsh
cg bragL njD, nj bkGF
KaJt thjit.

tifahd

1. njdhdJ ClrJ Fj X
czthF. xU nyh nj 3200 fnyh
ria jU wDilaJ.

1. uhnj
xU nj To xnu xU uh
nj kLnk UF. j ntiy
KilLj. uh njahf tsu
UF
GfSF
bfhLfgL
cz uha b# vdgL.

2. 
rfiu,
jhJcf,
itlf, kfujf, behf
csd.
3. nj xU wj UehahF.
gh my bfhljh wj xU
gjgLJ bghUshf gagLwJ.

2. M njf
it dbgUfF jFahdit.
uh njl izJ dbgUf
brtJ kLnk t ntiy.

4. 
cl gF fhzgL fis
FzgLJtjF,
Uk,
r,
Fl
nghwtiw
Fz
gLJtjF gagLwJ.

3. ntiyfhu njf
it kyL njf. uh
njia
ftJ
bfhSj,
njnrfj, Til fLj, ghJfh
nghw gfis brwd.

5. ujYs
mfgjF
twJ.

nj df

nkhFnshid
nj KagF

6. mLkid bghUfshd buho, f,

nf Kjat jahF nj
bgUks gagLjgLwJ.

m) cehL nj df
i) V ofh - bghJthd

a nj.

nj bkGF

ii) V lhnrlh - ghiw nj.

mHF rhjdbghUf, F Rf,

myfhuRf,
ca
bghUf,
Kfrtu Rf, f, kUJ jah,
bkGFt cg nghwtF nj
bkGF gagLwJ.

iii) V nshah - Fo nj.

M) maehL nj df
i) V bk~uh - jha nj.
ii) V Mlnrh - bjMf
nj.

nkY mJ bfhnth

tl eld

mir eld

njf br gkhw (eld Kiw)

nj 100 tisF Ugij tl eld bjwJ. mir eld
l bjhiyit FwJ. eld mirf nj, NaDF vj ir
csJ vgij FwJ. nkTa eld mirfis sajfhf 1973
fh th Z vgt nehg gir bgwh.
21

ma

xU njTo _W
njf fhzgLwd.

nj bghUshjhu KaJt

myF - 1

ca

kh kL
gF -m
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. Gst maehL nj tif vJ?
m. vnshah

M. v Mlnrh

. v ofh

<. v lhnrlh

2. s cfSF braif cz mF bga Fs vJ?

m. dbgUf Fs

M. FR bghF Fs

. ehwfh Fs

<. U Fs

3. ntiu jhF fis bfhY bfh kUJ vJ?

 . khyah
m
. nl

M. bklh lh
<. Fnshnuhigg

4. vbz F tsfgL gtif


m
. nrhs M. Na fh
. m
<. nfhJik
5. a nfhd
m. isbks

M. nuh Iy

. yAh

<. m

6. btu vgJ
m. Kil cgia mfgJ
. kW wh ts

M. gh cgia bgUFtJ

<. nj kW bkGfhf nj ts

II. bghUjhj xiw njbjLJ kwtiw bjhFgLJtjfhd fhuzij

TWf.
m. glh, gir gW, fU cSJ, f
M. iAu#, Jjehf, M#, ieu#
. ah, ienuh ghng, bghlha ienu, bjhGcu
<. rhth, nAho a, t ,
III. nH bfhLfgLs brhfis gagL nfhol lfis uf
1. __________ Kiw xU Fs X d f kLnk tsfgLwJ.
2. _
 _________ vgJ wh ts, ko ts, KJ ts nghwtiw
cslaJ.
3. xU nj To Kill jFila bg nj __________ kLnk MF.
4. ujYs __________ I mfgjF nj Ka gF twJ.
5. nj UF __________ gjgLJ bghUshf gagLwJ.
( gh my, X d ts, nkhFnsh, uh nj, c ts)

22

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
gF -M
I. fh izf cs ntWghoid vGJf.
1. dbgUf kW U Fsf
2. ir bfh kW v bfh
3. kG cu kW ah
4. bgUk Cl jkf kW E Cl jkf
5. muyhj ts kW u ts
II. tUtdtiw tiuaWf.
1. nuhnf

2. irny{

3. ts

5. th c ts

6. fyd

7. f

4. nj ts

III. RUfkhf ilaf.

1. g vwh vd? _W vLJfhLf jUf.
2. cz Mjhufis nkgLJtj KaJt vd?
3.
 fh cz Mjhufis nkgLj njitahd tKiwf uoid TWf.
m. gf

M. nfhgiz . fheil giz

<. ts

4. nfhol lij uf.

m. k_y gu jhtu neh ___________ (ofhneh, bt neh)
M. fhW_y gu jhtu neh ____________ (thl neh, JUneh)
5. bghUJf.
- i. Jjehf ghng

M. ir bfh - ii. 2,4-D

. fis bfh

- iii. nghlh fyit

< . v bfh

- iv. DDT

6. nH bfhLfgLs brhbwhl cs jtWfis U vGj.

m) nj xU wj UehahF. mo my bfhLsjh mJ xU wj
gjgLJ bghUshf gagLwJ.
M) Xnfh X ma d fheil MF.
7. m
 ) r
 J gwhFiw fhuzkhf kjfSF FiwghL neh clhwjh?
J nghW jhtufSF VgLkh? vLJfhLf jUf.
 fSila njhl jhtu ts FWnghJ, mJ L ntfkhf tstjF
M) c
f vd brf?
8. cz gwhFiwia F tKiwfis goaLf.
9. gwitf F fhr, nfh mik nghw nehfsh mofo ghfgLwd.
nehfis fLgLJ Kiwfis TWf.
23

ma

m. bfh

myF - 1

ca

10. f
hnfa kW mgynr df Git yFf vdgL. Git
yFf vwh vd?
11. x
 U y gwit gizf, yF ey Uf u ts Kiwia
vwd.
m) u ts Kiw vwh vd?
M) H
 H-260, IBL-80 gwit tif lfh, m dfisl wjjhf
fUjgLwd V?
12. fh Ffis milahs fhf.

<

13. fh RUfkhd brhfSF thf jUf.

m) 2,4-D

M) DDT

) FCI

<) NDDB

14. bghUJf.

A B

m. ijf _y gu nehf

yfliy iy neh

M. k _y gu nehf

be iy neh

. fhW _y gu nehf

be ghOa thl neh

<. _y gu nehf

be bt neh

15. fh brhbwhlfYs iHfis flJ rbrf.

m) xnu dij rhj beUa cwila uL cfSilna eilbgW
dbgUfij btfy vg.
M) cfy, bgnwhuJ gfis iyWJwJ.
16. bghUjkhd ilia njbjLf.

mDkhd (A): gwit nehfis jL _y fLgLjyh.

fhuz (R): jFj Kiw jahfgl rj czid gwitfSF

mgj _y FiwghL nehfis fLgLjyh.
m) A
 r R jtW. M) A jtW R r.
) A
 kW R r.

17. bgofis uf.

<)A kW R jtW.

kf bjhif bgUf
cz njit mf

24

cz Mjhufis nkgLJj
18. gagLjgL c bghUf mogil nfhol lij uf.
m) kG bjhG cu : ____________
M) gRjh cu : ____________
19. jhtu tsF ClrJf aikahjit. m ieu# kW ghgu
gid FLf.
20. cuf ClrJ fitahf Ugjh g cgia nkgLJwJ.
mf ms cufis gagLJtjh VglToa is vd?
21. aif Kiw fy Kiwia l braif Kiw l w jik thjjhf
csJ. fhuz TWf.
22. ah bjhlahf cz mWjgoUwh. J clYF eykhdjh?
ahagLJf.
23. njf r_f mikl thG cdf vw fUij ahagLJf.
gF -
I. ilaf.
1. m, uh{ Ma UtU FRfis U thu fhyF ehwfh Fs
tswd. Mdh mtf FRfis kbwhU FsF khWwd.
jfhd fhuzij cfsh Tw Kokh?
2. g
 h, mtdJ egfS nfhgiz xiw bjhlf Uwd.
giz yFfis tsFnghJ, mtf filof ntoa brafis
g goaLf.

4. x
 U FGthf bragL trhf jf g kfNiy mfgLj
lLwd. mtf giu nkgLj nkbfhs ntoa eilKiwfis
goaLf.
II. tUtdtiw uf.
m) AhyJ ehoUJ tj ma d fheil ____________.
M) ghYs uL jhJf ____________, ____________.
) btik u jij ____________.
<) jHf gwit gizF f bgw uL khtlf _____ , _______.
c) njf eld mirfis sajfhf nehg gR bgwt ____________.
III. nH bfhLfgLs xbthU glij flJ, XU tf F vGJf.

25

<

ma

3. kyh gl cUisHF jhtu vfsh czgL mfglJ. mt

njhlUJ vfis xf Mnyhridf ytiw TWf. mjF Kghf
mt nkbfhs ntoa Kbdrif eltoiff ytiw TWf.

myF - 1

ca

IV.
 Gs mltiz tir `m'- cs ehF brhfis ftf. t
xthj brhiy vLJ tir `M'- vGj. jKs _W brhf bghJthd
gid tir `'- Fl.
kh

1.

m, fueh, guh,
byAh

2.

cfy, bt dfy,
ntWgl wdfy,
braif l.

3.

xU d ts, gy d
ts, xUizj
ts, u ts

4.

V ofh, V lhnrlh,
V ~nshna, V
bkbguh

byAh

a gwit

nkY ma

jff:
1. Economic Botany - Plants in our world 2000 - B
 eryl simpson and Molly ogorzaly,
Mc Graw Hill Publications
2. Economic Botany of Crop plants 2000 - A
 .V.S.S. Sambamurthy and
N.S.Subrahmanyam, Asiatech Publisher.
3. Economic Zoology - S
 hukula, G.S. and Upadhyay V.B. (1997)
Rastogi Publication, Meerut.
izajs: http://www.biology-online.org

http://www.tnau.ac.in
26

myF

kj clY,
cW klyfS
xx njh
xx jir kly
xx vY kly
xx brkhd kly
xx f f kly
xx uj Xl kly
xx Rthr kly
xx dbgUf kly

27

myF - 2

ca
mKf

ekJ cl cs gJ Ka cW klyf xUizj afdh jh

ekh gntW braghLfis wghf braKowJ. mit:
kj cW kly
wrlf kly

uj Xl kly

mfrlf kly

eu kly

brkhd kly

Rthr kly

dbgUf kly

f f kly

jir kly

ehsyh Ru kly

wrlf kly
wrlf kly vgJ njh, ef, nuhk Matiw cslaJ. btg
cl RWNH khwf, fhaf, EQf jhFj nghwtwh cl
ghfgLwJ. wrlf kly wghd braghoF njh fhzgL
jiyKo, cl fhzgL nuhkf, eff, ait Ruf, g Ruf nghwit
bgJ Jiz wd.

2.1 njh
kj, yFf ccWfis _o ghJfhf, nehUf jhfhk
UgjF njh f aikahjJ.
clYF btiw nghw fyhd mikig bfhl njh _W mLFfsh
MdJ. mit 1. wnjh, 2. eLnjh, 3. mfnjh.

cnuhk
nknjh
vbz
Ru

eLnjh

z FHh
eu

monjh R

cnuhkF

bfhG R
iu
jk

njh mik

ait Ru
28

kj clY, cW klyfS
i) wnjh
wnjh njh btgF. bt
mLfhdJ jilahd, bkj br
nghw wj wnjh brfsh
MdJ. mojs r njh wnjhiy
eLnjhUJ wJ.

RuJ njhiy bkikahf, gsgsghf

itJ bfhwJ.

wnjh
cs
bkyndhir
vw w brf njh wF
fhuzkhwd. mojs rF nH
eu KoRf fhzgLwd.

iii) mfnjh

J eLmLF; joJ r
bfhljhf UwJ. F eufS,
uj FHhfS, cnuhk FfS,
ait RufS, g vw vbz
RufS fhzgLwd. ait
Ruf ujUJ aitia
J btnaWwJ.
J btgiyia xGFgLJtj
_y btw njhid Faila
brJ, cl btgiyia ngQwJ.
cl mfgoahf fhzgL
,
fiuJs
cfis
clUJ
fthf
btnaWtj
_y
J
rhakhwJ. nkY ghOah nghw
nehUf
btnjh
_y
clD cEiHtij jLwJ.
vbz Ru g vw vbzia

J njh mLF. J KGikahf

mongh
Rfsh
uggL
jokdhf
fhzgLwJ.
mongh
Rf bfhG nrfgLwJ. J
clYF
nghitahf,
njitahd
Mwiy mF bfhGid nrJ
mwJ.
njh gf
njh c cWfis _o ghJfhwJ.
n
 ehUf clYF bryhjthW
ghJfhwJ.
cl Hig jLwJ.
c

l
btgiyia
gLJwJ.

xGF

N
 ax cjdh itl D
ia jahwJ.
b
 jhLj, t, btg Matiw
czU cz cWghf ntiy brwJ.
n
 jh, aitia ujUJ
J vLJ btna mD f
cWghf ntiy brwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth

eh,
e
ifdh njh xU
gFia oJ GJ Lnthnkahdh, mJ
L giHa iyia milwJ. eLnjh
mogF
fhzgL
xU
tifahd
ujjh mj rF fhuz. kjf
KJikailnghJ, mtf njh j
ria HJLwJ. vdnt jh njh
RUff VgLwd.

29

ma

ii) eLnjh

cnuhkij mirgjF vulhigiy

vw
UJthd
jir
F
fhzgLwJ.

myF - 2

ca
ehnd brnw

bra 2.1

gntW
yFf
njh
khWghLfshd cnuhk, wF, ef,
brfis dfhz.
nkY mJ bfhnth

kjf njh w mojs

r fhzgL bkyndhir vw
w mLFfsh khfgLwJ.
bkyndhiro cg ghugajh
fLgLjgLwJ.

2.2 jir kly

kly
jirfsh
MdJ.
J cl afF gagLwJ.
jirRthdJ brf, jir ehfsh
MdJ. J RUFj, Sj nghw va
braghLf _y aFwJ.
kj cl Rkh 700 tifahd jirf
fhzgLwd.
mik, bra miklij bghWJ
jirf _W tifgL. mit
ff vY jirf

vY jirf

ff ccW jirf
ff ja jirf
yFfS mt mirF gagL
cWfS
yFf
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.

mgh
ghua
dh
kG
eru
f
gwitf
btsth

vY jirf

mir cWf

vY jirf _is flisgo

aFwd. J if, fh vYfSl
izfgLsd. cl cWfSl
izJs vYfSl xUizJ
aFj jir kly Kjik
gahF.
xbthU
vY
jir,
jirehfsh vYl
izf
gLsJ.
jirf
jirgly
(fascia) vD iz Rfsh
_lgLsd.

ngh fhf
FWiH (ah)
iH (shb#yh)
cly lh
FHh fhf
JLf
wiff
bglha

jir ehf
it
jikila
iz
R
cWghF.
it
tYthd
gilfis
nghW
vYfSl

30

kj clY, cW klyfS
bjhl bfhLsd. t Gw
VwFiwa O f w ghas
cilaJ. 10 l cs jir eh 600
1000 nyh vilia jhF.

Ujiy jir

jirr
iz Rth Md r vY
jir J xU gly nghW nghitahf
csJ. gly nkwkhfnth MHkhfnth
mikJ Ufyh. nkw cs r,
fL jsila mikghf njhYF,
jirF il UF.
MHkhd
r nfhyh# iHfsh MfgL
raw ciwahf jirfis
RUF. it jirfSF ilahf
brW vYfSl izUF.

Kjiy
jir

jir Ulf

1. jiyw jirf
2. fGJ gF jirf

Ujiy jir Kjiy jir

MdJ.
cjujhd
khgiwia
twiwia wJ.
jir gf

3. cl gF jirf
4. nkif jirf

1. jirf
cl
fhuzkhwd.

5. fh jirf

2. clYF totij bfhLwJ.

y jirfS mt braghLfS
Kfghtidf

afF

3. 
tW
gF
fhzgL
bkikahd
jirf
theh
KGtJ
X
au
nghy
aFwd.

Kfghtidfshd ghj, difj

m milj, Ma braf 30F
nkgl aF jirfsh fwd.
it aF jirfsh eilbgwhY
eik mahk eilbgWwd.

bra 2.2

ehfns brnwh

mUUF
kUJt
f
kUJtkidF
brW
gjgLjgL, ghJfhfgl gntW
kj
jirfis,
cWfis
cWnehf.

_R Lj
_RLjYbfd ehF Ka
jirf
csd.
cRthrkhdJ
nf,
bt
yhvY
il
jirfsh fG. c yhvY il
jirfS, khjirfS bt Rthr
jirfshF. cjujhd _R LjYF
cjwJ. W jireh rdh

nkY mJ bfhnth

xU rJu br.. gugs cs jir 3.5

.. vilia ftyJ.

31

ma

kj cl IJ jir bjhFf
fhzgLwd.

myF - 2

ca

{ fhth (1737-98) vw jh ehil nrj

csika nguha, U rlf jis
Cdh bghUjgl wJnghd jtis fhf
RUFtij jbrayhf flh. jtis jir
mirdh clhF rhu jir RUfF fhuz
vW fhth idjh. rhu jir mirit L
vd fhth mW rahf idUjh. Mdh, mj U
ntWgl cnyhff Ljdh rhu lgL,
mj isthf eu, jirfis RUf brjd.

Ka jirf mikJs lK, afK

v

bga

mikJs l

af

1.

oua
KJF, fGJ jir

KJ nkwK,
fG U wfS

nkUJ Gj

2.

bllhLf
(njh jir)

njhgilf

ifia caJj

3.

bgnlhuf
(kh jir)

kh

jiy ifia mGJj,

iff cl FWfhf
aFj

4.

yhok lhir
(KJF jir)

KJ w mfw
jir

Gj, glF XLj

nghw af

5.

igbr
(Ujiy jir)

nkif KgF

iffis klFj,
tisj

6.

iu br
(Kjiy jir)

nkif gF

iffis Lj,
iffsh mGJj

7.

fh~ jir
( fh jir)

fQfhYF,
KHfhYF il
fh w

ghj K gFia
caj, jhj.

nkY mJ bfhnth

vyh
yFfS
jhilia
mirf
Toad. Mdh,
Kjiy kL
nk jhilia
mirf ToaJ.

32

nkY mJ bfhnth

jirf
vYfsh
GfgLwd.
Mdh
jsgLtiy.
ehF cl mf ms
afYs
aF
jirfS xW.

kj clY, cW klyfS
2.3 vY kly
vY
kly
ekJ
clYF
totij, mikig bfhLwJ.
ekJ cl af cjtj, mjid
ghJfhj,
uj mQfis cg
brj, jhJ cfis nrJ itj
nghw braghLfSF vY kly
gagLwJ. vY kly, vYf,
FUbjY, _Lfis cslaJ.

kj vY kly U fshf
fgLsJ. mit
1. mfrlf

2. izW rlf

mfrlf
cliy neuhf itJ Uf mfrlf
cj.
mfrlf kilnahL,
AahL vY, KJbfY bjhlU,
khTL mlF.

vYf
nlh,
Filahfnth,
jilahfnth,
xGfw
tonyh
Uwd.
f F
_F vY

fghy

nkjhil
jhil

kilnahL
khTL
nkif
vY
L
vY tisa

bjhil
vY

kj kilnahL 22 vYfsh
MdJ. 8 jiy vYfS, 14 Kf
vYfS mlF. jiy vYf
midJ jilahd vYf. it
mirah_odh
izfgLsd.
it
_isia
ghJfhwd.
kil nahL ghj, nfl, Efj,
RitajYfhd
cz
cWfis
ghJfhwJ.
kilnaho
mow
kilnahL
bgUJis
csJ.
j tahf _is KFsUJ
jLtl neh wFwJ.
khTL

kj vYTL
nkY mJ bfhnth

ydJ xwhd bkYlf

bjhF mfrlf ilahJ.

khTL
khbgYl(Sternum)
izfgl yhvYfsh Mf
glJ.
yhvYf
khTo
gF
KJbfY
bjhlUl
izJsJ. khToD kh
FsJ.
khF
mikJs
jaK,
EiupuY
khTodh
ghJfhfgLwJ.
33

ma

kilnahL

myF - 2

ca

kh vY

izJ xU vYghf kh csjh

KJbfY 26 vYfshyhdJ vd
fUjgLwJ.

yh vY
fGJ
KbsY
KJbfY
kh
KbsY

kj khTL
khTL 12 iz yh vYfsh
MdJ.
it xbthW khK
vYl
izfgLsJ.
Kw Kj 10 iz yh vYf
khbgYl (Sternum) izUF.
khbgYl
neuoahf
izJs
Kj 7 iz yh vYfS cik
yh vYf vdgL. 8,9,10 Ma yh
vYf izJ 7MtJ yh vYl
bghUsJ. it bgh yh vYf
vdgL. 11,12MtJ iz yh vYf
khbgYl izaiy. tF
jF yh vYf vW bga.

L
KbsY
UbtY
thKbsY

kj KJbfY bjhl
izW vY kly
izW
vY
kly
njhgil, ifbaYfS kW
L tisaK, fh vYfS mlF.

KJbfY bjhl

njh gil mik

KbsYf izJ rW tisJ

S totKila KJbfY bjhliu
mikJsd.

ifbaYf
njhgilnahL
bghUs gF njhgil vdgL.
njhgilaik njhgil vY
(Scapula) xU fhiubaY (Clavicle)
csJ.
fhiubaY nk Xu
dhL F (ifbaY bghUJ
F ) csJ. jh nkifbaY
(humerus) bghU csJ.

cik
it
33
KbsYfis
bfhlit.
5 gFfshf csd.
ff
ff
ff
ff
ff

KJF
mit

fGJ KbsY - 7,
kh KbsY - 12,
L KbsY - 5,
UbtY - 5,
th KbsY - 4.

ifbaYf

Mdh, UbtYf 5c izJ

xU vYghf, th vYf 4c
34

if nkif vY vw l
xiw vY csJ.
j gF
Kif vYfSl _L mikJ
izJsJ. K if KifbaY

kj clY, cW klyfS

nkif vY

if vY
MubaY

ifbwYf
kj nkif vYf

KHfh X mfw, jilahd

KHfh Y (patella) vY csJ.
fQfh
VG
vYfsh
MdJ.
fh KfhbyY, btbaY
fSl fQfh vYf lhy vw
vYl izfgLsd.
csfh
gF
csfh
vYfS, u vYfS csd.
it if csif vYf, u
vYfSF izahdit.

(ulna)
MuvY (radius)
vd U
vYfSsd. kfL vL a
vYfis bfhLsJ. j vYf
ehF, ehfhf uL tirf csd.
if rlf, csif vYfshyhdJ.
if IJ ufSL. m xU fil
uY, 4 ufS mlF. xbthU
uY l u vYfsh MdJ.
fil u uL u vYfS, w
uf _W u vYfS csd.

bgY
bjhil vY

KHfh
K fhbyY
fhbyY

LbgY, fhfS
kj fh vYf

LbgY tisa
LbgY tisa rhu vD
UbtYghY,
Xiz
fhnr
vD
LbgYfshY
MdJ.
LbgYghdJ a myJ ftL vY,
a myJ L izbgY,
myJ bgY vw _W
vYfshyhdJ.
tisa cs
zF mlhy (acetabulum)
fhfis izwJ.

vYf gf
1. v
 Yf jirf izF
fhuzkhwd.
2. m
 frlf
jhFwJ.

cl

vilia

3. it, c cWfSF ghJfhig

jUwd.
4. rlf lbgaF cjwJ.

fh vYf

5. bfhG, fhaij
lkhf sFwJ.

nkfh gF, bjhil vdgL.

cs fdj, l vY bjhil vY
myJ ~k vdgL. btY nk

nrF

6. vY k{i#, uj tgQfis

cg br lkhf sFwJ.

35

ma

njhgil vY

Kid LbgY zF
bghUJ jiygF csJ. mjDila
gF, fh vYfshd K
fhbyY (tibia) fh btbaY
(fibula) MatWl izJsJ.

myF - 2

ca
kj vYf vif

cz ghij

kj cl 206 vYf csd. mit,

mfrlf 80 vYfS, izW
rlf 126 vYfSkhf csd.

kj
czghij
thia,
kythia izF RUl, jiryhd
FHh MF. J wghd gy gFfis
bfhl 6 Kj 9 l s bfhlJ.
czghij
vgJ
th,
cth,
bjhil, czFH, iuig, WFl,
bgUFl, kyFl, kyth vd gntW
gFfis cslaJ. mnjhL c
Ru, fiza, fu Ru nghw
brj bjhlila RufS izJ
bragLwd.

mfrlf jiy vYf 28c,

KJbfY bjhl 26 vYfS,
khgiw 25 vYfS, 1 AahL vY
vd vYf csd.

2.4 brkhd kly

brj vgJ fyhd cz
_yTWfshd
fhnghiAnuLf,
ujf, bfhGf Matiw Kiwna
FSnfh, mndh myf, bfhG
myf,
ruh nghw va
_yTWfshf khW nt fthF.
j va _yTWf ujY,
zY fywJ.
brkhd kly U fshf
fgLsJ.
mit
czghij,
brkhd Ruf MF.

th
gf
ehF

c Ru
bjhil

Fu tis_o

czFH

fu

iuig
jig
fiza

th
thFF
wwJ.
thF nkgF mz vdgL.
jiugF ehF mikJ csJ.
jhil tirahf gf bghUjgL
csd. th cz GFt Ka
gF twJ.
gf
bgatfSF xbthU jhilY
16 gf j 32 gf csd. mt
4 btL gf, 2 nfhiu gf, 4 K
filth gf, 6 filth gf.
fil filth gf 20MtJ taF
d KisF. vdnt, mgfis
Phdgf vg. gf blil
vdgL vY nghw bghUsh MdJ.
blil nkR, vdhk vw
fod bghUsh Md ciw xW csJ.
vdhk cl f fodkhd gFahF.
czit WW JLf M, czit
miugjF gf cjwd.
ehF

WFl

J Ritia ma cj jirah
Md cW. J th mogF
izfgL csJ. nkgu gy
Ea Rit mUf fhzgLwd.
czit GF nghJ cz FHYF
czit jStjF ehF cjwJ.

bgUFl
Flth

kyth
kyFl

th

brkhd cWf
36

kj clY, cW klyfS
c Ruf
th 3 iz
fhzgLwd.

nkY mJ bfhnth
c

Ruf

kj cl f fodkhd gF
gf vdhk MF.
e th Hdh tw
milnghJ ekh ngr ayhJ.

nkyz
Ru

jhil Ru

c Ruf
mit: 1. nkyz Ruf
2. jhil Ruf
3. ehto Ruf
1. nkyz Ruf: _W iz
Ruf Ruf jh bgait.
it fhJF mU mikJsd.
2. jhil Ruf: xGfw tot
bfhl Ruf jhilf iz
l wkhf mikJsd.

j cw Rt nfhiHgly
bfhl bka mLfhyhd va R
fhzgLwJ.
iuig
iuig gF cz brkhd
Ka gFahF. J t lJ
gF fhzgL jirah Md mfw
ig nghw X cWghF. iuig
_W gFfis bfhlJ. mit
fhoah iuig. ~gl iuig
kW ignyhu iuig. iuig
csLF Ruf iuig iu
RuwJ.
iuig fh
fhzgLwd. mit:
1. bg

3. ehto Ruf: fa Ruf,

eh mow mikJsd.
c Ruf ciu Ruwd.
1. ila ( mny ) vw beh
2. igfhgnd vw c
3. nfhiH 4. iynrhir vw beh
Mait c mlsd.
bjhil
_F, th w bjhil
mikJsJ. 11 br.. s bfhl 7
Jisf csd. mit 2 c ehJisf,
2 nla FHf, th, Futis,
czFH.
czFH
J 22 br.. sKila jirgly
FHyhF.
gF,
bjhilia
iuigl izwJ.

behf

2. bu

3. iAnuh Fnsh my
iuig Rt csLFs W
Ff fhzglToa w tif
brfsha
M[o
brdh
iAnuhFnsh
my
cg
bragLwJ.
thUJ
Jta
brj
f
iuig
cs
iAnuhFsh
my,
behfsh
bjhlJ nkbfhsgLwJ.
WFl
iuigahdJ
ignyhu
vw
Jis tna WFl wwJ.
J 5-7 l sKs RUl FHyhF.
j cRt KGtJ Fl cf
vdgL kofSl csJ. WFl
_W gFfshf fgLwJ. mit
onahod, d, a MF.
37

ma

ehto
Ru

myF - 2

ca
onahod

fu

iuig

onahod
vgJ
VwFiwa
22 br.. sKila 'C' nghw tot bfhl
cWghF.
fu
kj cl fbga Ru cW
fuyhF. j vil VwFiwa 1500
uh. it uL rkkw fJfsh
MdJ. j ty fJ bgaJ. fu
j iu RuwJ. j gir fyj
kr w ut. j jig
nrfukhwJ. j ehs fiza FHhl
izJ onahod wwJ. j
bfhG brjYF cjwJ.
Mdh, j j cfis, j
wfis ju brjYF cj
behf iy.

j
nrhoa
isnfhny

fiza

onahod

fu kW fiza
ehsKs Ruahd fiza fh
behfis RuwJ
1 . o,
2. ifnkho
3. fhgh bgonl
4. mikny
5. iyng
d

j cf

WFl
I
uL
gF
sKilaJ d. onahod bjhl
a KoWwJ. WFl RuF
RubghU WFl uhF. WFl
fh behf fhzgLwd.

nrhoa lhnuh
isnfhny
ig%
j wf

1. Rnu,

igo

2. khnl,

3. yhnl, 4. iyng
fiza

fiza skhd, iy nghw Ru.

J iuigF rW nH mikJsJ.
fiza, fiza iu RuwJ.
fiza,
ehsKs
Ruahf,
ehsyh Ruahf ntiy brwJ.
j nkw yhffh Lf
fhzgLwd. cs Mgh brf,
FSnfhfh vw Ahnkhid, lh
brf, R vw Ahnkhid
Ruwd.

J RUl totKila FHyhF. J

W Fl I _W gF sKilaJ.
j cw Rt fhzgL u
nghw f Fl cf vdgL.
it xbthW 1 .. s bfhlit.
WFl VwFiwa ehF a
FlYf fhzgLwd.
j
cgF bka uj FHhfS
z bfhl Flgh FHfS
fhzgLwd.

38

kj clY, cW klyfS
s bgdh

nkY mJ bfhnth

mfgoahd bfhG fyj czit

cgjdh, jig j ff
clhF.
bgUFl
ilFl

VWFl

wF Fl

clbraa
vw
ca
Jiwia Kj cUthat uh
ehil nrj s bgdh(1813-78).
kj clYF ria bfhLgJ
FSnfh vW, mJ fu
isnfh#dhf
khwgL
nrfgL
vW,
clYF
njitgLnghJ L Rnwhl
fyF
vgij
fljh.
kUJf
clbraiy,
eu
klyij
vthW
khW
vgij mUjh.

khL
Fl
bgUFl

a bjhl, kyiH tiu

Ls gF 1.5 l sKilaJ.
bgUFl _W gFfis bfhlJ.
mit Kiwna f, nfhy, kyFlyhF
(bul).
f
f fil xU KLig
fhzgLwJ. J 5 br.. sKilaJ.
bgUFlY W FlY iz lF
mUfhik Flth mikJsJ. J
Fl g VJkw X cW.
cz ghij gf
1. czit cbfhSj
2. czit brj
3. czit cuj
4. cz jkakhj
5. fit btnaWj
nkY mJ bfhnth

1. bghDF vw itu
nehdh ghfgLtJ nkyz
Ruf.
2. _W iz c RufS
izJ eh xWF 1.5 l
ciu Ruwd.

2.5 ff kly
ff kly Xiz Wuff,
Wuf ehsf Wufig W
wt Ma cWfis cslaJ.
Wuff ujUJ ffis
tofL bra _y Wiu jna
wJ.
Wuff
Wuf Kakhd xU ff
cWghF. J izahf mikj mlj
t wbfhl, mtiu ijtot
cW. J KJbfY U gfY
mikJsJ.
tsjt Wuf
12 br.. sK, 6 br mfyK, 3 br
gUkD bfhlJ. Wuf btgF
FJ, cgF FJ fhzgLwJ.
Fj cgF KJbfY bjhliu
neh UF.
39

ma

myF - 2

ca
md
Ru

nf

2. njh
aitia

btnaWwJ.

bkLyh
ait ah, my, yho
bg
my nghwit csd.

3. fu

iu

nkhFnsh
ijfgLnghJ
clhF
jwfis
fu
btnaWwJ.

jk
W
ig

W
wt

Wuf g
1. uj
tsij
khwnghJ
clhfToa
ieu#
mla
TLbghUis
ahthf
bt
jSwJ.

ff bjhF
brj Ruahd fu tyJ
Wuf nkny fhzgLtjh, tyJ
Wuf rW jhJ fhzgL. Wuf
nf vw iHfsh Md rdh
_lgLsJ.
uL Wuf ehsf, Wuffis
Wigl izwd. Wig
jfhfkhf Wiu nrJ itF
cWghF. W, Wuf ehsfUJ
bkJthf
Wigia
milJ
uwJ. mUJ WuhdJ W
wtahf btjsgLwJ.

2. cl iu vynuhiyLis
rkiygLj cjwJ.
3. my fhurkiyiaxGFgLJwJ.
4. ujY, RfY clhF
CL
fy(Osmatic
pressure)
mGjij rkiygLj cjwJ.
5. shkh ut Ka gF
bghUshd FSnfh kW mndh
myfis
L
shkh
W bfhs cjwJ.
Eiupu
jk

Eiupu
iu
w

beuh
Wuf VwFiwa xU a
Ea be~uhf mikJsd.
j be~uhf Wuf mogil
bra myF MF.
Wuff,
Eiupuf,
fu,
njh
izJ
f
cWfshf
bragLwd.

bg
bkLyh

1. Eiupu
ujUJ
fay
th
( CO2 ), Ma ff Eiupu
btnawgLwJ.
40

Wuf btL njhw

kj clY, cW klyfS
2.6 uj Xl kly
uj Xl kly vgJ ja,
uj, uj FHhfis cslaJ.
kly
uj
Xl
_y nkbgUiu
M#id, ClrJfis cl
vyh ghffSF vLJ brwJ.

kfhjk
Eiupu
jk

LA

RA

bgU
iu

Eiupu
iu
<j
th

RV

LV

_j th
miuru
th

tygF, lgF vd fgLsJ.

kj
ja,
clw,
ehF
miwfnshL Toa fhoah jirah Md
cW. J T totkhdJ. jaij
R uil Rtdh Md ciw csJ.
mjF bgfhoa vW bga. bgfhoa
rF ilgl gF bgfhoa
utjh uggL UwJ.
J
jaij mUJ ghJfhwJ.

ja
lJgF
M#
iwj ujij EiupuflUJ
bgW, jkf _ykhf cl midJ
RfSF brYJwJ.
janjhL bjhlila uj FHhf
tyJ Va - m) nkbgUiu
M) bgUiu
) bfhnuhd iu

ja btL njhw
jaJ
cl
midJ
ghffSF ujij mDwJ.
ja Va vW miHfgL
uL nk miwfS, bt
vD joj Rtiuila uL
miwfS csd.
ja
ilRt

Vnah-btFyh
vw tl Rtdh

tyJ bto - Eiupu jk

lJ Va - Eiupu iuf
lJ bto - kfh jk
xbthU jaJo, xnu rka
ja uL gffY (nk, Hhf)
cJjiy VgL jaij wf
cJ cWghf cUthFwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth

Kjiyf Ctd tFig rhjitfshf

4 miwfis bfhl ja fhzgLwJ.
41

UjhY,

mtWF

kL

ma

ja
kh
miwF,
uL
EiupuYF ilYs oahod
vw gF itfgL UwJ.

ja tygF bgUiuf
_y M#dw ujij bgW
M#ndwkila
EiupuYF
brYJwJ.

myF - 2

ca
ja fhzgL thf

iuf

1. _
 j th :- tyJ VaF,
tyJ btoSF il
fhzgLwJ.
2. <j th :- lJ VaF,
lJ
btoSF
(u
th) il fhzgL.
3. miuru
th:Eiupu
jk, kfhjk wgL l
fhzgLwJ.
uj Xl:
uj Xlij uL fshf
fyh.

bghJthf iuf
ct mw
ujij vLJbrY.
Mdh,
Eiupu iu kL ct iwj
ujij vLJ brwJ.
jJ FHhf
brfSF ilna gu fhzgL
f Ea FHhf jJf. Rnwhl
bjhF fj Toa vyh ntiyfS
jJf kLnk eilbgWtjh, kw
uj FHhfshd jk, iuial
it f KaJt bgWwd.
jk

iu

1. Eiupu uj Xl.
2. bghJ uj Xl.
Eiupu uj Xl
Eiupu uj Xl ct yhj
ujij ja tygfUJ
EiupuYF vLJ brW, ct
cs ujij L ja
lJgfF vLJ bfhL brwJ.
bghJ uj Xl

jJ gLif

nthl mf ms M# cs
ujij ja lJ gfUJ
cl RfSF vLJ brwJ(ja,
Eiupu ju). RW cl Rf
cs ffis bgW ctaw
ujkhf kh ja tyJ gFia
milwJ.
uj FHhf
jkf
jaUJ
brY
uj
FHhfSF jkf vW bga.
bghJthf jkf ct iwj
ujij vLJ brY. Mdh
Eiupu jk kL ct mw
ujij vLJ brwJ.

42

nkY mJ bfhnth

 uj

mGjij
mogilahf
bfhL Wuf ntiy brwJ.
1. xbthU WufY VwFiwa
xU
a
be~uhf
fhzgLwd.
mt 4,50,000
be~uhf
g
iy
Ujh kLnk c thH Ko.
2. jajh btnawgL uj
I xU gF xbthU lK
Wufij milwJ.
mjhtJ
1.250 l ujij Wuf
bgWwJ.

kj clY, cW klyfS
jkF, iuF cs ntWghLf
t.v

jkf

iuf

1.

jaUJ ujij cl
cWfSF bfhL brwJ.

cl cWUJ ujij
jaF bfhL tUwJ.

2.

Eiupu jkia ju
vyh jkfY ct
iwj uj fhzgLwJ.

Eiupu iuia ju
vyh iufY ct
mw uj fhzgLwJ.

3.

jDila Rt fodkhdjhf
r bfhljhf
fhzgLwJ.

jDila Rt bkajhf,
rawjhf fhzgLwJ.

4.

cl jirf MH
fhzgLwJ.

cl jirf nkgF
fhzgLwJ.

5.

thf fhzgLtiy.

thf fhzgLwd.

kj uj

uj
vnuhirLf,
YnfhirLf, uhnghirLf, ut
shkh Mad csd.

bghUfis
bragLwJ.

shkh , ujf, behf,

Ahnkhf,
fiuj
iyYs
jkf,
ff
fhzgLwd.
nkY, shkh nkTa midJ
nkY mJ bfhnth

fzLf: 80 MLfhy thHToa

kj ja Jof vif
72 x 60 x 24 x 365 x 80 Jof

Clfkhf

uj brf
uj 45%
uj brf
fhzgLwd. uj brf _W
tifgL.
m. vnuhirLf
(tgQf) RBC
M. YnfhirLf
( btisaQf) WBC
. uhnghirLf
( uj jLf)

shkh
shkh vgJ uj brf
yhj utkhF. J uj 55%
fhzgLwJ.
shkh
fhujik
bfhl bt kr w utkhF.

flJ

m. vnuhirLf:- ( tgQf )
it t wKila UwK
Fahd jLfshF. kj tgQ
cfU mwJ. nkhFnsh vw Rthr
wia bgW Ugdh, J t
wKilajhf fhawJ. j th
gkhwF (ct kW fay
thit flJtjF) cjwJ. xU fd
l uj 5 a uj
tgQf fhzgLwd. t
theh 120 ehf. it fuY,
kuY mfgLwd.
43

ma

uj xU ghk izRthF.
kj cl ruhrahf 4 Kj 5 l
uj csJ. J clYF njitahd
ClrJfis,
njityhj
ffis, thfis flJtj
_y cl rkiy Uf cjwJ.

myF - 2

ca

uj jLf cfU iy.

t theh xU thu. it
nknuhng{fsh brfgLwJ. it
uj ciwjYF cjwJ.
uj gf
1. brj czit cl vyh
gFfSF bfhL brwJ.
2. tsij khwnghJ clhF
f bghUfis f f
cWfSF bfhL brwJ.

uj tgQf (RBC)
M. YnfhirLf
(btisaQf) WBC
btisaQf wkw, xGfw
tot bfhl kW cfU cs brf.
tgQf vifnahL xL
nghJ it vif Fiwjit.
Mdh, ms bgait. xU fd l
uj Rkh 8000 btisaQf
fhzgLwd.
btisaQf
5
tifgL.
mit : nkhndhirLf,
~nghirLf,
nuh~f,
<ndh~f, ngn[h~f. t
theh 4 thuf.
btisaQf
nehUfl
nghuho
cliy
ghJfhwd.
it
cl
neh
v wid cUthFt Ka
gfhWwJ.

3. 
ehsyh
Ruf
Ru
bghUfis
cl
vyh
gFfSF bfhL brwJ.
4. cl btgiyia uhf itJ
bfhwJ.
5. cl Rfis
bfhwJ.

<ndh~

cWneh mnth

xU J ujij Enzh
itJ ghf.

nkhndhir

m
cs
btisaQit
fLof.
ngn[h

itJ

nuhnghirLfis fhL
( uj kh )
bra 2.3

nuh~

<ukhf

nghir

tgQit,
TJ ghJ

nkY mJ bfhnth

uj btisaQf (WBC)
. uhnghirLf (uj jLf)
uhnghirLf uj jF
jL tot brfshF.
a cfU
mw brfshF. it 1 fd l
uj 2,00,000 Kj 4,00,000 tiu
vif fhzgLwd.
44

bjhil gF fhzgL
FUbjY tisaF fdh
vW bga. RthjnghJ ntW
VjhtJ
btbghUf"fdhit"
bjhLnkahdh gykhd Uk tU.

kj clY, cW klyfS
2.7 Rthr kly

ehF

ehgF bjhil
cs lh
bkikahd mz

fhW

ehF
cth bjhil
Futis_o

iAahL vY
ijuhL
FUbjY

Futis bjhil

fhL
FUbjY

_UJ _RFHYF fhW brY t

ehF
btw
_
ehJthu wwJ. _F bt
bjaToa X mik. ehghij
btw w ehJthuY, cw
bjhilY wwJ.
_RFH (fhWFHh) C tot
FUbjYgh
MdJ.
mjDila
cgF nfhiHglyjh MdJ. nkY,
ahl Toa va RfS
cgF fhzgLwd.

Rthr gu
Eiupu fhzgL bkhj fhW
wiw
btgu
(Rthrgu)
80 Kj 100 rJu l. mjhtJ, VwFiwa
xU bl isahL ikjhdF
izahd gu MF.
_RFH
_Ris
FH

fhW
wiw

Eiupu mik
Eiupu
kj Kakhd Rthr cWf
Xiz
EiupufshF.
it
T totkhdit. khgf ToD
itfgL csJ. Eiupu mogF
cjujhdnjhL xo fhzgLwJ.
tyJ Eiupu _W koid, lJ
Eiupu uL koid bfhL
csJ.
45

ma

clbrfUJ
uj
bfhLtU fay thit
M#id mF gia brtJ
Rthr kly. Rthr kly _W
Ka gFfis bfhlJ. mit:
ehghij, Eiupuf, Rthrjirf.
ehghijahdJ ehF, bjhil,
Futis, _RFH, _RisFH
Eiupufis cslaJ. ehghij
btfhid
EiupufSF
vLJ brwJ. Rthr kly bt
ehJthu
bjhl
ehF,
bjhil,
Futis,
_RFH,
_RisFH, Eiupu KowJ.

myF - 2

ca
Eiupuf uil Rtuh Md
ciwah NHgLsJ. mj ciwF
quh vW bga.
uL ciwF
il cs gF qu miw vdgL.
mj miw qu utjh uggL
csJ.
_RFH EiupuYF brw
uL _R isFHfshf wJ.
_Risf WFHfshf wJ.
_Ris WFHf fhWwiw
ehs Kotil. j fhW wiw
ehs Ko fhW wiwf
(alveoli) fhzgLwd. Fjh th
gkhw fwJ. th gkhw va
gut Kiw fwJ. kj Eiupu
VwjhH 300 aDF nk fhW
wiwf fhzgLwd.
Eiupu
jk

_Ris
W FH

jir
bkik
jir
Eiupu
iu
fhW
wiw ehs

jJf
fhW
wiw

fhW wiwfS, jJ tiyfS

nkY mJ bfhnth

ifdh ghfgL kjfis

cW nehFf.
if mf
ms fhg nkhdhi[L csJ.
mJ xU eRjik bfhl th.
J nkhFnshndhL cldoahf
iztdh _R zw VgL
w VgLwJ.
46

khbrnyh kh (1628-1694)

khbrnyh kh 1628M ML
kh khj jh eho wjh.
mlho jJt gw mt
kUJtuhdh. ma M jid
<LgL bfhl mt, fj
mf ehl cilatuhf fhzglh.
xL csaYF mojsltuhf
fUjgLwh.
gL, jh brj Mfis
1669M ML btlh. tif
fSF RthgjF
Eiupu
ilahJ
vW,
it
cl
gfthL Jisf _ykhf thkly
fhiw cGJ, EFHf tahf
Rthwd
vW
sdh.
j EFHYF _RFH vd
bgalh.
Eiupu brfis mWit brJ
ghJ, m a, bka Rt bfhl
jJf
Ugij
fljh.
jJfjh jkfis, iufis
izwd vW, mit ujij
jaij
neh
brYJwd
vW, Rnwhl bjhF fjToa
midJ ntiyfis, jJfns
fJwd vgij
cyF
bjagLdh.
Vuhskhd
cl
cSWf
mtUila bgaiu jh wd.
Rnwhl, z XlnjhL bjhlila
kha Jff, wnjh R
fhzgL kha mLF, f
fhzgL kha FHf Mait
jF
rhWfshF. f
kha FHf ieu# mla
f bghUfshd my kW
iu kyUJ btnaWwd
vgij kh flUjh.

kj clY, cW klyfS
Eiupu gf
1. uj cs fay thit J btna mDwJ.
2. uj cs ntlhj iu Mah btna mDwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth

eh j cl btgiyia Fiwf ehit btna

bjhfbrJ, ait nghw iu btna r brwJ.

2.8 dbgUf kly

M dbgUf kly

Jehs
nuhnl
Ru
W
wt

Wig
JFH
bfsg
Ru
vilo
jf
ijig

M dbgUf kly

X iz jff ijigD
twiwF btna fhzgLwd.
Vbd, J br cUthfF
rhjhuz cl btgiyial Fiwj
btgiy njitgLwJ.
xbthU
jfK gy tisfis bfhl
J EFHfsh MdJ. Jnt J
briy cUthFwJ. thW M d
bryha J br cUthFj J
bryhf vdgL.
jfYs

ilpL brf M dbgUf

Ahnkhdhd Mnuh#id cg
brtnjhL
J
bryhfij
fLgL
ulh
iy
gh
gfshd jho, ir tsj, cl Ko
tsj, fdj Fu Mait njhw
fhuzkhwd.
jfYs brnlh brf
(jh brf) cUthF JbrfSF
Cl mwd.
cUthd Jbrf J ehsij
milJ W fhthia milwJ.
J W, J brtjF xU bghJ
ghijahf mikJsJ.
J ehs
ghij fhzgL brd ig,
nuhnl Ru jf Rufis
nrgjh Jbrf brk vdgL.
nfhiH(utkhf) bghUshf khWwJ.
J J brfSF ClkgnjhL
Jbr el bry cjwJ.
nkY mJ bfhnth

KjKj
J
briy
flJ tiujt Ml th
tAh (1632 1723).
47

ma

M dbgUf kly Kjiy

gh cWghd jfij, Jiz
dbgUf cWghd brd ig,
nuhnl Ru, uh, M F Ma
cWfis cslaJ.

myF - 2

ca
bg dbgUf kly

Kj J br mik
J jiy, fGJ, eLghf, th vd
ehF ghffis bfhlJ. jiy
xiwika
iybfhl
cfU,
KgF
iAahnlR,
nuhonaho behfis bfhl
mnuhnrhK fhzgLwJ.
fGJ
gF mik, nrik brnahf
fhzgLwd.
eLgF
RU
tot
iknlhfhahit
bfhLsJ.
thgF Fiwj ms irnlhshrij
bfhLsJ. J J ut Clf
bry gagLwJ.

jiy

eLcl

fUig ~gl

ml ehs
Myh

lf

go
y
fUig

br
nah
bg dbgUf bjhF kly
J mlfij, Jiz dbgUf
cWfshd fUig ehsf, fUig,
br, fy fhth Matiw
bfhLsJ. mlf 28 ehSbfhU
Kiw (khjlh RH ) mlij
cUthFtnjhL
bg
dbgUf
Ahnkhdha
<nuh#id,
nuhb#onuhid RuwJ.
xnth
mlYs
gh
brf mlij cUthF KiwF
ml cUthf vgJ bga. fUig
X
clw
fdkhd
RtUila,
jirahyhd igahF.
fUig _W
mLFfis bfhLsJ. Fjh
fUKil
gfgL,
ClgL
tsfgLwJ.
fy
fhth
vgJ
brir,
dbgUf
fyfhthia izF xU eh
jirahyhd FHyhF.
J fy
nghJ, jQfis bgWtnjhL w
FHhahf bragLwJ.
<nuh#
Ahnkh mlbr cUthfF
JiztnjhL ulh iy gh
gfshd khgf ts, Ko tsj,
bgdFa Fu MatF
fhuzkhwJ.

th

nkY mJ bfhnth

J
Jtf
nrJ
itfgLwJ.
f
Fiwj
btgiy
ut
ieu#
_ykhf ciwj iy gy MLf
nrfyh. mit cUlnd UF.
j Jbrfis nrhjidFHh
FHij clhFtjF, braif
lF gagLjyh.

kj ml mik
kj ml Vbyj tifia
rhjJ (fU cz mwJ).
fhof
48

kj clY, cW klyfS

1. itl
r:
mlij
xo fhzgL bka xF
jikila r.
2. nrhdh bgYlh: itl rF
mLjgoahf fhzgL joj
xF r.
3. bfhnuhdh nuonalh: bt gF
fhzgL,
gh
brfsh
cUthd joj ciw.
khjlh RH
xU
bg
gUtkilj
fhy
Kj
khjlh
ujukh
F
tiu (fgfhy fyhf) 28 ehSF
xUKiw bg dbgUf cW
VgL khwF khjlh RH
vW bga. ml btpLF wF
ml bgnyha FHh bfhL
tugL,
fUWj
eilbgWwJ.
fUWj fHiyba, fUig
vnlhbka Rt cJ ujK
fUig
R
btnawgLwJ.
jF khjlh vW bga.
J _W iyf eilbgW.
i. ~ghFyh iy myJ bgUf
iy ( 5 Kj 14 eh )
ii. oa iy myJ K khjlh
iy (15 Kj 28 eh)
iii. khjlh iy (1 Kj 5 eh)
1. ~ghFyh iy
l
RuF FSH vdgL
ghfis L Ahnkhdh
iy lgLwJ. iy
Kjyh iy ml gh br tsJ,
Kailj uh~a ghf
btoJ mlij bgnyha FHYF
mDwJ.
jF ml LgLj
vW bga.

2. oa iy
iy lUJ LH vdgL
oid Ahnkhdh lgLwJ.
ml mQ btnawF wF,
uh~a gh cilj gF
fhg oa vD ehsyh
Ruahf khWwJ. J nuhb#onuh
vD fg fhy Ahnkhid RuwJ.
j
Ahnkh
vnlhbkaij
jofbrJ, fUig fUw mlij
bgWtjF jahgLJwJ. ml
fUwhlh ml kW fUig
Rt bkikahd R cJ khjl
RHnghJ btnawgLwJ.
3. khjlh iy
nuhb#onuh,
<nuh#
Ahnkhf Ru Fiwj cl
vnlhbkOa
fUig
cRtUJ
btnawgL
mf
ms ujnghF VgL. J bkr
myJ khjlh MF. j Ko
fh oakhdJ xU tLthf mik,
mtikF fhg Mf vW
bga.
fUWj eilbgW j
ml
mQ
btnawnghJ
Kj mlkhdJ btgL, ml
ehs
Jis
gF
tahf
EiHJ Myh gFia tjil.
gF fUWj fG.
xU
jQ, ml mQnk ciwaha
nrhdhbgYlhit
JisJbfhL
cEiH. iwJ iu xU
fUr njhWtjh xWF nkgl
jQf c EiHtJ jLfgLL.

fUWj

49

ma

Jffis,
fUjLfis
bfhlJ. ml gy ml rfsh
NHgLsJ.

myF - 2

ca
2.8.1 fU ts
sbgUf

fUWj

fUnfhs

ml LgLj

fUgj

mlf

s bgUfK fUgjY
fUw Kil fUKil vdgL.
fUWj fj clndna kiwKf
f eilbgWwd. fUts
Kj iy sbgUf vdgL.
s
bgUf
Ko
mj
fU shLyh vdgL. mj bt
wRt Clglykhf kh fUig
gfgLwJ. jF fU gj vW
bga.
gj fUit R btfU
rfshd
Mah,
mylh,
nfhah
fU
ig
Mait
cUthwd. Mah ut Clfij
cUth
fUF
bfhLwJ.
J fUit cyuhkY, mUJ
ghJfhwJ. nfhahD mylhR
jh nr iz RnthL izJ
fhzgLwJ. J fUF th
gkhwij fJtnjhL kLkyhk
ieu# mla ffis fUUJ
btnaWwJ.
jhia,
nria
izf gagL jhnr izR
mylhdh cUthwJ.

Kil fUw ehUJ FHij wF

eh tiu cs fhy 9 khjf MF. fU,
fUigD UF fhy fUts fhy
vdgL.

fU ts gntW iyf

fU sthY, vilY f ntfkhf

tsJ ts KGik milwJ.

fUts fhy kj fU tsnghJ

50

fUts j xgJ khjf

_W
iyfshf
fgL,
xbthW _W
khjf bfhl
fhyfshf fhzgLwd.
Kj gUtfhy
j iynghJ, xU br fU
Kil L L sgL fUthf
khWwJ. cW cUthf _y
gntW cWf cUthwd.
ulh gUtfhy
fU ntfkhf tsailwJ. Rthr,
uj Xl klyf tsailJ
bragl bjhlFwd. jirfS
vYfS ewhf cUthwd.
_wh gUtfhy

kj clY, cW klyfS

kj fUts
FHij w

FHij w fil iyahf

fig jirf iuthd, mGjkhd
RUf isthf FHijahdJ
tilj
fyfhth
tahf
btna jsgLwJ. iy Jtiu
jhia nria izJ bfhoUj
izR (bjh bfho) mWfgL,
FHij jna vLfgLwJ. y
lf
fJ
bjh
bfho
fUigUJ JofgL wF
bfho ahf btnaWwJ.
gh Ruj
wF KjKiwahf jh gh
RuUJ RuF gh gh vdgL.
J
uj,
gntW
ClrJf,

Moghof (EQ v bfhf)

Matiw bfhLsnjhL FHijF
neh v wid cUthFwJ.
l Ahnkhdhd nuhyho gh
Rujiy LwJ.
jhgh wf
J
ikahdJ,
fyglkwJ
nehbjhyhjJ
(UfswJ),
v ilfToaJ.

wj FHijF Vw btgiy
ilwJ.

FHijia
itu,
ghOah
bjhWfUJ
bjhlffhy
ghJfhwJ.
uhkwf
jhgh
itu,
ghOah
Ufsh
njhW
ftF
brhL
kUjhf
fnehfSfhd
KjYj
irF gagLwJ.
100 jhgh fnyh k 70Mf
csjh, FHij njitia KY
iw brwJ.

jhgh
UF
nynlhbg
vw uj, Fl, Rthr bjhUJ
FHijia ghJfhwJ.

51

ma

wF
yehSF
Kd
Jtiu fUigD nkneh Uj
FHij
jiygF
neh
U fy fhth fGJgFF
nkny mikwJ. w mFahf
Mnlh Ahnkh brayh fUig
uhf RUf bjhlFwJ. nghfnghf
j RUf ntfkhf, mofo
elwJ. J w t bjhlf
iyahF. jid bjhlJ fUig
bjhlahf mfkhf RUFt _y
Mah vw gFl cilJ g,
fyfhth _y btnaWwJ.

myF - 2

ca

kh kL
gF -m
I. fh dhfSF ila:
1. Gs izfis J Lgl brhfis fLof.
m) ja : bgfhoa ; Eiupu

: __________

M) th : c

: __________

; fu

) njh : nehf clYF brtij jLF; btisaQf : _______.

2. nH bfhLfgLs brhfis J Lgl jir bgaiu vGJf.
cRthr

: nfnd kW btyh vY il jir

btRthr

: ( i ) __________, ( ii ) __________

3. bu, yhnlh, iyng Mait behf.

FSnfhfh, R Mait __________
4. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf
Eiupu jk wgL lY kfhjk wgL lY fhzgL th
i ) _jth

ii ) uth

iii ) Mnyh-btoFyh th iv ) miuruth

5. ntWglij tlLf.
m) czFH, iuig, _RisFH, a, kyFl.
M) fhN, uj jLf, beuh, Wehs, Wig.
) K
 Hfh Y, btL gf, nfhiu gf, Kfilth gf, filth
gf.
<) fGJ KbsY, jajir, kh KbsY, L KbsY, UbtY
c) Futis, Wig, _RFH, _R isFH, fhW wiwf.
6. iHfis U vGJf.
m) mfnjh cl btgiyia xGFgLj cjwJ.
M) Eiupuf bgfhoadh NHgLsJ.
7. fUw fhy khjlh RH eilbgwhJ. FHij wF khjlh
RH L bjhlFwJ. jF fhuzkhd Ahnkhid mj gfis
TWf.
8. FHij w nghJ, jh mf tia czUwh. mjF fhuzkhd
Ahnkh bgaiu mj KaJtij TWf.
9. nfhol lij uf.
m) difj __________ jirfsh fwd.
M) _is __________ vw jiy vYfsh ghJfhfgLwJ.
52

kj clY, cW klyfS
) Kj__________ iz yh vYf cik yh vYf vdgL.
<) __________ ehs cs Ruahf ehsyh Ruahf ntiy brwJ.
c) WFH cw Rt fhzgL u nghw f __________ vdgL.
C) brkhd cW bga KLig __________ MF.
v) czFHYs Fl g VJkw cW __________ MF.
10. nH bfhLfgLsitfis tirgLJf.
m) czFH, kyFl, bgUFl, WFl, iuig.
M) czit cbfhSj, fit btnaWj, czit cuj, czit
brj.
) Fqnfh, lh, khnlh.
<) d, a, onahod.
11. fiyJs vGJfis rbrJ nfhol lij uf.
m) khgiwia, twiwia F jir eh rdh Md cW __________
MF. (ujhcjd)
M) Wuf mogil bra myF __________ MF.( ~uhbef)
gF -M
I. fh dhfSF ilaf:
1. vbjj cWf t _y ghJfhfgLwd?
m) kil XL

M) khTL

2. cl bkikahd jirf fhzgL uL cWf bgaiu vGJf.

4. bghJ uj Xl, Eiupu uj Xlilna ntWghL jUf.
5. m) KbsYfsh Md KJbfY bjhl S tot csJ-fhuz TWf.
M) lJ Wufij l tyJ Wuf J jhJ fhzgLwJ - fhuz TWf.
6. FHij wF Kj Kiwahf jh gh RuUJ RuF gh __________
vdgL. __________, __________ rJf iwJsJ.
7. fu, fiza gl tiuJ ghffis Ff.
8. nfhol lfis uf.
m) Kf cs vYf vif __________
M) kfo cs vYf vif __________
) xbthU jhilY vjid K filthgfcsd __________
<) xbthU jhilY vjid gf csd __________

53

ma

3. jajir, vYjirUJ vthW ntWgLwJ?

myF - 2

ca
9. fh Tiw uf.

___________

___________

jcf

jwf

___________

___________

10. bfhLfgLs njh glij ftf.

m) x, y , z vgit vd?
M) x- KaJtij vGJf.
) Y , Z Ruf ahit?
<) Rufdh clYF VgL eikf ahit?
11. bghUJf.
m)
m

~k

nkif vY

oah

njhgil vY

nfyh

bjhil vY

nsf

Kfh vY

A]ku

fhiu vY

M) tU af rhj brafSF bghUjkhd cW bga, mj

mikl MatWl bghUJf.
bga

mikJs l

af

m) khjir
(bgnlhuf)

fQfhYF KHfhYF
il fh w

ifia caJj

M) Ujiyjir
(igbr)

njhgilf

ghj K gFia
caj, jhj

)  fhjir
(fh~ jir)

kh

iffis klFj, tisj

<) njh jir

(bllhLf)

nkif gF

jiy ifia mGJj,

iff
cl
FWfhf
aFj

12. brhbwhl (m) njhYF mo fhzgL bkyndhir vD wfsh kj

njh w khfgLwJ.
fhuz (M) kj njh wij braif mHF bghUfsh khwKoahJ.
ilf
i) brhbwhl m r; fhuz M jtW
ii) brhbwhl m jtW; fhuz M r
iii) fhuz M MdJ m-it sFwJ
iv) fhuz M MdJ m-it sfiy
54

kj clY, cW klyfS
13. nH bfhLfgLs mltiz bghUjhjij fLof.
cWfS

behfS

1. c Ru

ila

2. iuig

bg

3. fiza

Rnuh

4. d

khnl

14. cWgLJj: m) X
 iz jff ijigD twiwF btna
fhzgLwd.
fhuz : M) Jbr cUthfF cl btgiyial Fiwj btgiy
njitgLwJ.
i ) m r; M jtW

ii) M MdJ m it sFwJ

iii) M rahdJ; m jtW

iv) M MdJ m it sfiy

15. J kj ja btL njhw

1. gl fhzgL X-, Y- vdbtW TWf.

2. mt gfis vGJf.

16. jfigf clYF btna mikJsd. fhuz TWf.

17. nkgl cdf ulh iygh gf _y M, bg vd
ntWghLfis fhzKo. kj fhzgL M, bg gfis goaLf.

19. tsU fU, bjhbfho _y jhl bjhl bfhs KowJ. bjh bfho
gF ahJ?
20. kj fg fhy 9 khjfis KgUt vdgL _W fhyfshf fyh.
Kj gUt fhzgL khwfis tf.
21. jhgh FHijF xU KGikahd cz. jid ahagLJf.
22. f, cUkhw nghJ Fl fhy ilbtf njhYj eilbgWwJ.
f bgaiu KaJtij TWf.
23. bAghoo nehw xUt, bfhG iwj czfis czTlhJ vW
mWjgLwh.
m) neh cl vj cWig ghgila brwJ?
M) mj cW RuF ut bga vd? mj gF bghUf ahit?
) Ru jfhfkhf vnf nrfukhwJ?
<) Ru VnjD behf csdth? Ru gfis vGJf.

55

ma

18. J brY, ml brY xiwka(n) Fnuhnkhnrhf fhzgLwd.

fhuz TWf.

myF - 2

ca

24. uj btis mQf (WBC) cl neh vw Ka gfhWwJ.

cf fUid ahagLJf.
25. fha Vgl clnd J neu uj f VgLwJ. uj fit WJ
f bga vd? gnfF brf ahit?
26. th gkhw ( O2 , CO2 ) Eiupu fwJ. mj f bga vd? mjid
tiuaWf.
27. Jff ehJthuf FJ Ukiy Jkiy VgLJwJ. fhuz
jUf.
28. m) __________ jk ct Fiwj ujij vLJ brwJ.
M) __________ iu ct iwj ujij vLJ brwJ.
29. ait Ruf cl btgiyia gLJt cjwd. vgo?
30. rhnyLf,
f cgjh gbrhijia VgLJwJ. J rah?
cfSila Tiw ahagLJf. th Rfhjhuij ngQtjfhd tKiwfis
TWf.
31. if _R zwiy VgLJwJ. fhuz jUf.
32. Fiwj uj tgQf bfhl iyahd ujnrhifdh gh ghfgL
Uwh. mj f bghJthd mF nrhtilj. jfhd fhuz jUf.
gF-
1. gl tiuJ ghffis FJ tU dhfSF ilaf.
m) 1 Kj 7 yh vYf bga vd? fhuz TWf.
M) 8, 9, 10 yh vYf bga vd? fhuz TWf.
) 11 kW 12MtJ yh vY KaJt vd?
<) kh ToD fhzgL U cWfis TWf.
2. Wuf btL njhw

glid tiuJ 1 kW 2 ghffis Ff.

3. vYf gfis goaLf.

4. Wuf, cl kW c msit rkiygLJwJ. mj w gfis
TWf.
5. jkfS, iufS cl ujij vLJ brwd. jkF, iuF cs
ntWghLfis TWf.

56

kj clY, cW klyfS
6. brkhd kly cz brY ghijia Ff. nH bfhLfgLs
bgofis tirahf uf.
th

bjhil

WFl

kyiH

7. nH bfhLfgLs goaUJ brhfis njbjLJ gia uf.

uj tgQf __________, __________ jL nghw brf. J __________
vw Rthr wia bgUgjdh, t wKilajhf fhawJ. e
cl __________ kW __________ flJtjF nkhFnsh cjwJ.
xU fdl uj __________ uj tgQf fhzgLwd. it
__________ cUthwd. j theh __________ . it __________ kW
__________ mfgLwd.
(120 ehf, 5 af, vY k{i#, nkhFnsh, fu, fay th,
UwK F, f w, ku, ct )
8.
 jaUJ EiupuYF, clYs kw ghffSF brY uj Rid
flf. m gF tF uj FHh bgafis TWf.
Eiupu
ja

( bgUjk, Eiupu jk, bgUiu, Eiupu iu)

nkY ma
jf: Manual of Zoology Vol.II - Chordata - M.Ekambaranatha Ayyar and

T.N.Ananthakrishnan, S.Viswanathan Printers and Publishers.
izajs: h
 ttp://www.enchantedlearning.com

http://www.khanacademy.org
57

ma

cl ghff

myF

c - nta RH
xx RH
xx ieu# RH
xx c t RH

58

c - nta RH
3 c - nta RH
cuw NHYF (k, ghiw, fhW,
nghwit), cdfSF ilna
eilbgW _yTWf myJ nrkf
RH Xl, c- nta RH
vdgL. j c- ntbghUf
cd fsh gagLjgL, mit
wj d mt cl EQfsh
ijfgL L Niy kly
fyfgLwJ, thW cUsit,
cuwit j thif RH
bjhlJ jfSilna
ilid
wd. bghJthf Niy kly
jhtuf cgahsuhf, yFf
Efnthuhf csd. ghOah, ir
nghw ijgit _y mff f
bghUfS, w wj bghUfS
ijfgl
mntbghUf
RWNH
lgLwd.
it
jhtufsh
L
gagLj
gLwd.

jhtufSF, yFfSFkhd ilid

gRjhtufsh
bgwgl
Mw
xU tirukkhf w rh Cl
cfSF
myJ
EfnthUF
fljgLwJ. J cz ria
cUthFwJ. cdf RthF
bghGJ
ctia
vLJbfhL
fay
thit
btLwJ.
jhtuf
xnrif
bghGJ
j faythit vLJbfhL
ctid btLwd. thW
jhtufS, yFfS xiwbahW
rhJsd.

fhW, , k, Nax, btgiy

Mait
RWNH
cuw
fhuf
MF.
kj
cl
midJ cdfS, RWNH
cUs
fhuf
mlF.
Niy bjhF nkTa uL
aikahj
gFbghUfis
cslaJ. cdfS mt
thlYs aa fhufis
cla Niy bjhFng Niy
kly vdgL. xU thl cs
cdfSF
mit
rhJs

Ka

3.1 RH
RWNH xU Ka gFbghU
MF. J midJ cdfSF
f aikahj xwhF. fbga
njffshf(iyf) sf Toa
bgUflf UJ, kw iyfshd

59

ma

Niy
fhufSF
cs
bjhlig tF ca xU
Niya vdgL.

myF - 3

ca

Na

jh
tu
ti
ff

(Xi

U
lf

J
U
J)
k

UJ
bgU
fl
U
J
uh

ngh
F

kiH nkff

nkf njhWj

Mahj

gothj
ji

un

CLUj

gu

t
go l
f
j gh
M
Jg
iw g j
uj
uj

y
jo
RH

bgUfl

Rs fhiw Fu brJ, mtiw

RY btgiyia Fiwg bgU
gfhWwd.
yFf iyfYs czl
nrJ iu vLJ bfhwd.
iu Rthj _y uh to
t klynfh myJ ff
_y ut to knfh U
mDwd.

MWf, Vf, Fsf UJ

Mah nkffis njhWwJ.
nkff cs uh F milJ
kiHahf
bghwJ. kiH, MWf
_ykhf brW W fliy milwJ.
jhtuf, yFf _ykhf RH
eilbgW.
jhtuf
k
myJ
njff UJ iu c
mfgoahd iu uhngh _y
uhahf fh (t kly)
nrwd. kufsh btnawgL

cdf
w,
ij
nghw ffsh RWNHYl
nrfgLwJ.
uhnghF
Rthj clhd uh nkffis
njhWwJ. jhtuf, yFf
gagLJ tif kiHuhdJ k
tJ nrwJ. Mdh mfgoahd

c
_yTWf
<Lgho
neuoahf kWRH bragLwJ. Na
btgjhY,
fhdhY
fl,
V
nghwtUJ uhahf khWwJ.
j uh tkly nkffis
njhWJ, d kiHahfnth myJ
gJfshfnth bghwJ.

nkY mJ bfhnth
e
 cl _ uL gF
mlsJ.

 Ys
bkhj
,
tHf 97% bgUflf, 2%
gKfLf(ice caps), 1% yjo
twh MdJ.
2
 0 l o, dYl Toa
a 125,000,000 fhyf iu
nH mD (1 fhy vgJ
4.5 lUF rk).

60

c - nta RH
3.2 ieu# RH

jhtu

cz

f f
w kW
yF
mGFj
w kW mGFj
mnkhah

ijgitf
j
th
h
a

kh
n

ieu#
btnaw

ca iyghL

v
b
v ghU
j

tkly ieu#

ienulhj
k cs
ieu# Fs

aif ieu# RH
cdf
jkF
njitahd
uj, myfis jahf
njitahd Ka jk ieu#
MF. tkly 78% ieu#id
bfhoUjhY mnkhah, mndh
myf
myJ
ienuLfshf
khwglhj
tiu,
j
ieu#id
cdf neuoahf gagL bfhs
ayhJ. aa,
ca braf
_ykhf j mikf xUJ
kbwhwhf ilkhw milJ xU
Fl iyahd ms ieu#id
tkly iyUf br
bra ieu# RH vdgL. ieu#
RH fh iyfis cslaJ.

tklyYs
ieu#id
mnkhahf,
ieiuLfshf,
k iyWjgL f ieu#
iyWjgLj vdgL. jhtuf
tkly
ieu#id
neuoahf
gagLj ayhJ. ca ieu#
iyWjgL nghJ mn[hnlhghl,
iunrha nghw ieu#id iyWJ
ghOaf kW ehlh nghw
ygRghf
thiy
ieu#id
mnkhahthf,
ienuLfshf
khWwd. tklyYs ieu#
d VgL nghJ MfuzkilJ
1. ieu# iy WjgLj.
kiH
fyJ
k
gu
2. ieu# jkakhj.
CLU
brwJ.
k
3. mnkhahthj.
ieu#id iygLJ ghOahf
ieu# RH gFbgW cf
braghL

cd bga

ieu#
iyWjgLj

iunrha, mn[hnlhghl, ehlh

mnkhahthj

mnkhahthF ghOaf, irf

ienulhj

ienuhnrhnkhdh, ienuhghl

ieu# btnaw

Nnlhnkhdh
61

ma

4. ienulhj.
5. ieu# btnaw.

myF - 3

ca

ghOaf irf braghodh

ijfgL
mnkhahthf
btnawgLwd.
mnkhah
cUthF j f mnkhahthj
vdgL.

fhzgLwd.
j
ieu#id
iyWJ ghOahf byTd
jhtukhd glh, mtiu Mat
ntKLfY csd.
ieu# jkakhj

ienulhj

jhtufsh vLJ bfhsgl

ienuLf, uj, myf
nghw
fkbghUfis
jahf
gagLwd.
yFfsh
gagLjgL
jhtuujfS
w
ieu# TLbghUfS yd
ujfshf khwgLwd.

braKiw
bghGJ
ienuhghl,
ienuhnrhnkhdh
nghw
kth
ghOafdh,
mnkhahthdJ
ieiuLfshf,
ienuLfshf khwgL d
it
jhtuf
ntf
_y
crgLwd.

mnkhahthj

ieu# btnaw

yd ujf ah,
my
myJ
mnkhahthf
btnawgLwJ. jhtuf, yFf
wFbghGJ,
mt
ujf

Nnlhnkhdh
nghw
kth
ghOaf k cs ienu
mafis th ieu#dhf FiwJ
tklyF U mDwd.

3.3 fhg RH

xnrif
mGFj

tkly
fay th

Rthj

gRjhtuf
xnrif _y CO2 I
fkTLbghUfshf
fLwd.

S
fh

kh
go
t

b
c

m
j
h

Rt
v

yFf
jhtu
bghUfis
yF
Rfshf
khWj

f gila jhtuf
gotfshd yf,
bgnuha, aif th

fhg RH
midJ cdfS fk TLbghUfsh Mdit. midJ fk TL
bghUfS fhgid bfhLsd. fhg _W Ka Mjhuf:
1. fhYs fay th (CO2) kW flf fiuJs fay th.
2. nkgu cs fhgnd ghiw.
3. gok vbghUfshd yf, bgnuha.
62

c - nta RH
nkY mJ bfhnth
fhg RH yho, fhg kWRH mila Koahk, cf cthH Koahj
iy VgL.
tkly cs fay th, cd cyfF mjhtJ gRjhtufSF
xnrif _y fhnghiAnuLf (cz)
jahgjfhf gagLwJ.
jhtucz jhtucfsh cbfhsgLwJ. d jhtucfis
cbfhS a, bga CcfSF thw cz _y fljgLwJ.
xbthU czl iyY Rthr braghLf fay thit tklyF
U mDwd. wj fkbghUf ij, gok vbghUf vj, vkiy
braghLf _ykhf fayth tklyF UwJ.

3.4 ct (M#) RH
tkly
ct O2

fk _yTWf
C6 H12 O6

xnrif

CO2

H 2O

ctRH
midJ cdfS Rthf ct njitgLwJ. ct xU gF
bghU MF. J tkly cs fh 20% csJ. ct, Rthj _y
cdfis milwJ. J cz bghUfis Mfuz milabrJ Mwiy,
faythit cg brwJ. xnrif bghGJ cz jahf jhtuf
faythit gagL, ctia tkly btna RWNH xU
rkiyia iyWJwd.

63

ma

Rthj

myF - 3

ca

kh kL
gF -m
I. bghUjkhd xiw njbjLf.
1. tkly cs fh, ct ___________ ms csJ.
m. 20%

M. 30% . 40%

2. fbga njl
m. Fs

<. 45%

___________ .

M. V

. bgUfl

<. zW

3. j
 htuf k myJ njffUJ iu c, mfgoahd iu
___________ _y uhahf tkly nrwd.
m. xnrif

M. cRj

. Rthj

<. uhnghF

4. nkffYs Jff ___________ milJ kiHahf bghwd.

m. Mahj

M. Failj . gothj

5. cdf cl
___________ MF.
m. M#

uj,

M. ieu#

myf

<. fJ guj

jahf

. fhg

njitahdJ

<.

gF -M
I. bghUJf.
1

ieu# btnaw

ir

mnkhahthj

Nnlhnkhdh

ieu# iy
WjgLj

ienuhnrhnkhdh

ienulhj

<

iunrha

II. tUtdiw tiuaWf.

1) Niya
4) ieu# RH
7) ieu# btnaw
10) c nta RH

2) RWNH
3) Niy bjhF
5) ienulhj 6) mnkhahthj
8) ieu# iygLJj 9) Fj

III. nfhol lij uf.

1.

_________

(/ Ka)

2.
 yd
ujf
__________________
( mky / my)

Mf

IV. bghUjhj xiw njbjLJ vGJf.

1) jhtuf, k, , fhW, x
2) iunrha, ienuhnrhnkhdh, mnrhnlh ghl, ehlh
64

btnawgLwd.

c - nta RH
V. tU dhfSF ilaf.
1. byTd jhtuf k tsij nkgLJwJ. fhuz ahJ?
2. fhg Ka Mjhuf ahit?
3. ijgit vwh vd?
4. nH bfhLfgLs cdfis bfhL FiwjJ uL cz rfis
mikf.
f, , , kh, e, Ka.
5. fhg RH xbthU czl iyY Rthr braghLf fay thit
tklyF U mDwd. tha czl iy vgJ
g mtJ vd?
Ijh czliy(kF)
fGF

ehfh czliy

gh
jtis
btL

_wh czliy
ulh czliy
Kj czliy

7. jhtufS, yFfS xiwbahW rhJsd. j Tiw f VW

bfhfsh? sFf.
8. jtWfis Rofho iHfis UJf:m) gRjhtuf xnrifF Nax, , M# njit.
M) aa fhufis w cdfis csla yFf, jhtuf
thG RWwnk thl vdgL.
9. 
f gila jhtuf gokfis vgjdh fhg RH rkiy
ghgilwJ. fhuz TWf.
10. yf, bgnuhaK fhg RH, gF bghUf vw Tid sFf.
11. xU Niy bjhF xbthU czl iyY fhg vthW RHwJ.
( cgahsf

jhtu cf

C cf)

12. CO2 , O2 RHf xnwhL xW bjhlilait. fUij ahagLJf.

65

ma

6. jhtuf ehlh, iunrha nghw cdfis rhUgJ V? fhuz TWf

myF - 3

ca
gF-

1. c
 uf ieu# csJ. mfgoahd ieu# jhtuf nrUnghJ
m is f rkiyawjhf csJ. J vthW fwJ vd sFf.
2.  RH uh nghF, cuw fhuf gF vd? fhuz TWf.
3. ct vthW kWRH bragLwJ? tiugl bfhL sFf.
4. tUtdt jhtuf gid sFf.
m) ieu# RH

M) fhg RH

) ct RH

5. fh flfis uf.
Niy kly

fhW

btgiy
6. fh Niy kly glid cWneh, m mla gF bghUis
g tf.

66

c - nta RH
7. bfhLfgLs ieu# RHia tiuJ, m kW M it FLf.

jhtu

cz

f f
w kW
yF
mGFj
w kW mGFj
M

ijgitf
j
th
ah

kh
n
m

ieu#
btnaw

ca iyghL

v
b
v ghU
j

ienulhj
k cs
ieu# Fs

gJiufgl braghLf
1. khztfis W FGfshf f. xbthU FGdiu brjh, w
jfUJ fhg RH ga JL glfis nrff bra. nrfj
j g vGJtnjhL, xbthU FGdU tFgiw rf khzt Kiy
vLJ TWj ntL.
2. RHia sF kh xiw cUthFf.
3.  bjhlJ aF iyUwJ. mJ vF brW nrwJ?
j fijia brhY Mw iljh j tuyhwhf vbdd TW?
- v thif fij jahf.

5.
 nrF kW kiHbghit nkgLJ Kiwfis vLJfhL gjhif
xiw tiuf.
6. kfbjhif bgUf, kj d bghWgw braghLf fhuzkhf
aif tsf ghfgL mj fhuzkhf c-nta RH rkiy
jtWwJ. jid sF Rtbuho xid jahf.

nkY ma
jf: Plant Ecology 2008 - Shukla R.S and Chandel P, S.Chand Publishers.
izajs : http://www.wisegeek.com
67

http://www.ucar.edu

ma

4. Mu MLfSF wF nghJ cs iu l mfkhf fhzgLkh?

myJ Fiwthf fhzgLkh? vd thf.

myF
H H

Cl

Cl

H H

Cl

Cl

O O
H H

O
O

ntrkghL
xx maf tiff
xx ne maf, v maf
xx ntrkghLf
xx FWFbgUf Kiw ntrkghLfis vGJj
xx ntrkghLfis rk brj

68

ntrkghL
4. ntrkghL
jhtuf jkF njitahd czit(fhnghiAnu) xnrif vw nt
id _y jahJ bfhwd. xnrifF, i) fhg-ilMi[L
ii) iii) Na x iv) gira Mait njitgLwd. xnrifia fh
rkgho _y sfyh.
fhg-ilMi[L +

Nax

gira

fhnghiAnu + M#

thW ntidf rhj tufis bjhFJ, RUfkhf bjgJ

ntrkghLf MF. xU ntidFa ntrkghil vGJtjF,
mid <LgL idgL bghUf, id _y cUthF id is
bghUf Matiw FJ eF mUj ntL.

4.1 maf tiff

bghJthf mafS _yTWfS
ntidf <LgLwd.

mQ

mQf
nuhlh,
uh,
vyuh Ma Jffsh Mdit.
nuhlhf
neRikia,
vyuhf
v
Rikia
bfhlit.
bkhj
mQ
RikawJ. Vbd nuhlhf
vif,
vyuhf
vif rkkhf csJ.

vLJfhlhf,
cnyhff
ntid <LgLnghJ vyuhfis
HJ neRik cs mafshf
cUthwd.
nrhoa mQUJ
cUthj.

nrhoa

ma

vLJfhlhf, nrhoa X cnyhf.

nrhoa mQ v 11. nrhoa mQ X
vyuhid HJ nrhoa maahwJ.
4.1.2 v maf

Mdh vyuhf vif

mfkhfnth Fiwthfnth Ufyh.
J nuhlh
vifUJ
vyuh vif khWgLtjh
mQ ndw VgLwJ. X
mQ ndw bgWnghJ ma vW
miHfgLwJ.

Na

Na+ + e-

Na

Na+

(nrhoa mQ)
11 nuhlhf,
11 vyuhf

neRik
myJ
vRik
Vw mQfnsh, mQf bjhFngh
maf MF.

e-

(nrhoa ma)
11 nuhlhf,
10 vyuhf

nkY mJ bfhnth

ne ma mj _ymQit
l ms ajhf csJ. jF
fhuz cfU vyuhfis <gnj.
cfU nuhlhf vif
vyuhf
vifia
l
mfkhf Ugnj MF.

4.1.1 ne maf
Rikaw X mQ xW myJ
gy
vyuhfis
HFnghJ
nendw milwJ. J ne
ma vW miHfgLwJ.

69

ma

ntidnghJ
X
mQ
cs
nuhlhf
vif
khWgLtiy.

nema + vyuh(f)

myF - 4

nta
ne ma ne RikilaJ.

bra 4.1

cation is +ve
X mQthdJ xW myJ mjF
nkgl
vyuhfis
VFnghJ
vndw milwJ. jdh j
mQ v ma vd miHfgLwJ.
mQ + vyuh(f)

vma

vLJfhlhf,
mnyhff
ntid
<LgLnghJ,
mit
vyuhfis VW vRiks
mafshf khWwd.

ehnd brnw

nH
FLs
nrkf
mls nema, v mafis
jf.
1. t ieiu
2. bka rng
3. mYa Mi[L
4. by ienu
5. bghlha fhgnd
6. nga FnshiuL
7. rng
8. fhg ienu

q mQ UJ qiuL ma

XuQ maf

cUthj

X mQUJ cUthF maf

XuQ maf vwiHfgLwd.

vLJfhlhf, q X mnyhf.
mj mQ v 9. xU q mQ X
vyuhid VW qiuL maahf
khWwd.

vLJfhL : nrhoa ma Na+

XuQ ne ma MF.qiuL ma FXuQ v ma MF.

q mQ X vyuhid Vw

F +e(q mQ)
9 nuhlhf,
9 vyuhf

nkY mJ bfhnth

+e-

bgUghikahd
XuQ
maf
bgaf-"IL"
bdhLl Kowd.

F
(qiuL ma)
9 nuhlhf,
10 vyuhf

bra 4.2

v
vw

ehnd brnw

FLs XuQ
f thghil vGJf.

vma

1. nuhikL ma 5. mnahilL ma
2. FnshiuL ma 6. Mi[L ma
3. qiuL ma
7. ieiuL ma
4. iAiuL ma 8. rigL ma

nkY mJ bfhnth

vma mj _y mQitl
ms bgajhf csJ. Vbd
nuhlhf
vif
vyuhf
vifial
Fiwthf csJ. jdh cfUF
vyuhf
jhd
<ir
Fiwthf csJ. vdnt, vyuhf
cfUit L y brtjh
vmaf cUt ms bgajhf
csJ.

nkY mJ bfhnth

uL xnu tifahd _yTWf

izJ myJ nrJ cUthF
_yTW uil vdgL. bkFu
ma(Hg22+)
uilahf
kLnk
fhzgLwJ.
70

ntrkghL
gy mQ maf
btntW jkf xW myJ mjF nkgl mQf UJ gy mQ
maf cUthwd. gy mQ mabjhF xnu myfhf bragL jik cilaJ.
J neRik myJ vRikl UF.
vLJfhL, NH4+ X mnkha ma (gy mQ ne ma)
OH- xU iAuhi[L ma (gy mQ v ma)

4.2 mafS izwD

xU jk izw vgJ mjk Js bkhj RikahF. gy mQ
maF mj bjhF Js bkhj Rikna mj izw MF.

xiw mQ ma

gk mQ ma

ne
ma

v
ma

ne
ma

v
ma

xiw izw

Na+

F-

NH4+

OH-

uil izw

Ca2+

S2-

SO42-

Kik izw

Fe3+

N3-

PO43-

bga

uil izw cila gymQ

ma bjhFf

thghL

bga

thghL

igfhgnd ma

HCO3 -

fhgnd ma

CO32-

igrng ma

HSO4 -

Fnuhnk ma

CrO42-

igrig ma

HSO3 -

ilFnuhnk ma

Cr2O72-

Fnshnu ma

ClO3 -

khfnd ma

MnO42-

Fnshiu ma

ClO2 -

bguhi[L ma

O22-

raidL ma

CN-

rng ma

SO42-

iAuhi[L ma

OH-

rig ma

SO3

iAngh Fnshiu
ma

ClO-

jnahrng ma

S2O32-

ienu ma

NO3 -

nkY mJ bfhnth

ieiu ma

NO2

bgFnshnu ma

ClO4 -

bgkhfnd ma

MnO4-

2-

bgUghikahd gy mQ ma
bjhFf
bga
bdhLf
- "I" myJ - "V" vd Kotilwd.

71

ma

xiw izw cila gy mQ

ma bjhFf

myF - 4

nta
Kik izw
ma bjhFf
bga
nghnu ma
ghng ma

cila

gy

mQ

bra 4.3

ehnd brnw

eh nH bfhLfgLs ne
ma bgafis vGJnt

thghL

1. Fe2+________ 3. Fe3+_________

BO33-

2. Hg22+ ________ 4. Hg2+_________

3-

PO4

khWgl izw cila ne maf

thghL
Au+

bga

thghL

bga

nfhL (I) myJ Mu

Au3+

nfhL (III) myJ M

Ce3+

a (III) myJ u

Ce4+

a (IV) myJ

Co2+

nfhgh (II) myJ nfhghl

Co3+

nfhgh (III) myJ nfhgho

Cr2+

Fnuha (II) myJ Fnuhk

Cr3+

Fnuha (III) myJ Fnuh

Cu+

fhg (I) myJ Fu

Cu2+

fhg (II) myJ F

Fe2+

U (II) myJ bgu

Fe3+

U (III) myJ bg

Mn2+

khfR (II) myJ khfd

Mn3+

khfR (III) myJ khf

Pb2+

by (II) myJ sg

Pb4+

by (IV) myJ s

Sn2+

o (II) myJ nld

Sn4+

o (IV) myJ nl

4.3 ntrkghLf
xU nrk iaig FpLf _y FLtnj ntthghL MF.
ntthghil FLtjF nrk gFbghUfsha jkf
FpLf kW mt izwfis bjUj ntL.
ntFpLfS izwfS
izw = 1

izw = 2

izw = 3

izw = 4

nuh (Br)

nga (Ba)

nghuh (B)

fhg (C)

Fnsh (Cl)

fha (Ca)

mYa (Al)

f (Si)

q (F)

bka (Mg)

iAu# (H)

M# (O)

mnaho (I)

rg (S)

a (Li)
nrhoa (Na)
bghlha (K)
72

ntrkghL
4.3.1 ntFpLf, nt rkghLfis
izw FWFbgUf

bra 4.4

ehfns brnwh

nH FlgLs nrkfSF
ca ntthghil vGJf.

Kiw vGJj.
xU
nrk
ntthghL
RikawJ. nema
Js
Rik,
vma
Js
Rik rkkhf UF. (id
bfhs : izwD Rik xnwhL
xW bjhlilait)

1. nrhoa iAuhi[L
2. nrhoa fhgnd
3. fha iAuhi[L
4. mnkha rng
5. ghgu oiu FnshiuL
6. rg bArh qiuL
7. fhg (II ) ienu
8. nfhgh (II) FnshiuL

ntthghil vGJnghJ gwgl

ntoa fUJf
n
 rk
gF
TWfsha
maf Fpil xWbfhW
mU vGj ntL.

ne
ma
Fpil
l
gfK, v ma myJ ma
bjhFf Fpil ty gfK
vGj ntL.
FpLFa
izwfis
mtF ne gf Fl
ntL.

izw
vkfis
U
mafSilna FWF gkhw

brJ, mkfis v vma

FpLf tyJ gf vGj
ntL.
gk mQ mafis milFF
vGJj ntL.
ma
bjhFfshf
U,
mjid
milFF
vG,
milF btw tyJ Xu
gfkhf FWF gkhw brj
viz vGj ntL.

uL
maf
FpLf

vLJfhLf

Na
1+

Cl
1-

2+

ZnO
7. nrhoa ghng

1+

(PO4)

3-

Na3 PO4

Br

3. iAu# FnshiuL
H

KBr

1HCl

5. nga Mi[L
Ba

O
2-

6. mYa Mi[L
Al

3+

BaO

2Al2O3

8. mnkha fhgnd
CO3

NH4
1+

Cl

1+

1-

2+

2-

Na

K
1+

NaCl
4. Mi[L
Zn

2. bghlha nuhikL

2-

(NH4)2 CO3
73

9. fha iAuhi[L
Ca
2+

OH
1-

Ca(OH)2

ma

1. nrhoa FnshiuL

myF - 4

nta
tyJ Xu xnu kila
vf U, mtiw Fl
njitiy
(bghJfhuid
lntL).

aa
iy

FpL

vLJfhL

k iy

(s)

NaCl(s)

 k 1 v, mkig Fl
ntoaiy.

ut iy

(l)

H2O(l)

th iy

(g)

O2(g)

4.4 n
 tidfis vGJtjfhd mKf

uj
fiur

(aq)

NH3(aq)

xU
ntid
gnfF
idgL bghUf, is bghUf
bgafSFa FpLl, mid
fit
bjF
bjhlng
ntrkghL vd tiuaWfgLwJ.

th btnawgLwJ - v.fh O2(g)

go cUthwJ - v.fh BaSO4
(ii) ntid Niyf

idgLbghU + idgLbghU
idis bghU(f)
x
 U id ftjFK vLJ
bfhsgL
bghUf
idgL
bghUf MF.

U id
x
bghUf
MF.

fj, cUthF
idisbghUf

ntid ftjF njitahd

Niyfshd
btgiy,
mGj,
id,
x
Matiw
mF nkgf myJ gf
FlntL.
v.fh.

750-900C

4NH3 + 5O2 4NO + 6H2O

Pt

F
 l
idgLbghUfUJ
cUthF isbghUfis m
FpL _y FlgLwJ.
x
 WF nkgl idgL bghUf
iztij,
xWF
nkgl
idis bghUf cUthjiy(+)
FpL _y FlgLwJ.
xU ntrkghil vGJnghJ id
bfhs ntoait

(iii) btg khwf

y ntidf, btg khwF
cshwd.
v.fh. N2 + 3H2

2NH3 + btg

J xU btg c id MF.
nkY mJ bfhnth
nuf vfSfhd KbdhL bgaf
KbdhL bga

(i) idgL
bghUf,
isbghUf jik

id

bghUf
aa iyia
tUkhW mj ntFpo mo
Fl ntL.
nH bfhLfgLs
bghUf
jikia
gagLjgl ntL

mFf
FgjF

74

nkhndh

il

oiu

bluh

bglh

bA[h

bAlh

Mlh

ehdh

blfh

10

ntrkghL
4.5 ntrkghoid rk brj
ntid eilbgWnghJ, mid idgL bghUf mQf
vif, idis bghUf mQf vif rkkhfnt UF.
rkghoid rkbra njitgL tKiwf:
1. 
 idgL bghUf, idis bghUfSF ca FpLfis thghLfis
flj rkbraglhj rkghil vGj.
idgLbghU(A) + idgLbghU(B) idisbghU(C) +

idisbghU(D)
2. UwK cs mQfis vz. mit rkkhf iyba, idgLbghU,
idis bghU vifia rbrJ mQfis rk bra.
3. Fzff tFgh xwhf UFnghJ RUf.
v.fh. 1 : nrhoa, Fnsh ilna eilbgW idia rkgLJf.
(i) rk braglhj rkghL

Na + Cl2

NaCl

(ii) Cl mQit rkgLJf.

Na + Cl2

2NaCl

(iii) Na mQit rkgLJf.

2Na + Cl2
2NaCl
v.fh. 2 : nrhoa fhgnd, iAnuhFnsh my ilna eilbgW idia
rkgLJf.
(i) rk braglhj rkghL

Na2CO3 + HCl

NaCl + H2O + CO2

(ii) Na mQit rkgLJf.

Na2CO3 + HCl

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

(iii) H,Cl, O mQfis rkgLJf.

Na2CO3 + 2HCl

2NaCl + H2O + CO2

v.fh. 3: mYa iAouhi[L,

rkgLJf.

fjf my ilna eilbgW idia

(i) rk braglhj rkghL

Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 Al2 (SO4) 3 + H2O
(ii) mYa mQit rkgLJf.
2 Al(OH)3 + H2SO4 Al2 (SO4) 3 + H2O
(iii) rng mQbjhFia rkgLJf.
2 Al(OH)3 +3 H2SO4 Al2 (SO4) 3 + H2O
(iv) iAu#, M# mQfis rkgLJf.
2 Al(OH)3 +3 H2SO4 Al2 (SO4) 3 + 6H2O

75

ma

myF - 4

nta

sf 1
rg-ilMi[Ll, M# idJ rg-oiuMi[L cUthj id,

+
rg- ilMi[L
2SO2

M#

O2

rg-oiuMi[L
2SO3

sf 2

bra 4.5

iAu#Dl Fnsh idJ

iAu# FnshiuL cUthj id

nH FLs glij Tjh

brJ, A kW B Matilna
cs id rkghil vGJf.

H H

Cl

ehnd brnw

Cl

Cl

H2

H
Cl2

Cl
2HCl

sf 3
iAu#Dl M# izJ
cUthj id

H H

O O
H H

2H2 + O2

O
O

bra 4.6

ehfns brnwh

nH FlgLs rkghLfis rk
brf.
NO
1. N2 + O2
CaCl2 + H2O + CO2
2. CaCO3 + HCl
3. Na + H2O
NaOH + H2
4. KClO3
KCl + O2
5. N2 + H2
NH3
N2 + H2O
6. NH3 + O2

2H2 O

aif fG nt idfis bjJ bfhf

kiHfhyf d VgLnghJ, y ntidf fwd. th kly
cs ieu#D, M#D idJ ieu#- ilMi[L cUthwJ.
N2

2O2

2NO2

76

ntrkghL

fnghJ thkly cs M# Xnrhdhf khw milwJ.

3O2

2O3

thW cUthF ieu# -ilMi[L X myjik cila Mi[L MF.

it kiHJfSl nrJ my kiHia cUthFwd.

4NO2

O2 +

2H2O

4HNO3

my kiH midJ cfSF nfL isF.

cWneh mnth

mnkhah fiuriy
iAnuh
Fnsh
myij
fyf
c W n e h f .
mntidF
ca
rkgLjgl
nt
rkghil vGJf.

bra 4.8

cWneh mnth

nga
FnshiuL
fiuriy nrhoa rng
fiuriy
fyf.
cWnehf.
mnt
idFa
rkbragl
ntrkghil vGJf.

kh kL
gF -m
I. rahd ilia njbjLJ vGJf.
1. nrhoa mQ v 11 v, nrhoa ma cs vyuhf vif
__________ (9,10,12).
2. Fe MdJ Fe2+ Mf khWnghJ Hj vyuhf vif __________ (2,3,0).
3. bfhLfgltW gk mQ maia flf ________ (Cl- ,O2-, Na+ ,NH4+)
4. bfhLfgltW
(CN-,PO43-,I- , NO2-).

XuQ

maia

nj

brf

_________

5. X mQ vyuhid Hjhnyh myJ Vwhnyh mtQ maahf khWwJ.

Au3+ vw ma 3 vyuhfis __________ (VWsJ, HJsJ).
6. KClO3 cs v maia flf ____________________. (Cl -,O2-,ClO3- )
7. bg Miro ntthghL ___________________. (FeO,Fe2O,Fe2O3 )
77

ma

bra 4.7

myF - 4

nta
8. 
my kiHF fhuz
fhg-ilMirL)

___________________

cUthj.. (Xnrh, ie my,

9. ne ma ____________________ Rik cilaJ. ( ne, v, eLiy)

10.____________________ vyuhfis VW v maahf khWwd.
( cnyhff, mnyhff, kj thf)

11. fha, 2, 4 izwfis bgWsJ. s ma bgUF Rik

____________________.(+1,+2,+3,+4)
12. r
 g, rigL maahf khW nghJ mJ uL vyuhfis
( HwJ, VwJ)

____________________

13.ghgu izw 5 v ghgu Miro nt thghL

(PO5 , P2 O5 , P5 O2 )
14. 

_yTW glfhd X vLJfhL

_________________.

___________________ . (CO2 ,H2O,SO3

15. jhtufSF nfL isF bghU ____________. ( ah, HNO3 ,CO2 )

II. nfhol lfis uf.
1. CO32- maYs bkhj mQf vif __________.

2. X xiw izw cila gy mQ ma bjhF xU iAu# mQ, xU

rg mQ kW _W M# mQf bgU mj bga__________
ma.

3.
 uL xnu tifahd _yTWf izJ myJ nrJ cUthF _yTW
_____________ vdgL.
4. xU jk ma Js bkhj Rik mjk ______________
MF.
5. v ma mj _y mQitl ms ________________ csJ.
6. rg bArh qiuo rg izw ____________________.
7. bghlha ilFnuhnko nt thghL ____________________.
8. btgij btL idf ________________ vW miHfgLwd .
9. gk mQ maf NH4+ _________________ maF vLJfhL.

10. gy mQ ma bjhF xnu _____________ Mf bragL jikilaJ.

11. X ma cUthf fhuz ____________________.

12. x
 U jk mj btTo 6 vyuhfis bgWsJ v, mj
izw __________________.
13. jhtuf jkF njitahd czit jahJ bfhS Kiw _______.
14. ne ma mj _y mQitl ms ajhf Uf fhuz _______.
15. XuQ v ma bga __________________ vw bdhLl Ko.
16. xnrifF njitahd ntbghUf __________________.
17. ne ma neRik bgUf fhuz __________________ .
-

18. X
 ma bgUF Rik X 3 v mj izw ToYs vyuhf
vif __________________
gF -M
1. Na
Cl + e-

Na+ + eCl78

ntrkghL
m) nrhoa cnyhfkh? mnyhfkh?
M) CI- ma bgaiu vGJf.
2. x
 U nrk vgJ mybjhF, fhubjhF nrjJ. Gs nrkf cs
my bjhFia kL FLf.
m) K2CO3

M) BaCl2

3. bghUJf:
Cl-

gymQ v ma

Cr2+ - XuQ

v ma

NH4+ - XuQ ne ma

PO43- - gy mQ ne ma
4. fh nrkf ne maf, v maf bgafis vGJf.
m) MgSO4

M) KNO3

5. bghUjhjtiw vLbjGJf.
m) NO3- , NO2- , MnO4- , Cl-

M) BaCl2 , NaNO3 , MgSO4 , CuO ( ne ma Rikia bghWjJ )

6. bfhLfgLs nrkfUJ jk X- izwid fla.

m) XH3

) X2 O3

M) XCl5
<) XO2

7. tUtdtW xiw izw, uil izw, Kik izwDila

mafis tifgLJf.

M) mnkha

M) MirL

) ieiuL

8. xU Kik izw bfhl jk B- (i) MirL (ii) Fnshiuo thghil

vGJf.
Cu2+, Fe2+, SO42- , Cl10. nfhol lij uf.
m) d VgL nghJ thkly cs M# ____________Mf khw
milwJ.
M) N2 +2O2

___________________?

11. tU T iHU U vGJf.

m) izwD Rik xnwhL xW bjhlilaJ my.
M) xnu jk uL myJ mjF nkgl mQf UJ gy mQ
maf cUthwd
12. xU
ntrkghoid
vGJtjF
njitahd
Fiuf
bfhLfgLsd. jid Kiwahd Fiuahf kh vGJf.

jtwhf

ntrkghil rk brnghJ,
m) rkghil rk bra thghil njitnfg khaikfyh.
M) isbghU gothf Ujh, nkneha mF ( ) l ntL.
13. tUtdtW gk mQ v maia njbjLJ mj Fpil vGJf.
m) FnshiuL ma

M) qiuL ma ) ghng ma <) rng ma.

79

ma

9. nH bfhLfgLs mafis bfhL gntW nt thghLfis vGJf.

myF - 4

nta

14.
 q mQ v 9. J X vyuhid VW, SiuL maahf khWwJ.
jfhd fhuz vdthf UF vgJ g J ilaf.
15. Z
 n jk izw 2. M# izw 2. v, Jjehf Mi[L
nrk nt thghil jUf.
16. 
mYa Mi[o nt thghL Al2O3. M#, mYa
izwfis vGJf.
17. tU TWf iHfis U vGJf.
(i) ne ma Fpil tygfK v ma Fpil lgfK vGj
ntL.
ii) XuQ maF mjk Js bkhj khw mj izwdhF.
18. mltizia uf.
t. v
1.

ma thghL
CO32-

2.
3.
4.

MnO4HSO4-

5.

ClO-

gk mQma
ehF mQ

ma bga
fhgnd ma

2-

O2

19. 
tUtdtiw xiw, uil, Kik, ehF izw ne mafshf
tifgLJf.
m) nl

M) bgu

) nfhgho

<) Mu

20. fhuzf jUf.

m) mnkhah cUthjnghJ btg btgLwJ
M) raidL ma xU gk mQ ma.
21. mYa, fjf myJl idJ mYa rngil jUwJ.
tUtdtF ilaf.
m) mYa rngo ntthghil jUf.
M) rng ma bgUF Rik ahJ?
22. tU nrkf bgafis vGJf.
t. v
m)
M)
)
<)

nt thghL
SiCl4
HgO
Fe(OH)2
Cr2 (SO4 )3

nrk bga

23. tU nrkfYs ne maf, v mafis flf.

m) M FnshiuL

M) mnkha rig

) bghlha bgkhfnd

<) nrhoa jnah rng.

24. khWgl izwDila ma, gk mQ ma ntWgLJf.

80

ntrkghL
25. X mQ Rik mwJ. fhuz jUf.
26. bka, Mg2+ maia jUwJ V?
27. xnriffhd rkghoid vGJf.
28. xU rkgho aq kW Ma Ff vtiw Fwd?
29. tUtdtF rkgLjgl rkghoid vGJf.
m) d VgLnghJ fG ntid.
M) th kly M# Xnrhdhf khw milj.
) mykiH cUthj fG ntid.
30. bghUJf.
m
M
H2O2
bghlha Fnuhnk
Mg3 (PO4 )2
iAu# bguhirL
K2CrO4
bka ghng
+ vw thghil bfhl maia jUwJ.
2
31. cnyhf ouha Sr
tUtdt ntthghoid jUf.
m) ouha MirL

M) ouha FnshiuL

) ouha ienu

<) ouha rng.

32. . Pb2+ N2

PH3

Ag

I-

m) nkny FltUJ uL njbjLf

i ) mQf

ii ) _yTWf

iii ) maf

M) P
 b2+ kW I- mafUJ cUthF nrk bga ahJ? mj nt
thghil vGJf.
m) ieiuL ma M) nld ma

) bg ma
<) iAuhirL ma
34. xU nrk nt thghL Rik mwJ. fhuz jUf.
35. xU ntid <LgL bghUfSF idgLbghUf vW bga.
2Fe + 3Cl2

2FeCl3

id <LgL idgLbghUfis FLf.

36.
nH bfhLfgLs nrkfSF izw FWFbgUf Kiw
ntFpLfis mikf.
m) fha iAuhirL

M) mnkha fhgnd

) Jjehf MirL

<) mYa MirL

37. n
 rhoa izw 1. Fnsh izw 1. v, nrhoa FnshiuL
nrk ntthghoid vGJf.
38. xU rkgho idgL bghUf mQf vif, id
isbghUf mQf vif rk. Gs rkghoid
rk brLf.
HNO3

H2O + NO2 +O2

81

ma

33. bfhLfgltW ne maf, v maf vd tifgLJf.

myF - 4

nta
gF -
1. fh rkghLfis rk brf.
1. MnO2

+ HCl

MnCl2

+ Cl2

+ H2O

2. NH4Cl

+ Ca(OH)2

NH3

+ CaCl2 + H2O

3. BaCl2

+ Al2 (SO4 ) 3

BaSO4

+ AlCl3

4. NaAlO2 + H2O+ CO2

Al(OH) 3

+ Na2CO3

5. NH3

+ O2

NO

+ H2O

6. Zn

+ HNO3

Zn(NO3 ) 2 + NO2

7. H2S

+ O2

H 2O

+ SO2

8. PbO

+ C

Pb

+ CO2

9. BaCl2

+ H2 SO4

Ba SO4

+ HCl

10. CH4

+ O2

CO2

+ H2O

+ H2O

2. mltizia uf.
maf
Na+

ghng

Fnshnu

___________

igrng

NaClO3

___________

Mg2+

Mg3(PO4 ) 2

___________

___________

Al3+.

AlPO4

___________

Al(HSO4 )3

3. tU mltizia uf.
bka nrkfSfhd thghLf bfhLfgLsd. mnj nghW
cnyhffSF thghLfis vGJf.
bka
nrhoa
mYa
U(II)

FnshiuL
MgCl2

rng
MgSO4

MirL
MgO

kw

ghng
Mg3 (PO4 )2

4. tUtdtF bgaLf.
m) X vyuhid HJ ne maia jU xU jk.
M) X vyuhid VW v maia jU xU jk.
) X vyuh Hdh cUthF ma.
<) xU eLiy mQ vyuhid Vgjh cUthF ma.
c) ma nrkf cUthj gF bgW ma(f)
5. uhK mQ v 13 cs jk X ia nrhK mQ v 16 cs jk Y ia
bgWshf. uhK nrhK mjkfis fyJ btggLJ nghJ xU a
nrk Z cUthwJ. tU dhfSF ilaf.
m) X vyuh flikig jUf.

M) Y vyuh flikig jUf.

) mtW vJ cnyhf? vJ mnyhf?

<) X izw ahJ?

c) Y izw ahJ?

C) Z nt thghil vGJf.

6. kGJ fy fjf myij bfhLsJ. th j myij Jgh

82

ntrkghL
cjah gl fhos rh lh. mj rh
mYa JUtf UjJ. my nrjl xU
wkw th btnaaJ. mJ rh thgF
itfgLs g nrffgLsJ.

J neuF wF
bjhlf
iy

tUtdtF ilaf.
m) mYa xU _________

1
2

M) fjf my nt thghL _________

) mYa rngo nt thghL _________

1. j fjf my
<) ntidahdJ brhfis bfhl rkghlhf
2. mYa Jut
bfhLfgLsJ. mij FpLfis gagL
vGj.
mYa + fjf my
mYa rng + iAu# th

7. rika nrhlh, nrhoa igfhgndil bfhLsJ. jid j iAnuhFnsh

myJl idgLJnghJ tU id fwJ.
NaHCO3 + HCl

NaCl + CO2 + H2O

tU dhfSF ilaf.
m) nrhoa ma izw ahJ?
M) igfhgnd ma izw ahJ?
) FnshiuL ma xiw izw cilajh? myJ uil izw
cilajh?
<) id gagLjgl

kW FpLf vtiw Fwd?

c) igfhgnd maUJ nkY xU H+ maia FnghJ fhgnd ma

cUthwJ. fhgnd bjhF nt thghL jUf.
C) igfhgnd ma xU _________ v ma. ( XuQ / gy mQ)
V) nrhoa Fshiuo nt thghoYs ne ma, v maia flf.
I) nrhoa, nrhoa ma tilna cs ntWghL ahJ?
x) nt rkghil rkbrt gagL ia vGJf.
8. 
nH y rkghLf bfhLfgLsd. mtiw FpLf, izwfis
bfhL nt rkghlhf khWf. rkghLfis rkgLJf. mid th,
gofhd FpLfis gagLJf.
m) rigL +M# th

MirL k + rgilMirL th

M) t ienu fiur + nrhoa FnshiuL fiur

nrhoa ienu fiur
) fjf k + ml ie my

t FnshiuL go+

fjf my + ieu# ilMirL th +

<) nga FnshiuL fiur + bghha rng fiur

bghlha FnshiuL fiur

nga rng go +

c) t ienu btggLJ nghJ t cnyhf + ieu#-ilMirL th +

M# th jUwJ.
C) mYa iAuhirL + ie my
83

mYa ienu + .

ma

v) nkTa id cUthF isbghUf ahit?

myF - 4

nta

9.
 tU ne maf, v maf goaUJ cUthF Fiwjgr
gJ nrkf nt thghLf kW bgafis vGJf.
ne maf

v maf

+
NH4 ClO31 Pb2+ SO32 Fe3+ CrO42 K+ HSO41-

thghL

bga

thghL

bga

1. __________ ______________

6. __________ ______________

2. __________ ______________

7. __________ ______________

3. __________ ______________

8. __________ ______________

4. __________ ______________

9. __________ ______________

5. __________ ______________

10. __________ ______________

10. M

vw cnyhf rngo nt thghL MSO4 v mnyhf
tUtdtfhd thghil jUf.
m) iAuhirL
c) ieiu

M) Fnshiu
C) bguhirL

) FnshiuL
v) Fnuhnk

<) ienu
V) ghng

11. tU nrkfYs jk izwid flf.

i) Al2 (SO4 )3 mYa.

ii) PbO2 fha

iii) CaO fha

iv) NiCO3 f

v) BaSO3 nga

vi) FeCl2 U

vii) FeCl3 U

viii) AuCl3 jf

ix) Co(NO3 )3 nfhgh

x) Sn(SO4 )2 o(bta)
12. tU rkghLfis rkgLJf.
m) CaCO3 + HCl
M) Na+ H2O

CaCl2 + CO2

+ H2O

NaOH + H2

) (NH4 )2 SO4 + Ca(OH)2

<) Hg(NO3 )2

CaSO4+NH3 +H2O

Hg + NO2 + O2

c) Pb3 O4 + HCl

PbCl2 + Cl2

+ H2O

13. X
 mQ nuhlhf, vyuhf, uhf Ma _W cg mQJffis
bfhLsJ. jid bfhL tU dhfSF ilaf.
m) ntid nghJ khwkilahj cg mQJf _____________
M) xU ntid nghJ mfF myJ Fiw X mQ cgJf ________
) bghJthf mQf Rik _____________

nkY ma
jf:
1. General Chemistry - Jean B. Umland & Jon.M.Bellama

West publishing company
izajs : http://www.visionlearning.com

http://www.chymist.com
84

myF

xa
xx x KaJt
xx x miyf clhFj, guj
xx x miyf gu j
xx x miyf gf, tiff
xx x miyf vbuh
xx x cz viyf
xx E x miyf gaghLf
xx lhs is

85

myF - 5

aa

xa

ir FG

dh, mtsJ bgnwhU Ukz tunt f xF brUjd.

mUj irFGYs xbthUtU ir f bjhlF K jKila
irfUid, o, jo, moJ rbrJ bfhoUjij dh flh.
dh mtSila jijl V mtf thW x vGwd vd nflh.
mjF mt, irfiyPf irid rahd x ms bgWtjfhf jfsJ
irfUfis xir bgw brwd vd sdh. irfUf
VgLJ mfis bghWnj ir cUthwJ. dh xia g nkY bjJ
bfhs, irfUf xir mfis, Ufis g mJ
bfhs eh cjnth.

86

xa
5.1 x KaJt
e mwhl thif x f aikahjJ.
x _ykhfjh eh xUtnuhL xUt bjhl bfhs, vzfis,
fUJfis gJ bfhs KowJ.
irbah ekF kia jUwJ.
t
 hbdh, bjhiyfh xf ekF njitahd brfis bghGJnghF
ffis jUwd.
thfdf xgh x eik vrif brwJ.
bra 5.1

bra 5.3

ehnd brnw

ehnd brnw

(i) Cjiy CJf.

iz, jh, ta nghw f

ir fUf ffis Lf,
ff
mWtij
ghUf,
Xiria nfSf.

(ii) xghid
nfSf.

mG,

Cj

xia

xgh

5.2 x cUthjY gujY

ta

jh
bra 5.2

ehnd brnw

(i) k mof / fofhu myhu

xia nfSf.
(ii) Fah kjs ir fUia
moJ m clhF mfis
xia cW ftf.

ou

L fofhu

njj, CJj, Lj, moj

nghw nkTa braf _ykhf
bghUfUJ xia clhf Ko
vgij mJbfhnwh.
midJ brafS bghUfis
mw brwJ. mf vgJ
bghUf a K afkhF.
mW
fU
mUnfs
fhYs
Jff
Kj
mtilwd.
d
mf
mLjLj JffSF guwJ.
fhYs xbthU Jf K
af fhuzkhf Jff jhf
cWwd. bjhlJ mW fUahdJ
bjhlahd jhfij VgLJwJ.
j ghghdJ t kly Clhf
x
_yUJ
btntW
irfSF guwJ. ijna eh x
miy vnwh.

87

ma

iz

myF - 5

aa

j x miyf nfgt fh EiHJ, brgiwia mw brwJ. ijna

eh xahf cznwh.
vdnt, mW bghUfsh x miyf cUthfgL, nfgtuh czugLwJ
vgij id bfhf.
bra 5.4

ehnd brnw

f nfF xia tU mltiz tifgLj.

t. v

njj

CJj

Lj

moj

1.

ta

Cj

jh

ou

2.
3.
4.

5.3 x guj
x miyf l, ut, th bghUf tna gu. vbghU (l, ut, th)
tna x miyf guwdnth mjF Clf vW bgauhF. x miyf gut
Clf njit. mit btl guthJ.
uhg gh vw ma mP x btl tna guthJ vd %jh.
mt gl 5.1 fhoathW fzho FLitD rhu kia mikjh.
btlkhF fUbfhL J jhf fhiw FLitUJ btna x
ms Fiwtij fhodh. KGtJkhf fhiw btnaa wF x nffiy vd
%jh. FLitD L fhiw brY xia nff brjh.
iz Kid

ug milgh

krho

rhu k

rhu k #ho
btlkhF FHh

gl 5.1. fzho FLitD rhu k

88

xa
bra 5.5

ehnd brnw

iyahf cs gu J xU a fiy va. mf gu J

jhfij VgLJwJ. f Gj UJ gl fhgJngh tl tot
miyf midJ irfY Knd gutij fhzyh. x mthnw
tkly miyf to guwJ. vD gu miyfSF, fh
gu x miyF ntWghL csJ. mjid ghl d mayh.

5.4 miyf gfS tiffS

bghJthf Clf tahf gu bjhlahd ghfns miyf vdgL.
Clf Jff lbgauhk, _yUJ mj gh kLnk yF vLJ
brygLwJ.
gutjF Clf njitgL miyf vu miyf vd miHfgL. (v.fh.) x
miyf. vu miyf uL tifgL. mit beliyf, FWfiyfshF. fhj
miyf nghw ytif miyf gutjF Clff njitglhJ. mit btl
tahf gu. v.fh. nuonah miyf. tiw g thf nk tFf bjJ
bfhnth.

ehfns brnwh

tF cs khztfis U FGfshf J, Kj FG bragLnghJ,

ulhtJ FG khztfis cWnehf brantL. d ulhtJ FG
bragLnghJ, Kj FG khztfis cWnehf bra ntL.
Kj FG khztfis tir f itf. xU Til myJ jo gy
bghUfis Kj khzt mU itf.
Kj khzt midJ bghUfis xbthwhf vLJ mLj khztDF
juntL. ulhtJ khzt Kiwna _whtJ khztDF juntL. go
vyh bghUfis fil khztl ju, mt mij kbwhU Til myJ
jo itf ntL. bghGJ tir F xbthU khztD Clf
Jffshf jik idJ bfhs ntL. nkY mDggl xbthU bghUS
jhf vgij id bfhs ntL.
Til myJ jo UJ jhff kLnk yif brwilwJ. Jff
efuhk mlnyna Ugij mf. thW jh jhff (miyf)
Clf efwd.

89

ma

bra 5.6

myF - 5

aa
beliyfS FWfiyfS

miyf tiffis vjhf J bfhtjfhf j tiugl bfhLfgLsJ.

miyf

fhj miyf
(FWfiyf)
v.fh. x miyf
mff kW w
Cjh ff

vu miyf
FWfiyf
( nkgu
cUthF miyf)

beliyf
(x miyf)

beliyf
bra 5.7

ehfns brnwh

RU xiw vLJbfhSf. gl fhosthW xU Kidia f

oJ bfhL, kWKidia cf egid oJbfhSkhW TWf. gl
fhoathW RUid Lf.

jnghJ RU iy cfsJ eg gf jSf. RU iy cf ifah

khkh js Gf brf. RU gl fhoathW miktij
fhzyh.

C
C - beUf

R - be

eLbr
wbr

cbr
ClfYs Jff miy
gu irF izahfnth
mt
irnynah
mWtjh
clhF
miyf
beliyf
vdgL.

brgiw

90

x
miyf
fhnyh
thnyh
beliyfshf
guwd.

xa
Clf tna beliyf gunghJ gl 5.2 fhoathW beUfK be
cUthwd.
beUf vgJ mf mGj cs gF, be vgJ Fiwj mGj cs gF.
beUf

be

FWfiyf
bra 5.8

gl 5.2 beliyf

irfit

ehnd brnw

gl fhoathW f nk

afij,
FWfiyf
clhtij
fhzyh.
miyf
Kndh brYnghJ f
xbthU

nk,
Hhf
aFtij fhzyh.
ClfJff, miygu irF
brFjhd
ir
mWtjh
cUthF miyf FWfiyf vdgL.

FWfiyf Clf tna KfL,

mfLfshf gl 5.3 fhoathW
guwd.

Jff mW ir
lbga

KfL
miy gu
ir

FWfiyfSF vLJfhL:

fhy

mfL

 uiyf, GJ flgl f

mf.

gl 5.3 FWfiyf

91

ma

skhd f xU Kidia
#d fo, kbwhU Kidia Wf
oJ bfhSf. nghJ gl
fhoathW ifia nkY Gkhf Ro
Lf.

myF - 5

aa
FWfiyf kW beliyfSF ilnaahd ntWghL.
FWfiyf

beliyf

ClfJff, miygu irF

brFjhf mWwd.

ClfJff miygu irF

izahd ir mWwd.

KfLf, mfLf cUthwd.

beUfK befS cUthwd.

l kW ut nkgu tna
guwd.

l, ut, thf tna guwd.

v.fh. uiyf

v.fh. x miyf

FWfiyf fhW myJ thf tna gutiy. V?

tiuaiwf:

mbt(n): ClfJf xU dho

nkbfhS
KG
mf
vif
mbt
vdgL.
j
myF
bA
(hertz).
n=

1
T

miy irntf, mbt, miys

tfhd bjhl.
miy fhy T dho
miygu bjhiy =
bjhiy

Mdh n =

fhy
1

2T
fhy

miy s ()
nkY mJ bfhnth

miys (): mW Jf, xU

mF vLJ bfhS neu,
Clf miygu bjhiy miys
vdgL. j myF l.

irntf =

O
R

miy fhy(T ): xU KG mid

nkbfhs
ClfJff
vLJ
bfhS fhy. j myF dho.

miy s ()
lbga

R (a ): eLiy UJ Jf
mil bgUk lbga R vdgL.
j myF l.

neu

, v=n
T
irntf = mbt x miys

92

irfUf
RUia
xir brnghJ mfU
mbt
xwhf
UFgonah
myJ
mt
klFfshf
UFgonahmikfgL.
nkY mJ bfhnth

xahdJ
fh
irntfijl

5
mfkhf,
U 20
mfkhf
guwJ.
x
irntf
( 3 x 10 8 / ) MdJ x
irntfijl (340/)
f f mf. j
fhuzkhfjh
d
W Kj bjJ, rW
jhkjkhf o x nfwJ.

gu
klF
klF

xa
bra 5.9

fhjij gagL xnu khahd

uL FHhfis brf. mtiw
gl fhosthW Rt myJ
tiugl milia neh UFkhW
mikf. lJ FHh KidF
mUnf xU L fofhu (Alarm
clock) xiw itf. tyJ FHh
kWKid fhij itJ nff.
U
FHhfSF
il
xU
iuia itf. tyJ FHh nfhz
msit (r) fofhu rj bgUk ms
UFkhW r brf. nfhzf i kW
r - I msf. uL VwFiwa
rkkhf UF. bra _y
xahdJ, xia nghnw vbuh
miltij, vbuh fSF
cgLtij mayh.

ehnd brnw

mil

iu
fofhu

brFJ

br

5.5 x vbuh

x miyfshdJ, bga fllf Rtf, kiyf, Fiff Rtf nghw

bga guf gL, ugfgL. x vGjiy Wa wF ugfgl
x e fhJfis mil bghGJ bjthf nff KowJ. J vbuh vdgL. ekJ
_is xahdJ, xU dho g xU gF x bjhlJ czugLwJ.
ugfgl x xU dho g xU gF Fiwthd neu, e fhJfis
tjiljh, vGggl xF, vbuhF cs ntWghil e _isah
czuKoahJ. ugfgl x xU dho g xU gF wF e fhJfis
tjiljhjh bjthd vbuhia nff Ko.

bra 5.10

xU Fif myJ Ruf ghijD W mf

xl x vGf. f x vGa a fhy
ilbtF L x rjij nff
KowJ. vGggl x w wF, L L
nffgL xna vbuh vdgL.

93

gL
miyf

vbuh
miyf

ma

5.5.1 vbuh(ECHO)

myF - 5

aa
15C btgiy x miy
irntf 340 m/s v, vbuhahdJ
bjthf nfgjF 34 gaz brUf
ntL. vdnt, bjthd vbuh
nfgjF vbuhF gu Fiwjgr
17 bjhiy Uf ntL.
bjhiy

= 340 x 1 / 10

= irntf x fhy

5.6 brz beLf

xahdJ
mW
bghUfsh
cUthwJ. 20 Hz Kj 20,000 Hz tiu
mbt beLf bfhl xia ekh
nff KowJ. ekJ brdh czu
Toa beLf bfhl x iriffis
kjf brz beLf vnwh.
(1 Hz = 1 RW / dho )
20,000 Hz F mfkhd mbt
bfhl x bah vdgL.

= 34 . (17 brtjF,

17 UtjF)

5.5.2 v KHf (Reverberation)

bjhl vbuhgh eh vbuhia
gyKiw nffyh. nkf y nghw
gntW vbuhF guf VgL x
miyf bjhl vbuh fhuzkhf,
oKHf VgLwJ. bga miw
VgLjgL
xahdJ,
miw
Rtf gL LL vbuh
milJ mj nfF jik RahF
tiu oUF.
gKf vbuh fhuzkhf, x
nfl oUF jik vKHf
vdgL.
fiyauf, bga miw, iuaf
xg Tlf nghwt VgL
mfkhd vKHf UgjfhjJ
MF. Vbd, iria ufnth,
ngir bjthf nffnth ayhJ.
vKHfij FiwgjF, v KHf
neuij FiwgjF, fiyauf
nkTiu,
Rtf
nghwit
x
cftU jik bfhl bghUfshyhd
mKfgl eh mil, iuiyf
shl nghw bghUfsh nkR
bragoUF. ghitahsf mkU
Uiff xia cftU g
mogil bj bra gLwd.
Mifah, fFiwj xna ug
milwJ.

94

(ultra) vw Kil brh mf

vgij FwJ. Mjyh bah
vgJ kjfsh czuToaij l
mfkhd mbtfis bfhlJ.
20 Hz F Fiwthd mbt
bfhl x Fbwh vdgL. FW
(Infra) vw Kil brh Fiw
vgij FF. Mjyh Fbwh
vgJ kjfsh czuToaij l
Fiwthd mbtfis bfhlJ.
Mdh, y Fl yFf bah,
Fbwhfis
cUthf,
czu
brwd.
bA %lh bA (1857 - 94)

b#k ehil nrj ma mP

bA, KjKjyhf nuonah miyf
Ugij M _y %jh.
utf Mahj g M
brJsh. t thiy M Fj
ehlKilat. mbt myfha
RWf / dho
tuJ bgauhnyna
bA vw myfhf bgaglJ.

xa
kj kW gntW yFf brz beLf (Hz)

1000 - 1,50,000

20 - 20,000

kj

btsth

16 - 12,000

70 -1,50,000
lhf

ahid

900 2,00,000
16- 40,000
fleh
gR

5.7 bah gaghL

100 - 32,000

id

40 - 46,000
eh

1000 - 1,00,000

nrhdh (SONAR) vw brh

thf SOund Navigation And Ranging
vgjhF. nrhdh fU bahfis
gugToa
rhjdK,
bahfis
czuToa cz csJ. guahdJ
bahfis
cUthf
gug
brwJ. tiyf UF gaJ
fl mojs cs bghUf
J, (mjhtJ fl gLif, f
Tl) gL vbuh bgW L
tUnghJ nrhdh fU czdh
czugLwJ. x irntf
VwFiwa 1440 /. guggl xF,
bgwgl vbuhF ilna cs fhy
ilbtia fzL mj _y
bghU bjhiyit fzlyh.

Ka
95

ma

5.7.1 nrhdh
(SOund Navigation And Ranging)

myF - 5

aa

fg

gu

d bah Jo

cz
vbuhfgl
Jo
fl mojs

gl 5.4 bahia mD gu VF
cz
v.fh.: guggl JoF, bgwgl
JoF cs fhy ilbt 3 vW,
x irntf 1440 / vW
vLJ bfhlh, bghU bjhiy
1440 / x 3
= 2160 .
2
thW jilbghU bjhiyit
fl Kiw vbuh beLf
vdgL. j _y fl MH,
flYF cs gkiyf l,
_ fg bjhiy, gghiwf
_a fg iy nghwtiw ma
Ko.
5.7.2 bah tfnzhl
bah kj cl c cWfis
fhgLj cjwJ. kj cl
ghff
tahf
brYjgL
bahahdJ
cWf
J
gL
vbuh mil. x gy Jof
thW bjhlJ mDggL bgwgL
nghJ xU bghU glij fhzKowJ.
ijna
bah
tfnzhl
vnwh. J gy cSWfis
Fghf
fU
cs
Rid
Kng fhgLj cjwJ. bah
tfnzhldh
bgwgl
gid
bfhL
kUJtf
96

fUUF FHij iyid

fwd. nf kUJt bah
gagLJ gl, fU cs R gl
Matiw fhzyh.

5.8 lhs is
bjhltoahdJ
eik
neh
tUnghJ Cj x RU mfkhtJ
nghW(mf RU vw brhiy
gagLJtJ, mf mbtiz
FF), bjhltoahdJ eik flJ
brYnghJ RU FiwtJ nghW
njhW(Fiwj RU vw brhiy
gagLJtJ Fiwj mbtiz
FF).
f
vnghjhtJ
V
thW
elwbjW
Jfsh?
KjKjyhf fid sat
lhs. vdnt fF lhs is
vd bgalgLsJ.
x _yUJ iyahd bjhiy
nfgt Ughnuahdh, mt nff

xa
oa n#hA lhs (1803 - 53)

 oa Moa lhs, Ma eho, brg
ef 1803 M ML etg 29 mW wjh. mtUila
kiwF y fhuzfsh, mt oa n#hA
lhs vd miHfglh.
1 842 M ML mt btl "uil f
w xa" ( concerning the coloured light of double stars)
vw M fLiu lhs isit ga Kj
sf jugoUjJ. mtuJ sfgo, aF
x _yUJ bgwgL x RUahdJ, iyahd
Mthsiu bghWJ khWgL vd, ia bghWJ
f irntfdh, fUJ cUthF
x w khWgL vd maglJ.

 oa lhs, 1853 M ML kh khj 17 M eh
kiwjh.

lhs is gaf
guggl x JoF bgwgl
x JoF ilna cs fhy
ilbtia
bfhL
bghU
bjhiyit fzlKo vgij eh
Kng goJnsh.
vbuhfgL
x Jo mbt VgL
khwij
bfhL
xJoig
vbuhf
br
bghU
irntfij mslyh. J
lhs
tKiw
vdgLwJ.
mDggL
x
miyia
vbuhf
br
bghU irntfij mtjfhf,
nrhdh
fUf
lhs
Kiw
gagLjgLwJ.
btsthf
jfsJ iuia brY ghijYs
jilfis mJ bfhs bahfis

mD mit vbuhfgL L
tUtij czJ bragL wid
bgWsd. mjdh btsthf mj
iu Ulij Jakhf mtJ
kLkyhk, lhs khWghL _y
UoY aFwd.
th}
iya
lhs
khWghoid
bfhL
aF,
afhj th}fUJ bgwgL
vbuhfis
gagL,
th}
gwF cau, ntf, beUF th}
bjhiy
nghwit
Jakhf
fzlgLwJ.

bah miyf

dh is
vbuh

btsth
97

ma

Toa x mbtQ, x_y

cUthF
x
mbtQ
xwhfnt
UF.
Mdh,
x
_yF nfgtUF il xU
rhaf csnghJ nfF x
mbt khWtJ nghy njhW.
x_y nfgtiu neh mUfhik
tUnghJ x mbt mfkhtJ
nghW, eik flJ brYnghJ
mbt FiwtJnghW njhW.

myF - 5

aa

nghFtuJ fLghL thfdUJ, ntfkhf brY thfdij neh

iknuh miyf mDggLwd. mbt VgL lhs khWgho _y
thfd ntf Jakhf fzlgLwJ.

kh kL
- m
I. bfhLfgl brhfUJ nfhol lij uf.
1. kUJt m FHkh(bljnfh) ntiy br jJt ________
(vbuh, gKf vbuh )
2. ClfJff, miy gu irF ________ ir mWtjh cUthF
miyf vua FWfiyf. ( izahf, brFjhf)
3. miy irntf = mbt x ________ ( R, miyfhy, miys )
4. xU KG mid nkbfhs ClfJff vLJ bfhS fhy _______.
( miy fhy, mbt, miy s )
5. ugfgl
x
xU
dho
fhJfis
tjiljhjh
bjthd
(100 xU gF, 1000 xU gF, 10 xU gF)

________
fhyF
vbuhia
nff

wF
Ko.

6. b
 tsthf jfsJ iuia, brY ghijYs jilfis mJ
bfhs ________ miyfis mD mit vbuhfgL czwd.
( Ng rh, Fbwh, bah )
7. SI myF ________ ( bA, l, dho)
8. fh xaiyahdJ, HUJ nkF neh gunghJ fhW
_yTWf mtil ir ______( tlF-bjF, HF-nkF, HF- bjF)
II. bghUJf.
m) nkgu miy

- beliyf

M) x miyf

- bA

) x miyf

- fhj FWfiyf

<) mbt

- l

c) miy s

- vu FWfiyf

III. bghUjhj xiw njbjLf.

1. x vG mogil fh irfUf ntWglij njbjLf.

th ir
fU

iz

yhFH

98

ehjtu

xa
2. Gs glfUJ, v gl xahdJ fh guggL fid FwJ?
miyguj

mW irfit

(i)

(ii)

3. brz beLf mogil khWgl xid njbjLf.

btsth

ahid

Ka

lh

4. fh tiugl bfhLfgl fSF ilna miygu uij

fhyij l kW T FLf.

lbga

m) A kW E F il
M) C kW E F il
) B kW F F il
<) D kW E F il

C
A

G
F

I
H

i) miy s

ii) mbt

iii) R

iv) RU

lbga

lbga

M) cfsJ ilfhd fhuz jUf.

(c)

(b)

(d)

lbga

(a)
lbga

ma

fhy
c) E kW H F il
5. m) fh miy totfis xL bgUk k bgwij FLf.

99

myF - 5

aa
- M

1. (i) g
 l A, B, C vd Flgl iyf viy vrif x vG
fofhuid itjh, nfgtUF bgUk x nfF?
(ii) cfsJ ilfhd fhuz jUf.

500

350

200
350

2. b
 fhLfgl Clf 220 bA (Hz) mbt bfhl
440 -1 ntf brYwbj mj x miys ahJ?

xahdJ

3. R tiuaWf.
4. d W ygl wF onahirahdJ nfgjfhd fhuz jUf.
5. ekJ o ekJ Fu x vbuh nfgiy. Mdh bga Tlf vbuh
bjthf nfwJ. V?
6. fiyauf myJ iuauFf nkTiu, RtfS iuiy, mKfgl eh
mil nghwtwh _lgoUgnj? sFf.
7. y nkgu VgL btorjij UJ bfhL ekh nff aYkh?
V?
8. U jlths mU fhij itJ bfhL, rWbjhiy mij xU
Kiw mL nghJ mbthia UKiw nff KowJ. j f V VgLwJ
vgij sf.
9. Mths xUtUF d kW orjfhd fhy ilbt 5 dho vf.
fh x ntf 330 dho-1 v d njha lF MthsUF
ilgl bjhiyit fhf.
10. kj ja lF 75 Kiw JowJ. v, mj Jo mbt, m fhy
Matiw fhf.
11. lhiu L nghJ, fhY, fY njhW miytifid FLf. cf
ilF bghUjkhd fhuz TWf.
-
1. fhQ gl miy xiw FwJ.
(a) glid tiuJ x,y, z vw khf bgafis FLf.
(b) nkfl khfis bfhL miy irntffhd rkghoid jUf.
lbga

z
fhy

100

2z

xa
(c) F
 WfiyfSF, beliyfSF ilna cs VnjD U ntWghLfis vGJf.
2. btsthf vthW jfsJ iuid mwd vgij thf sFf.
njitgo glfis bfhL sFf.
3. x
 U miy irntf, miys, mbt MatWF ilna cs bjhlig
jUf.
4. x miyf btl guthJ Tid jFj M _y tf.
5. V nkgu njhW btobahia mUJ 100 bjhiy cs glnfho,
100 MH _s kjD nfwhf v
i) Kj btobahia nfgJ glnfhoah? _Feuh?
ii)'t' fhyilbt btobahia glnfho czjh, xahdJ _Feiu mila
MF fhyij njhuhakhf FLf.

i) Q mbt
ii)P kW Q irntff fhf.

lbga br..

6. fh gl, P kW Q vgd xnu ir gu U xaiyf, P vw

xaiy mbt 512 bA v
P
0.4

0.8

1.2

1.6

u l

7. mlgl nkgu jF jif xW csJ.

i) jif afij sFf.
ii) nkgu njhW miytifid FLf.
8. caukhd U FWfSF ilUJ xUt Jghia btof brwh. mt
mLjLj U vbuhia 3 dho, 5 dho fJ czwh. v, FWfSF
ilgl bjhiyit fzLf.
9. ntffLghL fU _y thfdf ntfij fzLjiy sFf.
10. 40KHz mbt bfhl bah vG vbuh czahdJ xU gl
bghWjgLsJ.
i) bah mbtiz bA FLf.
ii) glUJ fl moguF brW Ug bahF MF neu 0.03 dho
v ml fl MHij fzLf.
iii) bah miys vd?

nkY ma
jff:
1. Know about Science - sound - Dreamland
2. V.K.Science, Physics, Class IX - Satya Prakash, V.K. (India) Enterprises,
New Delhi - 2
izajs : http://www.visionlearning.com
101

http://www.chymist.com

ma

iii) tif miyid fh njhWf aYkh?

brKiwf

brKiwf goa
nrhjid
bga

nrhjid nehf

njitahd bghUf

fhy

kfuj

kfuj fis
fzho eGt
, va
kyf, va
Enzh
Enzh, fzho
tahf cWnehFj eGt, C
kW gl tiuJ
ghff Fj.

40
lf

2.

gh ik

ghkhia
gagL gh
ikia fhz

gh, ghkh

40
lf

3.

j, jkw,
j, jkw,
jf brs
jf
btntW
fiurf
fiurfis
jahj
jahj

Kfit (100 )
a
nrhoa FnshiuL

40
lf

4.

cnyhff
cnyhff x
bra
brawfis
wfis
msl
mj

nrhjid FHh, fha,

Jjehf, jhu
Pb(NO3)2, Zn SO4, CuSO4

40
lf

5.

jCr
x
sF
mj miy
fhyF
ilgl
bjhlig
flj.

j Cr fU,
msnfh
jh, Cr FL, ,
sgl jif, WJ
fofhu

40
lf

1.

j Cr
miyfhy
flJ, l/T2xU
kh vd %j.

103

ma

t.
v

brKiwf
1. kfujfis Enzh ghj
nehf
kfujfis fzho eGt , va
cWnehFj kW gl tiuJ ghffis Fj.

Enzh

tna

njitahd bghUf
kyf, va Enzh, fzho eGt, C.
brKiw
m) bfhLfgLs kyUJ kfujfis nrff.
M)
kfujfis, C cjbfhL fzho eGt itf.
) fzho eGtij Enzh tna cWnehf.
fhgJ
1. kfuj X xiw bryhyhd mikig bfhLsJ.
2. J uL mLFfis bgWsJ. bt ciwahd vir Kf cilajhf
c ciwahd il UJthf fhzgLwJ.
3. J xiw ai[ irnlhshrij bfhLsJ.
Enzh _y fl kfuj mikig gl tiuf. bt ciw,
c ciw, irnlhshr, a Ma mtiw Ff.

2. gh ikia flj
nehf
ghkhia gagL gh ik jikia flj.
njitahd bghUf
gh, ghkh
jJt
100 . ghiy f vLJ m ghkhia jf lntL. ghkh gh
J _, L jf MuF. mbghGJ ghkh cs ms gh ik
jikia czJ.
t.v

gh

1.

100 .

iy

2.

100 .

10.

3.

100 .

20.

4.

100 .

30.

ghkh ms

Ko
thW ghkhia gagL gh ik jikia fhzyh.

104

brKiwf
3. j, jkw, jf fiurf jahj
nehf
j, jkw, jf brs btntW fiurfis jahj.
njitahd ntbghUf
100 .. fzho Kfit, thiy to, nrhoa FnshiuL.
jJt
x
 U Fl btgiy, mf ms fiubghU fiuJs fiur jkw
fiuryhF.
Fl msFnk fiubghUis fiuf ayhj fiur j fiuryhF.
b
 rf fiuriy l mf ms fiubghUis bfhl fiur jf
fiuryhF.
brKiw
100 fzho f 25 ms aiu vLJbfhs ntL. 2 ms
nrhoa FnshiuL cig nrJ eF fyf ntL. c KGtJ fiuJL.
bghGJ fiur jikia ftf ntL.
fiurYl nkY mf ms cid nrJ fyf ntL. fzho f
mo c fiuahk jF tiu nrf ntL. bghGJ fiur jikia
ftf ntL.

mltiz
tir
v

nrfgl
c bga

nrfgl
c ms

Ko
ilfbgw fiur tiff

1.

2.

3.

105

fdms

fiur br
jik

ma

fiurYl bknkY cid nrf ntL. y lf tiu fiuriy

btggL cid fiuf ntL. btggLJtij WL, fiuriy
Fuitf ntL. goff cUthtij, fiur jikia ftf ntL.

brKiwf
4. cnyhff brawfis mj
nehf
bfhLfgl cnyhff x brawfis (ne jik) msl.
jJt
cnyhff x brawfis, xU cnyhf kbwhU cnyhfij gothFtj
_y flgLwJ.
njitahd ntbghUf
jhu, fha, Jjehf cnyhfJff, fha ienu, jhu rng kW Jjehf
rng fiurf.
brKiw
bra 1
5 .. msyhd fhaienu kW jhu rng fiurfis uL nrhjid
FHhf jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms jhu cnyhfij uL
nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ FJ bfhs ntL.
(uL FHhfY ntkhw vJ ftiy).
mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

bra 2
5 .. msyhd jhu rng, Jjehf rng fiurfis uL nrhjid
FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms fha cnyhfij uL
nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwij flJ, FJ bfhs ntL
(fha cnyhf, jhu rng fiurYl id Mdh Jjehf rng fiurYl
idtiy).
mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

bra 3
5 .. msyhd jhu rng, fha ienu fiurfis uL nrhjid
FHhfY jjna vLJ bfhs ntL. a ms Jjehf cnyhfij
uL nrhjid FHhfY nrJ fG khwid flJ, FJ bfhs
ntL. (Jjehf cnyhfkhdJ jhu rng, fha ienu fiurfSl idwJ.)
mltiz
tir v

vLJ bfhsgl
fiurf

nrfgl
cnyhf

Ko: cnyhff x braw tir = ________>________>________.

106

brKiwf
5. jCr x sF, mj miyfhyF ilgl
bjhlig flj.
nehf
jCr

miyfhy flJ, l / T2 xU kh vd %j.

njitahd fUf
jCr fU (jh, Cr FL, l msnfh, ,
sgl jif, WJ fofhu).
thghL
l

l / T 2 xU kh
F, l = jCr s ( l) ,
T = jCr miy fhy (dho)

Cr s 70 br UFkhW jCrid

j
bjhfLf.
xU miy fhy
a RfSl miyw brf.
CryhdJ eLiyid tygfkhf jhLnghJ WJ fofhuij
a, 0 vd vz bjhlFf.
jCryhdJ
L
eLiyid
tygfkhf
flFnghJ
1 vd vQf.
thnw UgJ vd vQtiu, WJ fofhuij a, UgJ vd
vQnghJ WJ fofhuij WJf.
20 miyfSfhd neuij flJ, mltiz msfis FJ
bfhs ntL.
jCr sij 80 br., 90 br., 100 br., 110 br. vd khaikJ
nrhjidia L brantL.
kfis mltiz FJ T, T2 & l / T2 fzlntL.
mltiz W u k, khahf miktij fhzyh. UJ
l / T2 xU kh vd UfgLwJ.

fhgf
t.
v

jCr
s
(m)

1.

0.7

2.

0.8

3.

0.9

4.

1.0

5.

1.1

20 miyfSfhd
neu
(s)

miyfhy
T(s)

Ko
mltizUJ l / T2 xU kh vd %fgLwJ.

107

T2
s2

l / T2
(ms-2)

ma

brKiw

108