ALSTOM TRANSMISSION & DISTRIBUTION Protection & Control Analysis and Protection of Power Systems Course Tutorial Distance Protection Application. Part 2 Optimho Distance Protection: Settings for Permissive Overreach Scheme. ALSTOM TED Protection & Contal bd AISTOM T&D Protectan & Contrl id St lsonards Works Registered Office: Stoford Si teonards Works sti aux Stoord England Registered in England No, 959256 Tel: 44 (011785 22325) 44 (011785 212232LFZP 11x R-S9LIC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 Page 58 Section 26. 230KV POWER SYSTEM WORKED EXAMPLE - POR | MODE, 26.1 Objective To protect the 100Km double circuit line between Green Valley and Blue River substations using model LFZP112 in the Permissive Overreach mode with forward looking Zone 3 comparators as per scheme POR 1 and to set the relay at Green Valley substation (Figure 24). 26.2 System Data Line length: 100Km Line impedances: Z,= 0.089 + j0.476 = 0.484 /79.4° ohm/Km 426 + j1.576 = 1.632 /74.8° ohm/Km /Z = 3.372 [-4.6° CT ratio: 1,200/5 VT ratio: 230,000/115 26.3 Relay Settings It is assumed that the two optional reach-stepped Zones Z1X and Z1Y are not used and that only a three zone scheme is required. 26.4 Zone I Reach Settings Required Zone | reach is to be 80% of the line impedance between Green Valley and Blue River substations. Ratio of secondary to primary impedance = 1,200/5_ = 0.12 230,000/115 Required Zone I reach = 0.8 x 100 x 0.484 /79.4° x 0.12 = 4,64 /79.4° ohms secondary Relay Zone | reach = KZ1 x KZPh x 5/lyR-S911C Page 59 CHAPTER 1 SERVICE MANUAL LFZP 11x VAING00} WNINININ “VAWO00E WNINIXWW SYVESNE NOLLWLSENS HAAN aN VAW0002 WNIWININ 'WAW000S WNWIXVW SUVESNE NOLLVLSENS ASTIVA NSaY¥O s$73A31 LInv4 W>/INHO 929° Lf + 9ZH'0 = OZ W>/INHO 92b'0r + 680'0 = LZ SONVG3dWI SNIT w00L HLONST SANIT SLL/0000€Z OLLWH LA $/00Z1 OlLW LO GMOs ONIHLYWA WALSAS AMOEZ FOVLIOA WALSAS NIT NOISSIWSNVUL YAAIY N18 - AATIVA N3SN9O. ‘WIV WALSAS Ww» OOL “unos ~ wt 08 Ava AMDOY 4aAIY aNIa AaTIWA NASH = Ave YOIL 230kV Power System Worked Example: LFZP 112, POR 1 ~ Figure 24LFZP Lx R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 26.5 Page 60 The relay coarse reach KZPh should be set to the nearest value below the required Zone | reach. It is important to set KZPh as high as possible. since the current setting of the relay current level detectors is inversely proportional to KZPh and it is best to have the relay sensitivity as high as possible. KZPh setting 0.040 to 1.0 in steps of 0.001 Therefore, select KZPh = 1.0 KZI settings 1.0 to 49.98 in steps of 0.02 Required Zone | Reach Re 1 lier setting KZ ‘equired zone | multiplier setting KPA, = 4.64 Therefore, select KZ] = 4.64 Relay Characteristic Angle THETA Ph settings 50° to 85° in 5° steps Therefore, select THETA Ph = 80° Actual Zone | reach settings = 4.64 /80° ohms secondary Zone 2 Reach Settings Required Zone 2 impedance = (Green Valley-Blue River) line impedance + 50% (Blue River-Rocky Bay) line impedance = (100+30) x 0.484 /79.2° x 0.12 = 7.56 /79.4° ohms secondary Relay Zone 2 reach = KZ2 x KZPh x S/n KZ2 settings 1.0 to 49.98 in steps of 0.02 f . Required Zone 2 Reach R Z Ht 2 = euler Zone 2 Reach ‘equired Zone 2 multiplier setting KZ: TT, =7.56 Therefore, select KZ2 = 7.56 Actual Zone 2 reach setting = 7.56 /80° ohms —_ secondaryLFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 26.6 Page 61 Zone 3 Reach Settings Required Zone 3 forward impedance = (Green Valley-Blue River + Blue River-Rocky Bay) x 1.2 = (100+60) x 1.2 x 0.484 /79.4° x 0.12 = 11.15 /79.4° ohms secondary Relay Zone 3 forward reach = KZ3 x KZPh x 5/Ip, KZ3 setting 1.0 to 49.98 in steps of 0.02 Required Zone 3 forward reach setting multiplier KZ3 = Required Zone 3 forward reach KZPh x 5/In = 1s Nearest KZ3 setting 11.14 Actual Zone 3 forward reach setting = 11.14 x 1 x 5/5 /80° = 11.14 /80° ohms secondary Required Zone 3 reverse reach impedance = Typically 10% Zone 1 reach =0.1 x 4.64 179.42 = 0.464 /79.4° Relay Zone 3 reverse reach = KZ3' x KZPh x 5/In KZ3' settings 0.2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1 Required Zone 3 reverse reach setting multiplier KZ3' = Required Zone 3 reverse reach KZPh x 5/q =0.46 Therefore, select KZ3' = 0.5 Actual Zone 3 reverse reach setting = 0.5 /80° ohms secondary~ LFZP 11x R-S9L1C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 26.7 26.8 Page 62 Earth Fault Residual Compensation Settings Zuo- 32y, Residual Compensation factor KN 1 = (0.426 + j1.576) - (0.089 + j0.476) = 0337 +j1.1 = 11S 172.98 LISI." 0.79 /-6.5° 3x 0.484/79.4 Zio 3Zy, Residual Compensation setting KZN = xKZPh KZN = 0.79 /-6,5° x 1 /80° = 0,79 /73.5° KZN settings 0 to 1.36 in steps of 0.001 Therefore, select KZN = 0.79 and THETA N = 75° Power Swing Blocking With the Permissive Overreach scheme POR 1, the Power Swing Blocking characteristic Z6 is set concentric with the Zone 3 characteristic, so that if the measured impedance locus travels into the Z6 characteristic, but takes longer than timer TZ6 setting to pass through into the Zone 3 characteristic, the Power Swing Blocking unit will operate. The Power Swing Blocking unit is arranged to block under certain system conditions and can be preset to block one or more of the relay zones. The recommended settings for the Power Swing Blocking characteristic Z6 forward and reverse reach settings (see Section 16.0) are 26 forward reach = 1.3 x Zone 3 forward reach = 1.3.x 11.14 80° = 14.48 /80° ohms secondary Z6 forward reach =KZ6 x KZPh x 5/Ip KZ6 = 14.48 KZ6 settings 1.0 to 49.98 in steps of 0.02 Therefore, select KZ6 = 14.48LFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL. CHAPTER 1 26.9 26.10 . Page 63 Actual Z6 forward reach = 14.48 /80° ohms secondary Z6 reverse reach = 0.3 Zone 3 forward reach + Zone 3 reverse reach = (0.3 x 11.14 180°) + 0.46 /80° = (3.34 + 0,46) /80° = 3.8 /80° Z6 reverse reach = KZ6' x KZPh x 5/y KZ6' settings 0.2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1 Therefore, select KZ6' = 3.8 Actual Z6 reverse reach = 3.8 /80° ohms secondary TZ6 timer settings 20 to 90 ms in steps of 5 ms Recommended TZ6 setting 50 ms Lenticular Characteristic For applications where there are likely to be problems of load encroachment on the relay Zone 3 characteristic, or even more so if the Power Swing Blocking characteristic Z6 is used, the lenticular shaped characteristic is available for Zone 3 and Zone 6. The major axis of the lenticular characteristic (b) would be set in accordance with the forward and reverse settings required, but the minor axis (a) can be selected to provide an aspect ratio (a/b) of 1.0, 0.67 or 0.41. The aspect ratio should be chosen to prevent the load impedance encroachment into the relay characteristic with a minimum safety margin of 10%. ‘An impedance diagram showing the relay characteristics for each zone is given in figure 24B Permissive Overreach Schemes For POR 2, POR 2 WI Trip When the weak infeed logic is required, the Permissive Overreach scheme POR 2 or POR 2 WI Trip with reversed looking Zone 3 comparators needs to be selected and the relay settings for Zone 1, Zone 2 and the Residual compensation would be the sme as for scheme POR 1, but the settings for Zone 3 and the Power Swing Blocking Unit. would be different.LFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 GREEN VALLEY BLUE RIVER PHASE AND GROUND FAULTS. Figure 24B __230kV Power System Worked Example using model LFZP 112 in the POR 1 Mode Relay SettingsLFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL. CHAPTER 1 26.11 26.12 Page 65 Reversed Zone 3 Setting When set reverse looking, the Zone 3 comparators must be set as directional mho's and, therefore, only need to be set in the reverse direction (see Section 15.0). Required reverse Zone 3 setting = 1.2 x Zone 2 relay setting at opposite end, to cover errors due to relay accuracy's (CT and VT errors). = (Blue River-Green Valley) line impedance + 50% (Green Valley-Tiger Bay) line impedance x 1.2 = ((100 + 40) x 0.484 /79.4° x 0.12) 1.2 = 9.76 179.4% Relay reverse Zone 3 reach = KZ3' x KZPh x 5/In KZ3' setting 0,2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1 Required reverse Zone 3 reach setting multiplier KZ3' _ Required reversed Zone 3 reach KZPh x 5/1, =9.76 Therefore, select KZ3' = 9.8 ‘Actual reverse Zone 3 reach = 9,8 /80° ohms secondary Power Swing Blocking When the Power Swing Blocking unit is used with the Permissive Overreach schemes POR 2 because the Zone 3 comparators are set reverse looking, the Zone 6 characteristic of the Power Swing Blocking unit has to be set concentric with the Zone 2 characteristic. In the example chosen, for the 100 Km line between Green Valley and Blue River, the required settings would be: Zone 6 forward reach = 1.3 x Zone 2 reach = 13 x 7.56 /80° = 9.82 /80° Relay Zone 6 forward reach = KZ6 x KZPh x 5/ly KZ6 settings 1.0 to 49.98 in steps of 0.02LFZP 11x R-S5911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 26.13 26.14 Page 66 Required Zone 6 forward reach multiplier setting _ Required Zone 6 forward Reach ZPh x 5/1, = 9.82 Therefore, select KZ6 = 9.82 Actual Zone 6 forward reach = 9.82 /80° Zone 6 reverse reach = KZ6' x KZPh x 5/In, KZ6' settings 0.2 to 49.9 in steps of 0.1 Required Zone 6 reverse reach setting multiplier KZ6" _ Required Zone 6 reverse Reach ZPhx 5/1, = 2.26 Therefore, select KZ6'= 2.3 Actual Zone 6 reverse reach = 2.3 /80° ohms secondary Current Reversals The current reversal logic available with the Permissive Overreach schemes need only to be used when the setting of the Zone 2 comparators is greatr than 1.5 times the impedance of the protected line. In the chosen worked example, since the setting of the Zone 2 comparators is only 1.3 times the protected line impedance, the current reversal logic does not need to be used and the recommended settings for the current reversal guard timer are: TP = 98ms and TD =0 Check On Comparator Voltage At Zone 1 Reach Worst condition is with the parallel line out of service and it is assumed that the values of maximum and minimum fault levels at Green Valley and Blue River substations are for single infeed conditions. Maximum source positive sequence impedance = 230" = 36,45 /80° 2,300 i = 4.59 + j26.05 ohmsLFZP 1x R-S91IC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 Page 67 Protected line positive sequence impedance up to Zone 1 reach = 0.8 x 100 x 0.484 /79.4° = 38.72 /79.4° = 7.12 + j38.06 ohms Overall source to Zone 1 reach positive sequence impedance = (4.59 + j26.05) + (7.12 + j38.06) = 11.7] + j64.11 = 65.17 /79.6° ohms Relay voltage for a phase fault at the Zone 1 reach = 115 x 38.72 = 68.32 volts 65.17 Earth Fault At Zone | Reach Maximum source zero sequence impedance assumed to be equal to the posit've sequence impedance Maximum source earth loop impedance = 4.59 + j26.05 ohms Protected line zero sequence impedance up to Zone | reach = 0.8 x 100 x 1.632/74.8° = 130.56 /74.8° = 34.23 +j125.99 ohms Protected line earth loop impedance up to Zone I reach = 2.x (7.12 + j38.08) + (34,23 + j125.99) = 16,15 + j67.38 3 = 69.29 /76.5° Overall source to Zone | reach earth loop impedance = (4.59 + j26.05) + (16.15 + j67.38) = 20.74 + j93.43 = 95,70 [77.48° Relay voltage for an earth fault at the Zone | reach = 66.47 x 69.29 = 48.12 volts 95.70LFZP 11x R-S91IC SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 26.15 Page 68 For a + 5% reach accuracy with the Zone 1 multiplier set to unity Optimho requires at least 2.05 volts for earth fault measurement or at least 3.55 volts for phase fault measurement, For a + 10% accuracy, the required voltages are 1.04 and 1.8 volts respectively. For Zone 1 multipliers greater than unity, the required relay voltages for accuracy vary linearly with the multiplier setting, In this case, the Zone | multiplier KZ1 = 4.64 Thus, the required minimum voltages for a+ 5% reach accuracy are. 4.64 x 2.05 = 9.51 volts for earth faults 4.64 x 3.55 = 16.47 volts for phase faults Both voltage requirements are met in this application Current Transformer Requirements Class X current transformers are required to meet the following specification Phase Fault Condition V, > u(1 Fle, +R, +R,) volts en +R._+R,) volts Ve 1 Ip = maximum secondary fault current for a three phase fault at the Zone 1 reach Neglecting the small infeed from the parallel line Minimum source positive sequence impedance 230" ~ 5,000 10.58 /80° ohms Overall minimum source to Zone 1 reach positive sequence impedance = (1.837 + j10.419) + (7.12 +j38.06) = 8.957 + j48.479 = 49.29 /79.5° _ 230x107 5 11.238 V3 x 49.29 “1,20 48.479 _ 8.957 eo S41 RLFZP 11x R-5911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 Page 69 Z p= Relay burden for a phase fault = S = 0.02 ohm Ror = Current transformer secondary winding resistance assumed to be 0.5 ohm R,_= Resistance of one pilot cable lead between the current transformers and the relay, assumed to be 0.25 ohm Current transformer knee-point voltage requirement for a three phase fault at the Zone 1 reach point Vx2 11.238 (1 + 5.41)(0.02 + 0.5 + 0.25) 2 80.69 volts Earth Fault Condition Vie i +2 (Ze +R 2%] Ipg = maximum secondary fault current for an earth fault at the Zone 1 reach Assuming that the zero and positive sources impedances are equal Minimum source earth loop impedance = 1.837 + j10.419 ohms Overall source to Zone | reach earth loop impedance = (1.837 + j10.419) + (16.15 + j67.38) = 17.987 + j77.799 = 79.85 (77° ohms pp = ON, 5-6. 0374 5 x 79.85 * 1,200 X, _ 77.799 Xe. =432 R, 17.987 Zpg = Relay burden for an earth fault = 0.02 ohm Current transformer knee-point voltage requirement for an earth fault at the Zone 1 reach point Vx 2 6.937 (1 + 4.32)(0.02 + 0.5 + 0.5) > 37.64 voltsLFZP 11x R-S911C SERVICE MANUAL CHAPTER 1 Page 70 It is also required that at the current transformer knee-point voltage, which from the above calculations should not be less than 80.69 volts, the exciting current should be less than 0.5A.