EXPERIMENT No.

1
Title:
Fluid Friction in a Smooth Bore Pipe

Objective:
To determine the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction and velocity for
flow of water through smooth bore pipes and to confirm the head loss friction factor
f.
Method
To obtain a series of readings of head loss at different flow rates, through one or
more of the smooth bore test pipes.
Procedure
1. Prime the pipe network with water. Open and close the appropriate valves to
obtain flow of water through the required test pipe.
2. Take readings at a number of different flow rates, altering the flow using the
control valve on the apparatus, (ten readings is sufficient to produce a good
head-flow curve).
3. Measure flow rates using the volumetric tank. For small flow rates use the
measuring cylinder. Measure head loss between the tappings using the
portable pressure meter or pressurized water manometer as appropriate.
4. Obtain readings on all four smooth test pipes if you have the time.
5. Measure the internal diameter of each test pipe sample using a digital caliper.
Data and Results
All readings should be tabulated as follows:

Volume
V
(Liter)

Time
T
(Sec)

Flow
rate
Q
(m3/s)

Pipe
Diamet
er
d
(m)

Velocit
y
u
(m/s)

Reynol
ds No.
Re

Measur
ed
Head
Loss
H
(m H2O)

Friction
factor
f

V 10 3
T

4Q
d2

ud

(hC hD)

EXPERIMENT No. 2
Title:

Determination of Friction Loss in Piping System

Materials:

TecQuipment Hydraulic Bench Hl

TecQuipment Piping System H16 162
Stopwatch

Objectives:
1. To experimentally determine the friction losses m terms of the Fanning
Friction Factor as a function of Reynolds number for pipes.
2. To measure friction losses for various valves, fittings, flow meters, expansion
and contraction connections in a closed flow system.

Procedures:
The following procedure assumes that pressure loss measurements are to be
made on all the circuit components.
1. Fully open the water control valve on the hydraulic bench.
2. With the globe valve closed, fully open the gate valve to obtain
maximum flow through the hydraulic bench inlet pipe.
3. Collect a sufficient quantity of water in the tank to ensure that the flow
takes place over a minimum period of 60 seconds.
4. Record the readings on the U-tube.
5. Repeat the above procedure for a total of ten different flow rates,
obtained by closing the gate valve, equally spaced over the full flow
range.
6. With simple mercury in glass thermometer record the water
temperature in the sump tank of the bench each time a reading is
taken.

7. Before switching off the pump, close both the globe valve and the gate
valve. This procedure prevents air gaining access to the System and so
saves time in subsequent setting up.

LATEST EQUIPMENT
H408 Fluid Friction Apparatus

H408 Fluid Friction Apparatus

Special Features

A space-saving vertical panel that works with TecQuipments Gravimetric or

Volumetric Hydraulic Benches for easy installation
Includes different valves, pipes and fittings to show losses
Includes experiments on roughened pipes
Uses Bernoullis equation
Shows how to use Venturi and orifice meters to measure flow

Includes a traversing Pitot tube to measure velocity profile

Description
TecQuipments Fluid Friction Apparatus allows students to study flow, flow
measurement techniques and losses in a wide variety of pipes and fittings.
The equipment has three water circuits with instruments, pipes and pipe
system components. These allow students to examine and compare the different
component characteristics. A hydraulic bench (Gravimetric (H1) or Volumetric
(H1D), available separately) supplies the circuit with a controlled flow of water. A
space-saving vertical panel holds all the parts for easy use.
To measure pressure loss across components, students use a piezometer set
and differential pressure gauge (included).
To perform experiments students record the temperature of water in the
hydraulic bench and set the hydraulic bench to pump water through a circuit. They
measure pressure losses across instruments or components. The hydraulic bench
gives an external flow rate for reference and comparison. The flow measurement
instruments show students the common methods of measuring water flow. They
also give applications of the steady flow energy equation (Bernoullis equation).
Students use a Venturi meter and an orifice plate meter and compare the losses of
each. They also find the losses in a rapid enlargement.
The equipment also includes a Pitot-static tube. By traversing the Pitot across
the pipe diameter, students can find the velocity profile and flow coefficients. They
also find the relationship between the flow rate and pressure differential.
An artificially roughened pipe allows students to study friction factor at
different Reynolds numbers. They can compare results to those predicted by
Nickuradses results and a Moody chart.
Standard Features

Supplied with a comprehensive user guide

Five-year warranty
Manufactured in accordance with the latest European Union directives

Experiments and Investigations

Use of the Pitot-static tube

Flow measurement using a Venturi meter and an orifice meter
Smooth pipes
Artificially roughened pipe
Straight pipe loss
Sudden expansion and contraction

Bends and elbows

Valves
In-line strainer

Essential Base Unit

Gravimetric Hydraulic Bench (H1)

Or

Volumetric Hydraulic Bench (H1D)

Essential Services

Water supply:
From the hydraulic bench (H1 or H1D)

Floor space needed:

3 m x 1.5 m (plus space for the hydraulic bench)

Operating Conditions

Operating environment:
Laboratory

Storage temperature range:

25C to +55C (when packed for transport)

Operating temperature range:

+5C to +40C

Operating relative humidity range:

80% at temperatures < 31C decreasing linearly to 50% at 40C

Specifications

Nett dimensions and weight of Main Unit:

2.8 m long (assembled) x 1 .85 m high x 0.8 m front to back and 1 30
kg

Nett dimensions and weight of Piezometer Set:

500 mm wide x 500 mm front to back x 1 .7 m high (assembled) and
27 kg

Total Packed dimensions and weight:

5 m3 and 250 kg

Main parts:
Smooth pipes of various sizes
Artificially roughened pipe
90-degree mitre and elbow
90-degree smooth bends (up to 1 50 mm radius)
Sudden enlargement
Sudden contraction
Gate valve, globe valve and ball valve
Venturi meter and orifice meter
Pitot static tube
In-line strainer
Test Pipes with inside diameters from 4 mm to 1 7 mm

Armfield C6MKII Fluid Friction Measurements

Armfield C6MKII Fluid Friction Measurements

The Armfield Fluid Friction Measurements unit provides facilities for the
detailed study of fluid friction head losses which occur when an incompressible fluid
flows through pipes, fittings and flow metering devices. The unit is designed for use
with the Armfield F1-10 Hydraulics bench.
Description
Pipe friction is one of the classic laboratory experiments and has always
found a place in the practical teaching of fluid mechanics.

With this unit friction head losses in straight pipes of very different sizes can
be investigated over a range of Reynolds' numbers from 103 to nearly 105, thereby
covering the laminar, transitional and turbulent flow regimes in smooth pipes.In
addition an artificially roughened pipe is supplied which, at the higher Reynolds'
numbers, shows a clear departure from the typical smooth-bore pipe characteristics.
In addition to the equipment for the study of losses in straight pipes, a wide
range of accessories are standard including pipe fittings and control valves, a
Venturi tube, an orifice plate assembly and a Pitot tube.
An arrangement of six pipes provides facilities for testing the following:

Four smooth-bore pipes of

different diameters
Artificially roughened pipe
90 bends (large & small radii)
90 elbow
90 mitre
45 elbow
45 Y
90 T
Sudden enlargement

Sudden contraction
Gate valve
Globe valve
Ball valve
Inline strainer
Perspex Venturi
Perspex orifice meter
Perspex pipe section with a Pitot
tube & static tapping

Short samples of each size test pipe are provided loose so that the
students can measure the exact diameter and determine the nature of the
internal finish. The ratio of the pipe diameter to the distance of the pressure
tappings from the ends of each pipe has been selected to minimise end and
entry effects. A system of isolating valves is provided whereby the pipe to be
tested can be selected without disconnecting or draining the system. This
arrangement enables tests to be conducted on parallel pipe configurations.
An optional floor-standing Hydraulics Bench incorporates a sump tank and
volumetric flow measurement facility. Rapid and accurate flow measurement is
possible over the full working range of the apparatus.
The level rise in the measuring tank is determined by an independant sight
gauge. A 250ml capacity glass measuring cylinder is supplied for measuring the
flow rate under laminar conditions (very low flows).
Each pressure tapping is fitted with quick action selfsealing connection. Probe
attachments with an adequate quantity of translucent polythene tubing are
provided so that any pair of pressure tappings can be rapidly connected.
All the test pipes and fixed interconnecting pipes are fabricated in stainless
steel.

Instructional Capabilities

A wide range of measurements, demonstrations and training exercises

are possible with the equipment:

Confirming the relationship between head loss due to fluid friction and
velocity for flow of water
Determining the head loss associated with flow through a variety of standard
pipe fittings
Determining the relationship between pipe friction coefficients and Reynolds'
number for flow through a pipe with roughened bore
Demonstrating the application of differential head devices in the
measurement of flow rate and velocity
Providing practical training of pressure measurement techniques
Enhancing understanding of the hydraulic principles involved through the use
of complementary computer software

Ordering Specification

A unit for the detailed study of fluid friction head losses which occur when an
incompressible fluid flows through pipes, fittings and flow metering devices
A substantial floor-standing tubular steel frame supports test circuits
comprising:

- 4 smooth-bore
pipes of different diameters
ranging from 4.5mm ID to
17.2mm ID

Artificially

roughened

pipe

- 90
small radii)

bends

(large

&

- 90 elbow

- 90 mitre

- 45 elbow, 45 Y, 90 T

- Sudden enlargement

- Sudden contraction

- Gate valve

- Globe valve

- Ball valve

- Inline strainer

- Perspex Venturi

- Perspex orifice meter

- Perspex pipe section

with a pitot
tube & static
tapping

- 38 tapping points

All fixed pipes fabricated in stainless steel

Suitable for studying Reynolds' numbers from 103 to nearly 105
A system of isolating valves, quick release manometer connection valves
and self-sealing pressure tappings ensure fast accurate results
Data logging accessory available
Computer-aided learning program available
A user instruction manual provides installation, commissioning and
maintenance data, together with student exercises.
The unit is designed for use with the F1-10 Hydraulics bench