The Fundementals

Introduction Maxwell's equations Plane waves Free space loss Gas

Loss Refraction Diffraction Reflections Troposcatter Rain
effects Vegetation StatisticsLink budgets Noise Multipath Measurements Models

Free Space Loss

We all now know that:

A radio wave launched from a point in any given direction will propagate
outwards from that point at the speed of light
The energy will travel in a straight line, as there is nothing to prevent them
doing so
They will do this forever.
So how can we talk about a loss ?
Actually, this lastforever statement is not quite true, the energy is carried by photons
that do eventually decay but as the half life of a photon is of the order of 6.5 Billion
years, we don't need to worry about it.
We cant really talk about free space loss, but we do anyway
What is means is the ratio of the received power to the transmitted power,

this not really a loss at all, energy is conserved, it is just that usually not all of it is
captured at the receiver.
We can easily predict the free space loss from the well known equation:
Free Space Loss = 32.45 + 20log(d) + 20log(f) dB (where d is in km and f is in
MHz)
- it is important to understand where this comes from. Imagine a light bulb in free
space, light spreads out more or less equally in all directions

The wavefront expands as a sphere and the energy flux radiates outwards at the speed
of light.
The Power Flux Density (PFD) is the power per unit area is the power from the bulb
divided by the area of this sphere. The area of a Sphere = 4r 2, So:
Ppfd = Pt / 4r2 w/m2

Field strength P (From Ohms Law (P = V2/R, Erms2 = PZ0)

Which demonstrates that in free space, field strength is inversely proportional to range
and hence power which is proportional to the square of the field strength is inversely
proportional to the square of the range. (This is a simplistic explanation and possibly
stating the obvious, however it has been included just in case the inverse square law is
not obvious it everyone.)

An Example
Voyager 1 is a space probe which is now 15 billion km from Earth (USA billions).
How strong are its transmissions at the Earth?

The transmitter power is about 13 watts at 8415MHz. The 3.7m antenna has a gain of
48 dB which makes this an effective power in our direction of 800kW.

This is covered soon, but the effect of a large dish is to focus the energy to only fill a
small segment of the sphere around the object. This forms a cone, the area of the face
of a cone still expands with the square of the distance.

The power density at Earth is from the previous equations:

watts
per square metre
Voyager is received by the large 70m dish at Goldstone. A 70m dish has an area of
3800m, so the total power it receives over that area is ~ 1 x 10 -18 W about an
attowatt. One attowatt is not very much (-180 dBW). We will come back to this later
when we cover link budgets
Voyager 1 is nearly 30 years old, it was launched on 5th September 1977 from Cape
Canaveral from a Titan-Centaur rocket. While the rocket used a lot of fuel, the overall
consumption is now up to about 30 000 mpg and getting higher. It is now the most distant

man made object at 100Au distance from the sun and heading away at 3.6Au per year.
1Au is the radius of the Earth Orbit. It is so far away that light takes nearly 14 hours to
make the trip.
The influence of the sun at this range is 10000 times smaller so there is no hope at
all for solar power. Instead, the spacecraft gets its power from a radioactive source,
which decays producing heat which is in turn converted into electricity. This source

now produces 290W compared to 470W at launch. There are also liquid propellants
for station keeping, the spacecraft has 28kg left which should last at least to around
2020. It will reach the Heliopause in 2015, effectively leaving the solar system.
Goldstone Observatory is located in the Mojave Desert, California, USA. It was set up in the late
1950s to communicate with the Pioneer space missions.

The observatory is part of NASA's Deep Space Network. There is a 26 metre antenna
which was built to support the Apollo missions in the 1960s. There are five 34m
dishes, four of which are high efficiency using beam waveguides and one very large
70m dish which is used to communicate with distant missions like Voyager. It has a
communications range of about 16 billion km. For Voyager, the normal data rate for
telemetry is 160bits/second with a maximum data rate of 1.4kb/s.

Deriving the FSL equation

This is sometimes referred to as the Friis formula. We start with the equation for
received power flux density,

To find the power received, we multiply by the effective area of the antenna

The effective area Ae of an antenna is related to its gain

Substituting:

rearranging:

Usually, we refer to path loss between isotropic antennas, so

Remembering:

And finally

In useful units of MHz, dB and km

Which after putting in the constants and correcting for units of MHz and km leads us
to the standard result:

FSL = 32.4 + 20 log(f) + 20 log(d)

Next
Mike Willis May 5th, 2007