DESIGN EXAMPLE

POST-TENSIONG DESIGN STEPS

THREE-SPAN PARKING STRUCTURE

FLANGED BEAM DESIGN
EC2 BS8110 TR43

COMPUTATIONAL STEPS

1. Geometry and Structural System

2. Material Properties
3. Loading
4. Design Parameters
5. Actions due to Dead and Live Loading
6. Actions due to Post-Tensioning
7. Stress Check for Serviceability
8. Minimum Passive Reinforcement
9. Calculation of Crack Width
10.Strength Calculation for Bending
11.Shear Design
12.Deflection Check
13.Stresses at Transfer
14.Tendon and Reinforcement Layout
15. Computer Solution

Dr. Bijan Aalami

Structural Engineer, California
Emeritus Professor, San Francisco State University

THREE SPAN, SINGLE LEVEL PARKING STRUCTURE

T-BEAM EXAMPLE

1
3m

2
350x350 mm)
COL.

350x350 mm
COL.

450x450 mm
COL.

20 m

17 m

SEM-018

5m

(a) BEAM ELEVATION

BEAM

COLUMN

(b) PLAN
5m
760 mm

125 mm

460 mm

(c) SECTION

GEOMETRY OF THE BEAM

1

be =
=

2460 for span 1 and 2

1250 for span 3

JAVA 3-D VIEW OF ROSTAM PARKING BEAM

1 GEOMETRY AND STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

The parking structure floor consists of a one-way
slab supported on parallel beams.
Dimensions and Support Conditions:

Three spans; 20 m, 17 m
and 5 m

Total tributary width = 5 m typical

ACI-318 code is mute on the effective

width of prestressed beams.
Effective width depends on:
Bending
Axial Forces
For bending the practice among many
engineers is to assume 8 times the flange
thickness on each side of the stem, but not
greater than the tributary of the beam.

First and last columns are assumed

hinged at the bottom

The restriction of effective width being less

than one quarter of span is not strictly
adhered to.
Calculation:
Less than the total tributary width = 5000 mm
Assume effective width = 16 times flange
thickness plus the stem width
Effective Width

Section Properties:

Spans 1 and 2

2 MATERIAL PROPERTIES:
Concrete:

Span 3

Axial
effects

Bending
effects

Axial effects

Bending
effects

9.171e+5

5.996e+5

9.171e+5

4.484e+5

----184

3.185e+10
248

----184

2.472e+10
310

Yb (mm)
Stop (mm3)

576

512

576

450

-----

1.28e+8

------

7.97e+7

Sbot (mm3)

------

6.22e+7

-------

5.49e+7

Area (mm2)
I (mm4)
Yt (mm)

= 16* 125 + 460

= 2460 mm

Cylinger strength fck

= 28MPa

Weight

= 2400 kg/m3

Material factor, c

= 1.50

Design strength, fcd

= fck / c =28/1.50 = 19Mpa

Mod. of Elasticity, Ecm

= 2.15* 104* [(fck +8)/ 10] 1/3

= 32951 MPa

Creep Coefficient

= 2

Strength at transfer, fci = 20 MPa

Prestressing:
I
Yt
Yb
Stop
Sbot

= second moment of area ;

= distance of centroid to top fiber of section;
= distance of centroid to bottom fiber of section;
= section modulus for top fiber; (I/Yt); and
= section modulus for bottom fiber; (I/Ybot).

Low Relaxation strands , Unbonded System

Strand Diam.

= 12 mm (nominal)

Strand Area

= 99mm2

Modulus of Elasticity

= 200000 MPa

Characteristic strength fpk = 1860 MPa

Material factor, p

= 1.15

Design strength, fcd

0.9fpk / p =0.9*1860/1.15

= 1456Mpa

3 LOADING:
Nonprestressed (Passive) Reinforcement:

Dead Load:
Selfweight:

Yield stress fyk

460 MPa

Material factor, s

1.15

Slab = 0.125m*2400 kg/m3* 5m*(9.806/1000) = 14.71 kN/m

Design strength, fyd

fyk / s =460/1.15

Stem = 0.635 * 0.460 * 2400 * (9.806/1000)

400Mpa

200000 MPa

Modulus of Elasticity

Total dead Load Due to Self Weight

= 6.87 kN/m
= 21.58 kN/m

Superimposed Dead Load due to Mechanical, Sealant and

overlay:
0.5 kN/m2 * 5 m

2.5 kN/m

Total Dead Load

24.08 kN/m

Live Load:
2.5 kN/m2 * 5 = 12.5 kN/m

MaxLL/DL ratio = 12.5/24.08 = 0.52 < 0.75

Do Not Skip Live Loading
Strictly speaking, live loading must be skipped to
maximize the design values. But, when the ratio of live
to dead loading is small, for hand calculations it is
adequate to determine the design actions based on live
loading on all spans. The ratio used is 0.75.

4 DESIGN PARAMETERS:

Cover to rebar and prestressing strands

Structural Class S3
Minimum Rebar Cover

= 40 mm. Top and Bottom

Effective stress in prestressing strand after

all losses
= 1200 Mpa
pm = fse

Minimum Prestressing CGS = 70 mm , All Spans

The cover selected is higher than the minimum

Code requirement to allow for top bars over the
beam cage in the transverse direction.
The cover and hence distance to the CGS
(Center of Gravity of Strand) is determined by the fire
requirements and corrosion protection. The CGS
distance, 70 mm, is slightly higher than the
minimum required. Its selection is based on ease of
placement.

Effective prestress (after all losses) is

assumed 1200 Mpa, if:
i.

Members with dimensions common in

building construction:
ii. Tendons equal or less than 36 m long
stressed at one end, or for tendons up to
72 m when stressed at both ends;
iii. Generic 12 mm extruded tendons with
industry common friction coefficients; and
iv. Tendons stressed to 0.8 fpu.

BALANCED LOADING OF A PARABOLIC CABLE

The design prestressing force in each span

is chosen based upon the following
assumptions

Wb

Wbc

A constant effective force is assumed for each

span. The design prestressing force is
chosen as a multiple of the average force in
each tendon.

Wbd
P

P
b

Force/tendon = 1200 MPa * 99mm2/1000

= 118.8 kN/tendon

c
L

Use

multiples of 119 KN when selecting the

post-tensioning forces for design.

Figure C4-1

c/L =

Tendon profiles are chosen to be simple

parabola.The parameters selected for the
parabolas are such that in each span a
uniform upward force will result.

a
b

1+ a
b

W b = 2Pa
c2

COMPARISON OF SIMPLIFIED AND ACTUAL

TENDON PROFILES

ADDED
TENDON 690 mm

690 mm

633 mm

Other Design Parameters:

Minimum Avg. Precompression = 1.0 MPa

Target Balanced Loading

576 mm

576 mm
70 mm
9.49 m

8.50 m

8.50 m
17 m

20 m

5m

600 mm

600 mm

Compression

= 0.60 * fck = 16.80 MPa

Tension (concrete)

= fct,eff = fctm

fctm

= 0.30 * fck (2/3)(Table 3.1, EC2)

= 0.30 * 28 (2/3) = 2.77 MPa

(a) SIMPLIFIED TENDON PROFILE

450 mm

Allowable Stresses
For frequent load condition

285 mm

10.51 m

= 60% of Total Dead Load

600 mm

300 mm

Tension (concrete)

= 2.77 MPa

Tension (mild steel)

= 0.80 * fyk = 368 MPa

Tension (prestressing steel) = 0.75 * fpk= 1395 MPa

For quasi-permanent load condition

690 mm

576 mm
70 mm
8m
0.4L

12 m
0.6L

660 mm
285 mm

8.5 m
0.5L

8.5 m
0.5L

(b) ACTUAL TENDON PROFILE

USED IN CONSTRUCTION
Figure C4-2

5m

576 mm

Compression

0.45 * fck = 12.60 MPa

Tension (concrete)

= 2.77 MPa

Tension (steel)

= none required

For initial load condition

Compression

= 0.50 * fci = -10 MPa

Tension (post-tensioned) = 0.40 fci = 1.79 MPa

Based on TR-43
Minimum and maximum overall rebar limits
As (0.26* fctm*bt*d / fyk) but not less than 0.0013* bt*d

Allowable Stresses:
For frequent load combination.
Tension (unbonded tendon) =

Asmax = 0.04 Ac =0.04 *448400 = 17936 mm2

fctm,fl

Load Combinations:
Service (quasi-permanent):
1.0*self-wt +1.0*DL + 0.3*LL + 1.0*PT
Service (frequent):
1.0*self-wt +1.0*DL + 0.5*LL + 1.0*PT
Strength:
1.35*self-wt +1.35*DL + 1.50*LL + 1* HYP
Initial:
1.0*self-wt + 1.15*PT (USA practice)
Crack width limitation unbonded systems:

Quasi-permanent load combination: 0.3 mm

Frequent load combination : none

fctm

larger of (1.6- h/1000) fctm or fctm

larger of 0.84*fctm or fctm

0.30 * fck (2/3) (Table 3.1, EC2)

0.30 * 28 (2/3) = 2.77 MPa

Allowable tension stress = 1.35* 2.77 = 3.73 MPa

Compression

= 0.6* fck = 0.6*28

= -16.8 MPa

For initial load condition

Tension
fctm

Crack width limitation grouted systems:

Quasi-permanent load combination: none

Frequent load combination : 0.2 mm

0.72 fctm

0.30 * fci (2/3) (Table 3.1, EC2)

0.30 * 20 (2/3) = 2.21 MPa

Allowable tension stress = 0.72* 2.21 = 1.59 MPa

Compression

Minimum reinforcement for crack control:

Asmin

1.35 fctm,fl

= 0.50 * fci = -10MPa

= kc k fct,eff Act /s

5 ACTIONS AND STRESSES DUE TO

DEAD AND LIVE LOADING:
The structural system of the frame and its dead and
live loading is shown in Fig. 5-1

Minimum Rebar Reqd

As >= (0.26 bt *d* fctm/ fpk )

STRUCTURAL FRAME AND ITS

DEAD AND LIVE LOADING (kN/m; m)

but not less than 0.0013 bt d

Crack Width Limitation:
For all members

DL= 24.08 kN/m LL= 12.5 kN/m

= 0.2 mm

LL= 12.5 kN/m

____________________________
3m
20 m

17 m

Figure 5-1

5m

DL MOMENT DISTRIBUTION (kN-m)

Center to center of support distances are used
Moments are reduced to the face-of-support

-926.00 kN-m

The computed moments from the frame

analysis are reduced to the face of the support
using statics of each span. The face-of-support
moments and the moments at midspan are
summarized in Table 5-1.

-802.80 kN-m
-321.20 kN-m

-112.60 kN-m

-267.40 kN-m

TABLE 5-1 MOMENTS AT FACE-OF-SUPPORT AND MIDSPAN (kNm)

262.40 kN-m
Span 1

Span 2

Span 3

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

Left

Mid

Right

MD (kN-m)

-112.60

636.00

-926.00

-802.80

262.40

-321.20

-267.40

-68.88

5.27

ML (kN-m)

-58.45

330.10

-480.70

-416.80

136.20

-166.80

-138.80

-35.75

2.73

MD + 0.3 ML
(kN-m)

-130.14

735.03

-1070.21

-927.84

303.26

-371.24

-309.04

-79.61

6.09

MD + 0.5ML
(kN-m)

-141.83

801.05

-1166.35

-1011.20

330.50

-404.60

-336.80

-86.76

6.64

1.35MD + 0.5ML
(kN-m)

-181.24

1023.65

-1490.45

-1292.18

422.34

-517.02

-430.39

-110.86

-8.48

LL MOMENT DISTRIBUTION (kN-m)

636.00 kN-m

Figure 5-2

6 ACTIONS DUE TO POST-TENSIONING:

Guidelines:

- 480.70 kN-m

- 416.80 kN-m
-166.80 kN-m

-58.45 kN-m

-138.80 kN-m

136.20 kN-m
330.10 kN-m

Determine the amount of post-tensioning and hence

the number of strands to satisfy the post-tensioning
based on minimum average precompression;

Position the number of strands selected with the

maximum drape in the critical span;

Assuming a simple and continuous parabola between

the supports, determine the upward force of the
prestressing tendons;

From the upward force determined in the preceding,

calculate the percentage of the balanced loading in
the critical span. If the value is 60% to 90% of the
dead load accept it as first trial. Else, increase the
force to balance 60% of dead loading. If it is more
than 90%, increase the value of CGS from soffit at
midspan to reduce the percentage to 70 and use it as
first trial.

Having selected the first trial for post-tensioning of the

critical span, use engineering judgment to reduce its
value in other spans if necessary, or raise the drape in
other spans.

Figure 5-3

The critical design moments are not

generally at midspan. However, in the
common hand calculation, the midspan
location is approximated for design check.

Span #1 (Continued)

Post-tensioning Design:

Wb

Tendon Forces and Balanced Loading:

Tendon Force Based on Minimum Precompression:

1.0N/mm2 * 9.171e+5 mm2/1000

= 917.1 kN

Number of strands

= 917.1 / 119
= 7.71, say 9

Force in 9

strands

1071 kN * 2 * 0.506 / 9.492

1071 * 0.01124/m

% DL balanced = 12.04/24.08 = 50% < 60%

Prorated No. of strands

Try 12 strands * 119 kN =1428 kN

Wb

Design Forces and Balanced Loading

= 16.05 kN/m

1428 * 0.01124/m

% DL balanced =

Span 1

16.05/24.08

= 67%

OK

Balanced load reaction, left

= 16.07 * 9.49 = 152.50 kN

For hand calculation tendon profile is chosen

to give uniform upward force.
Try maximum drape and force based upon P/A above
a

576 70 = 506 mm

690 70 = 620 mm

20.0 m

{[506/620]0.5 / [1 + (506/620)0.5]} * 20.0

9.49 m

Balanced load reaction,right

= 16.07*10.51 = 168.90kN

TENDON AND
BALANCED LOADING FOR SPAN 1

BALANCED LOADING
Wb2 = 17.71 kN/m

W b1= 14.45 kN/m

W b = 16.07 kN/m

177.10 kN

144.50 kN

152.50 kN

No Good

= 60% / 50% * 9
= 10.8 strands

strands

= 9 * 119 = 1071 kN

=12.04 kN/m

168.90 kN
EQ
10 m

(a) BALANCED LOADING

EQ
10 m

(a) DOUBLE PARABOLA

TENDON
506 mm
9.49 m

620 mm
Wb= 16.07 kN/m

10.51 m
20 m

(b) SIMPLE PARABOLA

168.90 kN

152.50 kN

9.49 m

10.51 m

(b) SINGLE PARABOLA

Span 2:
Span 2:
Continuous tendons:
This span is shorter. 9 tendons are adequate to
satisfy the minimum precompression. A lower
percentage of selfweight (50%) is balanced
because the dead load in span 2 helps with the
actions of span 1.
Note that the tendon low point is located at the
span midpoint.

Wb
a
CGS

=
=
=
=
=

(continued)

50% * 24.08 kN/m

= 12.04 kN/m
Wb * L2/8 * P
[(12.04 * 172) / (8 * 1071)] * 1000
405
690 405
=
285 mm

Balanced load reactions

= 12.04 kN/m * 8.5 m

Added (discontinued) tendons:

a
c
Wb

=
=
=
=
=

690 576
= 114 mm
0.20 * 17
= 3.4 m
(2aP)/c2
2 * 119 * (2 * 0.114 / 3.42)
3 * 119 * 0.0197 =
7.04 kN/m

Conc. force at dead end

Span 3:

Tendons in this span are chosen to be straight.

=
=
=

Sum of vertical forces must add up to

zero:
-152.50 - 168.90 + 16.07 *20 - 102.34 +
23.94 - 7.04 *3.4 +12.04 * 17 102.34 24.42 + 24.42
= 0.004
OK

690 mm
576 mm
(690 + 576)/2 = 633 mm

The Vertical Balanced Loading forces are

limited to concentrated forces acting at the
supports only; they are equal and opposite:

(ii)

Sum of moments of the forces must be

zero. Taking moments about the first
support gives:
-168.90

Wb

=
=

= 7.04 * 3.4 m
= 23.94 kN

Verify the computed balanced loading

(i)

CGS left
CGS right
CGS center

= 102.34 kN
(Left and Right)

1071 kN * (690 576) / (5 * 1000)

24.42 kN (right); (left)

* 20 + 16.07 *202 / 2 102.34*20

7.04 *3.4*(20+3.4/2) + 23.94 *23.4 +
12.04*17*(20+17/2) 102.34*37 24.42*37
+ 24.42*42 =
-1.1
OK

TENDON, FORCE AND BALANCED LOADING

690 mm

ADDED
TENDON

690 mm

633 mm
576 mm

576 mm
70 mm
9.49m

285 mm

10.51m

8.5 m

20 m

8.5 m

17 m

5m

(a) SIMPLIFIED TENDON PROFILE

1428 kN

Mhyp = Mpt P*e

1071 kN

3.4 m

12 STRANDS

Many engineers use the expression given

bellow to compute hyperstatic moments. This
expression gives the correct answer, only if
the balanced loading used in the
determination of Mpt satisfies equilibrium.

9 STRANDS

(b) FORCE DIAGRAM

12.04 kN/m

16.07 kN/m

24.42 kN
7.04 kN/m

168.90 kN
152.50 kN)

24.42 kN

102.34 kN
102.34 kN

23.94 kN

(c) BALANCED LOADING

Figure 6-2

Actions due to Post-Tensioning:

Actions due to post-tensioning are
calculated using a standard frame analysis
program.
The same frame geometry used for dead
and live loading is solved for balanced
loading.
The moments are reduced to the face of
support.
Midspan moments are used for design.
-434.80 kN-m
-118.30 kN-m
-0.74 kN-m
77.35 kN-m

130.60 kN-m 109.10 kN-m

592.70 kN-m 495.30 kN-m

POST-TENSIONING MOMENT
Figure 6-3

DEAD AND LIVE LOAD MOMENTS

Moment Diagrams

7 STRESS CHECK FOR SERVICEABILITY:

BALANCED AND HYPERSTATIC (SECONDARY) MOMENTS

Moment Diagrams

CRITICAL LOCATIONS FOR DESIGN

20.0 m

Frequent Load Condition:

Point A:
Compression

Tension (concrete) = fct,eff = fctm =

= 366.25 *10002/(6.221e+7) 1.56 MPa

Point A:

YT

= 248 mm

Stress Limits:

YB

= 512 mm

Stop

= 3.185e+10/248 =1.284e+8 mm3

Sbot

mm3

= 3.185e+10/512 =6.221e+7

= (MD +0.3 ML + MPT)/S + P/A

Compression

= 0.45 * 28

Tension (concrete) = fct,eff = fctm

= -12.60 MPa
= 2.77 MPa

MD + 0.3ML + MPT = (636+0. 3*330.10 434.80)

(636+0. 5*330.10 434.80)

366.25 kN-m

= -1428 *1000/91710 = -1.56 MPa

= 300.23 kN-m
P/A

= -1428 *1000/917100 = -1.56 MPa

Top Fiber:

Top Fiber:

= (-366.25 *10002)/1.284e+8 1.56 MPa

= -4.41 MPa Compression < -16.80 MPa

> 2.77 MPa NG

Quasi-Permanent Load Condition:

2.77 MPa

= 3.185e+10 mm4

MD + 0.5ML + MPT =

5.0 m

Hence check and control crack width.

= 0.60 * 28 = -16.80 MPa

where I

17.0 m

= 4.32 MPa Tension

Stress Limits:

P/A

Bottom Fiber:

= (MD +0.5 ML + MPT)/S + P/A

S = I/Yc

B C

OK

= (-300.23*10002)/1.284e+8 1.56 MPa

= -3.90 MPa Compression < -12.60 MPa
OK

_______________________________________________

Stress Check Based on TR-43 :

Frequent Load Condition:
Top Fiber:

= (MD + 0.5ML + MPT)/S + P/A

Point A:

= -4.41 MPa Compression <-16.8 MPa

Stress Limits:

Compression

1.35 fctm,fl

1.35* 2.77 = 3.73 MPa

0.6* fck = 0.6*28

=
YT

248 mm

YB

512 mm

= 3.185e+10/248 =

1.284e+8 mm3

Sbot

= 3.185e+10/512 =

6.221e+7 mm3

= 4.32 MPa Tension

> 3.73 MPa

(636+0. 5*330.10 434.80)

366.25 kN-m

-1428 *1000/917100 = -1.56 MPa

TABLE 7-1. SERVICE EXTREME FIBER STRESSES AT

SELECTED POINTS

Load
Combination

Frequent
Load

QuasiPermanent
Load

NG

Stresses at the other sections are calculated in a similar

manner and listed in the Table 7-1.

Stop

MD + 0.5ML + MPT

= 366.25 *10002/6.221e+7 1.56 MPa

Since the tensile stress exceeds the allowable limit, check

and control crack width based on EC2 7.3.4
________________________________________________

-16.8 MPa

= I/Yc

P/A

OK

Bottom Fiber:

Tension (unbonded tendon) =

= -366.25*10002/1.284e+8 1.56 MPa

Point A

Point B

Point C

Point D

Point E

MD (kN-m)

636.00

-926.00

-802.80

262.40

-68.88

ML (kN-m)

330.10

-480.70

-416.80

136.20

-35.75

MPT(kN-m)

-434.80

592.70

495.30

-118.30

54.75

Stop (mm3)

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

7.97e+7

Sbot (mm3)

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

5.49e+7

Area (mm2)

917100

917100

917100

917100

917100

P (kN)

1428

1428

1428

1071

1071

P/A (MPa)

-1.56

-1.56

-1.56

-1.17

-1.17

ft (MPa)

-4.41

2.92

2.48

-2.83

-0.79

fb (MPa)

4.32

-10.79

-9.86

2.25

-1.75

Ft (MPa)

-16.80

2.77

2.77

-16.80

-16.80

TR 43

-16.80

3.73

3.73

-16.80

-16.80

Fb (MPa)

2.77

-16.80

-16.80

2.77

-16.80

TR-43

3.73

-16.80

-16.80

3.73

-16.80

NG*

NG*

OK

OK

OK

ft (MPa)

-3.90

2.17

1.82

-2.62

-0.86

fb (MPa)

3.26

-9.24

-8.52

1.81

-1.62

Ft (MPa)

-12.60

2.77

2.77

-12.60

-12.60

Fb (MPa)

2.77

-12.60

-12.60

2.77

-12.60

NG*

OK

OK

OK

OK

Note: Ft and Fb are the respective top and

bottom allowable stresses.
Since the tensile stress at one location or more exceed the
allowable limit, rebar has to provide in order to limit the crack width.

ADAPT-PT v7.0 INTERACTIVE GRAPHS

8 MINIMUM PASSIVE REINFORCEMENT:

Use 22 mm bars (Area = 387 mm2; Diameter = 22 mm)

Minimum overall reinforcement:

As

(0.26* fctm *bt*d / fyk)

but not less than 0.0013* bt *d

bt

460 mm

760- 40-22/2

= 709 mm

0.3 *28(2/3)

= 2.77 MPa

fctm =
As
As

Point A:
Asmin = kc k fct,eff Act /s

Point A:
(i)

Minimum reinforcement for crack control:

0.26* fctm*bt*d/fyk

0.26*2.77* 460*740 / 460 = 511 mm2

0.0013*bt*d = 0.0013 *460 * 709

424 mm2

Therefore, As

= 511

mm2

= fyk = 460 MPa

fct,eff = fctm = 0.3 *(28) (2/3) = 2.77 MPa

k
Act

= 0.678 (interpolated for h=760 mm)

= 576*460 =264960 mm2

kc

= 0.4* [1-( c /( k1 (h/h*) fct,eff)]

= NED /bh = 1.56 MPa

h*

= 760 mm

k1

= 1.5

kc

= 0.4* [1-( 1.56 /( 1.5 (760/760*) 2.77)]

= 0.26

Asmin = 0.26* 0.678* 2.77* 264960 /460

(ii)

Reinforcement due to Prestressing:

= 282 mm2

Aps *(fpk/fyk) = 12* 99*(1860/460)

= 4804 mm2 > 511 mm2
Hence, no minimum reinforcement needed to provide.

Provide one 22mm bar ( As,prov = 1* 387 =387 mm2)

Asmin = 387 mm2
_________________________________________________________________________
_

Minimum Reinforcement Based on TR-43:

Minimum overall reinforcement: Same as EC2
Flexural Un-tensioned Reinforcement:
At Point A:

= depth of the compression zone

h-x

= - (- 4.32)*0.76/(4.41+4.32) = 0.376 m

As

Ft

= -fct*b*(h-x)/2 = -( - 4.32)*460 *376/2

fcc

Ft /(5*fyk /8)

= 373.59 kN
As

x
h

= 373.59*1000/(5*460/8) =1299 mm2

Provide four 22mm bar (As,prov = 4* 387 =1548 mm2)

fct

Figure 8-1

The diagram shown is for midspan with tension

at bottom. But the same procedure applies to the
support.
h-x

= -fct*h/(fcc-fct)

fct

= tensile stress (-ve)

fcc

compressive stress =

4.41 MPa

depth of the section =

760 mm

width of the section =

460 mm

= - 4.32 MPa

9. CALCULATION OF CRACK WIDTH:

Since the maximum tensile stress exceeds the allowable
stress, it is required to calculate the crack width based on
EC2 section 7.3.4.

= (f/Ec)*Es

= tensile stress due to DL+0.3LL

= (MD+0.3 ML/s)

Point A:

= (636+0.3*330.10)*10002/6.22*107

Crack width, Wk = Sr, max ( sm cm)

sm cm
Es

= [s kt *(fct,eff/p,eff)(1 + e p,eff)] /
0.6 s / Es

= 11.82 MPa
s

= (11.82/32951)*200000

kt

fct,eff =

Where,
e

Es / Ecm = 200000/32951 = 6.07

p,eff

(As + 12 Ap)/ Ac,eff

Ap

area of tendons within Ac,eff

assumed zero for unbonded tendons.

As

6*387 = 2322 mm2

Ac,eff

hc,eff * bw

hc,eff

min[2.5*(h-d), (h-x)/3 , (h/2)]

min[2.5*(760-729), (760-248)/3 ,
(760/2)]

78 mm

sm cm =

sr,max

0.4 (coefficient for long-term loading)

fctm = 0.3 *(28)(2/3) = 2.77 MPa
[s kt *(fct,eff/p,eff)(1 + e p,eff)]/Es

[71.74 0.4 *(2.77/0.064716)(1+ 6.07 *

0.064716) / 200000

0.000240

0.6 * 78.18 / 200000 = 0.000234

= 1.3*(h-x) = 1.3* 576 = 250 mm

Crack width, Wk

Ac,eff

78 * 460 = 35880

p,eff

2322/ 35880 = 0.064716

mm2

= 71.74MPa

= 250 * 0.000240
= 0.06mm < 0.3 mm

Provide minimum reinforcement for cracking.

OK

10 STRENGTH CALCULATIONS:
For demonstration purpose, consider the calculated
crack width exceeds the allowable limit of 0.3mm; the
associated calculation will be as follows.
Assume f =
s =

30 MPa.
(f/Ec)*Es = (30/32951)*200000 = 182 MPa

Crack spacing can be limited by either restricting the

bar diameter or bar spacing.
Here use the maximum bar spacing from Table 7.3 N for
the s of 250 MPa.
From Table, for 160 MPa - 300 mm
200 MPa - 250 mm
By interpolation, maximum spacing for 182 MPa is 273
mm.
Limit the spacing of reinforcement to 273 mm or less
(270mm) in order to control the cracking.

Mu is the factored combination of dead, live and

hyperstatic moments.
Hyperstatic Moments:
The hyperstatic moments are determined from the
reactions of the frame analysis when the frame is
subjected to balanced loading.
The hyperstatic (secondary) reactions must
be in self-equilibrium, since the applied loading
(balanced loading) was in self-equilibrium.
Check the validity of the solution for static
equilibrium.
Vertical Forces = 18.59 38.19 +20.15 0.545
= 0.005
OK
Moments about Support #1
= -100.10+ 111.80+34.40
4.41 (38.19*20) +
(20.15*37) (0.55*42)
= -0.06

OK

HYPERSTATIC (SECONDARY) ACTIONS

-100.50 kN-m

111.80 kN-m

34.40 kN-m

-4.41 kN-m

Design Moments (Mu):

MU

18.59 kN

-38.19 kN

20.15 kN

-0.55 kN

= 1.35*DL + 1.50*LL + 1* HYP

TABLE 10-1 ULTIMATE DESIGN MOMENTS

Point A

Point B

Point C

Point D

Point E

MD (kN-m)

636.00

-926.00

-802.80

262.40

-68.88

ML (kN-m)

330.10

-480.70

-416.80

136.20

-35.75

MHYP (k-ft)

286.40

468.10

356.10

193.90

-5.77

MU (k-ft)

1640.15

-1503.05

-1352.88

752.44

-152.38

(a) SUPPORT REACTIONS DUE TO PT

-7.14 kN-m

-4.41 kN-m

27.27 kN-m

100.50 kN-m
360.50 kN-m
472.30 kN-m

(b) HYPERSTATIC MOMENT DISTRIBUTION

Figure 10-1

Capacity and Reinforcement Calculations:

pd = fps is taken as fse + 100 =1200 + 100 = 1300 MPa

DISTRIBUTION OF FORCES
IN PRESTRESSED MEMBER

GEOMETRY AND REINFORCEMENT

d'

bf
As'

a
dr,dt

hf

dp d
e

c
dp de d r ,d t

TP
TS

Aps
As
b

Rebar
Prestressing

The rebar available is from serviceability check

for EC2 and TR-43. For demonstration, the rebar
required for EC2 is used.

Add Supplemental Rebar:

At Point A (Midspan of Span 1):
h

760 mm

Aps

12 * 99

dp

760 70 = 690 mm

As

387 mm2 (from minimum computation)

dr = dt

760 40 22 / 2

fps

1300 MPa

1188 mm2

Prorated a =

36 * 1640.15 / 1147.06 = 52 mm
< a = 0.45 *0.8*729 = 262 mm

Msupplemental =

1640.15 1144.80= 495.35 kN-m

Asupplemental =

495.35 *10002 / [400*(709-0.5*52)]

=709 mm

1813 mm2 + 181 mm2 (10% more for

conservatism)

1994 mm2

Total Tension Force = Tp + Ts

= (1188 *1300+387 *400) / 1000

As

387 + 1994 =

= 1544.4 + 154.80 = 1699.20 kN

#Bars

2381/ 387= 6.2; Say 7-22 mm bars

As

7 * 387

Ts

2709 * 400/1000

Mn

[1544.70*(690 0.5*52) + 1083.6 *

(709-0.5*52)]/1000

1765.78 kN-m >

1699.20 * 1000 / (2460 * 1 * 19)

36 mm

a/0.8 = 45 mm

a/dr

45/729

Mn

[1544.40*(690 0.5*36) + 154.80 *

(709-0.5*36)]/ 1000

1144.80 kN-m < Mu= 1640.15 kN-m

No Good

<

0.45 OK

2381 mm2

= 2709 mm2
= 1083.6 kN

Mu = 1640.15 kN-m
OK

At Point B (Right Face of Support, Span 1):

Aps

= 12 * 99

= 1188 mm2

dp

668 mm

As

= 387 mm2 (from minimum computation)

Compression rebar is also required.

dr = dt = 760 40 22 / 2
fps

Moment with maximum x

= 709 mm

= 1300 MPa

Total Tension Force

fcd*amax*b(dr-0.5*amax) Aps*fps(dr-dp)

1*19* 0.8*319*460*(709- 0.5*0.8*319)

1544.4*1000(709-668)

Tp + Ts

= (1188 * 1300 + 387*400) / 1000

= 1699.20 kN
a

= 1233.46 kNm
Asmax

= 1699.20 kN * 1000 / (460 * 1* 19 MPa)

(387*400)]/400

= 194 mm
x

= 194/0.8 = 243 mm

x/ dr

= 243 / 709 =0.34

= 1328 mm2
< 0.45 OK

Mcomp

= 1503.05 1233.46

Acomp

269.59*10002/

Asuppl,top

< Mu =1503.05 kN-m

No Good

Prorated a =

194 mm * 1503.05 / 976.59 = 299 mm

299/0.8 = 373 mm

= 387 + 2570 = 2957 mm2

Bars

= 2957/387

Ts

= 3096 * 400 / 1000 =

As,bot

= 0+1242

Bars

= 1008+ 234 = 1242 mm2

At Point C (Left Face of Support, Span 2):

= 7.6; Say 8-22 mm bars

= 3096

2570 mm2

> 319 mm

As,top

= 8*387

= 1328 mm2+ 1008 mm2 + 234 mm2

=

Asuppl,bot

As,top

[(709-40)*400]

(10% more for conservatism)

Add Supplemental Rebar:

= 269.59 kN-m

= 1008 mm2

Mn
= [1544.40*(668-0.5*194)+ 154.8*(7090.5*194)]/1000
= 976.59 kN-m

[(19*0.8*319*460)-(1188*1300)

Use same No. of bars as point B; by inspection point C

is OK.

mm2
1238.4 kN

At Point D (Midspan of Span 2):

= 1242 mm2

Aps

= 9 * 99 = 891 mm2

= 1242/387 = 3.2; Say 4-22 mm bars

dp

= 760 285= 475 mm

As,bot

= 4*387

As

= 0 mm2(no minimum required)

Cs

= 1548 * 400 / 1000 =

= (Tp+Ts-Cs)/fcd b

Mn

= 1548 mm2

dr = dt = 760-40-22 / 2

619.2 kN

Fpu

(1544.4+ 1238.4 619.2)*1000/ (1*19*460)

248 mm < 0.8*319 = 255 mm Ok

> Mu = 1503.05 kN-m

Total Tension Force =

TP + TS

= (891*1300 + 0)/1000
a

0.5*248)- 619.2*(0.5*248-40)] / 1000

1616.63 kN-m

= 1300 MPa

= 1158.3 kN

= [1544.40*(668 0.5*248) + 1238.4*(709

=709

= (1158.3*1000) / (2460 * 1 * 19) = 25 mm

x
OK

= a/0.8 = 31 mm

x/dr

< 0.45 by inspection,

Mn

= [1158.3*(475 0.5*25)] / 1000

=

535.71 kN-m

OK

< Mu = 752.44 kN-m

No Good

Chosen bars:

Add Supplemental Rebar:

Prorated a =
<
Msupplemental =
Asupplemental =

25 mm* 752.44 / 535.71= 35 mm

Point A:

0.8 * 319 = 255 mm OK

bar length =

752.44-535.71 =

Chosen bar at midpoint span 1:

216.73

*10002

20000/3

=6667; say 6700 mm

/ [400 *(729-0.5*35)]

7 22 mm x 6700 mm

mm2

2 22 mm continuous

+ 78
784
conservatism)

862 mm2

mm2

216.73 kN-m
(10% more for

Points B & C:
bar length =

Chosen bar at support 2:

As

= 0 + 862

862 mm2

#Bars

= 862/387

2.2; Say 3-22 mm bars

As

= 3*387 =

1161 mm2

Ts

= 1161 * 400 / 1000=

Mn

= [1158.30*(475 0.5*35) + 464.40*(7090.5*35)] / 1000

464.40 kN

= 851.05 kN-m > Mu =

2*(20000+17000) / (2*6) = 6167; say 6200

752.44 kN-m

OK

Top:

8 22 mm x 6200 mm

Bottom:

4 22 mm x 6200 mm

Point D:
bar length =

17000/3 = 5667;

say 5700 mm

Chosen bar at midpoint span 2:

3 22 mm x 5700 mm

At Point E (Midspan 3):

Use same No. of bars as point B; by inspection point E
is OK.

11 SHEAR DESIGN:
Summary of calculated bar selection:
Location

Top Bars

Bottom Bars

Support 1

4-22 mm x 3400

--

--

4-22 mm x 6700
2-22 mm continuous

8-22 mm x 6200

4-22 mm x 6200

--

3-22 mm x 5700

4-22 mm x 3700

--

--

3-22 mm x 1700

3-22 mm x 1000

--

Span 1
Support 2
Span 2
Support 3
Span 3
Support 4

Distribution of design shear is shown in Figure 11-1. The

Design shear (Vu) is computed from the results of the
standard frame analysis performed for the loading
conditions D, L and PT. The following combination was
used.
Vu

1.35 * VD + 1.5 * VL + 1.0 * VHYP

DISTRIBUTION OF SHEAR
583.62 kN
393.34 kN
-0.12 kN

-256.17 kN
- 441.55 kN

- 478.04 kN

Figure 11-1

Span 1:
bw

= 460 mm

= 760 40 22/2 =709 mm

point of zero shear = 441.55*20 / (441.55 + 583.62)

The shear design for the right support of span 1 will be

followed in detail, since this is the most critical
location.
VRd,c = [ CRd,c* k*(100*1* fck *)1/3+ k 1* cp ] * bw *d

= 8.61 m

but not less than (vmin + k 1* cp) bw *d

Design at distance = column width/2 + d

Where,

= 350/2 + 709 = 884 mm

from exterior column CL
= 450/2 + 709 = 934 mm
from interior column CL

For the left support:

VED

= 28 MPa

= 1+ (200/d)1/2 = 1+(200/709)1/2 = 1.53 < 2.0

= Asl/ (bw d)

cp =
MPa

- 441.55*(8.61-0.884) / 8.61

- 396.22 kN

583.62*(20-8.61-0.934) / (20-8.61)

535.76 kN

= 6* 387/(460* 709) = 0.0071

NED/AC

= 1428*103 / 917100 = 1.56

< 0.2*19 = 3.8 MPa

For the right support:

VED

fck

CRd,c =

0.18 / c

k1

0.15

vmin

= 0.18 / 1.50 = 0.12

= 0.035* k3/2* fck 1/2 = 0.035* 1.523/2* 281/2

= 0.35 MPa

Hence, the right support governs.

*

VRd,c

= [ 0.12* 1.53*(100*0.0071* 28*)1/3+ 0.15* 1.56 ]

460 *709
= 238.53 kN

VRd,cmin
VRd,c

= (0.35 + 0.15* 1.56) 460 *709

VRd,max

= 190.47 kN

Where,
1

= 238.53 kN

cw*bw* z* 1*fcd /(cot +tan)

0.6[1-(fck/250)] = 0.53
since fywd > 0.8fyk

VED > VRd,c , Shear reinforcement is required by

calculation.
Assume 13 mm stirrups with two legs:
Asw =

2*129 mm2

= 258 mm2

The spacing, s, between the stirrups is given by:

s

(Asw /VRd,s)* z*fywd cot

fcd
For cp
cw
VRd,max

= 19MPa
= 1.56MPa < 0.25fcd = 0.25*19 =4.75 MPa
= (1+ cp / fcd) = (1+ 1.56/19) = 1.08
=

1.08 *460* 638* 0.53*19 /(1.20 +0.84)

1564.59 kN > 297.23 kN

OK

Where,
Assume =
VRd,s =
z
spacing, s

400, cot = 1.20

VED - VRd,c = 535.76 238.53

297.23 kN

0.9 d = 0.9*709 = 638 mm

=

(258 /297.23*1000)* 638*(460/1.15)*1.20

266 mm

Select s = 260 mm (s <= 0.75 d (1+cot)= 0.75* 740 =

532 mm) for the entire region where stirrups by
calculation governs.
_______________________________________________

12 DEFLECTION CHECK

Based on TR-43
TR-43 refers EC2 for one-way shear design. But
TR-43 includes the safety factor, p, in the
calculation of cp. Where p equals 0.9 if the
prestress effect is favorable and 1.1 when it is
unfavorable.

The deflections are calculated from the frame analysis

program for each of the load cases of dead, live and
post-tensioning, using the gross cross-sectional area
and linear elastic relationship. The critical location is in
span 1. The values for span 1 are as follows:

_______________________________________________

Span 1 Deflection
Dead Load
Post-Tensioning
Dead Load + PT

36.5 mm
-25.2 mm
11.3 mm

The maximum stress under total loading at midspan

4.32 MPa. Since this is greater than fct,eff = 2.77 MPa ,
adjustment to the calculated deflection is necessary.
Reduction in moment of inertia due to cracking:
Ie
= [1 0.30 * (fmax fct,eff)/ fct,eff]* Ig
= [1 0.30 * (4.32-2.77) / 2.77] *Ig
= 0.83* Ig

Deflection ratio

Hence deflection due to dead load and PT

= 11.3 / 0.83
= 13.6 mm
Assume a creep factor of 2
Long-term deflection due to creep
= (1+2)*13.6
= 40.8 mm
Ratio of deflection to span = 40.8 / 20000
= 1 / 490 ;
Live load deflection

OK

= 19.0 mm from frame analysis

Live load deflection with cracking allowance

= 19.0 / 0.83
= 22.9 mm
Total long-term deflection due to total dead, live and
prestressing:
=40.8 + 22.9
= 63.7 mm

= 63.7 / 20000
= 1 / 314;

OK

Deflection does not generally govern the

design for members dimensioned within the
limits of the recommended tables and balanced
within the recommended range, and when
subject to loading common in building
construction. For such cases, deflections are
almost always within the permissible code
values.

13 STRESSES AT TRANSFER:
Load Case:
fcl

1.0*DL + 1.15*PT
= 20 MPa
= (MD + 1.15*MPT) / S + 1.15*P/A
= I/Yc

Stress Limits:
Tension (post-tensioned) = 0.40 fci
= 0.40* 20 = 1.79 MPa
Compression
= 0.50 * 20 = -10 MPa
____________________________________________
Based on TR-43
Stress Limits:
Tension

0.72 fctm

fctm

0.30 * fci (2/3) (Table 3.1, EC2)

0.30 * 20 (2/3) = 2.21 MPa

Allowable tension stress =

0.72* 2.21 = 1.59 MPa

Compression
= 0.50 * fci = - 10MPa
___________________________________________

Point A:
= (MD+1.15 MPT)/S + P/A
Where

= 3.185e+10 mm4

YT

= 248 mm

YB

= 512 mm

TABLE 13-1 STRESSES AT TRANSFER OF POST TENSIONING

Stop

= 3.185e+10/248 =

1.284e+8

Sbot

= 3.185e+10/512

6.221e+7 mm3

Point E

-68.88

636.00

-926.00

-802.80

262.40

592.70

495.30

-118.30

54.75

Stop mm3)

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

1.28e+8

7.97e+7

Sbot mm3)

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

6.22e+7

5.49e+7

= 135.98 kN-m

Area(mm2)

917100

917100

917100

917100

917100

= -1.15*1428*1000/917100 = -1.79 MPa

P (kN)

1309

1309

1309

1071

1071

1.15*P/A (MPa)

-1.79

-1.79

-1.79

-1.34

-1.34

= (-135.98*10002/1.284e+8) 1.79
= -2.85 MPa Compression < -10 MPa
OK
=

Point D

-434.80

Bottom Fiber:

Point C

MD (kN-m)

Top Fiber:

Point B

MPT(kN-m)

MD+ 1.15MPT = (636.00 1.15*434.80)

1.15P/A

Point A

mm3

(135.98*10002/6.221e+7)

ft (MPa)

-2.85

0.12

0.03

-2.33

-1.27

fb (MPa)

0.40

-5.72

-5.54

0.69

-1.45

Ft (MPa) EC2

-10.00

-10.00

1.79

1.79

-10.00

-TR 43

-10.00

1.59

1.59

-10.00

-10.00

Fb (MPa)-EC2

1.79

-10.00

-10.00

1.79

-10.00

-TR 43

1.59

-10.00

-10.00

1.59

-10.00

OK

OK

OK

OK

OK

1.79

= 0.40 MPa Tension < 1.79 MPa

OK
Stresses at the other sections are calculated in a
similar manner and listed in the Table 13-1.

Note: Ft and Fb are allowable stresses at top and

bottom respectively

14 TENDONS AND REINFORCEMENT

LAYOUT:

ADAPT - STRUCTURAL CONCRETE SOFTWARE SYSTEM

ADAPT-PT Version 7.10 Date: 5/2/2006 Time: 11:27:55 AM File: ROSTAM-EC2

1- PROJECT TITLE DESIGN EXAMPLE -1- ADAPT PT

1.1 DESIGN STRIP Rostam Parking (Hand Calculation -Symplified Tendon Profile)

The final tendon and reinforcement layout for

Band - B is shown in figures 14-1 and 14-2

2 - MEMBER ELEVATION
[m]

20.000

17.000

5.000

3 - TOP REBAR
3.1 User selected
3.2 User selected

BEAM ELEVATION

3.3 ADAPT selected

1 8-5mm X4600 mm

3.4 ADAPT selected

2 12-5mm X8000 mm

5 8-5mm X9000 mm

4 - TENDON PROFILE

20 m
12-12mm STRANDS
3100

9-12mm
STRANDS

3100

4-22mm x 3400
2 22mm CONT.

17 m
3.4 m

5m

4
4.2 Datum Line
4.3 CGS Distance [mm]
4.5 Force

1.5m

2-22mm x 3700

6-22mm x 6200

1-22mm
x 1000

576

576 mm

4 5-4mm X16600 mm

5.3 ADAPT selected

576 mm

4-22mm x 6700
4-22mm x 6200

690690 633576
[1071 kN]

7 4-4mm X7400 mm

3 6-4mm X18600 mm

5.4 ADAPT selected

6 4-4mm X8260 mm

6 - REQUIRED & PROVIDED BARS

max

2338

1663

966

max

1330

943

24E+02
18E+02
12E+02
60E+01
00E+00
80E+01
16E+02

[ mm2]
required
provided

690 mm

6.2 Bottom Bars

3-22mm x 5700

2-22mm CONT.

285
[1071 kN]

5.1 User selected

6.1 Top Bars

690 mm

285 mm

690690

5.2 User selected

3.4 m

71
[1428 kN]

5 - BOTTOM REBAR

7 - SHEAR STIRRUPS
7.1 ADAPT selected.
Bar Size #13 Legs: 2
Spacing [cm]

13mm@530mm) O.C.

13m@530mm O.C

STAGGER TOP TIE

13m@530mm O.C)

7.2 User-selected
Bar Size # Legs:
7.3 Required area
[mm2/m]

NOTE: FOR LAYOUT OF TENDON AND

REBAR SEE THE ATTACHED DETAILS

* STRAIGHT PROFILE

60

60

31.4 - 43.7

60

60

60

60

-60

840
630
420
210
821

Stressing End

8 - LEGEND

591

81

Dead End

9 - DESIGN PARAMETERS
9.1 Code: ACI-02 f'c = 28 N/mm2 fy = 460 N/mm2 (longitudinal) fy = 460 N/mm2 (shear) fpu = 1860 N/mm2
9.2 Rebar Cover: Top = 40 mm Bottom = 40 mm Rebar Table: ASTM - US Customary bars (Non-redistributed Moments)
9.3 Stressing: fpj = .8 fpu
9.4 Strand Area = 99 mm2

10 - DESIGNER'S NOTES

Figure 14-1

PLACEMENT OF TENDONS IN BEAMS

PROFILE FOR TENDONS

TERMINATED TENDONS
STAGGER AT 12 (305 mm) AT BANDS
(ANCHOR AT CENTROIDAL AXIS)

CONTROL POINTS AS
SHOWN ON PLAN
STRESSING
END

TYP. UNO

LOW
POINT

SPAN/5

0.6L1

0.5L2

0.4L1
L1

0.5L2
L2

INTERIOR SPAN

EXTERIOR SPAN
WITH STRESSING

NOTES: a = 0.1 L

Figure 14-2

a
TYP.

STIRRUPS

OR

CGS
TYP. UNO

0.4L3

0.6L3
L3

(a) BUNDLING OF TENDONS, BEAM

EXTERIOR SPAN
NO STRESSING

10mm
REBAR

(b) TENDONS SUPPORT CHAIRS

Slide Log
Date
Slide #
8/14/2001
10/17/2002
1/6/2004
5/2/2006

Thank you for listening

Support reactions due to post-tensioning are

applied to the beam in order to construct the
hyperstatic moment diagram shown 9-1(b). The
support reactions are shown in part (a) of the
figure.
Reduce hyperstatic moments to face of support
using linear interpolation.
For Right Face of Support (FOS) of span #1:
MHYP = 286.01 [(286.01 60.79) / 64] * 9/12
= 283.3 kft

Editor
RS
RS
RS

Description of Changes Made

Created File
Update Example
Updated to 2002

Roshni

updated with TR-43