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Abstract
Mathematical simulation studies for thermal food processes require knowledge of thermal diusivity and convective heat transfer
coecient. There have been dierent experimental and empirical approaches reported in the literature for determination of these parameters
where dierent approximations were applied. One of the most applied approaches is to assume an innite convective heat transfer coecient
at the surface boundary when analytical solutions for innite slab, innite cylinder and sphere are used for further determinations. Since this
approach results in certain errors in results, it would be an important task to determine thermal diusivity and convective heat transfer
coecient simultaneously.
Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the literature for determination of thermal diusivity and mathematically apply
optimization methodologies for simultaneous determination of heat transfer coecient. For this purpose, constrained optimization
methodologies, based on analytical solutions of innite slab, innite cylinder and sphere were dened, and results were discussed intensively. The results showed that a precise determination of thermal diusivity and convective heat transfer coecient is a dicult task, but
knowing the location where the experimental timetemperature was obtained would really simplify this problem.
2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
Keywords: Convective heat transfer coecient; Thermal diusivity; Optimization
1. Introduction
Thermal conductivity (k), specic heat (cp) and density
(q) are important parameters in design and analysis of food
processes and processing equipment.
Ratio
of these three
k
parameters, thermal diusivity a qcp , denes how fast
heat propagates or diuses through a material (Singh,
1982), and it is generally aected by composition of the
food product. Convection heat transfer coecient (h) is
another important parameter, and it depends on characteristics of the food product (shape and dimensions), changes
in surface temperature and roughness, and characteristics
Tel.: +90 533 812 0686; fax: +90 324 361 0032.
E-mail addresses: ferruherdogdu@mersin.edu.tr, ferruherdogdu@
yahoo.com.
0260-8774/$ - see front matter 2007 Published by Elsevier Ltd.
doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2007.10.019
454
Nomenclature
NBi
NFo
cp
h
J0
J1
k
L
m
Biot number hL
k
Fourier number at
2
L
specic heat (J/kg K)
heat transfer coecient (W/m2 K)
Bessel function of rst kind zeroth order
Bessel function of rst kind rst order
thermal conductivity (W/m K)
half thickness of an innite slab and radius of an
innite cylinder or a sphere (m)
slope of temperature ratio versus time (1/s)
t
T
Ti
T1
x
a
q
l
h
time (s)
temperature (C)
initial temperature (C)
medium temperature (C)
location, distance from the center of the innite
slab, innite cylinder or sphere
thermal diusivity (m2/s)
density (kg/m3)
characteristic root of Eqs. (2), (4) or (6)
1
temperature ratio T x;tT
T i T 1
455
456
ratio ln
C i x exp l2n 2
1
Ti T1
L
n1
where ln and Cn(x) are given for sphere, innite cylinder
and innite slab, respectively:
Sphere
l
tanl
2 sinln ln cosln sinln Lx
C n x
ln Lx
ln sinln cosln
N Bi 1
2
3
Innite cylinder
J 1 l
J 0 l
2 J l
x
2 1 n 2
J 0 ln
C n x
L
li J 0 ln J 1 ln
N Bi l
4
5
Innite slab
N Bi l tanl
2 sinln
x
cos ln
C n x
ln sinln cosln
L
T x;tT 1
T i T 1
elapsed (NFo > 0.2). After this time, the rst term of Eq.
(1) is used to characterize the linear region:
T x; t T 1
a
ln
lnC 1 x l21 2 t
8
Ti T1
L
The l1 value is then needed to determine thermal diusivity
from slope (m) of the temperature ratio change versus time
(t) where the slope (m) is
a
m l21 2
9
L
and l1 can then be calculated to be p for sphere, 2.4048 for
innite cylinder and p2 for innite slab applying a simple
numerical solution technique to Eqs. (2), (4) and (6),
respectively assuming an innite NBi (leading to an innite
heat transfer coecient). As one would realize, this method
does not require the knowledge of location where the time
temperature data is obtained. Regardless of the location,
slope of the temperature ratio curves would be the same
since the slope is not a function of location (Eq. (9)).
Erdogdu (2005) gave a detailed description for the
simultaneous determination of thermal diusivity and convective heat transfer coecient when the precise location
was known. As explained above, thermal diusivity value
was obtained from slope of the temperature ratio change
with a known l1 value. For this, instead of assuming an
innite heat transfer coecient, actual value of l1 can be
determined from intercept of linear portion of the time
temperature ratio. The intercept is given with ln[C1(x)] in
Eq. (8). With the known ln[C1(x)] value, the l1 can be easily determined using Eqs. (2), (4) or (6) for sphere, innite
cylinder or innite slab by applying a numerical procedure.
This methodology is based on the fact that the exact location where time temperature data was obtained is known.
However, when the location was not known, and since it
is reported to be a dicult task by Erdogdu (2005), there
becomes two known (the slope m and intercept C1 of
the linear portion of the experimental temperature ratio
curve) and three unknown (NBi l1 value is assumed to
be known via NBi, location Lx , and thermal diusivity
a) parameters. If the heat transfer coecient is chosen over
NBi, then the number of unknowns becomes four since the
requirement of thermal conductivity will be needed in the
further calculations.
In addition to the two known parameters, experimentally obtained timetemperature data can also be attributed
to be a known parameter. Nahor et al. (2003) advised that
a large quantity of information can be extracted from a single transient test). However, there will be still one less
known parameter than the unknown parameters leading
us to the fact that the number of equations should be equal
to the number of unknowns for exact solution.
Due to this, there cannot be a direct mathematical solution applied to this problem since there should be three
known parameters to determine the three unknown parameters for a simple and direct calculation. Given problem
can therefore be classied into an inverse heat transfer
problem, and with the given diculties, using an inverse
heat transfer minimization (optimization) problem may
be a solution for this dilemma requiring optimization procedures. For optimization solution of this problem, dierent approaches can be given.
3. Optimization approaches
As explained above, the slope (m) and intercept (C1) of
the linearh portioni of the experimental temperature ratio
curve (ln
T x;tT 1
T i T 1
the experimental data. Fig. 1 shows a simulated temperature ratio, maximum slope and intercept of the linear portion of the temperature ratio curve obtained at the center
for an innite slab of 20 mm in thickness for NBi = 10.67
and a = 1.075 107 m2/s.
Based on given explanations, a minimization of sum of
squares optimization approach can be developed to determine the thermal diusivity and NBi values simultaneously.
The given inverse heat conduction problem can then be
solved using the experimentally obtained timetemperature
data without having a prior knowledge about the location
where the data was obtained. As one will realize, at the end,
the knowledge of thermal conductivity will also be
required, bringing another unknown to the given sets of
the equations, to determine the heat transfer coecient
from NBi. Therefore, determination of NBi and its use in
the solutions instead of heat transfer coecient can be an
approach to simplify the solution.
0
Simulated temp. ratio
Temperature Ratio
-0.5
Linear portion
-1
y = -0.1332x + 0.2336
R2 = 1
-1.5
-2
457
2
hsimulated hexperimental
10
f min
i1
1
where h T x;tT
.
T i T 1
Then, the simulated h values must be rst determined
using the analytical solutions
(Eq. (1)). For this calculation,
the l values and location Lx are the required parameters.
Due to that, the optimization procedure might be started
with either calculation of l values or with a guess of Lx .
Since the l1 values will be between 0 and p2 for an innite
slab, 0 and 2.4048 for an innite cylinder and 0 and p for
sphere, and Lx values will be between 0-center and 1-surface,
the given problem can be classied as a constrained optimization problem.
Now, the given situations will be covered one by one
using a suitable iteration procedure to minimize the function given by Eq. (10).
-2.5
-3
0
10
15
20
25
Time (min)
458
x
L
value
459
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