CELLULAR STRUCTURES

THREE DIFFERENT ELEMENTS IN THE

BODY
o CELLS
o INTERCELLULAR SUBSTANCES
o BODY FLUIDS
CELL
Smallest functional and structural units of

the body
Basic unit of life
TWO BASIC CELL TYPES:
EUKARYOTIC CELL
PROKARYOTIC CELL
o EUKARYOTIC CELL
Cell which has a true nucleus

o
o
o
o
o
o
o

nucleus
Lacking of nuclear envelope
Nuclear substance is mixed or in

direct contact with the rest of

the cytoplasm
PHYSIOLOGIC PROPERTIES OF
PROTOPLASM
IRRITABILITY
CONTRACTILITY
CONDUCTIVITY
ABSORPTION AND SECRETION
EXCRETION
RESPIRATION
GROWTH AND REPRODUCTION

PRINCIPAL PARTS OF THE CELL

o CELL MEMBRANE
o CYTOPLASM
o NUCLEUS
1. CELL MEMBRANE
Trilaminar Layer
Membrane Lipids, Mostly Phospholipids

have a hydrophilic phosphate which is polar

in nature and a hydrophobic which ia a nonpolar end
FUNCTIONS:
o Gives shape to the cell
o Delimits or separate the cell from
the Environment

in and out of the cell

Serves as the recognition site acting as

antigenic determinants
Serves as the selective barriers providing for

a selection of what enters and leaves the cell.

o Selective Permeability
MODIFICATION OR SPECIALIZATION OF

and surrounded by a nuclear

membrane or nuclear envelope
PROKARYOTIC CELL
Cell which has no presence of

Regulates the passage of materials

THE CELL MEMBRANE

JUNCTIONAL COMPLEX
INVAGINATIONS
MICROVILLI
CILIA
JUNCTIONAL COMPLEXES
Structures that provide for

cell

attachments
TYPES:
DESMOSOMES
INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION
NEXUS / GAP JUNCTION
TIGHT JUNCTION
DESMOSOMES
Macula Adherens
Points of firm intercullar adhesions
Abundant in stratified epithelia of the

Mouth, Esophagus, Skin and Vagina

SIGNIFICANCE:
Site of Attachment of the

Cytoskeleton to the cell surface

Sites of cell to cell adhesions
INTERMEDIATE JUNCTION
Zonula Adherens
Fascia Adherens
The intercellular space is filled with

electron dense amorphous materials.

It is quiete extensive in the intercalated

discs of cardiac muscle.

GAP JUNCTION
Concerned with the

communication
Usually seen in epithelial, muscular and

nervous tissue
ZONULA OCCLUDENS
Important in the formation of a barrier

prevents the free passage of the

substances across the epithelium
Commonly found in the git and inter-

cell

to

cell

endothelial contacts of brain tissue as

well as capillary.

TYPES OF ORGANELLES
Membrane Bound Organelles- Mitochondria,

INVAGINATIONS
VESICULAR PITS
INFOLDINGS
VESICULAR PITS
Occur as a phagocytic and pinocytic

vesicles.
INFOLDINGS
Greatly increase the cell surface because

Centrioles, microtubules and microfilaments.

I.

of their inward projections

MICROVILLI
Non-motile cellular extensions which

serves to increase the absorptive surface

of cells
Facilitate movements and passage of

substances in between other cells and

interstitial components
FORMS OF MICROVILLI:
STRIATED BORDERS FD. in the

absorptive cells of the intestinal

epithelium
BRUSH BORDERS FD. in the cells of

the proximal convoluted tubules of the

kidney
STEREOCILIA FD. in the cells of some
testicular ducts as in the ductus
epididymis and ductus deferens.

CILIA
Motile projections and characterized by a

rapid forward stroke and slow backward

stroke
Found in the cells lining the upper
respiratory tract

2.

CYTOPLASM

Protoplasm outside the nucleus which contains

organelles and inclusions.

Contains the biochemical components of the

cytoplasm
Contains CHONS, Lipids and CHO
A. ORGANELLESLiving
substances
performing define or specific functions.
B. INCLUSIONSInert
or
non-living
substances that do not perform definite
function
EXAMPLES: Vacuoles, Crystals, Droplets,
Lipids, Glycogen, Secretory granules

ER, Golgi complex, lysosomes and micro-bodies

Non-membrane Bound Organelles- Ribosomes,

MITOCHONDRIA
Powerhouse of the cell
Concerned primarily with the production of

energy and are abundant with high metabolic

rates
Synthesize ATP- Energy source of the cell
Accumulation of calcium
Synthesize of nucleic acids and CHONS
Oxidation of fatty acids

ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
CHON synthesis
Complex network of paired

II.

membranes,

saccules, vacuoles and tubules with flattened

cisternae
TYPES:
o ROUGH ER- Granular endoplasmic

reticulum because it contains attached

ribosomes and concerned with CHON
synthesis
SMOOTH ER- Non-granular ER and

doesnt contain ribosome

SEVERAL FUNCTIONS OF ROUGH ER
o In striated muscles, it is concerned with

the release and recapture of calcium ions

during contraction and relaxation of
muscles.
Synthesis of steroid hormones in some

endocrine glands
Detoxification of

especially in the liver

Lipids and cholesterol metabolism in the

liver
Formation of HCL in the parietal cells of

toxic

substances

stomach
GOLGI COMPLEX
o Dictyosomes
o Packaging area of the cell
o Accumulate
and
concentrate
o

secretory products of the cell

Site of sulfation

the

 CONSISTS OF GOLGI APPARATUS

o SACCULES
o VESICLES
o VACUOLES
LYSOSOMES
o Suicide bag of the cell
o Contain hydrolyctic enzymes called as

acid hydrolases which is responsible for

the intracellular digestion
TYPES:
PRIMARY LYSOSOMES
Not engaged in enzymatic activities
SECONDARY LYSOSOMES
Involved in enzymatic activities
FUNCTIONS OF LYSOSOME:
1. Defense mechanism- being the site of
destruction of foreign bodies
2. Participate in the normal replacement
of cell components and organelles
3. Its
deficiency
can
cause
Metachromatic Leukodystrophy

CENTRIOLES
o Center of activity associated with cell
o
o

division
Self-duplicating

organelles

and

are

prominent in mitotic cell division

FUNCTIONS OF CENTRIOLES:
1. Serves as basal bodies and sites of
epithelial cilia

2.

Determine the polarity of the cells

PEROXISOMES
o Microbodies
o Producing hydrogen peroxide abundant in the
liver, kidneys, bronchioles and odonthoblast
FILAMENTS
o MICROFILAMENTS- Contractile filaments
-Actin and myosin filament in skeletal
muscles
o INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS- Cytoskeleton
in epithelial tissue
- Known as TONOFILAMENT
- In nervous tissue, Neurofilaments are
seen in axons and dendrites

MICROTUBULES
FUNCTIONS:
o

Functional elements of the spindle apparatus in

dividing cells
Form the mitotic spindles along which the

chromosomes move
Play an important role in maintaining different
cell shape