Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech (Electronics and Communication Engineering)

COURSE STRUCTURE
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)
Branch: ECE
B.Tech 3rd Semester
Code

No of sections-3

Subject

Lecture

Tutorial

Practical

Credits

MATH 1403

Complex analysis

EEE 2412

Network Analysis

ECE 2401

Electronic Devices and

Circuits
Probability theory and
stochastic Processes
Signals & Systems

ECE 2402
ECE 2403
ECE 2204

Electronic Devices and

Circuits Lab

EEE 2215

Networks & Simulation lab

06

24

Total
B.Tech 4

th

15

05

Semester

Code

No of sections-3
Subject

Lecture

Tutorial

Practical

Credits

ECE 2405

Analog Communications

ECE 2406

Digital logic design

ECE 2407

Electromagnetic waves and

Transmission lines

ECE 2408

Electronic Circuit Analysis

ECE 2409

Pulse and Digital Circuits

ECE 2210

Analog communications lab

ECE 2211

Electronic Circuits
simulation Lab

15

05

06

24

Total

ECE 2412 Analog & Digital circuits (offered to 3rd semester PE)

ECE 2413 Digital electronics & Microprocessors (offered to 4th semester EEE)

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: Complex Analysis

Course Code: MATH 2403

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Course objectives:
This course enables the students to
1. Learn to solve linear system of equations
2. Understand the Differentiation and Integration with reference to complex variables.
3. Perform a comparative study regarding the Elementary Complex functions and Real functions.
4. Evaluate definite integrals involving complex variables in a simpler means by applying the integral
theorem of complex variables, power series expansions and residue theory.
5. Understand the conformal mappings and their importance in engineering domain.

Course Outcomes:
After completion of the course, students are able to:
1. Apply Knowledge of Linear equations by different methods in image processing problems using
matrices
2.

Perform complex differentiation and integration.

3. Compare the real and complex functions and apply the techniques in complex function problems.
4. Evaluate definite integrals by the application of theory of complex variables, power series and residue
theorem.
5. Find the images of the objects using the standard transformations which can be applied in
applications like potential theory.

UNIT I

(15 hours)

Linear systems of equations: Rank-Echelon form, Normal form Solution of Linear Systems by Rank,
Gauss-Jordan and Gauss elimination methods Eigen values - Eigen vectors Properties (statements)
Cayley-Hamilton Theorem (without proof) - Inverse and powers of a matrix by using Cayley-Hamilton
theorem.
UNIT-II

(15 hours)

Functions of a complex variable Continuity Differentiability Analyticity Properties CauchyRiemann equations in Cartesian and polar coordinates (without proof).Harmonic and conjugate harmonic
functions Milne Thompson method.
Elementary functions: Exponential, trigonometric, hyperbolic functions and their properties General power
Z C (c is complex), principal value.
Complex integration: Line integral evaluation along a path and by indefinite integration Cauchys
integral theorem, Cauchys integral formula Generalized integral formula.
Complex power series: Radius of convergence Expansion in Taylors series, Maclaurins series and
Laurent series.

UNIT-III

(15 hours)

Singular point Isolated singular point pole of order m essential singularity.

Residue Evaluation of residues - Laurent series - Residue theorem.
Evaluation of integrals of the type
(a) Improper real integrals
(c)

UNIT-IV

e imx f ( x)dx

f ( x)dx

(b)

c + 2

f (cos , sin )d

(d) Integrals by identation.

(15 hours)

Argument principle Rouches theorem determination of number of zeros of complex polynomials Maximum Modulus principle - Fundamental theorem of Algebra, Liouvilles Theorem. (Theorems without
proofs)
Conformal mapping: Transformation by e z , lnz, z2, z n (n positive integer), Sin z, cos z, z + a/z. Translation,
rotation, inversion and bilinear transformation fixed point cross ratio properties invariance of circles
and cross ratio determination of bilinear transformation mapping 3 given points .

Text books
1. Higher Engineering Mathematics 42nd Edition by Dr. B. S. Grewal, Khanna Publishers, New Delhi
2. Engineering Mathematics, B.V.Ramana, Tata Mc Graw Hill
Reference Books
1. Engineering Mathematics Volume-III, T.K.V Iyengar, & others, S.Chand Co. New Delhi.
2. Advanced Engineering Mathematics, Irvin Kreyszig, Wiley India Pvt. Ltd.
3. A text Book of Engineering Mathematics, ShahnazBathul, Prentice Hall of India.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: NETWORK ANALYSIS

Course Code: EEE 2412

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:
This course enables the students to
1. Develop the basic concepts of network analysis, which is the pre-requisite for all the electronics
and communication engineering subjects.
2. Solve different complex circuits using various network reduction techniques such as Source
transformation, Network theorems etc.
3. Synthesize the transmission line parameters using two-port networks.
4. Evaluate AC and DC transients for complex electrical systems.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
After the completion of the course, students are able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Investigate the methods to improve power factor in power system networks.

Design resonant circuits which are used in wireless transmission and communication networks.
Understand network theorems to simplify the complex networks.
Understand transient analysis in electrical circuits and to analyze the system stability.
Evaluate the parameters of two port networks to analyze the performance of transmission lines.
Understand basic filters which are used in communication systems.

UNIT I: SINUSOIDAL STEADY STATE ANALYSIS

(16 hours)
Concept of Phasor and J notation, Impedance and Admittance Time domain and frequency domain
Response of R, L, C series, parallel and series- parallel circuits to sinusoidal excitation. Computation of
active, reactive, complex power and power factor , Series and parallel resonance of RLC circuits
selectivity, bandwidth and quality factor- implicational with voltage and current excitation.
UNIT II: NETWORK THEOREMS
(12 hours)
Source transformation, Superposition, Thevinins, Nortons, Maximum power transfer, Reciprocity,
Tellegens, Millmans and Compensation theorems for d.c and a.c excitations.
UNIT-III: TRANSIENT ANALYSIS

(16 hours)

D.C TRANSIENTS: Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits for d.c excitation initial conditions
solution using differential equations and Laplace transform approaches.
A.C TRANSIENTS: Transient response of R-L, R-C, R-L-C circuits for sinusoidal excitation initial
conditions Solution using Laplace transform approach only.
UNIT-IV: NETWORK PARAMETERS & FILTERS

(16 hours)

NETWORK PARAMETERS: Two port network, Impedance parameters, Admittance parameters,

Transmission parameters, hybrid parameters Inter relationship between parameters Concept of
transformed network two port network parameters using transformed variables Interconnection of two
port networks.
FILTERS : Characteristic impedance of symmetrical networks, properties of symmetrical networks, Filter
fundamentals, pass and stop bands, characteristic impedance, constant K- low pass filter, constant K-high ass
filter, Band pass filter, Band Elimination Filter, Basic concepts of Attenuator and Equalizers.
Text Books:
01. Engineering circuit analysis by W.H.Hayt, J.E.Kimmerly, and S.M.Durbin Mc Graw Hill
Education private limited, 7th Edition.
02. Network Analysis by M.E Van Valkenburg, Prentice Hall of India, 3rd Edition.
Reference Books:
01. Fundamentals of Electric circuits by Charles K Alexander, Mathew N.O Sadiku Tata Mc Graw Hill.
02. Electrical Circuit Analysis by A Sudhakar and SP Shyam Mohan, TMH.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS

Course Code: ECE 2401

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Course objectives:
Students undergoing this course are expected to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

Know the formation and properties of semiconductor materials

Understand the operation of diode
Know the need for biasing of transistor
Know the working of FET and MOSFET
Understand various types of rectifiers
Understand the importance of regulators

Course Outcomes:
After undergoing the course, students will be able to
1. Apply how the properties of semiconductor materials are used for the formation of PN diode, zener
diode etc
2. Apply the diode for various applications like rectifier, switch, clippers
3. Design the various transistor biasing circuits and its usage in applications like amplifiers
4. Distinguish the constructional features and operation of FET and MOSFET and their applications
5. design half wave and Full wave rectifiers for the given specifications
6. design regulated power supply.

SYLLABUS:
UNIT-I

(16 hours)

SEMICONDUCTORS - DIODES:
Review of semiconductor Physics- mobility, conductivity n and p type semiconductors, Mass Action Law,
Fermi level in intrinsic and extrinsic semiconductors, Effect of temperature on Fermi level.
Formation of PN junction, open-circuited p-n junction, Energy band diagram of PN diode, PN diode
(forward bias and reverse bias), Volt-ampere characteristics of p-n diode, Temperature dependence on VI
characteristics, Transition and Diffusion capacitances, Breakdown Mechanisms in Semiconductors
(Avalanche and Zener breakdown) Diodes, Zener diode characteristics.
UNIT- II

(14 hours)

BJT BIASING:
Junction transistor, Transistor current components, Transistor as an amplifier, Relation between Alpha and
Beta, Input and Output characteristics of Common Base and Common Emitter configurations.
BJT biasing, criteria for fixing operating point, Fixed bias, Collector to base bias, Self bias techniques for
stabilization, Stabilization factors, (S, S', S'), Compensation techniques, (Compensation against variation in
VBE, Ico) Thermal run away, Thermal stability
UNIT-III

( 15 hours)

FET - SPECIAL SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES:

JFET characteristics (Qualitative and Quantitative discussion), FET biasing, MOSFET characteristics
(Enhancement and depletion mode), FET as VVR.
Characteristics of Tunnel Diode with the help of energy band diagrams, Varactor Diode, LED, photo diode,
UJT characteristics, SCR characteristics.

UNIT- IV

( 15 hours)

REGULATED POWER SUPPLIES:

Half wave rectifier, full wave rectifier, Harmonic components in a rectifier circuit, Inductor filter, Capacitor
filter, L- section filter, - section filter, Multiple L section and Multiple section filter, and comparison of
various filter circuits in terms of ripple factors
Basic Regulator Circuit, Series voltage regulator, Shunt regulator, Short circuit protection, Current Limiting,
Specifications of Voltage Regulator Circuits. Design of regulator using zener diode and Transistors.

Text Books:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits J.Millman, C.C.Halkias, Tata McGraw Hill, 2nd Ed., 1991.
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits R.L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice Hall,
9th Edition, 2006.
3. Electronic Devices and Circuits T.F. Bogart Jr., J.S.Beasley and G.Rico, Pearson Education, 6th edition,
2004.
Reference Books:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits, B. Visvesvara Rao, K. Bhaskara Rama Murty, K. Raja Rajeswari,
P.Chalam Raju Pantulu, 2/e Pearson Education, 2007.
2. Principles of Electronic Circuits S.G.Burns and P.R.Bond, Galgotia Publications, 2nd Edn., 1998.
3. Microelectronics Millman and Grabel, Tata McGraw Hill, 1988.
4. Electronic Devices and Circuits, P. John Paul, New Age International publishers, 2007.
5. Electronic Devices and Circuits, A.Salivahanan, N.Suresh Kumar, A.Vallavaraj, Tata McGraw-Hill
Publishing Company Limited, Second edition,2008

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: PROBABILITY THEORY AND STOCHASTIC PROCESSES Course Code: ECE 2402
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Course objectives :
Students undergoing this course are expected to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Solve problems related to conditional and joint probability

Solve problems on mean , variance and standard deviations of random signals
Solve problems on Different density functions and cumulative distribution functions
Understand different noise sources for noise estimation
Plot and study power spectral density and system response

Course outcomes :

After undergoing the course, students will be able to

1. Solve problems on conditional , joint probability, density functions and cumulative density functions
which is useful in information theory and coding and probability of error estimations in digital
communication systems
2. calculate mean and variance of the random signal using probability density function and MGF which
are useful in statistical signal processing, Bio medical processing etc
3. Find the relationship between power density spectrum and auto correlation in Radar signal
processing tracking and target detection
4. Understand the different noise sources for noise estimation in noisy signals in signal processing and
communications

UNIT- I

(14 hours)

Probability theory and Random variable:

Probability theory: Probability Definitions and Axioms, Probability as a Relative Frequency, Joint
Probability, Conditional Probability, Total Probability, Bayes Theorem and Independent Events.
Random variable : Definition of a Random Variable, Conditions for a Function to be a Random Variable,
Discrete and Continuous, Mixed Random Variable, Distribution and Density functions, Properties, Binomial,
Poisson, Uniform, Gaussian, Exponential, Rayleigh, Conditional Distribution, Methods of defining
Conditioning Event, Conditional Density, Properties.

UNIT-II

(16 hours)

Operation on one Random Variable and Multiple Random Variables

Operation on one Random Variable : Introduction, Expected Value of a Random Variable, Function of a
Random Variable, Moments about the Origin, Central Moments, Variance and Skew, Chebychevs
Inequality, Characteristic Function, Moment Generating Function, Transformations of a Random Variable:
Monotonic Transformations for a Continuous Random Variable, Nonmonotonic Transformations of
Continuous Random Variable, Transformation of a Discrete Random Variable.
Multiple Random Variables: Joint Distribution Function, Properties of Joint Distribution, Marginal
Distribution Functions, Conditional Distribution and Density, Sum of Two Random Variables.
UNIT- III
Operations on Multiple Random Variables and

(16 hours)
Random Processes Temporal Characteristics

Expected Value of a Function of Random Variables: Joint Moments about the Origin, Joint Central
Moments, Jointly Gaussian Random Variables: Two Random Variables case, Transformations of Multiple
Random Variables, Linear Transformations of Gaussian Random Variables.
Random Processes Temporal Characteristics :The Random Process Concept, Classification of Processes,
Deterministic and Nondeterministic Processes, Distribution and Density Functions, concept of Stationary and
Statistical Independence. First-Order Stationary Processes, Second- Order and Wide-Sense Stationary, (NOrder) and Strict-Sense Stationary, Time Averages and Ergodicity, Mean-Ergodic Processes.

UNIT IV

(14 hours)

Random processes Spectral Characteristics and Linear Systems with Random Inputs
The Power Spectrum: Properties, Relationship between Power Spectrum and Autocorrelation Function, The
Cross-Power Density Spectrum, Properties, Relationship between Cross-Power Spectrum and CrossCorrelation Function.
Random Signal Response of Linear Systems: System Response Convolution, Mean and Mean-squared
Value of System Response,Modeling of Noise Sources: Resistive (Thermal) Noise Source, Arbitrary Noise
Sources, Effective Noise Temperature, Average Noise Figures, Average Noise Figure of cascaded networks.
TEXT BOOKS:
1. Probability, Random Variables & Random Signal Principles - Peyton Z. Peebles,
TMH, 4th Edition, 2001.
2. Probability and Stochastic Processes-Roy D.Yates,David J.Goodman Wiley, 2nd Edition

REFERENCE BOOKS:
1. Probability, Random Variables and Stochastic Processes Athanasios Papoulis and S.Unnikrishna
Pillai, PHI, 4th Edition, 2002.
2. Probability and Random Processes with Application to Signal Processing Henry Stark and John W.
Woods, Pearson Education, 3rd Edition.
3. Probability Methods of Signal and System Analysis. George R. Cooper, Clave D. MC Gillem, Oxford,
3rd Edition, 1999.
4. Statistical Theory of Communication - S.P. Eugene Xavier, New Age Publications,

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: SIGNALS AND SYSTEMS

Course Code: ECE 2403

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Course objectives :
Students undergoing this course are expected to:
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

know the need for orthogonality

know Fourier representation of periodic signals
difference between Convolution and correlation of signals
know the Ideal characteristics of filters and
know the Significance of Sampling theorem and
understand Concept of region of convergence(ROC) of Laplace transform

Course outcomes :
After undergoing the course, Students will be able to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.

demonstrate basic knowledge of signals and systems.

be able to represent time-domain signals in frequency-domain using different transforms.
understand Sampling theorem for the Applications of Digital communication.
be able to characterize the LTI systems and to obtain their output using Convolution method.
derive constraints on ROC for various classes of signals by using Laplace-Transform.
have an exposure to Digital signal Processing, Analog Communication and Digital Communication.

UNIT-I
Introduction: Signal analysis

(12 hours)

Classification of Continuous time & Discrete time signals. Concept of impulse function, unit step function,
Signum function, Signal operations, Representation of signals using impulse function, Power and Energy of
signals
Analogy between vectors and signals, Orthogonal signal space, Signal approximation using orthogonal
functions, Mean square error, Closed or complete set of orthogonal functions, Orthogonality in complex
functions.
UNIT II

(18hours)

Fourier series representation of periodic signals and fourier transforms

Representation of Fourier series for Continuous time periodic signals , Dirichlets conditions, , properties of
Fourier series, Exponential Fourier series, Relationship between Exponential fourier series and trigonometric
fourier series, Complex Fourier spectrum .
Concept of Fourier transform, Fourier transform of arbitrary signal, Fourier transform of standard signals,
Fourier transform of periodic signals, properties of Fourier transforms, Parsevals theorem, Fourier
transforms involving impulse function and Signum function.
UNIT III

(17hours)

Signal through linear systems Convolution and Correlation of Signals

Linear system, impulse response, Response of a linear system, Linear time invariant (LTI) system, Linear
time variant (LTV) system, Transfer function of a LTI system. Filter characteristics of linear systems.
Distortionless transmission through a system, bandwidth, Ideal LPF, HPF and BPF characteristics, Causality
and Paley-Wiener criterion for physical realization,
Concept of convolution in time domain and frequency domain, Graphical representation of convolution,
Convolution property of Fourier transforms , Cross correlation and auto correlation of functions, properties
of correlation functions, Energy density spectrum, Power density spectrum, Relation between auto
correlation function and energy/power spectral density function. Relation between convolution and
correlation.
UNIT IV

(13 hours)

Sampling and Laplace transforms

Sampling theorem Graphical and analytical proof for Band Limited Signals, impulse sampling, Natural and
Flat top Sampling, Reconstruction of signal from its samples, effect of under sampling Aliasing,
Introduction to Band Pass sampling.
Review of Laplace transforms, Properties of L.Ts, Inverse Laplace transform, Concept of region of
convergence (ROC) for Laplace transforms, constraints on ROC for various classes of signals, Relation
between L.Ts, and F.T. of a signal.

Text Books:
1. Signals, Systems & Communications - B.P. Lathi, BS Publications, 2003.
2. Signals and Systems - A.V. Oppenheim, A.S. Willsky and S.H. Nawab, PHI, 2nd Edn.
Reference Books:
1. Signals & Systems - Simon Haykin and Van Veen,Wiley, 2nd Edition.
2. Fundamentals of Signals and Systems Michel J. Robert, MGH International Edition, 2008.
3. Signals, Systems and Transforms - C. L. Philips, J.M.Parr and Eve A.Riskin, Pearson
Edition, 2004.

education.3rd

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: ELECTRONIC DEVICES AND CIRCUITS LAB

Course code: ECE 2204

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Course Objectives:
This lab course is intended to
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.

Know the usage of electronic equipment

Know the testing of components
Understand the PN diode operation in forward and reverse bias
Know the characteristics of Half wave and Full wave rectifier with and without filters
Know the characteristics of transistor in CB,CE configurations

Course outcomes:
After undergoing this lab course, students will be able to:
1. Use various electronic components and test equipments like Multimeter , function generator,CRO
etc., in order to measure passive components and observe the waveforms
2. Use diode and transistor for various practical applications .
3. Design the rectifiers, filters and D.C. Regulated power supplies of required voltage and current
rating.
4. design amplifier circuit with different biasing techniques

List of Experiments
(For Laboratory examination Minimum of 10 experiments)
Identification and Testing of Components
Demonstration of Measuring Instruments
1. PN Junction diode characteristics A. Forward bias B. Reverse bias.
2. Zener diode characteristics
3. Transistor CB characteristics (Input and Output)
4. Transistor CE characteristics (Input and Output)
5. Half wave rectifier, Half wave rectifier with capacitor filter.
6. Full wave center tapped rectifier with and without capacitor filter.
7. FET characteristics
8. Design of self bias for CE configuration
9. Design of Zener regulator.
10. Design of series voltage regulator.
11. Design of shunt voltage regulator.
12. UJT characteristics

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 3rd Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: NETWORKS & SIMULATION LAB

Course code: EEE 2215

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COURSE OBJECTIVES:
This course enables the students to:

Construct and verify various electrical circuits applying network theorems.

Learn different locus diagrams for various electrical circuits like RL,RC and RLC.

Analyze different models of electric circuits through simulation by using PSPICE and MATLAB
software.

Understand the concepts of resonating conditions in series and parallel circuits.

Evaluate the various electrical and electronic parameters using two port networks.
COURSE OUTCOMES:
Upon completion of this course the students are expected to:

Analyze various theorems for linear DC and AC electrical circuits.

Evaluate two port network parameters for various electrical circuits.

Analyze the transient and steady state behavior of a circuit using MATLAB / PSPICE software.

Understand the performance of an ac circuit during resonance conditions.

Design the time constants of an electrical circuit for satisfactory performance during transient.
Note: Eight experiments are to be conducted from PART-A and Two from PART-B
PART-A: ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1) Verification of Thevenins and Nortons Theorems
2) Verification of Superposition theorem
3) Verification of Maximum Power Transfer Theorem
4) Verification of Compensation and Millmanns Theorems
5) Verification of Reciprocity Theorem
6) Series and Parallel Resonance
7) Determination of Self, Mutual Inductances and Coefficient of coupling

8) Z and Y Parameters
9) Transmission and hybrid parameters.
10) Time response of series RL and RC circuit
PART-B: SIMULATION OF ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS
1) Simulation of DC Circuits
2) DC Transient response
3) Nodal Analysis
4) Verification of Network Theorems
5) Simulation of AC Circuits

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS

Course Code: ECE 2405

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Course Objectives:
Students undergoing this course, are expected to

Understand Modulation & demodulation techniques of AM, DSB, SSB &VSB

Know Frequency Division Multiplexing
Understand Modulation & demodulation techniques of FM
Know Properties of FM
Understand Modulation & demodulation techniques PAM & PTM.
Know Noise Figure in AM & FM receiver systems.
Understand Function of various stages of AM, FM transmitters
Know Characteristics of AM & FM receivers.

Course Outcomes:
After undergoing the course, students will be able to:

analyze the nature of signals during the transmission & reception.

apply the theory in OFDM in Wireless communications
analyze the percentage of modulation in FM systems
analyze spectrum of FM signal
describe the pulse modulation nature in digital communication
describe signal power by using power spectral characteristics in AM and FM systems
analyze noise characteristics in the channel communications
design low power AM and FM transmitters
design low power AM and FM transmitters receivers

UNIT- I : AMPLITUDE MODULATION

(18 periods)

Introduction to communication system, Need for modulation, Frequency Division Multiplexing, Amplitude
Modulation, Definition, Time and frequency domains description, single tone modulation, power relations in
AM waves, Generation of AM waves-square law Modulator, Principle of Detection of AM Wave-envelope
detector.
DSB MODULATION: Double side band suppressed carrier modulators, time and frequency domains
description, Generation of DSBSC Waves, Balanced Modulators, Coherent detection of DSB-SC Modulated
waves.
SSB modulation: Frequency domain description, Frequency discrimination method for generation of AM
SSB Modulated Wave, Time domain description, Phase discrimination method for generating AM SSB
Modulated waves. Demodulation of SSB Waves, Vestigial side band modulation: Frequency description,
Generation of VSB Modulated wave, Time domain description.

UNIT- II: ANGLE MODULATION

(12 periods)
Basic concepts, Frequency Modulation: Single tone frequency modulation, Spectrum Analysis of Sinusoidal
FM Wave, Narrow band FM, Wide band FM, Constant Average Power, Transmission bandwidth of FM
Wave - Generation of FM Waves, Direct FM, Detection of FM Waves: Balanced Frequency discriminator,
Zero crossing detector.
UNIT III:NOISE & PULSE MODULATION
(14 periods)
Noise in Analog communication System, Noise in DSB & SSB System Noise in AM System, Noise in Angle
Modulation System, Threshold effect in Angle Modulation System, Pre-emphasis & de-emphasis.
Time Divison Multiplexing, Types of Pulse modulation, PAM (Single polarity, double polarity) PWM:
Generation & demodulation, PPM: Generation and demodulation
UNIT IV:TRANSMITTERS & RECEIVERS

(16 periods)

Radio Transmitter - Classification of Transmitter, AM Transmitter, FM Transmitter Variable reactance FM

Transmitter, frequency stability in FM Transmitter.
Receiver Types - Tuned radio frequency receiver, Superheterodyne receiver, RF section and Characteristics,
Frequency changing and tracking, Intermediate frequency, AGC, FM Receiver, Comparison of FM receiver
with AM Receiver.
Text Books:
1. An Introduction to Analog& Digital Communications - Simon Haykin, John Wiley, 2001
2. Electronic Communication Systems George Kennedy and Bernard Davis, TMH 2004
Reference Books:
1. Principles of Communication Systems H Taub & D. Schilling, Gautam Sahe, TMH,
2007 3rd Edition.

2. Communication Systems Second Edition R.P. Singh, SP Sapre, TMH,

2007.
3. Fundamentals of Communication Systems - John G. Proakis, Masond, Salehi PEA, 2006.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: DIGITAL LOGIC DESIGN

Course Code: ECE 2406

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Course objectives: Students undergoing this course are expected to:

Understand number systems and codes and their application to digital circuits.

Understand Boolean algebra,Karnaugh maps and its application to the design and characterization
of digital circuits.

Understand the mathematical characteristics of logic gates.

Able to Design and analyze a given combinational or sequential circuit using Boolean algebra as
a tool to simplify and design logic circuits.

Understand the logic design of programmable devices, including PLDs

Able to design various synchronous & Asynchronous counters and Universal Shift Registers.

Consider alternatives to traditional design techniques to simplify the design process to yield
innovative designs

Course outcomes: After undergoing the course students will be able to:

Differentiate between analog and digital representations.

Convert a number from one number system to its equivalent in of the other Number system.
Realize and Implement logic circuits by using Universal gates.
Use Boolean algebra and K-map as tool to simplify and design logic circuits.
Construct and analyze the operation of Combinational and Sequential Circuits.
Design various types of sequential circuits like counters and universal Shift Registers
Able to Differentiate between Mealy and Moore machines.
Able to Modify traditional design techniques to yield innovative designs

UNIT- I

( 15 hours)

NUMBER SYSTEMS AND BOOLEAN ALGEBRA:

Review of number systems, conversion of numbers from one radix to another radix, complement
representation of negative numbers-binary arithmetic, 4-bit codes: BCD, Excess-3, Floating point
representation(IEEE 754 Standard), Fixed point representation, Basic logic operations. Basic theorems and
properties of Boolean Algebra, switching functions, Canonical and Standard forms-Algebraic simplification
digital logic gates, universal gates and Multilevel NAND/NOR realizations, Generation of self dual
functions. Gray code, error detection and error correction codes, parity checking even parity, odd parity,
Hamming code
UNIT- II

( 15 hours)

BOOLEAN FUNCTION MINIMIZATION AND COMBINATIONAL LOGIC CIRCUITS:

Minimization of switching functions using K-Map up to 6-variables, Tabular minimization, minimal SOP
and POS Realization, Problem solving using K-map such as code converters binary Multiplier. Half adder,
Full adder, full subtractor, Ripple carry adder, Carry look ahead adder, Multiplexer, De-Multiplexer
Encoder, Priority encoder, Decoder, MUX Realization of switching functions Parity bit generator.
UNIT- III
( 15 hours)
PLDs AND SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS I:
Basic PLDs-ROM, PROM, PLA, PAL, Realization of Switching functions using PLDs, comparison of
PROM,PLA,and PAL.Classification of sequential circuits (synchronous and asynchronous): basic flip-flops,
truth tables and excitation tables (NAND RS latch, NOR RS latch, RS flip-flop. JK flip-flop, T flip-flop, D
flip-flop with reset and clear terminals).Conversion of flip-flops.
UNIT- IV
( 15 hours)
SEQUENTIAL CIRCUITS II AND SM CHARTS:
Design of registers, Buffer register, Control buffer register, Shift register, Bi-directional shift register,
Universal shift register. Design of Asynchronous & Synchronous counters - Up, Down, Up down, Johnson
counters, Ring counters.Finite state machine-capabilities and limitations, Melay and Moore state machines,
Meelay to Moore conversion and vice-versa, Derivation of the SM chart, Reduction of state tables and state
assignment. Realization of SM Chart.

Text Books:
1. Digital Design Morris Mano, PHI, 3rd Edition, 2006.
2. Fundamentals of Logic Design Charles H. Roth, Thomson Publications, 3rd Edition.1998.
Reference Books:
1. Switching & Finite Automata theory Zvi Kohavi, TMH,2nd Edition
2. Modern Digital Electronics by RP Jain, TMH.

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES AND TRANSMISSION LINES Course Code: ECE 2407

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Course objectives : The main objectives of the course are to:

Acquire the prerequisites of the electro-magnetic fields and their interaction with materials
To study the different coordinate systems, Physical significance of Divergence, Curl and Gradient
Understand the applications of Coulombs law and Gauss law to different charge distributions
Understand the applications of Laplaces and Poissons Equations to solve real time problems on capacitance
of different charge distributions.
Understand the physical significance of Biot-Savarts and Amperess Law for different current distributions
Know the physical interpretation of Maxwell equations and applications for various fields like Antennas,
Waveguides
Solve Maxwells equations to obtain Plane wave equations and derive the behavioral equations for
Propagation constant, Attenuation constant, Phase constant, Skin depth and wave polarization
Understand behavior of E.M. waves incident on the interface between two different media
Acquire knowledge of Poyting Theorem and its application of Power flow
Apply Maxwells equations Guided waves
Understand the significance of Transmission lines and their different parameters.

Design of high frequency communication devices and circuits (R.F. engineering, microwaves,
antennae, radar, satellite links, optical fibers, lasers, and electro-optics)
Course Outcomes : At the end of the course, the students will be able to:

Apply the fundamentals of vector calculus, differentiation, integrations, and different coordinate
systems

Apply Coulombs law and Gauss law to different charge distributions

Apply the knowledge of Laplaces and Poissons equations to solve different capacitance problems

Apply knowledge to Antennas and wave propagation, Microwaves and communication subjects.

Implement applications of Maxwells equations in plane waves and their propagation in different
media.

Apply power concept associated with waves. The knowledge is used to study the behavior of
transmission lines & their parameters.

Apply concept of waveguides and their significance in microwave range applications.


Understand the applications of communication. An exposure to functioning

of modern microwave antennas, antenna arrays, smart antennas etc. can also be achieved.

Apply the knowledge to design of various transmission channels with respect to distortion, loss,
Impedance matching, Reflection coefficient and VSWR.

UNIT -I ELECTROSTATICS

(25 hours)

Review of Vector Calculus, Coordinate systems; Coulomb's Law and Electric Field Intensity:
Experiment Law of Coulomb, Electric Field Intensity,
Field due to Continuous Volume Charge, Line
Charge, Ring of charge and Sheet Charge, Related Problems.
Electric Flux Density, Gauss' Law and Divergence: Electric Flux Density, Gauss' Law, Divergence,
Gauss' Law Differential form, Applications of Gauss' Law and Divergence Theorem, Related Problems
Energy and Potential: Work done in Moving a Point Charge in an Electric Field, Line Integral, Definition
of Potential Difference and Potential Gradient, Relation between E & V, Energy Density in static Electric
Field, Related Problems
Conductors, Dielectrics: Current and Current Density, Continuity of Current, Metallic Conductors,
Conductor Properties and Boundary Conditions, Boundary Conditions for Perfect Dielectrics, Related
Problems
Poisson's and Laplace's Equations: Poisson's and Laplace's Equations, Uniqueness Theorem, Examples of
the Solutions of Laplace's and Poisson's Equations, Related Problems.
UNIT -II MAGNETOSTATICS

( 12 hours)

The Steady Magnetic Field: Biot-Savart Law, Applications of Biot-Savarts law, Ampere's Circuital Law,
Curl, Stokes' Theorem, Magnetic Flux and Flux Density, Scalar and Vector Magnetic Potentials, Related
Problems
Magnetic Forces, Materials and Inductance: Force on a Moving Charge and Differential Current Element,
Force between Differential Current Elements, Magnetic Boundary Conditions, Energy in Magnetic
Materials, Self Inductance, Related Problems
UNIT- III MAXWELLS EQUATIONS AND PLANE WAVES

(12 hours)

Faraday's Law, Inconsistency of Amperes law, Displacement Current, Maxwell's Equation in Point and
Integral Form of different media, Boundary Conditions : Dielectric Dielectric boundary. Related Problems
Wave equations for conducting and Perfect Dielectric, Uniform Plane wave, Relation between E & H,
Sinusoidal Wave equations, Wave Propagation in lossless and conducting media, and Propagation in Good
Conductors, Skin Effect, & Good Dielectrics, Poynting Vector and Power Considerations, Power loss in
plane conductor, Wave Polarization, Related Problems.
UNIT- IV REFLECTION, REFRACTION AND TRANSMISSION LINES

(11 hours)

Reflection and Refraction of Uniform Plane wave: Definitions of Reflection coefficient and Transmission
coefficient, Waves at Normal Incidence, for perfect conductor-dielectric boundary & dielectric-dielectric
boundary, SWR, Oblique incidence: Perpendicular and Parallel Polarization, for dielectric-dielectric
boundary, Brewster angle, Surface Impedance, Related Problems

Transmission Lines: Equivalent circuit of Transmission lines, Transmission line

equation, Primary & Secondary constants, infinite line concept, Lossless/Low lossless characterization,
Distortion, Input impedance, Short circuit and Open circuit line, Reflection Coefficient, VSWR, /4, /2, /8
lines Impedance transformation, Smith-chart, Related Problems

Text Books:
1. Engineering Electromagnetics-William H. Hayt Jr. and John A. Buck, Tata McGraw Hill, 6th Edition,
2001
2. Electromagnetic Waves and Radiating systems E. C. Jordan and K.G. Balman, PHI, 2nd Edn.
3 Electromagnetic fields and Wave theory- G.S.N. Raju, Pearson Education, 2006
4. Electromagnetic Field Theory and Transmission Lines- Gottapu Sasibhushana Rao,
Wiley Publishers,2012.
Reference Books:
1. Electromagnetics- Joseph Edminister, Schaum Outline Series, McGraw Hill.
2. Field and Wave Electromagnetics- David K. Cheng, Pearson Education Asia II Editionn.-1989,
Indian Reprint 2001.
3. Elements of Electromagnetics Matthew N.O. Sadiku, Oxford Univ. Press, 3rd ed., 20

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)
Course Title: ELECTRONIC CIRCUIT ANALYSIS

Course Code: ECE 2408

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Course objectives: Students undergoing this course are expected to:

Analyse Single stage amplifier at low and High frequencies using transistors and FETs.

Analyse Multi stage amplifiers at low and High frequencies using transistors and FETs.

Analyze single stage and multi stage amplifiers and to enable the students to realize the impact of
cascading or coupling during the system level integration.

Recognize the importance of feedback in amplifiers.

Know how the negative feedback provides better stability with less distortion.

Understand the principle, operation and design of oscillators.

Comprehend the use of Power amplifiers in real time applications such as transmitters in
communication systems.

Comprehend the use of Tuned amplifiers in real time applications such as receivers in
communication systems.
Course outcomes: After undergoing the course students will be able to:

Analyze and design single stage amplifiers at low frequencies using transistors and FETs.
Analyze and design single stage amplifiers at high frequencies using transistors and FETs
Analyze and design multistage amplifiers at low frequencies using transistors and FETs.
Analyze and design multistage amplifiers at high frequencies using transistors and FETs.
Design of feedback amplifiers.
Design of sinusoidal Oscillators for a given frequency.
Estimate the requirements and design the power amplifier in real time applications such as
transmitters in communication systems. .


Demonstrate the tradeoff between various kinds of tuned amplifiers used in

real time applications such as transmitters in communication systems.

UNIT- I

( 16 hours)

LOW FREQUENCY AMPLIFIERS:

h-parameter representation of a transistor, analysis of single stage transistor amplifier using h-parameters:
voltage gain, current gain, input impedance and output impedance of CE, CB, and CC amplifiers using exact
and approximate analysis. Millers and Dual of Millers theorem
Analysis of single stage FET amplifiers - voltage gain, input impedance and output impedance of CS, CG,
and CD amplifiers.
UNIT- II

(14 hours)

HIGH FREQUENCY and MULTI STAGE AMPLIFIERS:

Hybrid- CE transistor Model, Determination of Hybrid- Conductances, CE Short Circuit Current Gain,
Parameters of

f and fT , Current Gain with Resistance Load using approximate analysis, Gain bandwidth

product, Emitter follower at high frequencies.

Methods of Inter Stage Coupling, Frequency response of RC coupled CE and CS amplifiers. n Stage
Cascaded Amplifier, Low frequency analysis of High Input Resistance Transistor Circuits-Daraligton pair,
Cascode amplifier. CE-CC Amplifiers.
UNIT- III

(15 hours)

FEED BACK AMPLIFIERS and OSCILLATORS:

Concept of feedback, effect of negative feedback on the amplifier Characteristics. Feedback Amplifier
Topologies. Method of Analysis of Voltage Series, Current Series, Voltage Shunt and Current Shunt
feedback Amplifiers, Design considerations.
Condition for oscillations, LC Oscillators Hartley and Colpitts oscillators, RC Oscillators - RC Phase Shift
and Wein bridge Oscillators, Frequency and amplitude Stability of Oscillators, Crystal Oscillators. Design
considerations.
UNIT -IV
( 15 hours)
POWER and TUNED AMPLIFIERS:
Class A Power Amplifier, Maximum Value of Efficiency of Class A Amplifier, Transformer Coupled
Amplifier, Push Pull Amplifier, Complimentary Symmetry Circuits (Transformer Less Class B Power
Amplifier), Phase Inverters, Class C amplifier, Class D Operation, , Heat Sinks.

Tuned amplifiers, Quality factor of a tank circuit, Single Tuned Capacitive

Coupled Amplifier, CE Double Tuned Amplifier, Stagger tuned amplifiers, Synchronous tuned amplifiers
and application of Tuned Amplifiers.

Text Books:
1. Integrated Electronics J. Millman and C.C. Halkias, Mc Graw-Hill, 1972.
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits, Theodore F. Bogart Jr., J.S. Beasley and G. Rico, Pearson Edition, 6th
Edition, 2004.
Reference Books:
1. Electronic Devices and Circuits Theory Robert L. Boylestad and Louis Nashelsky, Pearson/Prentice
Hall,9th Edition,2006.
2. Electronic Devices and Circuits G. K. Mithal, Khanna Publishers, 1997
3. Micro Electronic Circuits: Analysis and Design M.H. Rashid, Thomson PWS Publ., 1999.
4. Electronic Circuit Analysis, B. Visvesvara Rao, K. Raja Rajeswari, P. Chalam Raju Pantulu ,
K. Bhaskara Rama Murty, 1/e Pearson Education, 2012.
5. Electronic Circuit Analysis and Design Donald A. Neaman, Mc Graw Hill.
6. Micro Electronic Circuits Sedra A.S. and K.C. Smith, Oxford University Press, 5th edition

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)
Course Title: PULSE AND DIGITAL CIRCUITS

Course Code: ECE 2409

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Course objectives: The students completing this course are expected to demonstrate basic knowledge of
Pulse and Digital Circuits by understanding:

Differentiator and Integrator circuits, clippers(limiters)

clampers (dc-reinserter), comparators(discriminators)
Switching characteristics of diodes and transistors
Astable multi(square wave generator)
Monostable multi(one shot)
Bistable multi(flip-flop), Schmitt trigger circuit
Time Base generators( Miller, Bootstrap Voltage time base generator and Current time base
generator)

Synchronization and Frequency division( Synchronization using Astable, Monostable relaxation
circuits)

Sampling Gates (Unidirectional, Bidirectional sampling gates without pedestal and Applications of
sampling gates) and Realization of Logic gates using Diodes and Transistors.
Course outcomes: After undergoing the course students will be able to:

Design the circuits for generating desired wave shapes(non-sinusoidal) for different applications
like computers, control systems and counting and timing systems

Design RC circuits for triggering

Design the switching circuits in VLSI

Design the memory element

Design free running oscillators

Design logic circuits for VLSI


Design analog comparators

UNIT- I

(14 hours)

WAVE SHAPING CIRCUITS:

High pass, low pass RC circuits, their response for sinusoidal, step, pulse, square and ramp inputs. RC
network as differentiator and integrator, attenuators, RL and RLC circuits and their response for step input,
Ringing circuit.
Diode clippers, Transistor clippers, clipping at two independent levels, Transfer characteristics of clippers,
Emitter coupled clipper, Comparators, applications of voltage comparators, clamping operation, clamping
circuits using diode with different inputs, Clamping circuit theorem, practical clamping circuits.
UNIT -II

(16hours)

MULTIVIBRATORS:
Diode as a switch, piecewise linear diode characteristics, Transistor as a switch, Break down voltage
consideration of transistor, saturation parameters of Transistor and their variation with temperature, Design
of transistor switch, transistor-switching times.
Analysis and Design of Bistable, Monostable, Astable Multivibrators and Schmitt trigger using transistors.

UNIT- III

( 16 hours)

TIME BASE GENERATORS and SYNCHRONIZATION AND FREQUENCY DIVISION :

General features of a time base signal, methods of generating time base waveform, Miller and Bootstrap time
base generators basic principles, Transistor Bootstrap time base generator, Current time base generators.
Principles of Synchronization, Frequency division in sweep circuit, Astable relaxation circuits, Monostable
relaxation circuits, Synchronization of a sweep circuit with symmetrical signals, Sine wave frequency
division with a sweep circuit.
UNIT -IV

(14hours)

SAMPLING GATES and LOGIC GATES:

Basic operating principles of sampling gates, Unidirectional and Bi-directional sampling gates, Reduction of
pedestal in gate circuits, Applications of sampling gates.
AND, OR gates using Diodes, NAND, NOR using resistor Transistor Logic, Diode Transistor Logic, TTL,
ECL.

Text Books:
1. Pulse, Digital and Switching Waveforms - J. Millman and H. Taub, McGraw-Hill, 1991.
2. Pulse and Digital Switching circuits VenkataRao.K, RamaSudha.K , ManmadhaRao.G,
Pearson Education,
Reference Books:
1. Pulse and Digital Circuits A. Anand Kumar, PHI, 2005.
2. Wave Generation and Shaping - L. Strauss.
3. Solid State Pulse circuits - David A. Bell, PHI, 4th Edn., 2002 .

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)

Course Title: ANALOG COMMUNICATIONS LAB

Course Code: ECE 2210

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Course objectives : This course is intended to

Understand all types of analog modulation / demodulation principles such as AM, DSB-SC,
FM

recognize the importance of pre-emphasis and de-emphasis

Know the need for diode detector, and AGC

Substantiate pulse modulation techniques

Course outcomes : After undergoing the lab course students will be able to:

Design and simulate modulation and demodulation circuits such as AM,DSB-SC,FM.

Construct pre-emphasis and de-emphasis at the transmitter and receiver respectively
Construct diode detector and AGC circuit that are necessary for good reception of the signal
Design and simulate the PAM,PWM&PPM circuits

List of Experiments

(a)Any nine experiments from the following

1. Verification of Sampling Theorem
2. Amplitude Modulation & Demodulation
3. AM - DSB SC - Modulation & Demodulation
4. Frequency Modulation & Demodulation
5. Pre-emphasis & De-emphasis

6. Spectrum Analysis of Modulated signal using Spectrum Analyzer

7. Diode Detector
8. AGC Circuits
9. Pulse Amplitude Modulation Modulation& Demodulation
10. PWM, PPM - Modulation & Demodulation
11. Phase Locked loop(PLL)
12. Design of F.M receiver (90.4 MHz)

(b)Any three experiments from the following using MATLAB software

1. Amplitude Modulation Modulation & Demodulation
2. AM - DSB SC -. Modulation & Demodulation
3. Frequency Modulation Modulation. & Demodulation
4. Pulse Amplitude Modulation Modulation & Demodulation
5. PWM, PPM - Modulation . & Demodulation

Equipments & Software required:

Software:
i.) Computer Systems with latest specifications
ii) Connected in LAN (Optional)
iii) Operating system (Windows XP)
iv) Simulations software (MATLAB)
Equipment:
1. RPS - 0 30 V
2. CRO - 0 20 M Hz.
3. Function Generators - 0 1 M Hz
4. Components
5. Multimeters
6. Spectrum Analyser

Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering

B.Tech- 4th Semester
SYLLABUS
(Applicable for 2012-13 admitted batch)
Course Title: ELECTRONIC CIRCUITS SIMULATION LAB

Course Code: ECE 2211

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Course objectives : This course is intended to

Construct Common Emitter and Common Source amplifiers.

Accomplish the frequency response of two stage RC coupled amplifier.
Construct negative feedback in amplifiers.
Construct sinusoidal oscillators.
Construct power amplifiers.
Obtain the desired waveshapes using linear waveshaping circuits like High pass and low pass RC
circuits for different types of input signals.

Gets the desired waveform using nonlinear wave shaping circuits like clippers and clampers.

Know the operation of various multivibrators and to observe the respective switching waveforms

Course outcomes : After undergoing the lab course students will be able to:

Design the Common Emitter and Common Source amplifiers for different applications.
Analyse the frequency response of two stage RC coupled amplifier.
Design of different negative feedback amplifiers.
Design sinusoidal oscillators for a given frequency.
Design of class-A and class-B power amplifiers.
Implement the respective filters using HP and LP circuits.
Design and verify the Clipping and clamping circuits


Design and test the Multivibrator circuits

List of Experiments ( Twelve experiments to be done) :

I) Design and Simulation in Simulation Laboratory using Multisim OR Pspice OR Equivalent
Simulation Software. & Verifying the result by Hardware (Any Six):
1. Common Emitter and Common collector amplifier-Frequency response, Impedances measurement
2. Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier
3. Current shunt and Voltage shunt Feedback Amplifier- Freq. response, Impedances
measurement( with and without feedback)
4. Wien Bridge Oscillator using Transistors- Design for different frequencies
5. RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Transistors - Design for different frequencies
6. Class A Power Amplifier (with and without transformer load )
7. Class B Power Amplifier
8. Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier
9. Series Voltage Regulator
10. Shunt Voltage Regulator
II) Pulse and Digital Circuits ( Any Six)- By designing the Circuit
1. Linear wave shaping ( Diff. Time Constants, Differentiator, Integrator)
2. Non Linear wave shaping Clippers.,Clampers
3. Logic gates with discrete components ( Diodes, Transistors)
4. Bistable Multivibrator
5. Astable Multivibrator. ( Voltage- Frequency convertor)
6. Monostable Multivibrator.
7. Schmitt Trigger.
8. UJT Relaxation Oscillator.
9. Bootstrap sweep circuit.
10. Sampling Gates
Equipments required for Laborataries:
i. For software simultation of Electronic circuits
i) Computer Systems with latest specifications
ii) Connected in Lan (Optional)
iii) Operating system (Windows XP)
iv) Simulations software (Multisim/TINAPRO) Package
Equipment:
1. RPS - 0 30 V
2. CRO - 0 20 M Hz.

3. Function Generators - 0 1 M Hz
4. Components
5. Multimeters